Improving Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete Using Taguchi Method

Improving Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete Using Taguchi Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Improving Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete Using Taguchi Method Eslam S. Hemeda, Alaa A. Bashandy, Amal A. Nasser This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263370/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The construction demolishing is non-degradable. Recycled aggregates were utilized to create sustainable products in pervious concrete manufacture. Adding fiber enhances pervious concrete mechanical properties. High absorption of RA and polyethylene-glycol are used to ensure internal curing. The purpose of this study was to statistically improve mechanical properties of pervious concrete using an experimental investigation. Taguchi method was employed to present DOE (Design of Experiment). Five factors in four levels designed by Taguchi provide sixteen mixes (L16 array). The factors were replacement of coarse aggregates by recycle aggregates, W/C ratio, synthetic macro-fiber, steel fiber and polyethylene-glycol.Designed mixes were prepared. Taguchi analysis concluded; macro-fiber addition has no impact on mechanical properties. 10% recycle aggregates replacement was the optimum ratio. Taguchi analysis allowed prediction of non-experimented results and evaluating mechanical properties values. Prediction of optimum mixes were experimented though confirmation mixes. Confirmation test results were the predicted values within ±10%. total Quality pervious concrete self-curing Recycling fibers Taguchi Method ANOVA Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction Floodwaters are inundating major cities around the world at an alarming rate. Fueled by climate change, increased rainfall, and reduced permeable surfaces, storms are overwhelming drainage systems and crippling transportation. [ 1 ]. Pervious concrete is a high void content concrete ranging from 15–35%. This makes it porous, allowing water to drain through it and replenish groundwater supplies. Manufacturing pervious concrete as road pavement became a tool to store rainwater in underground reservoir on roadsides [ 2 ]. Pervious concrete or porous concrete gives flow water paths through the matrix [ 3 ]. Gap grading of coarse aggregates is used to manufacture this concrete. Also, eliminating or reducing the fine aggregates create a network of interconnected pores. [ 4 ]. Pervious concrete pavements are a revolutionary solution to the problem of storm water runoff. Instead of rushing over the surface and flooding our streets, storm water can now percolate through the pores of pervious concrete and into the ground, where it is naturally filtered and replenished. [ 5 ]. Conventional concrete is designed to have low porosity unlike pervious concrete. High porosity complies with functional demands of pervious concrete, which reduces pore structure interconnectedness and mechanical properties [ 6 ]. Fibers are the pivotal ingredient to stronger cement-based and resin-based composite materials. They delay and hinder cracks, enhancing the matrix's strength and durability. They present interconnection bridging, which transfers stress. Steel fibers prevents complete crushing, especially with high steel fiber content. They becomes predominant after failure, as they binder cracks. High fiber content decreases ultimate strains values [ 7 ]. Steel fibers inhibit autogenous shrinkage and reduce shrinkage cracks during the conservation process. They also take on developed stress, preventing mechanical cracks from forming and growing, which increases the compressive strength. [ 8 ]. After the initial crack developed, fibers increased toughness and residual strength of the concrete. The ultimate compressive strength also increased, due to crack growth arresting, which depends on bond strength. [ 9 ][ 10 ]. Fibrous concrete reduces crack width, which improve the overall performance [ 11 ]. After concrete casting, moisture content is an essential need in the curing process, which supplements cement hydration till desired hardened concrete properties [ 12 ].Water scarcity obstacle conventional curing method [ 13 ]. Self-curing provides internal moisture distributed throughout the concrete volume ensuring continuity of cement hydration [ 14 ]. Polyethylene-glycol polymer was used recently in concrete self-curing, which depends on solvent pressure according to Raoult’s Law [ 15 ]–[ 20 ]. PEG enhanced hydration process[ 18 ] [ 20 ]–[ 22 ]. Hydrophilic molecules motivate hydrogen bonds in polymeric chains [ 15 ]. Hydrogen positive charge attracts soluble polymers, which minimize concrete desiccation[ 15 ][ 20 ]. Studies have shown that concrete cured with PEG can achieve up to 30% higher compressive strength and 15% higher flexural strength than conventionally cured concrete. Furthermore, PEG-cured concrete has increased resistance to cracking and freeze-thaw degradation.[ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ]. Demolishing construction wastes is non-degradable. In the European Union, over 900 million tons of building trash are produced annually, representing 25–30% of overall wastes [ 25 ]. It is possible to recycle up to 80% of old concrete as coarse material in freshly mixed concrete, which saves natural resources [ 2 ]. Recycling demolition waste for use in new construction is a means of decreasing waste loads dumped at local landfills and extending the lifespan of natural resources [ 26 ]. Due to the vast number of variables and percentages of variation, there are numerous experimental mixtures that can be created to optimize the ideal composition. Design of Experiments (DOE) determines the pivotal experiments in the suggested array. Genichi Taguchi employed DOE in manufacturing [ 27 ]. Taguchi's approach and DOE (design of experiments) are tools that democratizes quality engineering. It is used to develop robust products and processes that are insensitive to variation. [ 28 ][ 29 ]. 2. Research Significance Low pervious concrete mechanical properties need to be improved. The main aim of this experimental work is to study the feasibility of using self-curing pervious concrete through the study of the effect of recycled aggregate and fiber use. Taguchi approach curtail numerous experimental mixtures to optimize sustainable pervious concrete properties. 3. Methods 3.1 Materials Cement Ordinary Portland Cement (CEMI 42.5N) locally produced is used manufactured by Elsewedy Cement according to E.S. 4756-1/2013 requirement. Constant content (338 kg/m3) was used for all mixes. Coarse Aggregate Natural and recycled aggregate were utilized. Aggregate complies the requirement of RC Egyptian code of practice (203–2022) with max nominal size 10 mm [ 2 ] [ 30 ]. Constant content (1530 kg/m 3 ) was used for all mixes [ 31 ]. A-Crushed Dolomite Natural crashed dolomite from Suez zone was used as a coarse aggregate. The particles have rough surface texture with irregular shapes. B-Crushed Recycled Concrete : Crushed concrete from buildings demolishing was used as irregular rough surface coarse aggregate Fig. 1 . Replacement of coarse aggregates by Recycle aggregates )0%, 10%, 30% and 50%) [ 2 ] . Fine Aggregate specific gravity was 2.64 of local siliceous sand. Constant content (10% by weight of limestone) for all mixes [ 32 ]. Water W/C ratio was variable from 0.30 to 0.36 of fresh tap water [ 16 – 20 ]. Fiber Additives. Steel fiber was (Harx steel fibers) Fig. 2 of 0.7850 kg/m 3 density and a length of 5 mm, 1 mm equivalent diameter and made by Chemical for modern Building Company - Egypt. Addition of steel fiber in proportions (0%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15%). [ 33 ] [ 34 ]. Synthetic macro – fibers ( sika fiber T-48 SL ) Type Color 100% polyolefin, Length of fiber 48 mm, Diameter 0.9 mm, Compact density 0,91 kg/dm³. Fiber macro was obtained from sika for construction chemicals, Egypt Fig. 2 . Addition of Synthetic macro-fiber in proportions (added by 0kg, 2.5kg, 5 kg and 7.5 kg) [ 35 ]. Reinforcing Steel Bars The steel used in this experimental work is mild steel (ST.37) of 8mm diameter. Yield Stress 2400 (Kg/cm 2 ), Tensile Strength 3600 (Kg/cm 2 ), Elongation (20%), mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars according to ESS 262. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 400) is a versatile polymer with a wide range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to cosmetics. It is characterized by its water-soluble nature, which is indicated by its numeric suffix. Average molecular weight of PEG-400 is 400 g/mol and is highly soluble in water. PEG 400 was obtained from Global chemical company, Egypt, it was used as a ratio of cement (1.8, 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4%). Super plasticizer water reducer (Sikament – 163M) was used, that complies ASTM-C- 494 Types G and F requirements for superplasticizers. It was used as a ratio of cement (2.0%). 4. Design Methodology Taguchi method, as a tool for optimization, was employed to improve mechanical properties of pervious concrete. It reduces uncontrollable factors (S/N) the Sensitivity to Noise, that affect the quality characteristic. Table 1 shows the four levels of the five control factors that were selected for this study[ 36 ][ 37 ][ 29 ]. Table 1 Experimental Factors) Taguchi Method ( Level Factors A B C D E Recycled aggregate Replacement. W/C Addition of Synthetic macro-fiber /cement Polyethylene glycol 400 / cement Steel Fiber Addition 1 0% 0.30 0 KG 1.8% 0% 2 10% 0.32 2.5 KG 2.0% 0.05% 3 30% 0.34 5 KG 2.2% 0.1% 4 50% 0.36 7.5 KG 2.4% 0.15% 4.1 Design of Experiment Orthogonal array design (OAD) is a powerful tool for conducting experiments efficiently and effectively. OADs use a fractional design, which means that only a subset of all possible combinations of factors and levels are tested. This can significantly reduce the number of experiments needed, while still providing enough information to estimate the main effects of the factors. Array L16 with 16 rows and 5 columns was presented in Table 1 . Each row represents an experimental trial condition. Each column indicates used factors levels of (A, B, C and D). [ 20 ]–[ 39 ]. 4.2 Taguchi's Orthogonal Array Taguchi's experimental design method aims to develop products that consistently achieve their target value, minimizing variation and maximizing quality. Table 1 shows experimental factors and levels used. Mixes are given in Table 2 . [ 40 ][ 39 ]. Table 2 Experimental Design of Experiment and Detailed Factor Levels. Exp. No. Factors Replacement of coarse aggregates by Recycle aggregates w/c Addition of steel fiber Addition of Synthetic macro-fiber Polyethylene glycol 400Addition (% wt. of cement) 1 0% 30% 0% 0kg 1.8% 2 0% 32% .5% 2.5kg 2% 3 0% 34% 1% 5kg 2.2% 4 0% 36% 1.5% 7.5kg 2.4% 5 10% 34% .5% 0kg 2.4% 6 10% 36% 0% 2.5kg 2.2% 7 10% 30% 1.5% 5kg 2% 8 10% 32% 1% 7.5kg 1.8% 9 30% 36% 1% 0kg 2% 10 30% 34% 1.5% 2.5kg 1.8% 11 30% 32% 0% 5kg 2.4% 12 30% 30% .5% 7.5kg 2.2% 13 50% 32% 1.5% 0kg 2.2% 14 50% 30% 1% 2.5kg 2.4% 15 50% 36% .5% 5kg 1.8% 16 50% 34% 0% 7.5kg 2% 5. Contents samples Table 3 shows the mix design of all ingredients. Table 3 Mix Design Content According to Factor Levels. Level coarse aggregates Recycle aggregates Addition of steel fiber by volume of concrete Addition of Synthetic macro-fiber w/c Cement Fine aggregates Super plasticizer rate% Kg/m3 rate% Kg/m3 rate% Kg/m3 (kg/m3) (% wt. of cement) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (% wt. of cement) 1 0% 1530 0% 0 0% 0 0 KG 0.30 338 153 2% 2 90% 1377 10% 153 0.05% 11.5 2.5 KG 0.32 3 70% 1071 30% 459 0.1% 23 5 KG 0.34 4 50% 765 50% 765 0.15% 34.5 7.5 KG 0.36 Mixing Procedure There was dry mixing for 2 min. Then, 75% of (water + S.P + PEG400) was added and mix for 2 min. Finally, mixing took 4min after adding remained amount of (Water + S.P + PEG400 + Fibers). Concrete samples were cast. Specimens were taken of molds after 24h. 6. Tests Testing of Hardened Concrete. Compressive Strength test was conducted on cubes 10*10*10 cm according to ISO 4012, BS1881: Part 115 on 2000 KN hydraulic machine capacity Fig. 3. Splitting tensile strength test was conducted on 10 cm diameter and 20cm length cylinders according to BS1881: Part 117 Fig. 4. Flexural strength Tests prisms 50*10*10 cm were prepared according to ISO 4012 using 10ton flexural testing machine capacity Fig. 5. Bond strength Tests were carried out on 15*15*15cm cubes according to ISO 4012 on hydraulic machine 2000KN as shown in Fig. 6. For the implanted bars in the concrete sample, a direct push-down test was performed. The bonding strength between concrete and rebar is calculated using according to (E.C.P. 203/2020) [29]. Slab flexure test was conducted on one way slab by using a 3-point load system on 100 KN flexural testing machine capacity. Measurements of deflection were taken at the bottom surface's midpoint of slab (dial gauge was used to measure the deflection in the mid span). Details and reinforcement of slab dimensions 100mm*500mm*4mm illustrated in Fig. 7. 7. Results 7.1 Mechanical Properties The mechanical parameters that were examined and the behavior of the slab are assessed in terms of deflection values, ultimate loads, and initial cracking loads. Main Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete Compressive strength test results (7, 28 days), Splitting tensile (28 days), Flexural strength and Bond strength at 28days are shown in Table 4 . For 16 mixes (array of Taguchi). Table 4 Mechanical Properties of Hardened Concrete. Mix. No. Compressive strength (MPa) Splitting tensile strength (MPa) Flexural (MPa) Bond strength (N) 7 days 28 days 28 days 28 days 28 days 1 10.1 12.0 2.1 3.5 9.3 2 12.4 16.2 2.3 3.2 10.7 3 10.6 12.9 2.0 2.9 21.0 4 9.8 11.5 1.6 2.2 28.3 5 13.2 17.8 2.4 3.3 21.3 6 12.1 13.7 1.9 3.6 34.0 7 10.1 12.4 2.0 3.0 18.3 8 9.7 12.5 1.8 3.7 22.3 9 15.4 19.6 2.5 4.8 44.0 10 5.8 8.0 1.7 1.9 23.3 11 7.4 10.0 1.8 2.1 22.0 12 9.4 10.9 1.6 3.2 20.3 13 6.3 8.0 1.1 2.9 20.3 14 5.9 7.9 1.5 2.5 20.7 15 8.0 9.9 1.2 2.8 12.3 16 9.5 11.2 1.3 3.0 13.7 7.2 Slab Behavior Table 5 presents the experimental results for 16 slabs, including first crack load) the first crack was discovered by using a magnifying glass with a spotlight (, ultimate load, and displacements at first and ultimate load, ductility ratio, and energy absorption. The area under the load-deflection curve is used to calculate energy absorption, and the ratio of vertical displacements at ultimate load to vertical displacements at first crack load is known as the ductility ratio. Figure 8 shows the load-displacement curve at measured points. Figure 8 shows cracking patterns of tested slabs. Table 5 Test Results for Slabs Samples ID First crack load, kN Ultimate load, kN Displacement at first crack load, (0.01) mm Displacement at ultimate load, (0.01) mm Ductility index Energy absorption kN.mm 1 1.20 2.40 3.52 11.27 3.20 17.553 2 2.70 4.10 2.68 6.88 2.56 19.21 3 3.20 3.90 3.05 8.05 2.63 23.43 4 3.20 4.40 3.45 9.85 2.85 31.88 5 2.70 5.20 2.05 6.2 3.02 19.71 6 2.70 6.00 2.1 10 4.76 43.428 7 3.20 5.80 1.65 5.9 3.575 10.437 8 3.70 6.10 2.75 8.6 3.12 37.076 9 3.70 6.30 2.73 8.13 2.97 34.367 10 2.70 4.00 3.05 7.8 2.55 22.024 11 2.20 3.50 3.5 7 2 15.531 12 2.70 5.00 4.05 11.25 2.77 26.577 13 3.20 5.30 2.5 6.1 2.44 28.691 14 3.20 5.30 2.81 6.06 2.15 18.998 15 2.20 3.30 3.4 7.4 2.17 15.848 16 2.70 4.00 3.1 7.4 2.38 20.336 8. Analysis by Taguchi Taguchi method optimized the mix proportion levels of concrete. The results, shown in Table 4 , indicate that the best possible mix parameter combinations can be determined from the main effect plots in Figs. 9 – 12 . The S/N ratio is a measure of the signal (mean) to the noise (standard deviation). For strength characteristics, the "larger the better" objective function is used as in formula: \({\left(\frac{S}{N}\right)}_{i}=-10\text{log}\left[\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{j=1}^{n}\frac{1}{{Y}_{ij}^{2}}\right]\) …… Eq. (1) Where number of a trial ‘i’; measured value ‘Y ij ’ for trial i th and experiment j th . Number of repetitions is ‘n’ experimental combination. Equation 1 was used to calculate signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for each experimental condition in order to compare the effects of various process factors on compressive, splitting tensile, flexural, and bond strength. 9. Results and Discussion 9.1. Mechanical Properties 9.1.1. Compressive Strength : The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the recycled aggregate and PEG400 have the most effect on compressive strength Table 6 . Results also indicated that 10%, followed by 0%, is the best ratio for recycled aggregates replacement. It was not efficient to use macro-fiber. Additionally, adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 0.5% or 1%. Also, water-to-cement 0.36 is the ideal ratio. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2% as shown in Fig. 9 -a. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) can reveal the percentage contribution of individual parameters to strength. Table 6 shows the results of ANOVA. By examining the contribution percentage of each factor, which gains insights into their relative significance. As a summary, it was discovered that the two elements that have the largest compressive strength are Recycle aggregate content and PEG 400 by 30.50 and 24.18% contribution respectively as shown in Fig. 9 -b. The concrete compressive strength depends mainly on the curing method, and porous concrete is difficult to use traditional curing methods. Factors Recycle aggregate content and PEG 400 act as internal reservoirs for water that supplies the non-hydrogenated cement granules with water when needed to complete the hydration process, which helps in increasing concrete compressive strength [ 41 ]. 9.1.2. Tensile Strength : The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the recycled aggregate and macro fiber have the most effects on Tensile strength Table 7 . Results also indicated that 10%, followed by 0%, is the ideal replacement rate for recycled aggregates. It was not efficient to use macro-fiber. Additionally, adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 1%. Also water-to-cement ratio 0.34 is the ideal. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2% Fig. 10 . Referring to ANOVA Table 7 . Recycle aggregate content and macro-fiber have contribution of (58.73%) and (17.66%) respectively. They are the most influencing factors on splitting tensile strength. Table 6 A-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Compressive Strength of 7, 28 Days (Larger Is Better) B- Analysis of Variance for 28 Days Compressive Strength, Using Adjusted SS for Tests Level Recycle aggregate macro fiber steel fiber w/c PEG 400 A-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Compressive Strength of 7,28 days (larger is better) 1 22.29 22.62 21.32 20.51 20.34 2 22.86 20.71 22.44 21.05 23.20 3 21.16 21.00 21.99 21.54 20.94 4 19.21 21.20 19.78 22.42 21.04 Delta 3.65 1.91 2.66 1.90 2.86 Rank 1 4 3 5 2 B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Compressive Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests DF 3 3 3 3 3 Seq SS 52.54 26.05 33.89 18.11 41.65 Contribution 30.50% 15.12% 19.68% 10.52% 24.18% Table 7 A- Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Splitting Tensile Strength of 28 Days (Larger Is Better) B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Splitting Tensile Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests Level Recycle aggregate macro fiber steel fiber w/c PEG 400 A-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for splitting tensile strength of 28 days (larger is better) 1 5.906 5.716 4.745 5.021 4.440 2 6.081 5.253 4.956 4.578 5.769 3 5.332 4.592 5.742 5.020 4.117 4 2.057 3.814 3.932 4.756 5.049 Delta 4.024 1.902 1.810 0.443 1.652 Rank 1 2 3 5 4 B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days splitting tensile strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests DF 3 3 3 3 3 Seq SS 1.46351 0.44004 0.27418 0.01400 0.30016 Contribution 58.73% 17.66% 11.00% 0.56% 12.05% 9.1.3. Flexural Strength : The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the PEG400 and steel fiber have the most effect on Flexural strength Table 8 . Results also indicated that 10%, followed by 0%, is the ideal replacement rate for recycled aggregates. It was not efficient to use macro-fiber. Additionally, adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 1%. Also, water-to-cement ratio 0.36 is the ideal. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2% Fig. 11 . Referring to ANOVA in Table 8 , macro fiber, PEG 400 and steel fiber have contribution of (28.40%), (26.64%) and (24.08%) respectively. They are the most influencing factors on flexural strength Fig. 11 . The internal curing has an effect on the Flexural Strength, by adding fiber. Both added fibers strengthens the inter-linkages of the microstructure of pervious concrete [ 42 ]. Table 8 A- Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Flexural Strength of 28 days (larger is better). B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Flexural Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests. Level Recycle aggregate macro fiber steel fiber w/c PEG 400 A-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Flexural Strength of 28 days (larger is better) 1 9.280 11.067 9.437 9.640 9.140 2 10.636 8.722 9.937 9.255 10.724 3 8.903 8.459 10.475 8.637 9.942 4 8.864 9.435 7.834 10.150 7.878 Delta 1.773 2.609 2.641 1.512 2.846 Rank 4 3 2 5 1 B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Flexural Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests DF 3 3 3 3 3 Seq SS 0.8616 2.1692 1.8392 0.7334 2.0353 Contribution 11.28% 28.40% 24.08% 9.60% 26.64% 9.1.4. Bond strength : The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the recycled aggregate and steel fiber have the largesse effect on Bond strength Table 9 . Results also indicated that 30%, followed by 10%, is the ideal replacement rate for recycled aggregates. Adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 1%. Also water-to-cement ratio 0.36 is the ideal. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2.2% as show in Fig. 12 . Referring to ANOVA in Table 9 . Water-cement ratio and Recycle aggregate have contribution of 33.49% and 28.43% as shown Fig. 12 . 9.2. Slab Analysis : From the experimental results indicated in Table 5 and Fig. 8 . Specimen slab (6, 8, 9) has the highest ultimate load (6.0,6.10,6.30) KN, Energy absorption (43.428, 37.076, 34.367) KN /mm and Ductility index (4.76, 3.12, 2.97), While the results of the samples showed (1, 2, 15) Weak values of the ultimate load (2.40,4.10,3.30) KN, Energy absorption (17.553, 19.21, 15.848) KN/mm and Ductility index,, (3.20, 2.56, 2.17) respectively. Table 9 A- Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Bond Strength of 28 Days (Larger Is Better) B - Analysis of Variance for 28 days Bond Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests Level Recycle aggregate macro fiber steel fiber w/c PEG 400 A- Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Bond Strength of 28 days (larger is better) 1 23.86 26.25 24.90 24.28 23.89 2 27.36 26.21 23.78 25.14 25.35 3 28.31 25.09 28.15 25.77 27.35 4 24.25 26.23 26.96 28.59 27.20 Delta 4.45 1.16 4.37 4.31 3.46 Rank 1 5 2 3 4 B- Analysis of Variance for 28 days Bond Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests DF 3 3 3 3 3 Seq SS 323.41 60.25 251.85 380.92 121.14 Contribution 28.43% 5.30% 22.14% 33.49% 10.65% 9.3. Evaluation of Factor Effects. 9.3.1. Effect of Recycle Aggregates. Generally, The use of recycled aggregates affects investigated concrete properties, which diminishes as the replacement ratios rise [ 43 ]. However, when using recycled aggregates as self-curing, replacing 10% of the recycled aggregates mechanical properties improved slightly. Increasing the replacement rates 30% and 50%, the compressive and tensile strengths decreased Figs. 9 – 12 [ 44 ]. It can be concluded that recycled aggregates such as (crushed concrete) can store a high amount of water. So, each grain of RA may be considered as an internal water supplier in the concrete[ 41 ]. Mechanical properties reduction was observed with recycled aggregate content increase [ 45 ]. 9.3.2. Effect of Steel Fiber. 1% steel fiber content increases mechanical properties significantly, while 1.5% addition resulted in a decrease in mechanical properties [ 46 ][ 47 ]. The ability of fibers add cohesion between the components of the mixture, which aids to decrease cracks and give additional resistance to concrete under loading. The fibers act as bridges in crack region, which provides additional resistance and decrease cracks propagation [ 7 ][ 8 ]. Fibers are the ingredient that gives concrete strength. After the concrete matrix fractures, fibers work together to distribute the load and prevent the structure from collapsing. The performance of fibers depends on their placement, orientation, and embedment length, including the concrete composition, fiber type, rheological properties, casting method, and consolidation [ 42 ] [ 48 ][ 46 ]. 9.3.3. Effect of Synthetic Macro-Fiber. As shown in Figs. 9 – 12 , 2.5–7.5kg synthetic fiber addition led to a decrease in mechanical properties. The study findings were broadly consistent with those of previous studies [ 49 ][ 50 ]. Synthetic fibers have smooth surfaces that provide poor bond to poor cement paste. The cement paste does not completely envelop the fibers, which weakens the fibers' effectiveness for load transfer. Bond strength can be modified by fiber surface coating [ 51 ]. 9.3.4. Effect of Chemical Curing Agent “PEG 400” As shown in Figs. 9 – 12 , the results suggested that 2% of polyethylene glycol 400 is the ideal dose. The study findings were broadly consistent with those of previous studies [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ]. PEG 400, a reservoir for internal water, is uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix. The curing agent moisture remains dormant until a humidity gradient forms during hydration, triggering a chemical reaction. [ 56 ]. Water is moving to dry zones of the matrix by capillary suction for continuous hydration[ 57 ]. PEG 400 is a revolutionary admixture that can transform concrete into a self-curing base. It works by reducing water evaporation, which helps to retain moisture and improve hydration. This results in stronger, more durable concrete with fewer cracks and defects. [ 41 ]. 9.2.1 Effect of Ratio of Water to Cement. Chemical reaction bonding developed concrete strength through cement hydration. Cement hydration produces a compound that binds the ingredients together and gives concrete strength and durability. Volume of the hydrated concrete is greater than the volume of the cement and water used. W/C ratio is 0.42 for complete hydration[ 58 ]. Paste content, void ratio, and pervious concrete typically have a greater impact on strength than w/c ratio. [ 59 ]–[ 61 ] . 10. Prediction of Properties Characteristic Quality characteristic predicted means of the compressive strength, Splitting tensile strength is computed using the following equation: 𝑆𝑚𝑝 = 𝑌 + 𝐴0 − 𝑌 + 𝐵 0 − 𝑌 + 𝐶0 − 𝑌 + 𝐷 0 − + 𝐸 0 – 𝑌, which is performance characteristic average. 𝐴0 − 𝑌, 𝐵 0 − 𝑌, 𝐶0 − 𝑌, 𝐷 0 − 𝑌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 0 − 𝑌 The factors values were chosen: Mix (1) (A = 10%, B = 0%, C = 0.05%, D = 0.36%, E = 2.0%) and Mix (2) (A = 0%, B = 0%, C = 0%, D = 0.30%, E = 2.0%) and Mix (3) (A = 0%, B = 0%, C = 1%, D = 0.30%, E = 2.0%) and Mix (4) (A = 0%, B = 5kg, C = 0%, D = 0.30%, E = 2.0%) From the analysis, the mean values of the study were predicted as shown in Table 10 . Factor A is coarse aggregates Replacement by Recycle aggregates. Factor B is Ratio of water to cement. Factor C is addition of Synthetic macro-fiber in proportions. Factor D is addition of steel fiber. Factor E is Polyethylene glycol 400 Table 10 Taguchi Predicted Values and Actual Values for SCRC. Mix (1 ) Mix (2) Mix (3) Mix (4) Test Comp. strength (Mpa) Splitting tensile strength (Mpa) Comp. strength (Mpa) Splitting tensile strength (Mpa) Comp. strength (Mpa) Splitting tensile strength (Mpa) Comp. strength (Mpa) Splitting tensile strength (Mpa) Experimental results of the confirmation mix 20.45 2.05 15.0 2.2 18.4 2.5 12.2 2.0 Taguchi predicted value 22.23 2.13 16.2 2.4 17.75 2.6 13.17 2.1 Ratio of predicted value and actual value 92% 96% 93% 92.8% 103% 94% 92.8% 95.5% Some factors ratios were selected to experiment confirmation performance Mix (1–4) illustrated in Table 10 . Confirmation experiments results were compared to predicted values obtained from Minitab program as in Table 10 . Actual values to predicted values ratio are in range of ± 10% difference. This confirms experimental results. The number of mixtures was \({4}^{5}=1024\) (5 factors in 4 levels) using the traditional method, and statistically using Taguchi method it became 16 mixtures Table 2 . Taguchi method also provide a prediction of the non-experimental results. 11. Conclusions Self-curing pervious concrete parameters were experimented. The following statistical and experimental statements are concluded: Increase in recycled aggregates content decreases self-curing pervious concrete strength. Additionally, 2% is the optimal rate for using Polyethylene Glycol. Compressive strength maximum value is the specimen 10% of the percentage of recycled aggregates, 0% of Synthetic macro-fibers, 0.05% of steel fiber, 0.36 of w/c, and 2% of PEG400. Also, the percentage of recycled aggregates and PEG400 parameters have the highest impact on compressive strength. Regarding S/N ratio results, the specimen prepared by 10% of the percentage of recycled aggregates, 0% of Synthetic macro-fibers, 0.1% of steel fiber, 0.30 of w/c, and 2% of PEG400 provides the optimum splitting tensile and flexural strength. Synthetic macro-fibers and steel fibers parameters have a high impact on flexural strength of self-curing pervious concrete specimen. ANOVA results clarifies that Recycle aggregate content and PEG 400 have the biggest effects on compressive strength by 30.50 and 24.18% respectively. Recycle aggregate content (58.73%) and macro-fiber (17.66%) are the most influencing factors on splitting tensile strength. Abbreviations PEG 400 = Polyethylene Glycol 400 Declarations Availability of data and materials Files have been attached Competing interests The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial/research/academic organization, with regards to the content/research work discussed in the manuscript. Funding Not applicable Authors' contributions Author 1 Eslam Saeid Hemeda Collected the data Contributed data or analysis Performed the analysis Wrote the paper Author 2 Alaa Ali A. Bashandy Supervisor Conceived and designed the analysis Performed the analysis Author 3 Amal Abd Elhady Nasser Supervisor Conceived and designed the analysis Performed the analysis Acknowledgements Not applicable Authors' information Authors Names/Affiliations: Name Affiliation Tel. Email Eslam S. Hemeda Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minoufia University, Minoufia, Egypt 00201000133268 [email protected] Alaa A. Bashandy [email protected] Amal A. Nasser [email protected] Corresponding Author Name: Eslam S. Hemeda Affiliation: Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minoufia University Address : Kafr El-Sheikh - Al-Bakhanis Tel. : 00201000133268 Email : [email protected] Eslam Saeid Hemeda Email- [email protected] Manager of Safe Home Office for Engineering Consultancy and General Contracting. Research Scholar in Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minoufia University. B. Sc. in Civil Engineering from High Insatiate Engineering Kafr El Sheikh in 2015. Alaa Ali A. Bashandy Email- [email protected] Professor at Civil Eng. Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University at Egypt (from March 2002 up to now). Also, he worked as a full time visitor lecturer and Head of Civil Engineering Department. In Deputy of chairman of Civil Eng. Dept., Faculty of Eng., Sinai University. Also, he supervised on the laboratories of Civil Eng. Dept., Faculty of Eng., Sinai University (from Aug.2010 to Aug.2013). He graduated from Menoufia University (May 2000). He received his M.D. (April 2004) then his Ph.D. (Jan. 2007) from Menoufia University at Egypt. He taught as a part time visitor lecturer at Higher Technological Institute at 10th of Ramadan city (from 2007 up to 2010) and at Higher Technological Institute at El-Arish city (from 2013 up to 2017) and at Faculty of Engineering Science, Sinai University at El-Arish city (from 2013 up to 2017). He published about 35 research papers in international and local journals and conferences. Also, he is the author of five books (four available in Arabic language in Egypt and one in English language). He supervised on about 25 postgraduate theses (M.Sc. and Ph.D.). He shared in the judgement of about 15 M.Sc. and Ph. D. theses as a one of their examiner committees. Amal Abd Elhady Nasser Email- [email protected] Associate Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt. Ph.D. Degree from Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University in 2005. M.Sc.Degree from Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University in 1999. B.Sc.Eng. from Faculty of Engineering - Menoufia University in 1993. Supervision of 23 scientific theses between master’s and Doctorates - Published over 32 Papers. Participation in the surveys of the Research and Engineering Consultation Center at the Faculty of Engineering - Menoufia University. References S. M. Chopda and B. M. Chhattani, “Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete,” Int. J. Technol. , vol. 5, no. 2, p. 113, 2015, doi: 10.5958/2231-3915.2015.00006.1. Rizvi, R., Tighe, S. L., Norris, J., & Henderson, V. (2009). Incorporating recycled concrete aggregate in pervious concrete pavements. In 2009 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION OF THE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF CANADA-TRANSPORTATION IN A CLIMATE OF CHANGE. ‏ Nasser, A. A., Eid, F. E. M., Kandil, R. K., & Afify, M. R. (2022). Experimental Study on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Pervious Concrete with Different Admixtures. ERJ. Engineering Research Journal, 45(4), 561-571. ‏ Lee, M. G., Huang, Y. S., Chang, T. K., & Pao, C. H. (2011). Experimental study of pervious concrete pavement. In Emerging Technologies for Material, Design, Rehabilitation, and Inspection of Roadway Pavements (pp. 93-99). A. K. Chandrappa and K. P. Biligiri, “Comprehensive investigation of permeability characteristics of pervious concrete: A hydrodynamic approach,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 123, pp. 627–637, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.035. B. Rehder, K. Banh, and N. Neithalath, “Fracture behavior of pervious concretes: The effects of pore structure and fibers,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics , vol. 118. pp. 1–16, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.01.015. M. Usman, S. H. Farooq, M. Umair, and A. Hanif, “Axial compressive behavior of confined steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 230, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117043. L. Xu, F. Wu, Y. Chi, P. Cheng, Y. Zeng, and Q. Chen, “Effects of coarse aggregate and steel fibre contents on mechanical properties of high performance concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 206, pp. 97–110, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.190. W. Abbass, M. I. Khan, and S. Mourad, “Evaluation of mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete with different strengths of concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 168, pp. 556–569, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.164. A. A. Shah and Y. Ribakov, “Recent trends in steel fibered high-strength concrete,” Mater. Des. , vol. 32, no. 8–9, pp. 4122–4151, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.030. Hasan, M. J., Afroz, M., & Mahmud, H. M. I. (2011). An experimental investigation on mechanical behavior of macro synthetic fiber reinforced concrete. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng, 11(3), 19-23. ‏ Kevern, J. T., & Farney, C. (2012). Reducing curing requirements for pervious concrete with a superabsorbent polymer for internal curing. Transportation research record, 2290(1), 115-121. engineering and technology 4 (2018) 30-33. Shaikh, Mohammadrizwan et al. “Methods of Self Curing Normal Vibrated Concrete.” International journal of scientific research in science, “Shaikh, Mohammadrizwan et al.” Vaisakh, G., Kumar, M. R., & Bala, P. S. (2018). An experimental study on properties of M50 concrete cured using PEG 400. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume, 9, 725-732. ‏ C. T. Unit, “Dhir, R. K., et al. ‘An investigation into the feasibility of formulating “self-cure”concrete.’ Materials and structures 27.10 (1994): 606-615. ‏ ”. Sarbapalli, D., Dhabalia, Y., Sarkar, K., & Bhattacharjee, B. (2017). Application of SAP and PEG as curing agents for ordinary cement-based systems: Impact on the early age properties of paste and mortar with water-to-cement ratio of 0.4 and above. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 21(10), 1237-1252. Chand, M. S. R., Giri, P. S. N. R., Kumar, P. R., Kumar, G. R., & Raveena, C. (2016). Effect of self curing chemicals in self compacting mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 107, 356-364. Gopala krishna sastry, K. V. S., & Kumar, P. M. (2018, March). Self-curing concrete with different self-curing agents. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 330, p. 012120). IOP Publishing. Dhir, R. K., Hewlett, P. C., & Dyer, T. D. (1998). Mechanisms of water retention in cement pastes containing a self-curing agent. Magazine of Concrete Research, 50(1), 85-90. ‏ Hamzah, N., Mohd Saman, H., Baghban, M. H., Mohd Sam, A. R., Faridmehr, I., Muhd Sidek, M. N., ... & Huseien, G. F. (2022). A review on the use of self-curing agents and its mechanism in high-performance cementitious materials. Buildings, 12(2), 152. Elwakkad, N., & Heiza, K. H. (2019, March). State of the Art Review on–Self Curing Concrete. In Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering, Second International Conference. ‏ Sri Rama Chand, M., Rathish Kumar, P., Swamy Naga Ratna Giri, P., & Rajesh Kumar, G. (2018). Performance and microstructure characteristics of self-curing self-compacting concrete. Advances in Cement Research, 30(10), 451-468. ‏ M. M. Kamal, M. A. Safan, A. A. Bashandy, and A. M. Khalil, “Experimental investigation on the behavior of normal strength and high strength self-curing self-compacting concrete,” J. Build. Eng. , vol. 16, no. July 2017, pp. 79–93, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.012. Thrinath, G., & Sundara Kuma, P. (2017). Eco-friendly Self-curing Concrete Incorporated with Polyethylene Glycol as Self-curing Agent (RESEARCH NOTE). International journal of engineering, 30(4), 473-478. ‏ Rodríguez, C., Parra, C., Casado, G., Miñano, I., Albaladejo, F., Benito, F., & Sánchez, I. (2016). The incorporation of construction and demolition wastes as recycled mixed aggregates in non-structural concrete precast pieces. Journal of Cleaner Production, 127, 152-161. A. Ebrahim and A. E. Behiry, “Utilization of cement treated recycled concrete aggregates as base or subbase layer in Egypt,” Ain Shams Eng. J. , vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 661–673, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2013.02.005. Rosa, J. L., Robin, A., Silva, M. B., Baldan, C. A., & Peres, M. P. (2009). Electrodeposition of copper on titanium wires: Taguchi experimental design approach. Journal of materials processing technology, 209(3), 1181-1188. Karna, S. K., & Sahai, R. (2012). An overview on Taguchi method. International journal of engineering and mathematical sciences, 1(1), 1-7. ‏ Nasser, A. A. (2013). Optimization of Retrofitting Schemes of Clay Brick Masonry with Openings. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 180-187. ‏ Shahidan, S., Azmi, M. A. M., Kupusamy, K., Zuki, S. S. M., & Ali, N. (2017). Utilizing construction and demolition (C&D) waste as recycled aggregates (RA) in concrete. Procedia engineering, 174, 1028-1035. ‏ Bashandy, A. A. (2018). Behavior and Durability Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete. Acta Technica Napocensis: Civil Engineering & Architecture, 61(1). ‏ ACI Committee 522. Report on Pervious Concrete, ACI 522R-10; American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2010. M.-G. Lee, W.-C. Wang, Y.-C. Wang, Y.-C. Hsieh, and Y.-C. Lin, “Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Pervious Concrete with Steel Fiber or Glass Fiber,” Buildings , vol. 12, no. 5. p. 620, 2022. doi: 10.3390/buildings12050620. S. Hesami, S. Ahmadi, and M. Nematzadeh, “Effects of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical properties of pervious concrete pavement,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 53, pp. 680–691, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.070. Kevern, J. T., Biddle, D., & Cao, Q. (2015). Effects of macrosynthetic fibers on pervious concrete properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(9), 06014031. ‏ H. Eskandari-naddaf and M. Azimi-pour, “Performance evaluation of dry-pressed concrete curbs with variable cement grades by using Taguchi method,” Ain Shams Eng. J. , vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1357–1364, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.004. Nasser, A. A. ‘Effect of plastering on clay brick masonry behavior using Taguchi method.’ Int J Multidiscip Curr Res 1 (2013): 174-179. Ghazy, M. F. (2012). Effect of using mortar interface and overlays on masonry behavior by using Taguchi method. ACI Materials Journal, 109(5), 509. ‏ E. MA, E. FM, N. AA, and S. MA, “Prediction of Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete Mechanical and Fresh Properties using Taguchi Method,” Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering , vol. 08, no. 02. 2018. doi: 10.4172/2165-784x.1000301. Zahran, M. A., & Nasser, A. A. (2014). Recycling of cement dust for manufacturing cement bricks. world. ‏ Bashandy, A. A., Safaan, M. A., & ELLyien, M. M. (2016). Feasibility of using recycled-aggregates in self-curing concrete. In The 9th Alexandria International Conference on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering (Alexandria 2016), Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. ‏ K. Holschemacher, T. Mueller, and Y. Ribakov, “Effect of steel fibres on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete,” Mater. Des. , vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2604–2615, May 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.025. Chaitanya, Mycherla, and G. Ramakrishna. ‘Enhancing the mechanical properties of pervious recycled aggregate concrete using silicafumes.’ Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 634-637. ‏ . Zaetang, Yuwadee, et al. ‘Properties of pervious concrete containing recycled concrete block aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate.’ Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016): 15-21. ‏ . Güneyisi, Erhan, et al. ‘Effect of different substitution of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate on performance characteristics of pervious concrete.’ Materials and Structures 49.1 (2016): 521-536. ‏ . Warda, M., Khalil, H., Ahmad, S., & Mandi, I. (2020). Optimum sustainable mix proportions of high strength concrete by using Taguchi method. Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 14(54). ‏ V. Afroughsabet and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 94, pp. 73–82, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.051. Ye, L., Hai, T. K., & Dong, Z. (2016). Optimization of compressive strength and tensile strength of ultra-high performance concrete. HiperMat Proceedings, Kassel, Germany. ‏ Tran, Trinh Nhat Ho, et al. ‘Microparticle filtration ability of pervious concrete mixed with recycled synthetic fibers.’ Construction and Building Materials 270 (2021): 121807. ‏ . Kevern, J. T., Biddle, D., & Cao, Q. (2015). Effects of macrosynthetic fibers on pervious concrete properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(9), 06014031. ‏ Li, Victor C., Youjiang Wang, and Stanley Backer. ‘Effect of inclining angle, bundling and surface treatment on synthetic fibre pull-out from a cement matrix.’ Composites 21.2 (1990): 132-140. ‏ . G. Sudharson, M. Kalpana, D. Anburaja, and M. G. Prathap, “PEG 400 Effect on Properties of Self Curing Concrete,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. , vol. 1026, no. 1, p. 012014, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1026/1/012014. K. Singh, “Mechanical properties of self curing concrete studied using polyethylene glycol-400: A-review,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 37, no. Part 2, pp. 2864–2871, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.662. Anand Babu, T., & Navashree, V. (2017). Self-Curing of Concrete by Polyethylene Glycol and Epoxy Resin. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 10(8), 725-731. ‏ S. Aishwarya, M. S. Kavya, R. Reffin, S. Veena, and R. Vasudev, “Experimental Study on the Properties of Bendable Concrete,” Lect. Notes Civ. Eng. , vol. 46, no. January, pp. 111–121, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26365-2_11. E. Namsone, A. Korjakins, and E. Namsone, “Influence of Porous Aggregate on the Properties of Foamed Concrete,” vol. 19, no. December, pp. 13–20, 2016, doi: 10.1515/cons-2016-0006. Sampebulu, V. (2012). Increase on strengths of hot weather concrete by self-curing of wet porous aggregate. Civil Engineering Dimension, 14(2), 92-99. ‏ Aitcin, P. C., & Neville, A. (2003). How the water-cement ratio affects concrete strength. Concrete International, 25(8), 51-58. ‏ C. Lian and Y. Zhuge, “Optimum mix design of enhanced permeable concrete - An experimental investigation,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2664–2671, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.057. B. Debnath and P. P. Sarkar, “Pervious concrete as an alternative pavement strategy: a state-of-the-art review,” Int. J. Pavement Eng. , vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1516–1531, 2020, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2018.1554217. A. Ibrahim, E. Mahmoud, M. Yamin, and V. C. Patibandla, “Experimental study on Portland cement pervious concrete mechanical and hydrological properties,” Constr. Build. Mater. , vol. 50, pp. 524–529, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.022. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4263370","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":294428399,"identity":"cfe84270-723a-4e41-ba5f-789b04d51aec","order_by":0,"name":"Eslam S. Hemeda","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Menoufia University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eslam","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Hemeda","suffix":""},{"id":294428400,"identity":"9f172ff6-eb45-4a2d-8cf4-7cb4ed607a70","order_by":1,"name":"Alaa A. Bashandy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Menoufia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alaa","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Bashandy","suffix":""},{"id":294428401,"identity":"716bcee5-32aa-40e2-b35f-77d5b2ce42c5","order_by":2,"name":"Amal A. Nasser","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Menoufia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amal","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Nasser","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-14 02:29:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263370/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263370/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55393356,"identity":"500b9a2a-f468-48d6-9278-28c1e0779df1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:21:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":368054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNatural crushed dolomite - Crushed concrete (10 mm)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/9ece3ca7a67e7230c4d52aaf.jpg"},{"id":55391953,"identity":"9f371220-f1ee-4f39-aec0-0b973647fdad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":741641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSteel fibers,\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eSynthetic macro – fibers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/dfd8b59a06001c399859c47a.jpg"},{"id":55392508,"identity":"f16af4ef-7ec8-4bfd-a3ac-f6a7a7a97e63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:13:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143585,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCompressive strength test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/a75abbee7934629afd39a1b1.jpg"},{"id":55391954,"identity":"0daab021-303b-43e1-ba40-69f47fb06db3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":194756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndirect tensile strength test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/f2bf3f22b7d586407ea69181.jpg"},{"id":55391958,"identity":"cbdd956f-4cfd-406a-b6c9-f8be38d15e30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":245206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlexure strength for prism\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/be2ff0fa5d39c2a21c2f3531.jpg"},{"id":55391957,"identity":"5a289e74-7b28-4713-b2ba-4418dc074063","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBond strength test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/5afab6ed7686e406dfad41fe.jpg"},{"id":55391959,"identity":"f7465cb3-f3fd-4d4b-973c-1a76b1939303","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":754895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlexure strength and the loading frame of slab samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetails and reinforcement of tested slab samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/2eb210b344087951bbd44ed1.jpg"},{"id":55391949,"identity":"8b043379-482d-477f-b5a2-44dbf24b3824","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":374588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA- Experimental Load-Vertical Displacement Curve. B- Cracking Patterns\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/20cd4c37b3dd3dfef084a9fc.jpg"},{"id":55391961,"identity":"fa5e176a-955c-429a-aa83-a47db842e5fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":261079,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA- Main Effect Plot for Signal to Noise Ratio of Compressive Strength after7, 28 days (Larger is Better)\u003cbr\u003e\nB-The contribution percentage of factors for compressive strength.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/2042dea0720102d9fd563b0b.jpg"},{"id":55391952,"identity":"54a7bff4-a4cb-4e76-b696-6f3109e32a6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":114168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA-\u003c/strong\u003eMain Effect Plot for Signal to Noise Ratio of tensile Strength after 28 days (Larger is Better)\u003cbr\u003e\n B- The contribution percentage of factors for tensile Strength\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/af45f10aa1a9bf0f6961dbb2.jpg"},{"id":55391950,"identity":"88816dba-30f1-4da0-acce-dc806fd9ab11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:05:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":356601,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eMain Effect Plot for Signal to Noise Ratio of Flexural Strength after 28 days (Larger is Better)\u003cbr\u003e\n B-The contribution percentage of factors for Flexural Strength\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/cc1fbf7effefb7705058dab6.jpg"},{"id":55392509,"identity":"2694c718-aa77-4608-84a2-6b4fc9824700","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 16:13:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA-\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eMain Effect Plot for Signal to Noise Ratio of Bond Strength after 28 days (Larger is Better)\u003cbr\u003e\n B-The contribution percentage of factors for Bond Strength\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/694000368f2e4be4d3820f42.jpg"},{"id":63264151,"identity":"490cb356-8fc8-4054-a2c4-906d200fff7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 09:50:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5145141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4263370/v1/475c8e1e-5900-4fb4-a672-b507a8bd0980.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Improving Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete Using Taguchi Method","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFloodwaters are inundating major cities around the world at an alarming rate. Fueled by climate change, increased rainfall, and reduced permeable surfaces, storms are overwhelming drainage systems and crippling transportation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Pervious concrete is a high void content concrete ranging from 15\u0026ndash;35%. This makes it porous, allowing water to drain through it and replenish groundwater supplies. Manufacturing pervious concrete as road pavement became a tool to store rainwater in underground reservoir on roadsides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePervious concrete or porous concrete gives flow water paths through the matrix [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Gap grading of coarse aggregates is used to manufacture this concrete. Also, eliminating or reducing the fine aggregates create a network of interconnected pores. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePervious concrete pavements are a revolutionary solution to the problem of storm water runoff. Instead of rushing over the surface and flooding our streets, storm water can now percolate through the pores of pervious concrete and into the ground, where it is naturally filtered and replenished. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Conventional concrete is designed to have low porosity unlike pervious concrete. High porosity complies with functional demands of pervious concrete, which reduces pore structure interconnectedness and mechanical properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFibers are the pivotal ingredient to stronger cement-based and resin-based composite materials. They delay and hinder cracks, enhancing the matrix's strength and durability. They present interconnection bridging, which transfers stress. Steel fibers prevents complete crushing, especially with high steel fiber content. They becomes predominant after failure, as they binder cracks. High fiber content decreases ultimate strains values [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Steel fibers inhibit autogenous shrinkage and reduce shrinkage cracks during the conservation process. They also take on developed stress, preventing mechanical cracks from forming and growing, which increases the compressive strength. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. After the initial crack developed, fibers increased toughness and residual strength of the concrete. The ultimate compressive strength also increased, due to crack growth arresting, which depends on bond strength. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Fibrous concrete reduces crack width, which improve the overall performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter concrete casting, moisture content is an essential need in the curing process, which supplements cement hydration till desired hardened concrete properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].Water scarcity obstacle conventional curing method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Self-curing provides internal moisture distributed throughout the concrete volume ensuring continuity of cement hydration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Polyethylene-glycol polymer was used recently in concrete self-curing, which depends on solvent pressure according to Raoult\u0026rsquo;s Law [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. PEG enhanced hydration process[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Hydrophilic molecules motivate hydrogen bonds in polymeric chains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Hydrogen positive charge attracts soluble polymers, which minimize concrete desiccation[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that concrete cured with PEG can achieve up to 30% higher compressive strength and 15% higher flexural strength than conventionally cured concrete. Furthermore, PEG-cured concrete has increased resistance to cracking and freeze-thaw degradation.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemolishing construction wastes is non-degradable. In the European Union, over 900\u0026nbsp;million tons of building trash are produced annually, representing 25\u0026ndash;30% of overall wastes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. It is possible to recycle up to 80% of old concrete as coarse material in freshly mixed concrete, which saves natural resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Recycling demolition waste for use in new construction is a means of decreasing waste loads dumped at local landfills and extending the lifespan of natural resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the vast number of variables and percentages of variation, there are numerous experimental mixtures that can be created to optimize the ideal composition. Design of Experiments (DOE) determines the pivotal experiments in the suggested array. Genichi Taguchi employed DOE in manufacturing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Taguchi's approach and DOE (design of experiments) are tools that democratizes quality engineering. It is used to develop robust products and processes that are insensitive to variation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Research Significance","content":"\u003cp\u003eLow pervious concrete mechanical properties need to be improved. The main aim of this experimental work is to study the feasibility of using self-curing pervious concrete through the study of the effect of recycled aggregate and fiber use. Taguchi approach curtail numerous experimental mixtures to optimize sustainable pervious concrete properties.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCement\u003c/b\u003e Ordinary Portland Cement (CEMI 42.5N) locally produced is used manufactured by Elsewedy Cement according to E.S. 4756-1/2013 requirement. Constant content (338 kg/m3) was used for all mixes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCoarse Aggregate\u003c/b\u003e Natural and recycled aggregate were utilized. Aggregate complies the requirement of RC Egyptian code of practice (203\u0026ndash;2022) with max nominal size 10 mm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Constant content (1530 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) was used for all mixes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eA-Crushed Dolomite\u003c/b\u003e Natural crashed dolomite from Suez zone was used as a coarse aggregate. The particles have rough surface texture with irregular shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eB-Crushed Recycled Concrete\u003c/b\u003e: Crushed concrete from buildings demolishing was used as irregular rough surface coarse aggregate Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Replacement of coarse aggregates by Recycle aggregates )0%, 10%, 30% and 50%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFine Aggregate\u003c/b\u003e specific gravity was 2.64 of local siliceous sand. Constant content (10% by weight of limestone) for all mixes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWater\u003c/b\u003e W/C ratio was variable from 0.30 to 0.36 of fresh tap water [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFiber Additives.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSteel fiber\u003c/b\u003e was (Harx steel fibers) Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e of 0.7850 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e density and a length of 5 mm, 1 mm equivalent diameter and made by Chemical for modern Building Company - Egypt. Addition of steel fiber in proportions (0%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15%). [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSynthetic macro \u0026ndash; fibers\u003c/b\u003e ( sika fiber T-48 SL ) Type Color 100% polyolefin, Length of fiber 48 mm, Diameter 0.9 mm, Compact density 0,91 kg/dm\u0026sup3;. Fiber macro was obtained from sika for construction chemicals, Egypt Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Addition of Synthetic macro-fiber in proportions (added by 0kg, 2.5kg, 5 kg and 7.5 kg) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eReinforcing Steel Bars\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe steel used in this experimental work is mild steel (ST.37) of 8mm diameter. Yield Stress 2400 (Kg/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), Tensile Strength 3600 (Kg/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), Elongation (20%), mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars according to ESS 262.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePolyethylene Glycol (PEG 400)\u003c/b\u003e is a versatile polymer with a wide range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to cosmetics. It is characterized by its water-soluble nature, which is indicated by its numeric suffix. Average molecular weight of PEG-400 is 400 g/mol and is highly soluble in water. PEG 400 was obtained from Global chemical company, Egypt, it was used as a ratio of cement (1.8, 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSuper plasticizer\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ewater reducer (Sikament \u0026ndash; 163M) was used, that complies ASTM-C- 494 Types G and F requirements for superplasticizers. It was used as a ratio of cement (2.0%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Design Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eTaguchi method, as a tool for optimization, was employed to improve mechanical properties of pervious concrete. It reduces uncontrollable factors (S/N) the Sensitivity to Noise, that affect the quality characteristic. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the four levels of the five control factors that were selected for this study[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental Factors) Taguchi Method (\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycled aggregate Replacement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW/C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddition of Synthetic macro-fiber /cement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyethylene glycol 400\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e/ cement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteel Fiber Addition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Design of Experiment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthogonal array design (OAD) is a powerful tool for conducting experiments efficiently and effectively. OADs use a fractional design, which means that only a subset of all possible combinations of factors and levels are tested. This can significantly reduce the number of experiments needed, while still providing enough information to estimate the main effects of the factors. Array L16 with 16 rows and 5 columns was presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Each row represents an experimental trial condition. Each column indicates used factors levels of (A, B, C and D). [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32 CR33 CR34 CR35 CR36 CR37 CR38\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Taguchi's Orthogonal Array\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaguchi's experimental design method aims to develop products that consistently achieve their target value, minimizing variation and maximizing quality. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows experimental factors and levels used. Mixes are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental Design of Experiment and Detailed Factor Levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExp. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReplacement of coarse\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eaggregates by Recycle aggregates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ew/c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddition of steel fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddition of Synthetic macro-fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyethylene glycol 400Addition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(% wt. of cement)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Contents samples","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the mix design of all ingredients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix Design Content According to Factor Levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecoarse\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eaggregates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycle aggregates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddition of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e steel fiber by volume of concrete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddition of Synthetic macro-fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ew/c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFine \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eaggregates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuper\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e plasticizer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erate%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKg/m3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erate%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKg/m3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erate%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKg/m3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/m3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(% wt. of cement)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/m3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(kg/m3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(% wt. of cement)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 KG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMixing Procedure\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was dry mixing for 2 min. Then, 75% of (water\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S.P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PEG400) was added and mix for 2 min. Finally, mixing took 4min after adding remained amount of (Water\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;S.P\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PEG400\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Fibers). Concrete samples were cast. Specimens were taken of molds after 24h.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Tests","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTesting of Hardened Concrete.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompressive Strength\u003c/strong\u003e test\u0026nbsp;was conducted on cubes 10*10*10 cm according to\u0026nbsp;ISO 4012, BS1881: Part 115\u0026nbsp;on 2000 KN hydraulic machine capacity Fig. 3.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSplitting tensile\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrength\u003c/strong\u003e test was conducted on 10 cm diameter and 20cm length cylinders according to BS1881: Part 117\u0026nbsp;Fig.\u0026nbsp;4.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlexural strength\u0026nbsp;Tests\u003c/strong\u003e prisms 50*10*10 cm were prepared according to ISO 4012\u0026nbsp;using 10ton flexural testing machine capacity Fig. 5.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBond strength Tests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewere carried out on 15*15*15cm cubes according to ISO 4012 on hydraulic machine 2000KN as shown in Fig. 6. For the implanted bars in the concrete sample, a direct push-down test was performed. The bonding strength between concrete and rebar is calculated using according to (E.C.P. 203/2020) [29].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlab flexure test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewas conducted on one way slab by using a 3-point load system on 100 KN flexural testing machine capacity. Measurements of deflection were taken at the bottom surface\u0026apos;s midpoint of slab (dial gauge was used to measure the deflection in the mid span). Details and reinforcement of slab dimensions 100mm*500mm*4mm illustrated in Fig. 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7.1 Mechanical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanical parameters that were examined and the behavior of the slab are assessed in terms of deflection values, ultimate loads, and initial cracking loads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMain Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength test results (7, 28 days), Splitting tensile (28 days), Flexural strength and Bond strength at 28days are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. For 16 mixes (array of Taguchi).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Properties of Hardened Concrete.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplitting tensile strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlexural (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBond strength (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e7.2 Slab Behavior\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the experimental results for 16 slabs, including first crack load) the first crack was discovered by using a magnifying glass with a spotlight (, ultimate load, and displacements at first and ultimate load, ductility ratio, and energy absorption. The area under the load-deflection curve is used to calculate energy absorption, and the ratio of vertical displacements at ultimate load to vertical displacements at first crack load is known as the ductility ratio. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the load-displacement curve at measured points. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows cracking patterns of tested slabs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Results for Slabs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst crack load, kN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUltimate load, kN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplacement at first crack load, (0.01) mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplacement at ultimate load, (0.01) mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuctility index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy absorption kN.mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"8. Analysis by Taguchi","content":"\u003cp\u003eTaguchi method optimized the mix proportion levels of concrete. The results, shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, indicate that the best possible mix parameter combinations can be determined from the main effect plots in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. The S/N ratio is a measure of the signal (mean) to the noise (standard deviation). For strength characteristics, the \"larger the better\" objective function is used as in formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\left(\\frac{S}{N}\\right)}_{i}=-10\\text{log}\\left[\\frac{1}{n}{\\sum }_{j=1}^{n}\\frac{1}{{Y}_{ij}^{2}}\\right]\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere number of a trial \u0026lsquo;i\u0026rsquo;; measured value \u0026lsquo;Y\u003csub\u003eij\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rsquo; for trial i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and experiment j\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e. Number of repetitions is \u0026lsquo;n\u0026rsquo; experimental combination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation 1 was used to calculate signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for each experimental condition in order to compare the effects of various process factors on compressive, splitting tensile, flexural, and bond strength.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"9. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.1. Mechanical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1.1. Compressive Strength\u003c/strong\u003e: The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the recycled aggregate and PEG400 have the most effect on compressive strength Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Results also indicated that 10%, followed by 0%, is the best ratio for recycled aggregates replacement. It was not efficient to use macro-fiber. Additionally, adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 0.5% or 1%. Also, water-to-cement 0.36 is the ideal ratio. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2% as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e-a. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) can reveal the percentage contribution of individual parameters to strength. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of ANOVA. By examining the contribution percentage of each factor, which gains insights into their relative significance. As a summary, it was discovered that the two elements that have the largest compressive strength are Recycle aggregate content and PEG 400 by 30.50 and 24.18% contribution respectively as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e-b. The concrete compressive strength depends mainly on the curing method, and porous concrete is difficult to use traditional curing methods. Factors Recycle aggregate content and PEG 400 act as internal reservoirs for water that supplies the non-hydrogenated cement granules with water when needed to complete the hydration process, which helps in increasing concrete compressive strength [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1.2. Tensile Strength\u003c/strong\u003e: The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the recycled aggregate and macro fiber have the most effects on Tensile strength Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Results also indicated that 10%, followed by 0%, is the ideal replacement rate for recycled aggregates. It was not efficient to use macro-fiber. Additionally, adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 1%. Also water-to-cement ratio 0.34 is the ideal. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2% Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Referring to ANOVA Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Recycle aggregate content and macro-fiber have contribution of (58.73%) and (17.66%) respectively. They are the most influencing factors on splitting tensile strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Compressive Strength of 7, 28 Days (Larger Is Better) B- Analysis of Variance for 28 Days Compressive Strength, Using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycle aggregate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emacro fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esteel fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew/c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEG 400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Compressive Strength of 7,28 days (larger is better)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Compressive Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeq SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.68%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.52%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.18%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA-\u003c/strong\u003e Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Splitting Tensile Strength of 28 Days (Larger Is Better) B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Splitting Tensile Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycle aggregate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emacro fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esteel fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew/c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEG 400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for splitting tensile strength of 28 days (larger is better)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB-Analysis of Variance for 28 days splitting tensile strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeq SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.73%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.66%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.05%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1.3. Flexural Strength\u003c/strong\u003e: The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the PEG400 and steel fiber have the most effect on Flexural strength Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Results also indicated that 10%, followed by 0%, is the ideal replacement rate for recycled aggregates. It was not efficient to use macro-fiber. Additionally, adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 1%. Also, water-to-cement ratio 0.36 is the ideal. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2% Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. Referring to ANOVA in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, macro fiber, PEG 400 and steel fiber have contribution of (28.40%), (26.64%) and (24.08%) respectively. They are the most influencing factors on flexural strength Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. The internal curing has an effect on the Flexural Strength, by adding fiber. Both added fibers strengthens the inter-linkages of the microstructure of pervious concrete [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA-\u003c/strong\u003eResponse of Signal to Noise Ratios for Flexural Strength of 28 days (larger is better). B-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Flexural Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycle aggregate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emacro fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esteel fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew/c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEG 400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Flexural Strength of 28 days (larger is better)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB-Analysis of Variance for 28 days Flexural Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeq SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.08%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.64%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.1.4. Bond strength\u003c/strong\u003e: The results of Response of Signal to Noise Ratios showed that the recycled aggregate and steel fiber have the largesse effect on Bond strength Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. Results also indicated that 30%, followed by 10%, is the ideal replacement rate for recycled aggregates. Adding steel fiber works best when mixed at a ratio of 1%. Also water-to-cement ratio 0.36 is the ideal. The optimum level to add PEG400 was 2.2% as show in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. Referring to ANOVA in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. Water-cement ratio and Recycle aggregate have contribution of 33.49% and 28.43% as shown Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.2. Slab Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e: From the experimental results indicated in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Specimen slab (6, 8, 9) has the highest ultimate load (6.0,6.10,6.30) KN, Energy absorption (43.428, 37.076, 34.367) KN /mm and Ductility index (4.76, 3.12, 2.97), While the results of the samples showed (1, 2, 15) Weak values of the ultimate load (2.40,4.10,3.30) KN, Energy absorption (17.553, 19.21, 15.848) KN/mm and Ductility index,, (3.20, 2.56, 2.17) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA-\u003c/strong\u003eResponse of Signal to Noise Ratios for Bond Strength of 28 Days (Larger Is Better) \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e- Analysis of Variance for 28 days Bond Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecycle aggregate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emacro fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esteel fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew/c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePEG 400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA- Response of Signal to Noise Ratios for Bond Strength of 28 days (larger is better)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB- Analysis of Variance for 28 days Bond Strength, using Adjusted SS for Tests\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeq SS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContribution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.14%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.65%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.3. Evaluation of Factor Effects.\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.3.1. Effect of Recycle Aggregates.\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenerally, The use of recycled aggregates affects investigated concrete properties, which diminishes as the replacement ratios rise [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. However, when using recycled aggregates as self-curing, replacing 10% of the recycled aggregates mechanical properties improved slightly. Increasing the replacement rates 30% and 50%, the compressive and tensile strengths decreased Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. It can be concluded that recycled aggregates such as (crushed concrete) can store a high amount of water. So, each grain of RA may be considered as an internal water supplier in the concrete[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Mechanical properties reduction was observed with recycled aggregate content increase [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.3.2. Effect of Steel Fiber.\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1% steel fiber content increases mechanical properties significantly, while 1.5% addition resulted in a decrease in mechanical properties [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. The ability of fibers add cohesion between the components of the mixture, which aids to decrease cracks and give additional resistance to concrete under loading. The fibers act as bridges in crack region, which provides additional resistance and decrease cracks propagation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Fibers are the ingredient that gives concrete strength. After the concrete matrix fractures, fibers work together to distribute the load and prevent the structure from collapsing. The performance of fibers depends on their placement, orientation, and embedment length, including the concrete composition, fiber type, rheological properties, casting method, and consolidation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.3.3. Effect of Synthetic Macro-Fiber.\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, 2.5\u0026ndash;7.5kg synthetic fiber addition led to a decrease in mechanical properties. The study findings were broadly consistent with those of previous studies [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Synthetic fibers have smooth surfaces that provide poor bond to poor cement paste. The cement paste does not completely envelop the fibers, which weakens the fibers\u0026apos; effectiveness for load transfer. Bond strength can be modified by fiber surface coating [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.3.4. Effect of Chemical Curing Agent \u0026ldquo;PEG 400\u0026rdquo;\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, the results suggested that 2% of polyethylene glycol 400 is the ideal dose. The study findings were broadly consistent with those of previous studies [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. PEG 400, a reservoir for internal water, is uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix. The curing agent moisture remains dormant until a humidity gradient forms during hydration, triggering a chemical reaction. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. Water is moving to dry zones of the matrix by capillary suction for continuous hydration[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. PEG 400 is a revolutionary admixture that can transform concrete into a self-curing base. It works by reducing water evaporation, which helps to retain moisture and improve hydration. This results in stronger, more durable concrete with fewer cracks and defects. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e9.2.1 Effect of Ratio of Water to Cement.\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical reaction bonding developed concrete strength through cement hydration. Cement hydration produces a compound that binds the ingredients together and gives concrete strength and durability. Volume of the hydrated concrete is greater than the volume of the cement and water used. W/C ratio is 0.42 for complete hydration[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. Paste content, void ratio, and pervious concrete typically have a greater impact on strength than w/c ratio. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"10. Prediction of Properties Characteristic","content":"\u003cp\u003eQuality characteristic predicted means of the compressive strength, Splitting tensile strength is computed using the following equation: \u0026#119878;\u0026#119898;\u0026#119901; = \u0026#119884; + \u0026#119860;0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884; + \u0026#119861; 0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884; + \u0026#119862;0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884; + \u0026#119863; 0 \u0026minus; + \u0026#119864; 0 \u0026ndash; \u0026#119884;, which is performance characteristic average. \u0026#119860;0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884;, \u0026#119861; 0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884;, \u0026#119862;0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884;, \u0026#119863; 0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884; \u0026#119886;\u0026#119899;\u0026#119889; \u0026#119864; 0 \u0026minus; \u0026#119884; The factors values were chosen: Mix (1) (A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05%, D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36%, E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.0%) and Mix (2) (A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30%, E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.0%) and Mix (3) (A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1%, D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30%, E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.0%) and Mix (4) (A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5kg, C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0%, D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.30%, E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.0%) From the analysis, the mean values of the study were predicted as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Factor A is coarse aggregates Replacement by Recycle aggregates. Factor B is Ratio of water to cement. Factor C is addition of Synthetic macro-fiber in proportions. Factor D is addition of steel fiber. Factor E is Polyethylene glycol 400\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaguchi Predicted Values and Actual Values for SCRC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix (1 )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estrength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplitting tensile strength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estrength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplitting tensile strength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estrength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplitting tensile strength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003estrength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSplitting tensile strength (Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental results of the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003econfirmation mix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaguchi predicted\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of predicted value and actual value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome factors ratios were selected to experiment confirmation performance Mix (1\u0026ndash;4) illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Confirmation experiments results were compared to predicted values obtained from Minitab program as in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Actual values to predicted values ratio are in range of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10% difference. This confirms experimental results. The number of mixtures was \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({4}^{5}=1024\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (5 factors in 4 levels) using the traditional method, and statistically using Taguchi method it became 16 mixtures Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Taguchi method also provide a prediction of the non-experimental results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"11. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eSelf-curing pervious concrete parameters were experimented. The following statistical and experimental statements are concluded:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in recycled aggregates content decreases self-curing pervious concrete strength. Additionally, 2% is the optimal rate for using Polyethylene Glycol.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength maximum value is the specimen 10% of the percentage of recycled aggregates, 0% of Synthetic macro-fibers, 0.05% of steel fiber, 0.36 of w/c, and 2% of PEG400. Also, the percentage of recycled aggregates and PEG400 parameters have the highest impact on compressive strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding S/N ratio results, the specimen prepared by 10% of the percentage of recycled aggregates, 0% of Synthetic macro-fibers, 0.1% of steel fiber, 0.30 of w/c, and 2% of PEG400 provides the optimum splitting tensile and flexural strength. Synthetic macro-fibers and steel fibers parameters have a high impact on flexural strength of self-curing pervious concrete specimen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA results clarifies that Recycle aggregate content and PEG 400 have the biggest effects on compressive strength by 30.50 and 24.18% respectively. Recycle aggregate content (58.73%) and macro-fiber (17.66%) are the most influencing factors on splitting tensile strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePEG 400 = Polyethylene Glycol 400\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Files have been attached\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial/research/academic organization, with regards to the content/research work discussed in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.682242990654206%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.439252336448597%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEslam Saeid\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eHemeda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.87850467289719%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollected the data\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContributed data or analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerformed the analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWrote the paper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.682242990654206%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.439252336448597%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlaa Ali A. Bashandy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.87850467289719%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupervisor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConceived and designed the analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerformed the analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.682242990654206%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAuthor \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.439252336448597%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmal Abd Elhady Nasser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.87850467289719%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupervisor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConceived and designed the analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerformed the analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors Names/Affiliations:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.434439178515007%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.432859399684045%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffiliation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.274881516587676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTel.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.85781990521327%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.434439178515007%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEslam S. Hemeda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.432859399684045%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minoufia University, Minoufia, Egypt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.274881516587676%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00201000133268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.85781990521327%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\[email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.79022403258656%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlaa A. Bashandy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.716904276985744%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.4928716904277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\[email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.79022403258656%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmal A. Nasser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.716904276985744%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.4928716904277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\[email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding Author\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eName: Eslam S. Hemeda\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAffiliation: Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minoufia University\u003cbr\u003eAddress \u0026nbsp;: Kafr El-Sheikh - Al-Bakhanis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTel. : 00201000133268\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmail : [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEslam Saeid Hemeda\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Email- \u0026nbsp;[email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eManager of Safe Home Office for Engineering Consultancy and General Contracting.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eResearch Scholar\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ein Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minoufia University.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB. Sc. in Civil Engineering from High Insatiate Engineering Kafr El Sheikh in 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlaa Ali A. Bashandy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmail- \u0026nbsp;[email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eProfessor at Civil Eng. Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University at Egypt (from March 2002 up to now). Also, he worked as a full time visitor lecturer and Head of Civil Engineering Department. In Deputy of chairman of Civil Eng. Dept., Faculty of Eng., Sinai University. Also, he supervised on the laboratories of Civil Eng. Dept., Faculty of Eng., Sinai University (from Aug.2010 to Aug.2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHe graduated from Menoufia University (May 2000). He received his M.D. (April 2004) then his Ph.D. (Jan. 2007) from Menoufia University at Egypt.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHe taught as a part time visitor lecturer at Higher Technological Institute at 10th of Ramadan city (from 2007 up to 2010) and at Higher Technological Institute at El-Arish city (from 2013 up to 2017) and at Faculty of Engineering Science, Sinai University at El-Arish city (from 2013 up to 2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHe published about 35 research papers in international and local journals and conferences. Also, he is the author of five books (four available in Arabic language in Egypt and one in English language). He supervised on about 25 postgraduate theses (M.Sc. and Ph.D.). He shared in the judgement of about 15 M.Sc. and Ph. D. theses as a one of their examiner committees.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmal Abd Elhady Nasser\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmail- \u0026nbsp;[email protected]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAssociate Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePh.D. Degree from Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University in 2005.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM.Sc.Degree from Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University in 1999.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB.Sc.Eng. from Faculty of Engineering - Menoufia University in 1993.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSupervision of 23 scientific theses between master\u0026rsquo;s and Doctorates - Published over 32 Papers.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParticipation in the surveys of the Research and Engineering Consultation Center at the Faculty of Engineering - Menoufia University.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. M. Chopda and B. M. Chhattani, \u0026ldquo;Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Technol.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 113, 2015, doi: 10.5958/2231-3915.2015.00006.1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRizvi, R., Tighe, S. L., Norris, J., \u0026amp; Henderson, V. (2009). Incorporating recycled concrete aggregate in pervious concrete pavements. In 2009 ANNUAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION OF THE TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF CANADA-TRANSPORTATION IN A CLIMATE OF CHANGE.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasser, A. A., Eid, F. E. M., Kandil, R. K., \u0026amp; Afify, M. R. (2022). Experimental Study on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Pervious Concrete with Different Admixtures. ERJ. Engineering Research Journal, 45(4), 561-571.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, M. G., Huang, Y. S., Chang, T. K., \u0026amp; Pao, C. H. (2011). Experimental study of pervious concrete pavement. In Emerging Technologies for Material, Design, Rehabilitation, and Inspection of Roadway Pavements (pp. 93-99).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. K. Chandrappa and K. P. Biligiri, \u0026ldquo;Comprehensive investigation of permeability characteristics of pervious concrete: A hydrodynamic approach,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 123, pp. 627\u0026ndash;637, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.035.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB. Rehder, K. Banh, and N. Neithalath, \u0026ldquo;Fracture behavior of pervious concretes: The effects of pore structure and fibers,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEngineering Fracture Mechanics\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 118. pp. 1\u0026ndash;16, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.01.015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Usman, S. H. Farooq, M. Umair, and A. Hanif, \u0026ldquo;Axial compressive behavior of confined steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 230, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117043.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL. Xu, F. Wu, Y. Chi, P. Cheng, Y. Zeng, and Q. Chen, \u0026ldquo;Effects of coarse aggregate and steel fibre contents on mechanical properties of high performance concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 206, pp. 97\u0026ndash;110, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.190.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW. Abbass, M. I. Khan, and S. Mourad, \u0026ldquo;Evaluation of mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete with different strengths of concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 168, pp. 556\u0026ndash;569, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.164.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. A. Shah and Y. Ribakov, \u0026ldquo;Recent trends in steel fibered high-strength concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eMater. Des.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 32, no. 8\u0026ndash;9, pp. 4122\u0026ndash;4151, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.030.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHasan, M. J., Afroz, M., \u0026amp; Mahmud, H. M. I. (2011). An experimental investigation on mechanical behavior of macro synthetic fiber reinforced concrete. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng, 11(3), 19-23.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKevern, J. T., \u0026amp; Farney, C. (2012). Reducing curing requirements for pervious concrete with a superabsorbent polymer for internal curing. Transportation research record, 2290(1), 115-121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eengineering and technology 4 (2018) 30-33. Shaikh, Mohammadrizwan et al. \u0026ldquo;Methods of Self Curing Normal Vibrated Concrete.\u0026rdquo; International journal of scientific research in science, \u0026ldquo;Shaikh, Mohammadrizwan et al.\u0026rdquo; \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaisakh, G., Kumar, M. R., \u0026amp; Bala, P. S. (2018). An experimental study on properties of M50 concrete cured using PEG 400. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume, 9, 725-732.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eC. T. Unit, \u0026ldquo;Dhir, R. K., et al. \u0026lsquo;An investigation into the feasibility of formulating \u0026ldquo;self-cure\u0026rdquo;concrete.\u0026rsquo; Materials and structures 27.10 (1994): 606-615.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarbapalli, D., Dhabalia, Y., Sarkar, K., \u0026amp; Bhattacharjee, B. (2017). Application of SAP and PEG as curing agents for ordinary cement-based systems: Impact on the early age properties of paste and mortar with water-to-cement ratio of 0.4 and above. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 21(10), 1237-1252.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChand, M. S. R., Giri, P. S. N. R., Kumar, P. R., Kumar, G. R., \u0026amp; Raveena, C. (2016). Effect of self curing chemicals in self compacting mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 107, 356-364. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGopala krishna sastry, K. V. S., \u0026amp; Kumar, P. M. (2018, March). Self-curing concrete with different self-curing agents. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 330, p. 012120). IOP Publishing.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDhir, R. K., Hewlett, P. C., \u0026amp; Dyer, T. D. (1998). Mechanisms of water retention in cement pastes containing a self-curing agent. Magazine of Concrete Research, 50(1), 85-90.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamzah, N., Mohd Saman, H., Baghban, M. H., Mohd Sam, A. R., Faridmehr, I., Muhd Sidek, M. N., ... \u0026amp; Huseien, G. F. (2022). A review on the use of self-curing agents and its mechanism in high-performance cementitious materials. Buildings, 12(2), 152.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElwakkad, N., \u0026amp; Heiza, K. H. (2019, March). State of the Art Review on\u0026ndash;Self Curing Concrete. In Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering, Second International Conference.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSri Rama Chand, M., Rathish Kumar, P., Swamy Naga Ratna Giri, P., \u0026amp; Rajesh Kumar, G. (2018). Performance and microstructure characteristics of self-curing self-compacting concrete. Advances in Cement Research, 30(10), 451-468.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. M. Kamal, M. A. Safan, A. A. Bashandy, and A. M. Khalil, \u0026ldquo;Experimental investigation on the behavior of normal strength and high strength self-curing self-compacting concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Build. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 16, no. July 2017, pp. 79\u0026ndash;93, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThrinath, G., \u0026amp; Sundara Kuma, P. (2017). Eco-friendly Self-curing Concrete Incorporated with Polyethylene Glycol as Self-curing Agent (RESEARCH NOTE). International journal of engineering, 30(4), 473-478.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez, C., Parra, C., Casado, G., Mi\u0026ntilde;ano, I., Albaladejo, F., Benito, F., \u0026amp; S\u0026aacute;nchez, I. (2016). The incorporation of construction and demolition wastes as recycled mixed aggregates in non-structural concrete precast pieces. Journal of Cleaner Production, 127, 152-161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Ebrahim and A. E. Behiry, \u0026ldquo;Utilization of cement treated recycled concrete aggregates as base or subbase layer in Egypt,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAin Shams Eng. J.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 661\u0026ndash;673, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2013.02.005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosa, J. L., Robin, A., Silva, M. B., Baldan, C. A., \u0026amp; Peres, M. P. (2009). Electrodeposition of copper on titanium wires: Taguchi experimental design approach. Journal of materials processing technology, 209(3), 1181-1188.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarna, S. K., \u0026amp; Sahai, R. (2012). An overview on Taguchi method. International journal of engineering and mathematical sciences, 1(1), 1-7.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasser, A. A. (2013). Optimization of Retrofitting Schemes of Clay Brick Masonry with Openings. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 180-187.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShahidan, S., Azmi, M. A. M., Kupusamy, K., Zuki, S. S. M., \u0026amp; Ali, N. (2017). Utilizing construction and demolition (C\u0026amp;D) waste as recycled aggregates (RA) in concrete. Procedia engineering, 174, 1028-1035.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashandy, A. A. (2018). Behavior and Durability Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete. Acta Technica Napocensis: Civil Engineering \u0026amp; Architecture, 61(1).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eACI Committee 522. Report on Pervious Concrete, ACI 522R-10; American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM.-G. Lee, W.-C. Wang, Y.-C. Wang, Y.-C. Hsieh, and Y.-C. Lin, \u0026ldquo;Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Pervious Concrete with Steel Fiber or Glass Fiber,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBuildings\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 12, no. 5. p. 620, 2022. doi: 10.3390/buildings12050620.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Hesami, S. Ahmadi, and M. Nematzadeh, \u0026ldquo;Effects of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical properties of pervious concrete pavement,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 53, pp. 680\u0026ndash;691, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.070.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKevern, J. T., Biddle, D., \u0026amp; Cao, Q. (2015). Effects of macrosynthetic fibers on pervious concrete properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(9), 06014031.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Eskandari-naddaf and M. Azimi-pour, \u0026ldquo;Performance evaluation of dry-pressed concrete curbs with variable cement grades by using Taguchi method,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAin Shams Eng. J.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1357\u0026ndash;1364, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2016.09.004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasser, A. A. \u0026lsquo;Effect of plastering on clay brick masonry behavior using Taguchi method.\u0026rsquo; Int J Multidiscip Curr Res 1 (2013): 174-179. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhazy, M. F. (2012). Effect of using mortar interface and overlays on masonry behavior by using Taguchi method. ACI Materials Journal, 109(5), 509.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. MA, E. FM, N. AA, and S. MA, \u0026ldquo;Prediction of Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete Mechanical and Fresh Properties using Taguchi Method,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Civil \u0026amp; Environmental Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 08, no. 02. 2018. doi: 10.4172/2165-784x.1000301.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZahran, M. A., \u0026amp; Nasser, A. A. (2014). Recycling of cement dust for manufacturing cement bricks. world.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashandy, A. A., Safaan, M. A., \u0026amp; ELLyien, M. M. (2016). Feasibility of using recycled-aggregates in self-curing concrete. In The 9th Alexandria International Conference on Structural and Geotechnical Engineering (Alexandria 2016), Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK. Holschemacher, T. Mueller, and Y. Ribakov, \u0026ldquo;Effect of steel fibres on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eMater. Des.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2604\u0026ndash;2615, May 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChaitanya, Mycherla, and G. Ramakrishna. \u0026lsquo;Enhancing the mechanical properties of pervious recycled aggregate concrete using silicafumes.\u0026rsquo; Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 634-637.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaetang, Yuwadee, et al. \u0026lsquo;Properties of pervious concrete containing recycled concrete block aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate.\u0026rsquo; Construction and Building Materials 111 (2016): 15-21.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG\u0026uuml;neyisi, Erhan, et al. \u0026lsquo;Effect of different substitution of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate on performance characteristics of pervious concrete.\u0026rsquo; Materials and Structures 49.1 (2016): 521-536.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWarda, M., Khalil, H., Ahmad, S., \u0026amp; Mandi, I. (2020). Optimum sustainable mix proportions of high strength concrete by using Taguchi method. Frattura ed Integrit\u0026agrave; Strutturale, 14(54).\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eV. Afroughsabet and T. Ozbakkaloglu, \u0026ldquo;Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 94, pp. 73\u0026ndash;82, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.051.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYe, L., Hai, T. K., \u0026amp; Dong, Z. (2016). Optimization of compressive strength and tensile strength of ultra-high performance concrete. HiperMat Proceedings, Kassel, Germany.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTran, Trinh Nhat Ho, et al. \u0026lsquo;Microparticle filtration ability of pervious concrete mixed with recycled synthetic fibers.\u0026rsquo; Construction and Building Materials 270 (2021): 121807.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKevern, J. T., Biddle, D., \u0026amp; Cao, Q. (2015). Effects of macrosynthetic fibers on pervious concrete properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(9), 06014031.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, Victor C., Youjiang Wang, and Stanley Backer. \u0026lsquo;Effect of inclining angle, bundling and surface treatment on synthetic fibre pull-out from a cement matrix.\u0026rsquo; Composites 21.2 (1990): 132-140.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Sudharson, M. Kalpana, D. Anburaja, and M. G. Prathap, \u0026ldquo;PEG 400 Effect on Properties of Self Curing Concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eIOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 1026, no. 1, p. 012014, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1026/1/012014.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK. Singh, \u0026ldquo;Mechanical properties of self curing concrete studied using polyethylene glycol-400: A-review,\u0026rdquo; Mater. Today Proc., vol. 37, no. Part 2, pp. 2864\u0026ndash;2871, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.662.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnand Babu, T., \u0026amp; Navashree, V. (2017). Self-Curing of Concrete by Polyethylene Glycol and Epoxy Resin. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 10(8), 725-731.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Aishwarya, M. S. Kavya, R. Reffin, S. Veena, and R. Vasudev, \u0026ldquo;Experimental Study on the Properties of Bendable Concrete,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eLect. Notes Civ. Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 46, no. January, pp. 111\u0026ndash;121, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26365-2_11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Namsone, A. Korjakins, and E. Namsone, \u0026ldquo;Influence of Porous Aggregate on the Properties of Foamed Concrete,\u0026rdquo; vol. 19, no. December, pp. 13\u0026ndash;20, 2016, doi: 10.1515/cons-2016-0006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSampebulu, V. (2012). Increase on strengths of hot weather concrete by self-curing of wet porous aggregate. Civil Engineering Dimension, 14(2), 92-99.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAitcin, P. C., \u0026amp; Neville, A. (2003). How the water-cement ratio affects concrete strength. Concrete International, 25(8), 51-58.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026rlm;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eC. Lian and Y. Zhuge, \u0026ldquo;Optimum mix design of enhanced permeable concrete - An experimental investigation,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2664\u0026ndash;2671, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.057.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB. Debnath and P. P. Sarkar, \u0026ldquo;Pervious concrete as an alternative pavement strategy: a state-of-the-art review,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Pavement Eng.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1516\u0026ndash;1531, 2020, doi: 10.1080/10298436.2018.1554217.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Ibrahim, E. Mahmoud, M. Yamin, and V. C. Patibandla, \u0026ldquo;Experimental study on Portland cement pervious concrete mechanical and hydrological properties,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eConstr. Build. Mater.\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 50, pp. 524\u0026ndash;529, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"total Quality, pervious concrete, self-curing, Recycling, fibers, Taguchi Method, ANOVA","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263370/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263370/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe construction demolishing is non-degradable. Recycled aggregates were utilized to create sustainable products in pervious concrete manufacture. Adding fiber enhances pervious concrete mechanical properties. High absorption of RA and polyethylene-glycol are used to ensure internal curing. The purpose of this study was to statistically improve mechanical properties of pervious concrete using an experimental investigation. Taguchi method was employed to present DOE (Design of Experiment). Five factors in four levels designed by Taguchi provide sixteen mixes (L16 array). The factors were replacement of coarse aggregates by recycle aggregates, W/C ratio, synthetic macro-fiber, steel fiber and polyethylene-glycol.Designed mixes were prepared. Taguchi analysis concluded; macro-fiber addition has no impact on mechanical properties. 10% recycle aggregates replacement was the optimum ratio. Taguchi analysis allowed prediction of non-experimented results and evaluating mechanical properties values. Prediction of optimum mixes were experimented though confirmation mixes. Confirmation test results were the predicted values within ±10%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Improving Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Pervious Concrete Using Taguchi Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-26 16:05:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4263370/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8d17926-72b6-47dd-87c8-eaa86d074d0c","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-26T09:42:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-26 16:05:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4263370","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4263370","identity":"rs-4263370","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}