Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about food safety among fried chicken meat street vendors in ilala Dar-es-salaam region, Tanzania

Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about food safety among fried chicken meat street vendors in ilala Dar-es-salaam region, Tanzania | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about food safety among fried chicken meat street vendors in ilala Dar-es-salaam region, Tanzania Mohamed Said Ahmed, Athumani Msalale Lupindu, Hezron Emmanuel Nonga This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8863855/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Street-vended fried chicken is a widely consumed source of affordable nutrition and income in urban Tanzania, but its informal nature and limited regulatory oversight pose significant food safety risks. Materials and Methods This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of 405 fried chicken vendors in Ilala District, Dar es Salaam, between November 2024 and February 2025, alongside observation checklists and key informant interviews to identify structural and socio-economic factors affecting hygiene compliance. Data analysis involved descriptive and regression analysis. Results Descriptive analysis revealed that the majority of vendors had low knowledge (97.3%; median score 16.7%), neutral attitudes (85.7%; median score 65.5%), and fair practices (93.8%; median score 66.7%). Regression analyses demonstrated that knowledge significantly predicted attitude (β = 0.64, R² = 0.51, p < 0.001) and practice (β = 0.83, R² = 0.665, p < 0.001), while attitude strongly predicted practice (β = 0.98, R² = 0.748, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis revealed that attitude partially mediated the effect of knowledge on practice (approximately 50%). Qualitative findings highlighted regulatory weaknesses, infrastructure constraints, and socio-economic pressures as major barriers to safe food handling. Conclusion Overall, fried chicken vendors in Ilala District exhibited critical gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices, creating substantial public health risks. Interventions should prioritize enhancing vendor knowledge, fostering positive attitudes, strengthening regulatory oversight, and improving hygiene infrastructure to ensure safer street food practices. Public health street food vendor behaviour foodborne risk sanitation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1 Introduction Street-vended foods play an important role in urban food systems of low- and middle-income countries, including Tanzania, by providing affordable, readily available, and convenient meals to a large proportion of the population [ 1 ]. In rapidly urbanizing settings such as Dar es Salaam, street food vending also serves as an important source of income for many households and contributes to employment generation within the informal sector [ 2 ]. Fried chicken is among the most commonly sold street foods due to its relatively low production cost, ease of preparation, and high consumer demand [ 3 , 4 ]. However, despite their socio-economic benefits, street-vended foods are frequently associated with food safety challenges, particularly microbial contamination that can lead to foodborne diseases [ 5 ]. Contamination may occur at various stages along the food chain, including slaughtering, handling of raw meat, inadequate cooking, improper storage, and unhygienic serving conditions [ 6 ]. Common foodborne pathogens reported in street-vended meat products include Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli , which pose significant public health risks to consumers [ 7 ]. Food safety outcomes among street food vendors are largely determined by the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to food hygiene and handling [ 8 ]. Adequate knowledge of foodborne hazards, positive attitudes toward hygiene, and consistent application of safe food handling practices are important in preventing contamination [ 3 , 8 ]. Nevertheless, evidence from studies conducted in various Tanzanian cities indicates that while many street food vendors possess general awareness of food safety principles, substantial gaps remain in their understanding of key issues such as cross-contamination, temperature control, personal hygiene, and safe storage of cooked foods [ 9 ]. In addition, socio-demographic characteristics, including age, sex, level of education, and length of vending experience, have been shown to influence food safety behaviours [ 8 , 9 ]. Vendors who are younger, less educated, or operating informally are more likely to demonstrate unsafe food handling practices compared to their counterparts [ 8 ]. Although Tanzania has established regulatory and institutional frameworks aimed at ensuring food safety standards set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Public Health Regulations, and municipal by-laws, effective implementation remains inconsistent [ 10 ]. Enforcement challenges are often linked to limited resources, inadequate routine inspections, the mobile nature of street vending, and partial compliance among vendors [ 11 ]. As a result, street-vended foods, particularly high-risk products such as fried chicken, may continue to expose consumers to microbial contamination and foodborne illnesses [ 7 ]. Despite the growing consumption of fried chicken in urban areas, existing studies in Tanzania have largely focused on general street food vending, with limited emphasis on specific food categories and district-level contexts [ 1 , 9 ]. This creates a knowledge gap regarding food safety risks and hygiene practices among fried chicken street vendors, particularly in densely populated urban districts of Tanzania. Assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of street food vendors is an important practice for effective food safety regulation. Previously, several studies have examined food hygiene among street food vendors in the same highly populated areas of Tanzanian includes Zanzibar, Dodoma, Morogoro, and Moshi, while in the Ilala District, it remains scarce. This study aimed to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among fried chicken street vendors in Ilala District and to identify socio-demographic and structural factors associated with hygiene practices, so as to provide evidence to support and improve regulatory enforcement. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study area The study was conducted in Ilala District, one of the five administrative councils of the Dar es Salaam Region in eastern Tanzania. Ilala lies between approximately 6.84°–7.05°S and 39.20°–39.33°E, and is characterized by a humid tropical climate with high temperatures and intense commercial activity throughout the year [ 12 ]. According to the 2022 Population and Housing Census, the district has a population of 1,649,912 residents, making it one of the most densely populated urban areas in the country. Ilala serves as the region’s primary commercial and administrative hub, hosting major markets such as Kariakoo, Buguruni, Kisutu, and Mchikichini, along with transport terminals, slaughter slabs, food-processing facilities, and a thriving network of street food vendors. Daily activities include wholesale and retail trade, food vending, transportation, and small-scale manufacturing, which attract large consumer flows and increase demand for ready-to-eat foods such as fried chicken [ 12 ]. The district was selected due to its high vendor concentration, diverse vending environments, and elevated potential for food safety risks, making it ideal for assessing hygiene practices among fried chicken vendors. 2.2 Study design and sampling strategies A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to February 2025 among street retailers of fried chicken meat in Ilala District, Dar es Salaam. The sampling frame comprised all fried chicken meat vendors operating in each selected ward. From a list of 23 wards, wards were selected using simple random sampling. Within each selected ward, eligible vendors (those selling fried chicken and operating for at least one consecutive year) were selected using systematic/random sampling to participate in the KAP survey. Key informants responsible for food hygiene management in the district were selected purposively. 2.3 Sample size determination The sample size for questionnaire survey was determined using Cochran’s (1977) formula for sample size estimation for proportions in large populations: n₀ = Z²P(1-P) / d², where n₀ is the initial sample size, Z is the standard normal deviate at the desired confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence), P is the assumed proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest, in this case, the assumed awareness level of food safety among respondents (set at 50% or 0.5 to maximize the sample size), and d is the desired margin of error (set at 5% or 0.05). Substituting the values gives: n₀ = (1.96)² × 0.5(1 − 0.5) / (0.05)² = 384.To account for a potential 5% non-response rate, the sample size was increased by multiplying by 1.05, giving a final sample size of approximately 405 respondents. 2.4 Data collection Data collection in this study employed a mixed-methods approach to obtain detailed and reliable information from participants. First, questionnaires containing both open- and closed-ended questions were used to collect quantitative data and basic opinions from a sample of participants selected purposively and randomly according to the study criteria. Second, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders to gather in-depth information, perspectives, and experiences related to the research topic. Third, direct observations and document reviews (such as reports, official statistics, and policies) were carried out to verify and enrich the information obtained from the questionnaires and interviews. Prior to data collection, all tools underwent expert review and a pilot study to ensure validity and reliability. Permission was obtained from relevant authorities, and informed consent was secured from all participants, observing ethical principles such as confidentiality, anonymity, and the right to withdraw at any time. 2.5 Data Analysis Quantitative data from questionnaires were entered into Excel for cleaning and coding, then exported to Epi-Info version 7.2.6.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means) were used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics and KAP variables. Composite knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were constructed and categorized according to Bloom’s cut-off points. Associations between KAP levels and independent variables (sex, age, education, experience, and location) were assessed using chi-square tests and linear regression. Qualitative data from five key informant group discussions were transcribed, translated, and analysed thematically. Emerging themes were triangulated with quantitative findings to enhance interpretation and validity. 3 Results 3.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chicken Meat Vendors Socio-demographic characteristics of interviewed chicken meat retailers are shown in Table 1 . The study population was predominantly male, with most participants aged 18–30 years. The majority had completed primary education and reported 5–10 years of professional experience. A small proportion of participants were older than 30 years, possessed secondary or tertiary education, or had less than 5 years or more than 10 years of experience. Approximately 21% of participants reported having undergone a health check, whereas the remaining 79% had not. Table 1 Table 1 : Socio-demographic characteristics of interviewed chicken meat retailers (n = 405) Demographic Category Number (%) Female 104 (25.7) Male 301 (74.3) Age (years) 18–30 344 (85.0) 31–40 50 (12.3) > 40 11 (2.7) Education Primary 326 (80.5) Secondary 70 (17.3) Tertiary 9 (2.2) Experience ≤ 4 years 8 (2.0) 5–10 years 388 (95.8) 11–20 years 9 (2.2) Health check No 320 (79.0) Yes 85 (21.0) Location (Wards) Segerea 115 (28.4) Kariakoo 71 (17.5) Buguruni 54 (13.3) Ukonga 44 (10.9) Ilala 41 (10.1) Vingunguti 41 (10.1) Kinyerezi 22 (5.4) Kitunda 10 (2.5) Kisutu 7 (1.7) 3.2 Categories of knowledge, attitude, and practice among respondents The proportions of respondents classified into KAP categories are shown in Table 2 . Generally, 97.3% (n = 394), which means the majority of participants had low knowledge, and none had high. The median composite knowledge score was 16.7%. Also, the attitude of 87.7% (n = 347) of respondents was neutral, with a median composite score of 65.5%. In terms of practice, the majority (n = 380, 93.8%) of respondents were classified in the fair category, with a median composite score of 66.7%. Table 2 Proportions of respondents grouped into specific KAP categories with corresponding mean scores KAP categories KAP scores Category n Percent Mean ± SE Median IQR (Q1-Q3) Min Max Knowledge Low 394 97.3 19.03 ± 0.75 16.7 16.70-18.46 8.3 70.4 Medium 11 2.7 High 0 0 Attitude Negative 38 9.4 Neutral 347 85.7 63.81 ± 0.34 65.5 62.70–68.20 31.8 80 Positive 20 4.9 Practice Poor 4 1 Fair 380 93.8 65.94 ± 0.63 66.7 63.00-66.70 11.1 96.3 Good 21 5.2 3.3 Item-Specific Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices At item level, most vendors were aware of bacterial contamination (98.8%, n = 400) and identified diarrhoea as a sign of foodborne illness (82.7%, n = 335); however, knowledge of specific food safety risks was low, including awareness of cross-contamination between raw and cooked meat (3.7%, n = 15) and improper storage temperatures (3.0%, n = 12). Attitudinal responses were largely non-supportive, with about 70–75% of respondents expressing unfavorable attitudes toward recommended food safety practices, while favorable attitudes were reported by approximately 30% of vendors for visible hygiene- and responsibility-related items. In contrast, reported practices were high for routine behaviors such as proper reheating (99.3%, n = 402), appropriate storage of raw chicken (99.0%, n = 401), and immediate correction of unsafe practices (99.3%, n = 402); however, critical hygiene practices were limited, with only 9.1% (n = 37) washing hands before food handling and handling money during food preparation reported by 98.8% of vendors. Figure 2 displays the proportion of vendors answering each knowledge item correctly, highlighting high awareness of “bacteria” and diarrhoea, but very limited understanding of specific contamination routes, temperatures, and hygiene requirements. Figure 3 presents the percentage of respondents endorsing favourable attitudes for each statement, showing that supportive attitudes are concentrated in basic hygiene and responsibility items, while most items remain neutral or unfavourable. Figure 4 shows the proportion of vendors adhering to each specific practice. The figure contrasts high performance on visible, routine actions (e.g., reheating, waste management) with poor performance on critical hygiene and cross-contamination control (e.g., handwashing, glove use, separation of raw and cooked meat). 3.4 Factors influencing knowledge, attitude, and practice among respondents Knowledge was significantly associated with age, education, and work experience. The proportion of acceptable knowledge decreased from 90.9% among respondents aged above 40 years to none among the 18–30 age group (χ² = 333.51, df = 2, p < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of acceptable knowledge decreased from 88.9% among respondents with tertiary education to none among those attained primary school only (χ² = 262.69, df = 2, p < 0.001). A similar trend was observed for work experience, with the most experienced individuals having higher knowledge than lower experience (χ² = 258.7, df = 2, p < 0.001). Knowledge was not associated with sex (χ² = 2.65, df = 1, p = 0.104), health check status (χ² = 0.80, df = 1, p = 0.371), see Table 3 below. Table 3 Socio-demographic factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice Variable Knowledge Attitude Practice Category N Acceptable p-value Acceptable p-value Acceptable p-value Age 18–30 yrs 344 0 (0) p 40 yrs 11 10 (90.9) 11 (100) 0.024 11 (100) 0.699 Sex Female 104 0 (0) 0.104 66 (63.5) 100 (96.2) Male 301 11 (3.7) 301 (100) p < 0.0001 301 (100) 0.004 Education Primary 326 0 (0) p < 0.0001 288 (88.3) 322 (98.8) Secondary 70 3 (4.3) 70 (100) 70 (100) Tertiary 9 8 (88.9) 9 (100) 0.006 9 (100) 0.613 Experience ≤ 4 years 8 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (75) 5–10 yrs 388 3 (0.8) 358 (92.3) 386 (99.5) 11–20 yrs 9 7(77.8) p < 0.0001 9 (100) p < 0.0001 9 (100) p < 0.0001 Health check No 320 7 (2.2) 290 (90.6) 316 (98.8) Yes 85 4 (4.7) 0.371 77 (90.6) 1 85 (100) 0.675 3.5 Predictors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Multivariate analysis (Table 4 ) showed that food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice were influenced by key socio-demographic factors. Higher knowledge scores were observed among male respondents (β = 4.11), those with tertiary education (β = 20.62), vendors with 5–10 years of experience (β = 5.20), and respondents aged above 40 years (p < 0.001). Attitude was significantly more acceptable among males (100% vs. 63.5% in females; χ² = 117.11, p < 0.001) and increased with older age (χ² = 7.44, p = 0.024), higher education (β = 21.55), and greater work experience (β = 16.54). Food safety practices were also higher among males (100% vs. 96.2% in females; χ² = 8.09, p = 0.0045) and respondents with over 10 years of experience (100%; χ² = 48.14, p < 0.001). Although age and education were not significant in bivariate analysis for practice, regression results showed that male sex (β = 8.79), tertiary education (β = 21.81), and work experience remained important predictors across all KAP domains, with younger respondents consistently scoring lower. 3.6 Relationships between Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice 3.6.1 Normality of Knowledge Altitude and Practice scores The distributions of knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were assessed for normality using Q-Q plots (Fig. 5). Visual inspection of the Q-Q plots indicated deviations from normality across all three KAP domains. The Shapiro-Wilk test results confirmed this observation, with W = 0.627 (p < 0.001) for knowledge scores, W = 0.824 (p < 0.001) for attitude scores, and W = 0.786 (p < 0.001) for practice scores. 3.6.2 Linear regression analysis Linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among participants. The results are summarized in Table 5. Knowledge score was positively associated with attitude score (β = 0.64, SE = 0.03, t = 20.46, p < 0.001), explaining approximately 51% of the variability in attitude (R² = 0.51). Similarly, knowledge score was a significant predictor of practice score (β = 0.83, SE = 0.03, t = 28.30, p < 0.001), accounting for 66% of the variance in practice. Furthermore, attitude score was strongly associated with practice score (β = 0.98, SE = 0.03, t = 34.54, p < 0.001), with 75% of the variability in practice explained by attitude. Table 5 Linear regression analysis results showing the effects of knowledge on attitude and practice, and attitude on practice. Outcome Variable Predictor Estimate (β) Std. Error t-value p-value R² Attitude Score Knowledge Score 0.637 0.031 20.46 < 0.001 0.509 Practice Score Knowledge Score 0.826 0.029 28.3 < 0.001 0.665 Practice Score Attitude Score 0.982 0.028 34.54 < 0.001 0.748 3.6.3 Mediation analysis Figure 5 illustrates a detailed analysis of the effect of knowledge on practice (mediation effects), which indicates that 50% (Estimate, 0.504, 95%CI: 0.373–0.663) of the total effect of knowledge on practice (Estimate, 0.826, 95%CI: 0.751–0.944, p < 0.001) is mediated by attitude. The indirect effect (mediation) of knowledge on practice was 0.416 (95% CI: 0.294–0.609, p < 0.001), while the direct effect was 0.410 (95% CI: 0.304–0.501, p < 0.001). 3.7 Key informant interview Key informant interviews highlighted regulatory, operational, and public health challenges related to street-vended fried chicken in Ilala District (Table 6). While regulations exist, enforcement is weak due to limited resources, vendor non-compliance, and mobile operations. Hygiene and food handling were reported as poor, with risky practices including mixing raw and cooked chicken, reusing oil, and leaving food exposed. Vendors faced infrastructure constraints such as limited water access, a lack of storage, and the absence of testing laboratories. Knowledge gaps and socio-economic pressures affected compliance, although some vendors received education via inspections and media. Despite no documented outbreaks, officials noted high public health risks. Recommendations emphasized mandatory vendor registration, improved inter-institutional coordination, investment in laboratories and hygiene infrastructure, and regular training and sensitization. Table 6 The results of Key informant interviews Theme Key Issues Identified Frequency Regulation & Enforcement Low registration and poor enforcement of standards 5/5 Limited follow-up and weak penalties for non-compliance 4/5 Mobile vendors are complicating monitoring 3/5 Food Hygiene Practices Mixing raw and cooked chicken 4/5 Reuse of oil, uncovered food, and improper storage 5/5 Inadequate personal hygiene (e.g., unwashed hands, dirty tools) 5/5 Lack of protective gear 3/5 Infrastructure Challenges Limited access to clean water 4/5 Lack of storage, electricity, or basic sanitation facilities 4/5 No food testing labs available 3/5 Knowledge & Awareness Vendors lack training on hygiene and safety 5/5 Some awareness through inspections or the media 3/5 Inconsistent knowledge-to-practice translation 3/5 Public Health Risk Potential risk of foodborne diseases (cholera, diarrhoea) 4/5 No documented outbreak cases, but high perceived risk 3/5 Collaboration & Monitoring Routine inspections conducted by TMB/local authorities 4/5 Joint efforts exist, but are irregular or under-resourced 3/5 Recommendations Register all vendors and maintain a central database 5/5 Improve collaboration between institutions 4/5 Establish food testing laboratories 3/5 Provide training, affordable gear, and infrastructure support 5/5 Continuous public sensitization and monitoring 4/5 3.8 The results of the observation checklist regarding the safety and hygiene of meat vendors Observational data from 405 meat vendors reveal extremely low compliance with basic food safety and hygiene practices (Table 7). Most indicators, including handwashing, use of protective clothing, clean cutting tools, safe meat storage, and waste disposal, had compliance below 6%, indicating widespread neglect of hygiene and sanitation standards. Only drainage infrastructure showed high adherence (97.5%), suggesting that structural facilities were better maintained than actual hygienic behaviors. These results highlight critical gaps in vendor practices, posing substantial public health risks. Table 7 The results of the observation checklist regarding the safety and hygiene of meat vendors Theme Indicator Compliant (n) Non-Compliant (n) % Compliant Hygiene Practices Regular Handwashing 4 401 1.0 Use of Protective Clothing 6 399 1.5 Handwashing Station Available 23 382 5.7 Clean Cutting Tools 5 400 1.2 Sanitation and Cleanliness Clean Water Use 9 396 2.2 Cleanliness of Vending Facility 1 404 0.2 Presence of Pests 22 383 5.4 Meat Handling and Storage Safe Meat Storage 17 388 4.2 Temperature Control 8 397 2.0 Separation of Raw/Cooked Products 8 397 2.0 Meat Display Protection 2 403 0.5 Waste Management Waste Disposal System 4 401 1.0 Disposal of Slaughter Waste 0 405 0.0 Infrastructure Drainage System 395 10 97.5 4 Discussion Street-vended fried chicken plays as an important source of affordable nutrition and income in urban Tanzania; however, its informal nature and limited regulatory oversight expose consumers to substantial food safety risks [ 13 ]. The present study integrated KAP surveys, observation checklists, and key informant interviews to assess the safety practices of vendors in Ilala District. The findings reveal critical gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices, while highlighting structural and socio-economic factors that hinder observance of safe food handling. The most striking finding is the exceptionally low level of food safety knowledge among vendors, with 97.3% classified as having low knowledge. While nearly all vendors recognized general bacterial contamination (98.8%) and associated diarrhoea with foodborne illness (82.7%), their awareness of critical safety measures, such as cross-contamination (3.7%), appropriate storage temperatures (3.0%), and limitations of reheating, was negligible. This pattern indicates that vendors may understand “general” hygiene concepts but lack specific, actionable knowledge required to prevent contamination [ 4 , 8 ]. Knowledge was strongly associated with age, education, and experience, suggesting that older, more educated, and longer-serving vendors have accumulated both formal and practical understanding, which younger and less-educated vendors lack. This highlights the need for tailored, technical training programs that focus on critical food safety measures rather than general awareness. Attitudes toward food safety were predominantly neutral (85.7%), with only 4.9% expressing positive attitudes. Favourable attitudes were mostly limited to visible hygiene measures and responsibility toward customers, while critical practices such as handwashing, glove use, and separation of raw and cooked meat were largely neglected. Self-reported practices appeared relatively high for routine actions such as reheating (99.3%) and proper storage (99.0%); however, observation checklist results revealed extremely low compliance for essential hygiene behaviours, handwashing (1%), protective clothing (1.5%), clean cutting tools (1.2%), safe storage (4.2%), separation of raw and cooked meat (2%), and meat display protection (0.5%), except for drainage system compliance (97.5%). This discrepancy between reported and observed practices confirms that vendors may perform socially desirable behaviours while neglecting high-impact hygiene actions critical for preventing foodborne diseases [ 14 , 15 ]. The nearly universal handling of money during food preparation (98.8%) further exacerbates the risk of cross-contamination, emphasizing that superficial compliance is insufficient for public safety. Statistical analyses revealed important interrelationships between KAP components. Knowledge significantly predicted attitude (β = 0.64, R² = 0.51, p < 0.001) and practice (β = 0.83, R² = 0.665, p < 0.001), while attitude strongly predicted practice (β = 0.98, R² = 0.748, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis indicated that approximately 50% of the effect on practice was mediated through attitude (Estimate = 0.504, 95% CI: 0.373–0.663), confirming that knowledge alone is insufficient to change behaviour. These findings suggest that interventions must combine technical expertise with behavioural motivation and attitudinal reinforcement to ensure consistent adoption of safe practices [ 3 , 16 ]. Regression analyses further highlighted that male vendors, those with tertiary education, and experienced vendors were more likely to demonstrate acceptable practices, whereas younger, less-educated vendors consistently scored lower, identifying key target groups for capacity-building initiatives. Qualitative findings contextualize these gaps, revealing systemic and infrastructural barriers that exacerbate unsafe practices. Key informants reported weak regulatory enforcement, irregular inspections, and challenges in monitoring mobile vendors. Observed risky behaviours included mixing raw and cooked meat, reusing frying oil, leaving food uncovered, and handling food with unwashed hands. Structural constraints, such as limited access to clean water, inadequate storage facilities, and the absence of local food testing laboratories, combined with socio-economic pressures, like minimizing costs and maximizing daily income, often prevented vendors from practicing safe food handling, even when knowledge and attitudes were adequate. Although no documented outbreaks were officially reported, officials expressed concern about the high potential for cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, suggesting underreporting and highlighting the need for integrated interventions (FAO/WHO, 2020; Mensah et al., 2002). Conclusion and Recommendation Fried chicken vending in Ilala District is a critical livelihood activity but poses substantial public health risks. Vendors’ extremely low knowledge, neutral attitudes, poor adherence to essential hygiene, and structural constraints create conditions for potential foodborne disease outbreaks. Observational and qualitative findings suggest that self-reported behaviors overestimate actual compliance. Filling these gaps requires integrated interventions targeting knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and infrastructure simultaneously. Targeted, context-specific training programs should focus on younger, less-experienced vendors, emphasizing critical hygiene practices, safe storage, cross-contamination prevention, and handwashing. Behavioral reinforcement, through role modelling, supervision, and repeated messaging, should accompany technical education. Regulatory authorities should strengthen vendor registration, inspections, and inter-institutional coordination, while investing in water, sanitation, and testing facilities. Community awareness campaigns can empower consumers to demand safer food. Future research should explore effective strategies for bridging knowledge-to-practice gaps, evaluate the impact of infrastructural improvements, and investigate the socio-economic drivers of unsafe practices to inform scalable interventions. Declarations 5. Ethics, Consent to Participate Permission to conduct this study was obtained from Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) [Ref: SUA/ADM/R.1/8/1311], SUA Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy [Ref: SUA/DPRTC/MPH/D/2023/0004/03], TAMISEMI [Ref: AB.307/323/01/185], the Regional Commissioner’s Office [Ref: EA.260/307/02b403], Ilala Municipal Council, and Dar es Salaam City Council [Ref: DCC/AF.3]. All methods that involved people were conducted in accordance with Local Government Authority and SUA guidelines and regulations. Participants were fully informed about the study objectives, and written consent was obtained. 6. Consent to Publish declarations All participants, including the local governments, authors and chicken meat vendors were informed and willingly provided consent for publications 7. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Authors’ Contributions Mohamed Said Ahmed conceptualized the study, conducted data collection, performed data analysis, and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. Athumani Msalale Lupindu supervised the fieldwork, contributed to study design, assisted in data interpretation, and reviewed the manuscript. Hezron Emmanuel Nonga provided guidance on methodology, contributed to data interpretation, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study. Data Availability The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Financial Statement This research received no specific grant or funding from any public, commercial, or non-profit agencies. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 05 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 14 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 13 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 11 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8863855","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":617447600,"identity":"3c9c21dd-1a03-4b7c-80ab-16286dc4cb64","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamed Said Ahmed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHhDBDMSMDZIfDCTkQNwDD4jVIi1RYGMM1pJAnBYGBgmeD2mJDSAWPi267b0HP92osLbnbz/ceEPC4HD6/LDDD4G22MnpNmDXYnbmXLJ0zpn0xBlnEpstCgwO5268nWYA1JJsbHYAh5YbOQbSuW2HExhuMLZJSIC0zE4AaTmQuA23FuPfuf8O28uDtPAAHWY4O/0DIS1m0rkNhxk3QLSkJchL5xCw5cwZM+ucY+mJG4F+sZYwsDHcIJ1TcCDBAI9fjvcY386psbaXO3784c0PfyTk5Wenb/7wocJODpcWTGAAVmlArHIQkG8gRfUoGAWjYBSMBAAAd29mgkr1Ae8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Said","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":617447604,"identity":"95a2acfd-5e13-40ee-a297-a024109ca958","order_by":1,"name":"Athumani Msalale Lupindu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Athumani","middleName":"Msalale","lastName":"Lupindu","suffix":""},{"id":617447607,"identity":"73982a21-1602-4ccd-91ee-aa63bbb0dd9d","order_by":2,"name":"Hezron Emmanuel Nonga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sokoine University of Agriculture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hezron","middleName":"Emmanuel","lastName":"Nonga","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-12 15:55:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8863855/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8863855/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106404606,"identity":"13125009-f683-4b0e-af94-abb6d4bca577","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:16:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":521360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Tanzania showing the 26 regions of the mainland. Note the red box shows the relative location of the Dar es Salaam region, where Ilala city is located. The study wards are coded with special numbers.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/f13e65fada492e95c92e2817.png"},{"id":106366240,"identity":"9e19979a-4254-4ef5-9614-a3e560ac2772","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 00:03:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":226744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponses on specific food safety knowledge among vendors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/7e75c885b4da6030d7e0e1dd.png"},{"id":106404070,"identity":"4ae03643-9c07-46c2-b5fd-5a73931364fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:15:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":380064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitudes toward specific food safety items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/9b5cda1811e4ac65c152f7f4.png"},{"id":106404229,"identity":"abd418f2-87fa-4534-9dbd-7ecea2f74d71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:15:41","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":374505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecific food safety practices and the proportion of vendors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/4ca73186b76d06214bdac55b.png"},{"id":106366243,"identity":"dea98cf6-a901-4cf8-9143-aac811ffb541","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 00:03:58","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110680,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 4: The quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plot showing the statistical distribution patterns of KAP scores. The grey straight diagonal line is the reference line for a normally distributed dataset. Black data points are the KAP scores, significantly deviating from the normal reference line.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/9274e3bec77e8089871d0abb.png"},{"id":106366244,"identity":"9cf39425-379d-40b9-ae6c-4af9cca07bf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 00:03:58","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":97111,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 5: Pathways of the effects of knowledge on practice. The blue and green arrows indicate the indirect effect of knowledge on practice that is mediated through the attitude. The red broken arrow is the direct effect (not mediated), while the black broken line is the total effect combining the direct and indirect effects.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/4197827e5e722b4a7eb3c22f.png"},{"id":106405939,"identity":"5a7dc545-9dc3-48a5-9b8d-e6ed0c10c149","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:29:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3071772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8863855/v1/0a1be70b-d77b-44af-b25d-c1a7a91bb0c6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about food safety among fried chicken meat street vendors in ilala Dar-es-salaam region, Tanzania","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eStreet-vended foods play an important role in urban food systems of low- and middle-income countries, including Tanzania, by providing affordable, readily available, and convenient meals to a large proportion of the population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In rapidly urbanizing settings such as Dar es Salaam, street food vending also serves as an important source of income for many households and contributes to employment generation within the informal sector [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Fried chicken is among the most commonly sold street foods due to its relatively low production cost, ease of preparation, and high consumer demand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. However, despite their socio-economic benefits, street-vended foods are frequently associated with food safety challenges, particularly microbial contamination that can lead to foodborne diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Contamination may occur at various stages along the food chain, including slaughtering, handling of raw meat, inadequate cooking, improper storage, and unhygienic serving conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Common foodborne pathogens reported in street-vended meat products include \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, which pose significant public health risks to consumers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood safety outcomes among street food vendors are largely determined by the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to food hygiene and handling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Adequate knowledge of foodborne hazards, positive attitudes toward hygiene, and consistent application of safe food handling practices are important in preventing contamination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, evidence from studies conducted in various Tanzanian cities indicates that while many street food vendors possess general awareness of food safety principles, substantial gaps remain in their understanding of key issues such as cross-contamination, temperature control, personal hygiene, and safe storage of cooked foods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, socio-demographic characteristics, including age, sex, level of education, and length of vending experience, have been shown to influence food safety behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Vendors who are younger, less educated, or operating informally are more likely to demonstrate unsafe food handling practices compared to their counterparts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough Tanzania has established regulatory and institutional frameworks aimed at ensuring food safety standards set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Public Health Regulations, and municipal by-laws, effective implementation remains inconsistent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Enforcement challenges are often linked to limited resources, inadequate routine inspections, the mobile nature of street vending, and partial compliance among vendors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, street-vended foods, particularly high-risk products such as fried chicken, may continue to expose consumers to microbial contamination and foodborne illnesses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the growing consumption of fried chicken in urban areas, existing studies in Tanzania have largely focused on general street food vending, with limited emphasis on specific food categories and district-level contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. This creates a knowledge gap regarding food safety risks and hygiene practices among fried chicken street vendors, particularly in densely populated urban districts of Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of street food vendors is an important practice for effective food safety regulation. Previously, several studies have examined food hygiene among street food vendors in the same highly populated areas of Tanzanian includes Zanzibar, Dodoma, Morogoro, and Moshi, while in the Ilala District, it remains scarce. This study aimed to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among fried chicken street vendors in Ilala District and to identify socio-demographic and structural factors associated with hygiene practices, so as to provide evidence to support and improve regulatory enforcement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Ilala District, one of the five administrative councils of the Dar es Salaam Region in eastern Tanzania. Ilala lies between approximately 6.84\u0026deg;\u0026ndash;7.05\u0026deg;S and 39.20\u0026deg;\u0026ndash;39.33\u0026deg;E, and is characterized by a humid tropical climate with high temperatures and intense commercial activity throughout the year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the 2022 Population and Housing Census, the district has a population of 1,649,912 residents, making it one of the most densely populated urban areas in the country. Ilala serves as the region\u0026rsquo;s primary commercial and administrative hub, hosting major markets such as Kariakoo, Buguruni, Kisutu, and Mchikichini, along with transport terminals, slaughter slabs, food-processing facilities, and a thriving network of street food vendors. Daily activities include wholesale and retail trade, food vending, transportation, and small-scale manufacturing, which attract large consumer flows and increase demand for ready-to-eat foods such as fried chicken [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The district was selected due to its high vendor concentration, diverse vending environments, and elevated potential for food safety risks, making it ideal for assessing hygiene practices among fried chicken vendors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Study design and sampling strategies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to February 2025 among street retailers of fried chicken meat in Ilala District, Dar es Salaam. The sampling frame comprised all fried chicken meat vendors operating in each selected ward. From a list of 23 wards, wards were selected using simple random sampling. Within each selected ward, eligible vendors (those selling fried chicken and operating for at least one consecutive year) were selected using systematic/random sampling to participate in the KAP survey. Key informants responsible for food hygiene management in the district were selected purposively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Sample size determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size for questionnaire survey was determined using Cochran\u0026rsquo;s (1977) formula for sample size estimation for proportions in large populations: n₀ = Z\u0026sup2;P(1-P) / d\u0026sup2;, where \u003cem\u003en₀\u003c/em\u003e is the initial sample size, \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e is the standard normal deviate at the desired confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence), \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e is the assumed proportion of the population with the characteristic of interest, in this case, the assumed awareness level of food safety among respondents (set at 50% or 0.5 to maximize the sample size), and \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e is the desired margin of error (set at 5% or 0.05). Substituting the values gives: n₀ = (1.96)\u0026sup2; \u0026times; 0.5(1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.5) / (0.05)\u0026sup2; = 384.To account for a potential 5% non-response rate, the sample size was increased by multiplying by 1.05, giving a final sample size of approximately 405 respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection in this study employed a mixed-methods approach to obtain detailed and reliable information from participants. First, questionnaires containing both open- and closed-ended questions were used to collect quantitative data and basic opinions from a sample of participants selected purposively and randomly according to the study criteria. Second, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key stakeholders to gather in-depth information, perspectives, and experiences related to the research topic. Third, direct observations and document reviews (such as reports, official statistics, and policies) were carried out to verify and enrich the information obtained from the questionnaires and interviews. Prior to data collection, all tools underwent expert review and a pilot study to ensure validity and reliability. Permission was obtained from relevant authorities, and informed consent was secured from all participants, observing ethical principles such as confidentiality, anonymity, and the right to withdraw at any time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative data from questionnaires were entered into Excel for cleaning and coding, then exported to Epi-Info version 7.2.6.0 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means) were used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics and KAP variables. Composite knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were constructed and categorized according to Bloom\u0026rsquo;s cut-off points. Associations between KAP levels and independent variables (sex, age, education, experience, and location) were assessed using chi-square tests and linear regression. Qualitative data from five key informant group discussions were transcribed, translated, and analysed thematically. Emerging themes were triangulated with quantitative findings to enhance interpretation and validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Chicken Meat Vendors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of interviewed chicken meat retailers are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The study population was predominantly male, with most participants aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years. The majority had completed primary education and reported 5\u0026ndash;10 years of professional experience. A small proportion of participants were older than 30 years, possessed secondary or tertiary education, or had less than 5 years or more than 10 years of experience. Approximately 21% of participants reported having undergone a health check, whereas the remaining 79% had not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e: Socio-demographic characteristics of interviewed chicken meat retailers (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;405)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301 (74.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344 (85.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326 (80.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388 (95.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth check\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320 (79.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (21.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation (Wards)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSegerea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKariakoo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuguruni\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUkonga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVingunguti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinyerezi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKitunda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKisutu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Categories of knowledge, attitude, and practice among respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proportions of respondents classified into KAP categories are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Generally, 97.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;394), which means the majority of participants had low knowledge, and none had high. The median composite knowledge score was 16.7%. Also, the attitude of 87.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;347) of respondents was neutral, with a median composite score of 65.5%. In terms of practice, the majority (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;380, 93.8%) of respondents were classified in the fair category, with a median composite score of 66.7%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportions of respondents grouped into specific KAP categories with corresponding mean scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKAP categories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKAP scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIQR (Q1-Q3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.70-18.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.70\u0026ndash;68.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.00-66.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Item-Specific Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt item level, most vendors were aware of bacterial contamination (98.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400) and identified diarrhoea as a sign of foodborne illness (82.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;335); however, knowledge of specific food safety risks was low, including awareness of cross-contamination between raw and cooked meat (3.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15) and improper storage temperatures (3.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12). Attitudinal responses were largely non-supportive, with about 70\u0026ndash;75% of respondents expressing unfavorable attitudes toward recommended food safety practices, while favorable attitudes were reported by approximately 30% of vendors for visible hygiene- and responsibility-related items. In contrast, reported practices were high for routine behaviors such as proper reheating (99.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;402), appropriate storage of raw chicken (99.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;401), and immediate correction of unsafe practices (99.3%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;402); however, critical hygiene practices were limited, with only 9.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37) washing hands before food handling and handling money during food preparation reported by 98.8% of vendors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays the proportion of vendors answering each knowledge item correctly, highlighting high awareness of \u0026ldquo;bacteria\u0026rdquo; and diarrhoea, but very limited understanding of specific contamination routes, temperatures, and hygiene requirements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the percentage of respondents endorsing favourable attitudes for each statement, showing that supportive attitudes are concentrated in basic hygiene and responsibility items, while most items remain neutral or unfavourable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the proportion of vendors adhering to each specific practice. The figure contrasts high performance on visible, routine actions (e.g., reheating, waste management) with poor performance on critical hygiene and cross-contamination control (e.g., handwashing, glove use, separation of raw and cooked meat).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Factors influencing knowledge, attitude, and practice among respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge was significantly associated with age, education, and work experience. The proportion of acceptable knowledge decreased from 90.9% among respondents aged above 40 years to none among the 18\u0026ndash;30 age group (χ\u0026sup2; = 333.51, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Similarly, the proportion of acceptable knowledge decreased from 88.9% among respondents with tertiary education to none among those attained primary school only (χ\u0026sup2; = 262.69, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). A similar trend was observed for work experience, with the most experienced individuals having higher knowledge than lower experience (χ\u0026sup2; = 258.7, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Knowledge was not associated with sex (χ\u0026sup2; = 2.65, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.104), health check status (χ\u0026sup2; = 0.80, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.371), see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 yrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306 (89)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340 (98.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;40 yrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40 yrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (90.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (96.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288 (88.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322 (98.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (88.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;4 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10 yrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e358 (92.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386 (99.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20 yrs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth check\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290 (90.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316 (98.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (90.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85 (100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Predictors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) showed that food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice were influenced by key socio-demographic factors. Higher knowledge scores were observed among male respondents (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.11), those with tertiary education (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.62), vendors with 5\u0026ndash;10 years of experience (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.20), and respondents aged above 40 years (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Attitude was significantly more acceptable among males (100% vs. 63.5% in females; χ\u0026sup2; = 117.11, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and increased with older age (χ\u0026sup2; = 7.44, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024), higher education (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.55), and greater work experience (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.54). Food safety practices were also higher among males (100% vs. 96.2% in females; χ\u0026sup2; = 8.09, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0045) and respondents with over 10 years of experience (100%; χ\u0026sup2; = 48.14, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Although age and education were not significant in bivariate analysis for practice, regression results showed that male sex (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.79), tertiary education (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.81), and work experience remained important predictors across all KAP domains, with younger respondents consistently scoring lower.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Relationships between Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.1 Normality of Knowledge Altitude and Practice scores\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe distributions of knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were assessed for normality using Q-Q plots (Fig. 5). Visual inspection of the Q-Q plots indicated deviations from normality across all three KAP domains. The Shapiro-Wilk test results confirmed this observation, with W = 0.627 (p \u0026lt; 0.001) for knowledge scores, W = 0.824 (p \u0026lt; 0.001) for attitude scores, and W = 0.786 (p \u0026lt; 0.001) for practice scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.2 Linear regression analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among participants. The results are summarized in Table 5. Knowledge score was positively associated with attitude score (β = 0.64, SE = 0.03, t = 20.46, p \u0026lt; 0.001), explaining approximately 51% of the variability in attitude (R² = 0.51). Similarly, knowledge score was a significant predictor of practice score (β = 0.83, SE = 0.03, t = 28.30, p \u0026lt; 0.001), accounting for 66% of the variance in practice. Furthermore, attitude score was strongly associated with practice score (β = 0.98, SE = 0.03, t = 34.54, p \u0026lt; 0.001), with 75% of the variability in practice explained by attitude. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear regression analysis results showing the effects of knowledge on attitude and practice, and attitude on practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome Variable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimate (β)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR²\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitude Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePractice Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePractice Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitude Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6.3 Mediation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure 5 illustrates a detailed analysis of the effect of knowledge on practice (mediation effects), which indicates that 50% (Estimate, 0.504, 95%CI: 0.373–0.663) of the total effect of knowledge on practice (Estimate, 0.826, 95%CI: 0.751–0.944, p \u0026lt; 0.001) is mediated by attitude. The indirect effect (mediation) of knowledge on practice was 0.416 (95% CI: 0.294–0.609, p \u0026lt; 0.001), while the direct effect was 0.410 (95% CI: 0.304–0.501, p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Key informant interview\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKey informant interviews highlighted regulatory, operational, and public health challenges related to street-vended fried chicken in Ilala District (Table 6). While regulations exist, enforcement is weak due to limited resources, vendor non-compliance, and mobile operations. Hygiene and food handling were reported as poor, with risky practices including mixing raw and cooked chicken, reusing oil, and leaving food exposed. Vendors faced infrastructure constraints such as limited water access, a lack of storage, and the absence of testing laboratories. Knowledge gaps and socio-economic pressures affected compliance, although some vendors received education via inspections and media. Despite no documented outbreaks, officials noted high public health risks. Recommendations emphasized mandatory vendor registration, improved inter-institutional coordination, investment in laboratories and hygiene infrastructure, and regular training and sensitization.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results of Key informant interviews\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheme\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKey Issues Identified\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegulation \u0026amp; Enforcement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow registration and poor enforcement of standards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimited follow-up and weak penalties for non-compliance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMobile vendors are complicating monitoring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood Hygiene Practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixing raw and cooked chicken\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReuse of oil, uncovered food, and improper storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInadequate personal hygiene (e.g., unwashed hands, dirty tools)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of protective gear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure Challenges\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimited access to clean water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of storage, electricity, or basic sanitation facilities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo food testing labs available\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge \u0026amp; Awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVendors lack training on hygiene and safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSome awareness through inspections or the media\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInconsistent knowledge-to-practice translation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Health Risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotential risk of foodborne diseases (cholera, diarrhoea)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo documented outbreak cases, but high perceived risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollaboration \u0026amp; Monitoring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoutine inspections conducted by TMB/local authorities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJoint efforts exist, but are irregular or under-resourced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommendations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegister all vendors and maintain a central database\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprove collaboration between institutions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstablish food testing laboratories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvide training, affordable gear, and infrastructure support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContinuous public sensitization and monitoring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.8 The results of the observation checklist regarding the safety and hygiene of meat vendors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservational data from 405 meat vendors reveal extremely low compliance with basic food safety and hygiene practices (Table 7). Most indicators, including handwashing, use of protective clothing, clean cutting tools, safe meat storage, and waste disposal, had compliance below 6%, indicating widespread neglect of hygiene and sanitation standards. Only drainage infrastructure showed high adherence (97.5%), suggesting that structural facilities were better maintained than actual hygienic behaviors. These results highlight critical gaps in vendor practices, posing substantial public health risks. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results of the observation checklist regarding the safety and hygiene of meat vendors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheme\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndicator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompliant (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Compliant (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Compliant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHygiene Practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegular Handwashing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Protective Clothing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHandwashing Station Available\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClean Cutting Tools\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSanitation and Cleanliness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClean Water Use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCleanliness of Vending Facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of Pests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeat Handling and Storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSafe Meat Storage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparation of Raw/Cooked Products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeat Display Protection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaste Management\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaste Disposal System\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposal of Slaughter Waste\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrainage System\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eStreet-vended fried chicken plays as an important source of affordable nutrition and income in urban Tanzania; however, its informal nature and limited regulatory oversight expose consumers to substantial food safety risks [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study integrated KAP surveys, observation checklists, and key informant interviews to assess the safety practices of vendors in Ilala District. The findings reveal critical gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices, while highlighting structural and socio-economic factors that hinder observance of safe food handling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most striking finding is the exceptionally low level of food safety knowledge among vendors, with 97.3% classified as having low knowledge. While nearly all vendors recognized general bacterial contamination (98.8%) and associated diarrhoea with foodborne illness (82.7%), their awareness of critical safety measures, such as cross-contamination (3.7%), appropriate storage temperatures (3.0%), and limitations of reheating, was negligible. This pattern indicates that vendors may understand “general” hygiene concepts but lack specific, actionable knowledge required to prevent contamination [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Knowledge was strongly associated with age, education, and experience, suggesting that older, more educated, and longer-serving vendors have accumulated both formal and practical understanding, which younger and less-educated vendors lack. This highlights the need for tailored, technical training programs that focus on critical food safety measures rather than general awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttitudes toward food safety were predominantly neutral (85.7%), with only 4.9% expressing positive attitudes. Favourable attitudes were mostly limited to visible hygiene measures and responsibility toward customers, while critical practices such as handwashing, glove use, and separation of raw and cooked meat were largely neglected. Self-reported practices appeared relatively high for routine actions such as reheating (99.3%) and proper storage (99.0%); however, observation checklist results revealed extremely low compliance for essential hygiene behaviours, handwashing (1%), protective clothing (1.5%), clean cutting tools (1.2%), safe storage (4.2%), separation of raw and cooked meat (2%), and meat display protection (0.5%), except for drainage system compliance (97.5%). This discrepancy between reported and observed practices confirms that vendors may perform socially desirable behaviours while neglecting high-impact hygiene actions critical for preventing foodborne diseases [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The nearly universal handling of money during food preparation (98.8%) further exacerbates the risk of cross-contamination, emphasizing that superficial compliance is insufficient for public safety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses revealed important interrelationships between KAP components. Knowledge significantly predicted attitude (β = 0.64, R² = 0.51, p \u0026lt; 0.001) and practice (β = 0.83, R² = 0.665, p \u0026lt; 0.001), while attitude strongly predicted practice (β = 0.98, R² = 0.748, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Mediation analysis indicated that approximately 50% of the effect on practice was mediated through attitude (Estimate = 0.504, 95% CI: 0.373–0.663), confirming that knowledge alone is insufficient to change behaviour. These findings suggest that interventions must combine technical expertise with behavioural motivation and attitudinal reinforcement to ensure consistent adoption of safe practices [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Regression analyses further highlighted that male vendors, those with tertiary education, and experienced vendors were more likely to demonstrate acceptable practices, whereas younger, less-educated vendors consistently scored lower, identifying key target groups for capacity-building initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative findings contextualize these gaps, revealing systemic and infrastructural barriers that exacerbate unsafe practices. Key informants reported weak regulatory enforcement, irregular inspections, and challenges in monitoring mobile vendors. Observed risky behaviours included mixing raw and cooked meat, reusing frying oil, leaving food uncovered, and handling food with unwashed hands. Structural constraints, such as limited access to clean water, inadequate storage facilities, and the absence of local food testing laboratories, combined with socio-economic pressures, like minimizing costs and maximizing daily income, often prevented vendors from practicing safe food handling, even when knowledge and attitudes were adequate. Although no documented outbreaks were officially reported, officials expressed concern about the high potential for cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, suggesting underreporting and highlighting the need for integrated interventions (FAO/WHO, 2020; Mensah et al., 2002).\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eFried chicken vending in Ilala District is a critical livelihood activity but poses substantial public health risks. Vendors’ extremely low knowledge, neutral attitudes, poor adherence to essential hygiene, and structural constraints create conditions for potential foodborne disease outbreaks. Observational and qualitative findings suggest that self-reported behaviors overestimate actual compliance. Filling these gaps requires integrated interventions targeting knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and infrastructure simultaneously. Targeted, context-specific training programs should focus on younger, less-experienced vendors, emphasizing critical hygiene practices, safe storage, cross-contamination prevention, and handwashing. Behavioral reinforcement, through role modelling, supervision, and repeated messaging, should accompany technical education. Regulatory authorities should strengthen vendor registration, inspections, and inter-institutional coordination, while investing in water, sanitation, and testing facilities. Community awareness campaigns can empower consumers to demand safer food. Future research should explore effective strategies for bridging knowledge-to-practice gaps, evaluate the impact of infrastructural improvements, and investigate the socio-economic drivers of unsafe practices to inform scalable interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics, Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermission to conduct this study was obtained from Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) [Ref: SUA/ADM/R.1/8/1311], SUA Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Research, Technology Transfer and Consultancy [Ref: SUA/DPRTC/MPH/D/2023/0004/03], TAMISEMI [Ref: AB.307/323/01/185], the Regional Commissioner\u0026rsquo;s Office [Ref: EA.260/307/02b403], Ilala Municipal Council, and Dar es Salaam City Council [Ref: DCC/AF.3]. All methods that involved people were conducted in accordance with Local Government Authority and SUA guidelines and regulations. Participants were fully informed about the study objectives, and written consent was obtained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Consent to Publish declarations \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants, including the local governments, authors and chicken meat vendors were informed and willingly provided consent for publications\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"8\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohamed Said Ahmed conceptualized the study, conducted data collection, performed data analysis, and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. Athumani Msalale Lupindu supervised the fieldwork, contributed to study design, assisted in data interpretation, and reviewed the manuscript. Hezron Emmanuel Nonga provided guidance on methodology, contributed to data interpretation, and critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col start=\"9\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col start=\"10\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col start=\"11\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant or funding from any public, commercial, or non-profit agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col start=\"12\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express their sincere gratitude to all fried chicken street vendors who participated in the study, the key informants, and the local authorities in Ilala District for their cooperation and support during data collection. Special thanks to colleagues and assistants who contributed to fieldwork and data management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKagaruki GB, Mahande MJ, Kimaro GD et al. Prevalence and correlates of cardio-metabolic risk factors among regular street food consumers in dar es salaam, Tanzania. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 1011\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSwai OA. Architectural dynamics of street food-vending activities in Dar es Salaam city centre, Tanzania. Urban Des Int. 2019;24:129\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCasey T, Turner N, Hu X, et al. Making safety training stickier: A richer model of safety training engagement and transfer. J Saf Res. 2021;78:303\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSheehama WL, Singh T. Food Safety in informal markets: How knowledge and attitudes influence vendor practices in Namibia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22:631.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalamandane A, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Brito L. The socioeconomic factors of street food vending in developing countries and its implications for public health: a systematic review. Foods. 2023;12:3774.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharma S, Mishra A, Shukla K et al. FOOD CONTAMINATION: IT\u0026rsquo;S STAGES AND ASSOCIATED ILLNESS. \u003cem\u003eInt J Pharm Chem Biol Sci\u003c/em\u003e; 10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoges M, Rodland EK, Ambelu A. Health risk assessment of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella from the consumption of street foods in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25:576.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWallace F, Mittal N, Lambertini E, et al. Vendor knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to food safety in low-and middle-income countries: a scoping review. J Food Prot. 2022;85:1069\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIssa-Zacharia A, Mathew JF, Kilawe W. Food Safety Knowledge and Microbial Status of Food Contact Surfaces in Primary Schools in Morogoro Municipal, Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eTanzan J Health Res\u003c/em\u003e; 26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKinyua C. Food safety regulation in Tanzania\u0026rsquo;s informal dairy sector: enablers and constraints to alternative policy approaches. University of Pretoria (South Africa); 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge C, Msoka CT, Makundi H. Formalisation of street vending in Dar es Salaam: Implementation and enforcement of the Wamachinga identity card initiative. Forum for Development Studies. Taylor \u0026amp; Francis; 2023. pp. 283\u0026ndash;302.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMambosasa MO. Assessment of food safety knowledge and hygiene practice among food handlers in restaurant at Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam Region. The Open University of Tanzania; 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeleki PL. Analysis of Factors Influencing Observation of the World Health Organisation Five Keys to Safe Food through Monitoring of Prevalence of Diarrhoeal Diseases in Mbeya City. The Open University of Tanzania; 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlsaleh SA. Investigating Riyadh\u0026rsquo;s public health inspectors\u0026rsquo; ability to conduct risk-based food inspection, and their professional needs: A mixed-methods research study. Queensland University of Technology; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrown C, Tommasi D. Quality Upgrading in the Street Food Market: Is Better Equipment and Training Sufficient?.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeidman JE, Dickerson DE, Koebel CT. Technology champions: A theory-based intervention to improve adoption of occupational safety innovations. Int J Constr Educ Res. 2016;12:193\u0026ndash;207.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Public health, street food, vendor behaviour, foodborne risk, sanitation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8863855/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8863855/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreet-vended fried chicken is a widely consumed source of affordable nutrition and income in urban Tanzania, but its informal nature and limited regulatory oversight pose significant food safety risks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of 405 fried chicken vendors in Ilala District, Dar es Salaam, between November 2024 and February 2025, alongside observation checklists and key informant interviews to identify structural and socio-economic factors affecting hygiene compliance. Data analysis involved descriptive and regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis revealed that the majority of vendors had low knowledge (97.3%; median score 16.7%), neutral attitudes (85.7%; median score 65.5%), and fair practices (93.8%; median score 66.7%). Regression analyses demonstrated that knowledge significantly predicted attitude (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64, R\u0026sup2; = 0.51, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and practice (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83, R\u0026sup2; = 0.665, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), while attitude strongly predicted practice (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.98, R\u0026sup2; = 0.748, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Mediation analysis revealed that attitude partially mediated the effect of knowledge on practice (approximately 50%). Qualitative findings highlighted regulatory weaknesses, infrastructure constraints, and socio-economic pressures as major barriers to safe food handling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, fried chicken vendors in Ilala District exhibited critical gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices, creating substantial public health risks. Interventions should prioritize enhancing vendor knowledge, fostering positive attitudes, strengthening regulatory oversight, and improving hygiene infrastructure to ensure safer street food practices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about food safety among fried chicken meat street vendors in ilala Dar-es-salaam region, Tanzania","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-08 00:03:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8863855/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-05T08:59:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-27T06:22:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21272764983159523529348402026437856288","date":"2026-04-22T05:40:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"214442172813543739804489058818117857313","date":"2026-04-22T05:21:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"104278661239744657030805206656839288062","date":"2026-04-04T07:31:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T17:04:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"40136531217135569080915101049552946077","date":"2026-04-02T16:47:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T10:59:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"114672520552969915517839190192962904182","date":"2026-04-02T06:10:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T05:48:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-14T17:31:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T04:44:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-11T20:15:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2026-03-11T13:14:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c62d1004-dee5-4a93-aec0-19d5f3e00070","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-05T08:59:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T09:09:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-08 00:03:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8863855","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8863855","identity":"rs-8863855","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}