Blue light promotes ascorbate synthesis by deactivating the PAS/LOV photoreceptor that inhibits GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase

ABSTRACT Ascorbate (vitamin C) is one of the most essential antioxidants in fresh fruits and vegetables. To get insights into the regulation of ascorbate metabolism in plants, a mutant producing ascorbate-enriched fruits was studied. The causal mutation, identified by a mapping-by-sequencing strategy, corresponded to a knock-out recessive mutation in a new class of photoreceptor named PAS/LOV protein (PLP, Solyc05g07020), which acts as a negative regulator of ascorbate biosynthesis in tomato. This trait was confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and further found in all plant organs, including fruit that accumulated 2-3 times more ascorbate than in the WT. The functional characterization revealed that PLP interacted with the two isoforms of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP), known as the controlling step of the L-galactose pathway of ascorbate synthesis. The interaction with GGP occurred in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, but was abolished when PLP was mutated. These results were confirmed by an optogenetic approach using an animal cell system, which additionally demonstrated that blue light modulated the PLP-GGP interaction. Assays performed in vitro with heterologously expressed GGP and PLP showed that PLP is a non-competitive inhibitor of GGP that is inactivated after blue light exposure. This discovery sheds light on the light-dependent regulation of ascorbate metabolism in plants.