Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s  Commercial Banks.

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This study is grounded in Agency Theory, which highlights the risk of conflicts of interest between bank management (agents) and shareholders (principals). It investigates the specific role of board accountability as a governance mechanism in mitigating NPLs within the under-researched context of commercial banks in Western Uganda. Methods A mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected via surveys from 195 bank employees and board members, selected through a combination of stratified, purposive, and simple random sampling from a population of 550, yielding an 84.1% response rate. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. Concurrently, qualitative data were gathered through interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis with NVivo software to provide depth and context. Results The quantitative analysis revealed a statistically significant strong positive correlation between board accountability and the reduction of NPLs, confirming that heightened board oversight is associated with improved loan performance. The qualitative findings substantiate this, identifying two key mechanisms: first, reduced improper board interference in the loan approval process, and second, proactive board engagement in resolving existing NPLs. Together, the data triangulate to show that a board functioning with high integrity and clear accountability is pivotal in controlling NPLs. Conclusions This study concludes that robust board accountability is a critical determinant of asset quality in commercial banks. It acts by aligning the interests of management and the board with those of shareholders, thereby curbing unauthorized influence and promoting prudent credit risk management. The findings underscore the importance of appointing high-integrity board members and strengthening governance structures. Future research should incorporate additional variables, such as macroeconomic conditions and regulatory frameworks, to develop a more comprehensive model of NPL determinants. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113", "name": "Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation..." } } ] } Home Browse Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Sewanyina M, Manyange M and Ongesa T. Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171389.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Muniru Sewanyina https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6569-2367 1 , Michael Manyange 2 , Tom Ongesa 3 Muniru Sewanyina https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6569-2367 1 , Michael Manyange 2 , Tom Ongesa 3 PUBLISHED 14 Oct 2025 Author details Author details 1 Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 2 Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 3 Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda Muniru Sewanyina Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Michael Manyange Roles: Data Curation, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Tom Ongesa Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Non-performing loans (NPLs) pose a critical threat to the stability and financial performance of commercial banks globally. This study is grounded in Agency Theory, which highlights the risk of conflicts of interest between bank management (agents) and shareholders (principals). It investigates the specific role of board accountability as a governance mechanism in mitigating NPLs within the under-researched context of commercial banks in Western Uganda. Methods A mixed-methods approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected via surveys from 195 bank employees and board members, selected through a combination of stratified, purposive, and simple random sampling from a population of 550, yielding an 84.1% response rate. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. Concurrently, qualitative data were gathered through interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis with NVivo software to provide depth and context. Results The quantitative analysis revealed a statistically significant strong positive correlation between board accountability and the reduction of NPLs, confirming that heightened board oversight is associated with improved loan performance. The qualitative findings substantiate this, identifying two key mechanisms: first, reduced improper board interference in the loan approval process, and second, proactive board engagement in resolving existing NPLs. Together, the data triangulate to show that a board functioning with high integrity and clear accountability is pivotal in controlling NPLs. Conclusions This study concludes that robust board accountability is a critical determinant of asset quality in commercial banks. It acts by aligning the interests of management and the board with those of shareholders, thereby curbing unauthorized influence and promoting prudent credit risk management. The findings underscore the importance of appointing high-integrity board members and strengthening governance structures. Future research should incorporate additional variables, such as macroeconomic conditions and regulatory frameworks, to develop a more comprehensive model of NPL determinants. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Board Accountability, Non-performing Loans, Commercial Banks, Corporate Governance, Agency Theory Corresponding Author(s) Muniru Sewanyina ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Muniru Sewanyina Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Sewanyina M et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Sewanyina M, Manyange M and Ongesa T. Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171389.1 ) First published: 14 Oct 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171389.1 ) Latest published: 14 Oct 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171389.1 ) Introduction The prevalence of non-performing loans (NPLs) has led to financial instability in the banking sector, resulting in economic uncertainty. Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced a rise in the number of financial institutions failing due to inadequate corporate governance ( MacWilliam & Rafferty, 2017 ). Although corporate governance is a vital aspect of financial stability, research on its connection to NPLs is limited, particularly in Africa ( Nawaz, Nor, & Tolos, 2019 ). Board accountability in NPLs in Western Uganda is being examined to fill this gap. The banking sector in Uganda has been plagued by several issues, including the closure of numerous banks due to the rise in NPLs. Among the institutions that were shut down by the Bank of Uganda were Teefe Bank (1993), International Credit Bank Ltd (1998), and Greenland Bank(1999). The National Bank of Commerce (2012) and Global Trust Bank (2014) have both faced comparable circumstances in recent times. Additionally, The rise in NPLs has caused a decline in available credit, with loan growth rates decreasing from 13.7% in 2011 to 3.2% in 2012, and then reaching 3.7% between 2015 and 2016. This research applies structural equation modeling (SEM) to the relationship between board accountability and NPLs, taking into account this situation. Review of related literature The study is based on Agency Theory, which proposes that firm management acts as agents of action for shareholders, as proposed by Jensen and Meckling (1976) . Breaches that default on their repayment obligations are known as NPLs and pose significant credit risk to banks. High NPL ratio, above 5% can be very detrimental to the stability of a bank ( Chariris, 2019 ). The influence of NPLs on corporate governance in Pakistan’s private, commercial, and state-owned banks was the subject of an inquiry by Ahmed et al. (2021) . They found that board size is a strong predictor of NPLs, while board independence, ownership concentration, and government oversight are disadvantageous. However, their study did not address the central issue of board accountability in its investigation. The presence of regulatory measures and attendance at board meetings is a significant factor in the loan loss provisions of Indian banks, as reported by Layola et al. (2016) . According to Balagobei (2019) , the impact of board activity on NPLs in Sri Lankan banks is not as significant as other factors like board size and CEO duality. Similarly, Tarchouna, Jarraya and Bouri (2022) established that smaller banks with weaker governance systems generally had higher NPLs, while midsize banks tend to have stronger governance structures. In spite of these insights, quantitative methods have not been employed in Ugandan studies before. The gap is addressed in this study using a mixed-methods approach, with the aim of further explaining the relationship between board accountability and NPLs in Uganda. Methodology In this study, a mixed-methods approach is employed, with both cross–sectional and correlational focused research designs employed. 232 individuals, consisting of bank managers, board representatives, loan officers, and credit clients from three commercial banks in Western Uganda were surveyed for their data. Qualitative data was obtained through interviews with six purposively chosen participants, while quantitative data came from structured questionnaires. SPSS version 24.0 employed descriptive statistics, correlations (for testing hypotheses) and regression analyses, all of which were conducted at a 5% significance level. The effects of board accountability on NPLs were studied through simulation using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS 4.1.A.M. NVivo software was utilized to analyze qualitative data and then thematically focused on key themes and sub-themes. Results Qualitative findings The quantitative investigation uncovered two primary concerns: (1) the degree of board meddling in loan transactions and (2) their involvement on the board’s part in managing issues within the NPL. Board members were noted to frequently use their influence on loan terms to benefit themselves or their colleagues, resulting in higher NPLs. The board’s efforts to improve loan recovery and bank performance were complemented by strategic steps such as supporting the credit department and implementing policies to reduce NPLs. From Table 1 , the findings also indicate that respondents agreed that banks disclose their corporate governance policies and guidelines as indicated by a high mean of 3.95 and confirmed by a low standard deviation of 0.901 in the same regard, the findings indicate that banks have separated chairman and CEO as indicated by high mean of 3.90 and confirmed by the low standard deviation of 0.87, also the findings show that all executive board members own shares after excluding options held as indicated by high mean of 3.90 and confirmed by the low standard deviation of 0.923. Findings also indicate that banks disclose a code of ethics for senior executives as shown by a high mean of 3.81 and confirmed by a low mean of 0.96, also the findings show that a board or a committee is responsible for CEO succession planning as shown by a high mean of 3.76 and confirmed by the standard deviation of 1.068. in the same regard, the findings indicate that members attended at least 75% of the board meetings as shown by a high mean of 3.71 and confirmed by a low standard deviation of 0.883. Table 1. Descriptive statistics on board accountability. Statements N Min. Max. Mean Std. Deviation Company discloses its corporate governance policies or guidelines 189 2 5 3.95 .901 Company has a separated chairman and CEO 189 2 5 3.90 .870 All executive board members own shares after excluding options held 189 2 5 3.90 .923 Company discloses a code of ethics for senior executives 189 2 5 3.81 .960 Board or a committee is responsible for CEO succession planning 189 1 5 3.76 1.068 All members attended at least 75% of the board meetings 189 2 5 3.71 .883 Company has failed to adopt the recommendations of a shareholder proposal 189 1 5 3.71 1.078 Non-executive board members have a formal session without executives once a year 189 1 5 3.67 1.042 Board members are subject to annual election by all shareholders 189 1 5 3.33 1.325 All non-executive board members own shares after excluding options held 189 2 5 3.14 .943 Overall Mean and SD 189 3.69 0.999 Furthermore, the findings show that banks have failed to adopt the recommendations of a shareholder proposal as indicated by a high mean of 3.71 and confirmed by a standard deviation of 1.078, also the results indicate that non-executive board members have a formal session without executives once a year as shown by high mean of 3.67 and confirmed by the standard deviation of 1.042. The findings also indicate that board members are not subjected to annual election by all shareholders as shown by a moderate mean of 3.33 and supported by a standard deviation of 1.325 lastly, the respondents were neutral about that all non-executive board members own shares after excluding options held as shown by moderate mean of 3.14 and supported standard deviation of 0.943. the overall mean of 3.69 and standard deviation of 0.999 show that most respondents agreed with the statements that were used to measure board accountability. Correlation results To examine the relationship between board accountability and non-performing loans of commercial banks, Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient was used with the help of SPSS and the results were presented in Table 2 . From Table 2 , the results show that there is strong positive relationship between board accountability and non-performing loans of commercial banks (r=0.779, P=0.00<0.05). the relationship is statistically significant at 0.05, meaning that when members of the board are accountable by performing their duties following the guiding principles and polices, the non-performing loans of commercial banks reduces and the reverse is true. Table 2. Correlation results on Board Accountability (BA) and Non-performing Loans (NP). NP BA NP Pearson Correlation 1 .779 ** N 189 189 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 BA Pearson Correlation .779 ** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 189 189 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Regression results From Table 3 , the results show a strong positive overall relationship between board accountability and non-performing loans of commercial banks as indicated by R= 0.7749, and board accountability contributes 60.7% to non-performing loans of commercial banks as indicated by R 2 = 0.607, meaning that when board members perform their roles very well, non-performing loans reduce by 60.7% and vice versa. The adjusted R square shows that a unit change in board accountability, causes 60.5% change in non-performing loans of commercial banks. Table 3. Model summary. Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .779 a .607 .605 .33141 a Predictors: (Constant), BA. From Table 4 , degrees of Freedom (df ) indicate how many separate pieces of information are used to compute the sum of squares. In the case of the Regression, the df is 1, which is equal to the number of independent variables (predictors). The entire number of observations less the total number of predictors is the residual’s df, which is 187. Calculated by dividing the total of squares by the number of degrees of freedom, or mean square (MS). The residual MS is 0.110 and the regression MS is 31.722. F-value = 288.827 is the ratio of the Regression MS to the Residual MS. A greater F-value suggests that the model explains a considerable percentage of the variation. Sig.: This stands for the p-value, which is used to determine the statistical significance of the F-statistic. A score of.000 indicates that the predictors significantly explain the variation in the result, suggesting that the model is highly significant (p < 0.000). The dependent variable may be well explained by the independent variables (predictors) taken together, since the model has statistical significance (p-value =.000). With an F-value of 288.827, the model is able to explain a significant portion of the variation in comparison to the residual, or unexplained variance. Out of the total variation of 52.260, the model explains 31.722 of it, leaving residual variance of 20.538 unexplained. Table 4. ANOVA a . Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 31.722 1 31.722 288.827 .000 b Residual 20.538 187 .110 Total 52.260 188 a Dependent Variable: NP. b Predictors: (Constant), BA. From Table 5 , without normalizing the units, they show the true effects of each independent variable (predictor) on the dependent variable. -The value of the dependent variable when all predictors are zero is called the intercept, and it is 2.917. Keeping all other factors equal, non-performing loans rise by 0.254 units for every unit increase in Board responsibility. The variable representing non-performing loans rises by 0.748 units for every unit increase in financial disclosure. These coefficients are obtained by standardizing the variables by placing them on a same scale, so that comparing the relative importance of each predictor is made simpler. Board accountability appears to have a moderately beneficial impact on non-performing loans (standardized beta = 0.689, t = 9.384, p = .000<0.05), this implies that null hypothesis (H0 1 ) which stated that there was no statistically significant relationship between board accountability and non-performing loans of commercial banks was rejected. Table 5. Coefficients a . Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 1.423 .152 9.384 .000 BA .689 .041 .779 16.995 .000 a Dependent Variable: NP. Latent variable correlations Latent variable correlations refer to the relationships between unobserved variables (latent variables) that are inferred from observed data. These correlations were typically estimated using statistical models such as structural equation modeling (SEM). The correlations represent the strength and direction of the linear relationship between pairs of latent variables as presented in Table 6 . Table 6. Latent correlation between board accountability and non-performing loans. Original sample (O) Sample mean (M) Standard deviation (STDEV) T statistics (|O/STDEV|) P values BA NP 0.904 0.912 0.022 40.658 0.000 BAb NP 0.900 0.897 0.030 29.601 0.000 From Table 6 , the relationship between important latent variables, particularly Board Accountability, Oversight Risk Management (BA), Strategic Decision Making (BAb), and Non-Performing Loans (NP), is outlined in this table. To gauge the significance and strength of these correlations, one must refer to its first-ever sample correlation data, which includes standard deviations from previous measurements, t-statistics values for each variable pair, and p-values. The NP relationships expose even stronger connections.’ (P/L) The correlation between NP and BA is the original pair of the sample, which equals to 0.904, but it increases to an average in the mean. This indicates a very good relationship between the samples, with 0.022 as the standard deviation. A p-value of 0.000 and a t-statistic of 40.658 indicate observable and robust statistical relationships between NP and BA. However, the correlation is not very strong. The correlation between NP and BAb is similar, however it is significant. With a standard deviation of 0.030 and 0.897 sample mean, the original correlation of the samples is 0.900. A statistically significant relationship is evident with a t-statistic of 29.601 and p-values of 0.000, which indicate strong associations between BAb, the Model (BA) and the NP. In particular the relationships between NP and both BAand BAb also show strong links with these variables. These results imply that the management of non-performing loans requires effective oversight and strategic decision-making, which are closely linked to the financial system’s health in this situation. The perceived understanding of Board Accountability and Non-performing Loans of Commercial Banks This section presents the interviewees’ perceived understanding of board accountability and non-performing loans of commercial banks. To obtain a clearer picture, the interviewees were asked to answer each of following questions (. In your opinion, to what extent does the board interfere or help the bank to solve the problem of non-performing 2. How would banks manage non-performing loans? 3. How often do the board sit to discuss issues related to non-performing loans?). and the themes and sub themes generated were presented in the Figure 1 as explained below. Figure 1. Reality radial diagram on board accountability and non-performing loans. Board influence on NPL management The results in Figure 1 reveal that, generally, interviewees perceived board accountability and non-performing loans of commercial banks as board influence on non-performing loans management. On analyzing the transcripts from qualitative interviews, it was established that two major sub themes emerged to mean board influence which are; Extent of Board Interference in Loan Processes and Board’s Role in Solving NPL Issues. Board intervention in loan procedures One of the main themes that emerged in Figure 1 was the extent of board interference in loan processes, with interviewees stating that in most cases, members of the board want to intervene in the loan-giving process by influencing who should get the loans, particularly to favor themselves, their friends, and relatives, which has had an impact on the level of non-performing loans. Interviewees also stated that there is a need to evaluate the nature and frequency of board engagement in loan decision-making, situations of positive vs. negative board influence on loan management, and ways to reduce the impact of board micromanagement on NPL ratios. Board’s role in solving NPL issues After analyzing the transcripts as presented in Figure 1 , it was determined that the board’s involvement in solving NPL concerns as a sub-theme, may be brought about by strategic interventions by the board to minimize NPLs. Support for the credit department in enhancing loan recovery operations, as well as the board’s implementation of policies and frameworks to reduce NPL growth, which improves commercial banks’ performance in battling non-performing loans. Interviewees said that it is vital to establish the responsibilities and tasks of the board in commercial banks’ operations, especially when dealing with loan issues, in order to minimize conflict between the board members and management. Discussion Board accountability plays a significant role in the decision-making process of NPLs in commercial banks, as suggested by the findings. The outcomes coincide with earlier research, such as Ahmed et al. (2021) and Balagobei (2019) , which found that corporate governance factors, including board accountability, are essential in managing NPLs. This study also supports the argument made by Tarchouna et al. (2022) , which suggests that effective governance frameworks play a crucial role in reducing NPLs. Conclusion It is suggested by this study that a well-functioning, accountable board is crucial for mitigating NPLs in commercial banks. Banks must ensure board members are of high moral character and establish clear guidelines to prevent any unauthorized interference with loan procedures, as per the results. The board needs to provide active backing to the credit department for enhancing loan recovery initiatives and establish policies to limit NPL expansion. Recommendations The study recommends that ethical governance and high integrity are crucial when it comes to selecting board members in commercial banks. Policy implementation: Banks must devise clear policies to reduce board interference in loan processes and promote decision-making transparency. Ethical approval and consent to participate The procedures and ethical standards employed in this research were rigorously aligned with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and granted approval by Kampala International University Ethics Committee (Approval Number: KIU-2024-356) and Uganda National Councial for Science and Technology (Approval Number: SS3114ES). Prior to their participation, all subjects were provided with a detailed information sheet explaining the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Written informed consent was subsequently obtained from each participant. The confidentiality and anonymity of all participant data were maintained throughout the research. Consent to publish declaration We, the authors, agree to publish this work in F1000 Research and confirm that it is original, unpublished, and not submitted elsewhere. Any personal data included has been approved by those involved, with consent records available if needed. Data availability Underlying data Repository name: Zenodo: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. data associated with this article can be accessed on https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17249817 . This project contains the following underlying data: • PhD data set 2025 II.sav (raw survey data collected from employees, board members and clients of selected commercial banks in western Uganda). Extended data Repository name: Zenodo: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. Extended data associated with this article can be accessed on https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17249817 ( Muniru, 2025 ). This project contains the following extended data: • DATA COLLECTION TOOLS FINAL.pdf (full survey instrument used to collect data from participants). • INFORMED CONSENT APPROVED BY REC.pdf (approved consent form by Kampala International University Research Ethics Committee). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). References Ahmed S, Rehan R, Ul-Haque A: The impact of non-performing loans on corporate governance: Evidence from Pakistan’s banking sector. Int. J. Financ. Econ. 2021; 26 (2): 2341–2357. Publisher Full Text Balagobei S: The influence of corporate governance on non-performing loans: Evidence from listed banks in Sri Lanka. Asian J. Finance Account. 2019; 11 (1): 45–60. Publisher Full Text Chariri A: The threshold of non-performing loan ratios in determining banking stability. J. Financ. Risk Manag. 2019; 9 (4): 129–145. Publisher Full Text Jensen MC, Meckling WH: Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. J. Financ. Econ. 1976; 3 (4): 305–360. Publisher Full Text Layola R, Sharma K, Patel M: Corporate governance and loan loss provisions: Evidence from Indian banking sector. Econ. Model. 2016; 57 (3): 233–248. Publisher Full Text MacWilliam M, Rafferty M: Governance and financial distress in African banks: A critical analysis. J. Afr. Financ. Stud. 2017; 10 (2): 112–128. Publisher Full Text Muniru S: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. Zenodo. 2025. Publisher Full Text Nawaz T, Nor FM, Tolos H: Corporate governance and financial performance: An analysis of non-performing loans. International J. Bank. Financ. 2019; 15 (2): 56–72. Publisher Full Text Tarchouna A, Jarraya B, Bouri A: Corporate governance and non-performing loans: Evidence from U.S. commercial banks. J. Financ. Stab. 2022; 48 : 100745. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 14 Oct 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 2 Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda 3 Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Western Region, Uganda Muniru Sewanyina Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Michael Manyange Roles: Data Curation, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Tom Ongesa Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 14 Oct 2025, 14:1113 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171389.1 Copyright © 2025 Sewanyina M et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Sewanyina M, Manyange M and Ongesa T. Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171389.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 14 Oct 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Aziza N. Reviewer Report For: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r436536 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113/v1#referee-response-436536 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 06 Jan 2026 Nurna Aziza , Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r436536 Strength This research is very interesting and adds to the literature on the condition of the commercial bank industry in Western Uganda, which has experienced many bankruptcies due to credit risk, and adds knowledge related to strategies for ... Continue reading READ ALL Strength This research is very interesting and adds to the literature on the condition of the commercial bank industry in Western Uganda, which has experienced many bankruptcies due to credit risk, and adds knowledge related to strategies for addressing the issue of credit failure/credit risk. This research has the strength of using two data sources (mixed methods), namely quantitative data and qualitative data through interviews analyzed with NVivo software. These data sources strengthen the research results to meet the research gaps that the researcher wants. The results of the interviews obtained information on the level of the board's interference in loan transactions and the board's involvement in managing problems in NPLs. The results of this study have informed that there is a council intervention in the loan or credit process resulting in higher NPLs. This is the problem that many banks experience credit risk, and there is a need for board accountability, not just about the existence of the board. In this study, the results of the correlation value testing of 60% showed that board members are responsible by doing their duties by following the guiding principles and policies, so that commercial banks' non-performing loans are reduced and vice versa. Disadvantages This study has not explained the period of data obtained. The results of the interview data sources have not been explored properly, even though this is an additional value of this study. It is better to present the results of the correlation relationship (SEM PLS results) so that it is clearer. Even though there is already a link to the data source. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Financial accounting, environmental accounting, sustainability reporting I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Aziza N. Reviewer Report For: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r436536 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113/v1#referee-response-436536 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Nurkhin A. Reviewer Report For: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r424762 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113/v1#referee-response-424762 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 28 Oct 2025 Ahmad Nurkhin , Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r424762 This is an interesting article that applies mixed methods to investigate the impact of GCG mechanisms on banking non-performing loans (NPLs) in Western Uganda. However, the qualitative research is less prominent. The author could have explored further ... Continue reading READ ALL This is an interesting article that applies mixed methods to investigate the impact of GCG mechanisms on banking non-performing loans (NPLs) in Western Uganda. However, the qualitative research is less prominent. The author could have explored further how the design and type of qualitative research were determined (explanatory, exploratory, or other), the data obtained from six participants through structured interviews, and how the results were analyzed. The qualitative description and discussion of the results are less robust than the quantitative presentation. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: accounting and education. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Nurkhin A. Reviewer Report For: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r424762 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113/v1#referee-response-424762 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Author Response 05 Nov 2025 Muniru Sewanyina , Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda 05 Nov 2025 Author Response Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Author Response 05 Nov 2025 Muniru Sewanyina , Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda 05 Nov 2025 Author Response Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 14 Oct 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 14 Oct 25 read read Ahmad Nurkhin , Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Nurna Aziza , Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Aziza N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 06 Jan 2026 | for Version 1 Nurna Aziza , Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2026 Aziza N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Strength This research is very interesting and adds to the literature on the condition of the commercial bank industry in Western Uganda, which has experienced many bankruptcies due to credit risk, and adds knowledge related to strategies for addressing the issue of credit failure/credit risk. This research has the strength of using two data sources (mixed methods), namely quantitative data and qualitative data through interviews analyzed with NVivo software. These data sources strengthen the research results to meet the research gaps that the researcher wants. The results of the interviews obtained information on the level of the board's interference in loan transactions and the board's involvement in managing problems in NPLs. The results of this study have informed that there is a council intervention in the loan or credit process resulting in higher NPLs. This is the problem that many banks experience credit risk, and there is a need for board accountability, not just about the existence of the board. In this study, the results of the correlation value testing of 60% showed that board members are responsible by doing their duties by following the guiding principles and policies, so that commercial banks' non-performing loans are reduced and vice versa. Disadvantages This study has not explained the period of data obtained. The results of the interview data sources have not been explored properly, even though this is an additional value of this study. It is better to present the results of the correlation relationship (SEM PLS results) so that it is clearer. Even though there is already a link to the data source. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Financial accounting, environmental accounting, sustainability reporting I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Aziza N. Peer Review Report For: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r436536) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113/v1#referee-response-436536 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Nurkhin A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 28 Oct 2025 | for Version 1 Ahmad Nurkhin , Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Nurkhin A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This is an interesting article that applies mixed methods to investigate the impact of GCG mechanisms on banking non-performing loans (NPLs) in Western Uganda. However, the qualitative research is less prominent. The author could have explored further how the design and type of qualitative research were determined (explanatory, exploratory, or other), the data obtained from six participants through structured interviews, and how the results were analyzed. The qualitative description and discussion of the results are less robust than the quantitative presentation. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise accounting and education. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Author Response 05 Nov 2025 Muniru Sewanyina, Business Administration, Kampala International University - Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda Thank you for your generous observation. The study used a mixed methods design; however, it was more quantitative, that is why the qualitative part was given less attention View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Nurkhin A. Peer Review Report For: Mitigating Credit Risk through Corporate Governance: An Investigation into the Causal Pathways from Board Accountability to Reduced Non-Performing Loans in Uganda’s Commercial Banks. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1113 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.188990.r424762) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1113/v1#referee-response-424762 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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