FFT Real-Time Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Acquiring Wing Vibrations Displacement

FFT Real-Time Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Acquiring Wing Vibrations Displacement | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article FFT Real-Time Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Acquiring Wing Vibrations Displacement Luigi Buffone, Carmine Manfredi, Kavitha Mol S., Georgios Manganos This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817525/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The high cost and complexity of conventional vibration data acquisition (DAQ) systems limit their widespread use in laboratory experimentation and industrial monitoring. This study presents the design, development, and validation of a low-cost Arduino-based DAQ platform for real-time measurement of dynamic deformations and flexural vibrations up to 250 Hz. The proposed system employs non-contact Time-of-Flight (ToF) optical sensors to monitor deformation-induced displacement variations of a plastic wing representative of automotive applications. Three ToF sensors are positioned along the wing span at 133 mm intervals and interfaced with an Arduino UNO microcontroller to capture spatially distributed vibration responses. The key novelty of this work lies in the unified integration of synchronized time-division multiplexing (TDM) acquisition and evidence-theoretic data fusion for multi-sensor vibration measurement. Hardware-timer interrupts are used to implement jitter-free TDM scheduling, ensuring Nyquist-compliant sampling, minimizing cross-talk, and enabling precise temporal synchronization through Arduino-based timestamping. Measurement robustness is further enhanced using an improved Dempster–Shafer evidence theory framework, where basic probability assignments derived from Gaussian kernel density estimation suppress outliers and improve signal-to-noise ratio. The fused displacement time-series is processed using Hann-windowed fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis in Scilab, allowing real-time visualization of vibration frequencies. Experimental results are validated against a finite element modal analysis performed in ANSYS® Mechanical, showing excellent agreement with a maximum deviation of approximately 1.89% in identified natural frequencies. Compared to conventional sequential sampling approaches, the proposed framework significantly improves temporal coherence and real-time performance without additional analog hardware, offering a scalable and cost-effective solution for experimental vibration analysis, industrial monitoring, and predictive maintenance. Mechanical Engineering Low-cost data acquisition Flexural vibration analysis Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors Time-division multiplexing (TDM) Real-time vibration measurement Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8817525","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587531850,"identity":"eae74722-35c1-4367-8dc4-2259e5eb4e1e","order_by":0,"name":"Luigi Buffone","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luigi","middleName":"","lastName":"Buffone","suffix":""},{"id":587531851,"identity":"c82758e8-7982-4e42-acde-7b3fd95a3f79","order_by":1,"name":"Carmine Manfredi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carmine","middleName":"","lastName":"Manfredi","suffix":""},{"id":587531852,"identity":"e8a0253f-8e03-4883-8ed3-d458bd24e83c","order_by":2,"name":"Kavitha Mol S.","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kavitha","middleName":"Mol","lastName":"S.","suffix":""},{"id":587531853,"identity":"302310f2-7f21-428d-8beb-2463ca984941","order_by":3,"name":"Georgios Manganos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Georgios","middleName":"","lastName":"Manganos","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-07 18:52:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817525/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817525/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102293950,"identity":"e2388703-fa6e-47ca-9bc3-e2bc618e243a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 09:42:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1400894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ADAQ16.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8817525/v1_covered_652697e3-86a4-4f50-b853-46b7d8cb86a0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFFT Real-Time Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Acquiring Wing Vibrations Displacement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"No sponsor","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Low-cost data acquisition, Flexural vibration analysis, Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors, Time-division multiplexing (TDM), Real-time vibration measurement","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817525/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817525/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe high cost and complexity of conventional vibration data acquisition (DAQ) systems limit their widespread use in laboratory experimentation and industrial monitoring. This study presents the design, development, and validation of a low-cost Arduino-based DAQ platform for real-time measurement of dynamic deformations and flexural vibrations up to 250 Hz. The proposed system employs non-contact Time-of-Flight (ToF) optical sensors to monitor deformation-induced displacement variations of a plastic wing representative of automotive applications. Three ToF sensors are positioned along the wing span at 133 mm intervals and interfaced with an Arduino UNO microcontroller to capture spatially distributed vibration responses. The key novelty of this work lies in the unified integration of synchronized time-division multiplexing (TDM) acquisition and evidence-theoretic data fusion for multi-sensor vibration measurement. Hardware-timer interrupts are used to implement jitter-free TDM scheduling, ensuring Nyquist-compliant sampling, minimizing cross-talk, and enabling precise temporal synchronization through Arduino-based timestamping. Measurement robustness is further enhanced using an improved Dempster\u0026ndash;Shafer evidence theory framework, where basic probability assignments derived from Gaussian kernel density estimation suppress outliers and improve signal-to-noise ratio. The fused displacement time-series is processed using Hann-windowed fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis in Scilab, allowing real-time visualization of vibration frequencies. Experimental results are validated against a finite element modal analysis performed in ANSYS\u0026reg; Mechanical, showing excellent agreement with a maximum deviation of approximately 1.89% in identified natural frequencies. Compared to conventional sequential sampling approaches, the proposed framework significantly improves temporal coherence and real-time performance without additional analog hardware, offering a scalable and cost-effective solution for experimental vibration analysis, industrial monitoring, and predictive maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"FFT Real-Time Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Acquiring Wing Vibrations Displacement","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 09:40:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8817525/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b8920a51-676e-4605-ab06-57c79fc6549c","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":62514571,"name":"Mechanical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-10T09:40:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 09:40:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8817525","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8817525","identity":"rs-8817525","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}