The acoustic presence and migration timing of subarctic baleen whales in the Bering Strait in relation to environmental factors

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Escajeda, Kathleen M. Stafford, Rebecca A. Woodgate, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4397210/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Polar Biology → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Subarctic baleen whales, including humpback ( Megaptera novaeangliae ), fin ( Balaenoptera physalus ), and gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ), migrate through the Bering Strait every summer to feed in the rich marine ecosystem of the Chukchi Sea. When and where the whales are found in the region likely reflects fluctuating environmental conditions. Using recordings collected between 2009–2018 from a hydrophone ~ 35 km north of the strait, we identified whale calls during the open-water season (May–December), examined the timing of migration, and investigated potential drivers of whale presence. The acoustic presence of fin and humpback whales varied across the years, with a peak for all three species in October through November. We observed the highest proportion of recordings with humpback whale calls for the peak months of October–November in 2009, 2017, and 2018 (66–80% of recordings); the highest proportion of recordings with fin whale calls in 2015, 2017, and 2018 (75–79% of recordings); and the highest proportion of recordings with gray whale calls in 2013 and 2015 (46 and 51% of recordings, respectively). Fin whales departed the Bering Strait ~ 3 days later per year over the study period ( p = 0.02). Both fin and humpback whales delayed their southward migration in years with warmer fall water temperatures (Pearson r ≥ 0.71, p < 0.03). Our models identified day of the year, water temperatures, and the lagged presence of a thermal front the previous month as drivers of the acoustic presence of all three species during the open-water season. Arctic baleen whales bioacoustics temperature Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction Understanding the connection between species occurrence and environmental factors is crucial for predicting the effects of habitat shifts on recovering populations of marine mammals. Climate change in combination with other anthropogenic stressors—such as fishing gear entanglements, ship collisions, and increased ocean noise—may impact the recovery of baleen whale populations from commercial whaling that took place throughout the 20th century (Clapham 2016 ; Tulloch et al. 2019; Nelms et al. 2021 ). Moreover, changes in ocean conditions related to climate change and masking of calls from conspecifics—or individuals from the same species—by ocean noise may obscure the cues whales use to facilitate their migrations (Clark et al. 2009 ; Torres 2017 ). Identifying the drivers of baleen whale migration and distribution, therefore, is necessary to understand how baleen whales will respond to habitat shifts associated with climate change (Hazen et al. 2013 ; Abrahms et al. 2019 ; Meynecke et al. 2021 ). The present study seeks to characterize the occurrence of subarctic baleen whales in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea, including identifying migration timing, and the factors that influence whale presence during the open-water season. The Chukchi Sea is a shallow continental-shelf sea that owes its productivity to the influx of nutrient-rich Pacific waters that are advected northward by currents through the Bering Strait (Grebmeier et al. 2006 ; Fig. 1 ). The combination of abundant daylight during the polar summer along with a steady supply of advected nutrients make the Chukchi Sea one of the world’s most productive marine ecosystems (Grebmeier et al. 2006 ; Zerbini et al. 2016 ). High primary production rates in the spring outpace the grazing rates of pelagic zooplankton, thus much of the primary producer biomass is transported to the seafloor where it supports rich benthic communities (Grebmeier et al. 2006 ). In addition to nutrients, Pacific water masses also transport zooplankton, including large copepods (Eisner et al. 2013 ; Ershova et al. 2015 ; Pinchuk and Eisner 2017 ; Spear et al. 2020 ) and euphausiids (Berline et al. 2008 ), as well as juvenile forage fish species (Levine et al. 2021 ) into the Chukchi Sea. Three dominant water masses flow through the Bering Strait and into the Chukchi Sea. The cold, salty, and productive Anadyr Water flows on the western side of the Bering Strait, the warmer and less salty Bering Sea Water flows through the center of the strait, while the still warmer and fresher Alaskan Coastal Current flows along the eastern side against the Alaskan coast in summer to early winter (Coachman et al. 1975 ; Grebmeier et al. 1989 ; Weingartner et al. 2005 ; Woodgate et al. 2005 ). Fronts form where these water masses meet (Coachman et al. 1975 ; Bluhm et al. 2007 ; Danielson et al. 2017 ), trapping zooplankton and small fish. Additionally, eddies form in the wake of the Diomede Islands north of the strait (Woodgate et al. 2015 ), vertically mixing the water column and creating isolated water zones, fronts, and upwelling. The replenishment of nutrients to the surface by mixing promotes phytoplankton blooms (Hasegawa et al. 2009 ), which in turn create feeding opportunities for upper trophic levels, including baleen whales. Subarctic baleen whales—humpback ( Megaptera novaeangliae ), fin ( Balaenoptera physalus ), and gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus )—migrate into the Chukchi Sea during the late spring and summer months to take advantage of the seasonal abundance of prey (Brower et al. 2017 , 2018 ; Stafford et al. 2023 ). Fin and humpback whales are generalist pelagic predators, feeding primarily on euphausiids, including Euphausia pacifica , Thysanoessa inermis , T. longipes , and T. spinifera in the North Pacific as well as T. raschii in the Bering Sea (Nemoto 1959 ; Szabo 2015 ). Both fin and humpback whales also prey on forage fish species such as capelin ( Mallotus villosus ), Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ), Pacific sand lance ( Ammodytes hexapterus ), and juvenile walleye pollock ( Gadus chalcogrammus ) (Nemoto 1959 ; Krieger and Wing 1986 ; Szabo 2014; Reidy et al. 2023 ). Fin and humpback whales prey switch depending on availability (Payne et al. 1990 ), giving them greater flexibility in their diets. Additionally, both species exhibit niche partitioning in some regions of the North Pacific with fin whales consuming more euphausiids, while humpback whales consume more forage fish (Witteveen and Wynne 2016 ). In contrast, gray whales are primarily benthic grazers and target tube-dwelling amphipods such as Ampelisca macrocephala (Highsmith and Coyle 1991 ), though they have been known to take a wide variety of prey throughout their range, including mysids and pelagic euphausiids (Nerini 1984 ; Moore et al. 2022 ). Previous studies have found interannual variation in the presence of fin and humpback whales in the Chukchi Sea during the open-water season. More fin whale calls were recorded in the northeast Chukchi Sea in 2007 than in 2009‒2010 by Delarue et al. ( 2013 ) while a study by Woodgate et al. ( 2015 ) indicated higher detection rates of fin whales in the southern Chukchi Sea in 2009 and 2012 than in 2010 and 2011. Similarly, more humpback whale calls were recorded in the southern Chukchi Sea in 2009 and 2012 than in 2010 and 2011 (Woodgate et al. 2015 ). Both studies attribute the increased presence of the two species to warmer conditions, earlier sea-ice retreat coupled with low sea-ice extent, higher transport through the Bering Strait, and shifts in the distribution of the productive Anadyr Water mass (Delarue et al. 2013 ; Woodgate et al. 2015 ). While the presence of fin and humpback whales in the Chukchi Sea varies from year to year, gray whales are reliably observed in the region each summer (Clarke et al. 1989 ; Moore et al. 2000 ; Clarke and Moore 2002; Clarke et al. 2016 ; Brower et al. 2017 ; Moore et al. 2022 ). Declining sea ice may benefit gray whales in the short term since earlier ice melt in the spring allows them to forage earlier in the spring and delays in ice formation allows them to graze for longer in the fall (Perryman et al. 2002 ; Stewart et al. 2023 ). However, few observations have been collected on the timing of the gray whale southward migration out of the Chukchi Sea, so it is unclear if gray whales are extending their residence time in the Pacific Arctic. Any variation in the presence of the three whale species is likely dependent on prey availability, which in turn, is dependent on environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea. Environmental variability in the Chukchi Sea is driven by the presence and distribution of the major water masses, as well as changes in the Bering Strait throughflow, which in turn is dependent on local and far-field wind stress and ocean pressure gradients (Aagaard et al. 1985 ; Woodgate et al. 2012 ; Danielson et al. 2014 ; Peralta-Ferriz and Woodgate 2017 ; Woodgate 2018 ; Nguyen et al. 2020 ; Peralta-Ferriz and Woodgate 2023 ). Changes in sea-ice cover and melt timing along with storms affect the structure of the water column, and thus, the timing of phytoplankton blooms (Hunt et al. 2011 ; Sigler et al. 2014 ). Previous studies examining environmental influences on the presence of baleen whales found that primary production rates, and in turn, prey abundance, along with sea surface temperatures, bathymetry, and sea surface height influenced the acoustic presence of baleen whales (Širović and Hildebrand 2011 ; Shabangu et al. 2017 ; Ryan et al. 2019 ; Szesciorka et al. 2020 ). In the northern Chukchi Sea, Ashjian et al. ( 2010 ) found that interannual variability in the distribution of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) corresponded to both short-term (i.e., changes in wind speed and direction) and long-term environmental variability (i.e., sea ice and water mass distribution). What cues subarctic baleen whales use for finding their prey in the Pacific Arctic, however, remain unclear. Using acoustic data along with in situ and satellite-derived environmental variables collected over a decade in the Bering Strait region (2009‒2018), we examined whether fin, humpback, and gray whales shifted their migration timing in response to environmental conditions, and explored potential environmental influences on the presence of these species during the open-water season (May through early December). 2. Methods 2.1 Acoustic Data Collection Acoustic data were collected using an AURAL-M2 hydrophone (Autonomous Underwater Recorder for Acoustic Listening-Model 2, Multi-Électronique, Inc.) attached to an oceanographic mooring (A3) positioned ~ 35 km north of the Bering Strait (Fig. 1 ; Woodgate et al. 2015 ). The hydrophone was first installed on the mooring in September 2009 and was serviced annually, yielding a recording time series from September 2009 through December 2018. Data gaps indicate periods when the hydrophone’s batteries were depleted, or when the hydrophone was serviced. The hydrophone failed to record in 2016, resulting in a loss of data for fall 2016 through spring 2017. The hydrophone was set to record the first 10‒20 minutes of every hour at a sampling rate of 8192 Hz or 16384 Hz depending on the year (16-bit resolution) with a gain of 16 dB (2009‒2016) or 22 dB (2017 and 2018). The hydrophone was positioned 4–8 m above the seafloor (depth at the A3 mooring site ~ 56 m). See Table 1 for recording start/end dates, and the duty cycles for each year. Table 1 Hydrophone deployment data, positions, and recording settings (duty cycle refers to the recording time per hour). Dates are in the format ‘YYYY-MM-DD.’ The ‘Record Start/End’ dates indicate when the hydrophone started and stopped recording, however we only analyzed recordings for the open-water season (May through freeze-up in November/December of each year). Deployment Year Latitude N Latitude W Record Start Date Record End Date Sampling Rate (Hz) Hourly Duty Cycle 2009 66.33° 168.97° 2009-09-01 2010-03-03 16384 12 min 2010 66.33° 168.97° 2010-08-11 2011-02-19 16384 15 min 2011 66.33° 168.97° 2011-10-01 2012-05-25 8192 10 min 2012 66.33° 168.97° 2012-09-01 2013-05-17 16384 10 min 2013 66.33° 168.97° 2013-07-15 2014-07-02 8192 20 min 2014 66.33° 168.97° 2014-07-10 2015-07-02 8192 20 min 2015 66.33° 168.97° 2015-07-05 2016-07-08 8192 20 min 2017 66.33° 168.95° 2017-08-17 2018-07-25 8192 20 min 2018 66.33° 168.95° 2018-08-12 2019-09-07 8192 20 min Spectrograms of the acoustic data were visualized in the software Ishmael (2014 version; Mellinger 2002 ) using a fast Fourier transform size of 4096 samples, a Hanning window, and spectrogram equalization enabled with a time constant of 30 s. Recordings with whale calls were identified by visually inspecting the spectrograms. For each calendar year, we scanned recordings from May, when sea ice typically retreats in the study area (Stroeve et al. 2014 ; Serreze et al. 2016 ; Grebmeier et al. 2018 ), through to freeze-up when sea ice concentration in the Chukchi Sea first rose above 80% (typically late November to mid-December; see next section for sea ice methods). If a call from any of the three study species was captured by a recording, we counted that species as present for that hour. Note that we could not assume the absence of whales since we were only able to detect calling individuals. 2.2 Environmental Data Collection We quantified sea ice melt and formation dates in the Chukchi Sea to compare with the migration timing of whales in and out of the region. We defined the Chukchi Sea using boundaries defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO, http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=4257 ; Fig. 1 ). Daily sea ice concentrations were obtained from the Special Scanning Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) dataset (25-km resolution; Cavalieri 1996). We defined the initiation of sea ice melt-out as the day when the average sea ice concentration in the Chukchi Sea dropped below 80% for the last time that calendar year, while freeze-up onset was defined as the day when average ice concentration first reached above 80%. We defined an area as ‘ice-free’ if the average sea ice concentration was ≤ 15%, a threshold commonly used to indicate the initiation of the open-water period (Serreze et al. 2009 ; Stroeve et al. 2012 ). Environmental predictors were selected based on their hypothesized potential to influence the presence of baleen whales. In-situ environmental predictors were recorded by other sensors on the mooring and included near-bottom temperature and salinity (40‒55 m depth) measured by Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) sensors (model #16), and water velocity (cm s − 1 ) measured by Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP; Woodgate 2018 ). We analyzed ADCP water velocities from the bin closest to ~ 30 m depth to measure mid-water column velocities while avoiding contamination by waves and other surface activity. Note that at this mooring site, the water velocity is dominantly barotropic (Woodgate et al. 2015 ; Woodgate 2018 ). Boxplots and Cleveland dot plots (Cleveland 1993 ) were generated for each environmental covariate to identify outliers and violations of homogeneity. We removed any outliers before we calculated daily averages. In addition to the in-situ mooring data, we also examined wind speed and direction, as well as satellite-derived sea-surface temperatures (SST). Daily mean wind speed (m s − 1 ) and direction were calculated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis 2 (NARR) 6-hourly wind data product (grid size of ~ 32 km; Mesinger et al. 2006 ). We calculated daily mean wind speed by taking the average of the northward ( v ) and eastward components ( u ) for the four NCEP-NARR 2 grid points nearest to the mooring site (Fig. 1 ). We then averaged the vectors across the four grid points, and used the mean vectors ( \(\stackrel{-}{u}\) and \(\stackrel{-}{v}\) ) to calculate mean wind speed for a given day ( i ) using the following equation: $${daily mean wind speed}_{i}=\sqrt{\left({\stackrel{-}{u}}_{i}^{2}+{\stackrel{-}{v}}_{i}^{2}\right)}$$ Daily mean SST were calculated for the grid point closest to the mooring site using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) gridded dataset (0.25° resolution; Reynolds et al. 2007 ). 2.3 Migration Timing We estimated the arrival and departure of whales from the study region by calculating the 5% (arrival) and 95% quantiles (departure) of the cumulative distribution of days with whale calls present, as per Hauser et al. (2017). We only had recordings in the spring for four years (2014‒2016, and 2018), whereas we had nine years of fall recordings (2009‒2015, 2017‒2018). Therefore, we focused our statistical analyses on the fall departure dates. We tested the departure dates for annual trends using linear regressions, for correlations to freeze-up in the Chukchi Sea using Pearson correlation tests, and for correlations and linear relationships to seasonal environmental conditions. We defined the four seasons using the solstices and equinoxes as the boundaries: winter = 21 December of previous year through 20 March, spring = 21 March through 20 June, summer = 21 June through 20 September, and fall = 21 September through 20 December. Seasonal means were calculated for near-bottom temperatures and salinities (‘SBE Temp’ and ‘SBE Salt’), SST, water speeds, and wind speeds. Due to correlations between multiple seasonal means (Table S1 ), we built separate linear models for each species and predictor with departure dates ( n = 9) as the response variable. For example, we tested for a linear relationship between departure dates for e.g., fin whales (FW) and a predictor (e.g., the spring mean of near-bottom temperatures for the corresponding year), by fitting the following equation to the data, using least squares to obtain the constants \({\beta }_{0}\) and \({\beta }_{1}\) for each predictor: $$FW Departure Dates= {\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}\left(Spring SBE Temp\right)$$ 2.4 Modeling the Relationship Between Whale Presence and Environmental Covariates We conducted an exploratory modeling analysis to determine potential temporal and environmental covariates associated with the probability of observing whale calls ( p ) during the open-water season. Our analyses included examining the influence of time of year, quantified as day of the year (DOY), and environmental conditions at the mooring site on the acoustic presence of each whale species. Conditions measured at or near the mooring site included daily means for: temperature and salinity near the bottom (‘SBE Temp’ and ‘SBE Salt’), SST, water speed (cm s − 1 ), wind speed (m s − 1 ), and wind direction (included as a categorical variable). Sea ice extent for the Chukchi Sea was considered for the models, however preliminary correlation tests found that sea ice extent was highly correlated with both SST and near-bottom temperatures. Since all three whale species are typically in the study region when it is ice-free, we omitted sea ice extent as an explanatory variable, and retained SST and near-bottom water temperatures. Ocean-basin scale indices such as the Arctic Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index, and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Index were also considered for the models, however preliminary tests with these covariates resulted in large models that were likely overfitting the data. Moreover, factors relevant to the indices, such as SST, were already included in the models. Therefore, ocean-scale indices were excluded from our models. Fronts form important feeding habitats for baleen whales (Bluhm et al. 2007 ; Bost et al. 2009 ; Scales et al. 2014 ; Bassoi et al. 2020 ), and can be identified using horizontal gradients in water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll concentration, and sea surface height (Bluhm et al. 2007 ). We used high-resolution SST data from the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Level 4 sea surface temperature analysis product (0.054°, ~ 6-km resolution) to calculate the maximum gradient in SST in any direction within 30-km of the mooring site, taking the magnitude of this maximum as a proxy of the strength of any thermal fronts within this region (see Fig. 1 ). A 30-km radius was chosen since this is the midpoint of the estimated detection range for fin whale calls in the northeast Chukchi Sea (14‒74 km; Delarue et al. 2013 ). Fin whales produce the lowest frequency calls of the three species at ~ 20 Hz (Watkins 1981 ; Watkins et al. 1987 ) and lower frequency calls travel farther underwater than higher frequency calls. Therefore the 30-km radius likely captures the maximum detection ranges for all three species in the shallow Chukchi Sea. In addition to the daily value for the 30-km SST gradient, we also included a one-month lagged version of the SST gradient in our model (i.e., the SST gradient one month prior to when calls were recorded) to test for a delay between the presence of a front and the presence of a calling whale(s). For the response variable, the acoustic data were converted into counts of hourly recordings with calls present (“Detected”) along with the number of recordings that did not have calls present (“Not Detected”) for each day. Thus, our response variable consisted of a Bernoulli outcome for each day where the ‘successes’ were the number of hourly recordings when whale calls were detected, and the ‘failures’ were the number of hourly recordings when whale calls were not detected. The ratio of successes to the total number of available Bernoulli trials per day (24 hours) represents the probability of a calling whale being present on any given day. Given that the probability of a calling whale being present during a given hour was likely influenced by whether a calling whale was present the previous hour, our model choice was driven by the need to account for the fact that the Bernoulli outcomes in our response variable were not independent of each other. Also, our data had more hourly recordings with zero calls than expected, therefore our data were zero-inflated. The beta-binomial distribution does not assume independent Bernoulli outcomes and is a good choice when zero-inflation is a concern (Hisakado et al. 2006 ; Martin et al. 2011 ). We did not know a priori the functional form of the relationship between whale presence and the predictors; therefore we also required a non-parametric model fitting algorithm that could accommodate a beta-binomial distribution. Generalized additive models for location, shape, and scale (GAMLSS) are robust to more complex distributions, such as beta-binomial, and allow for nonparametric predictors (Monnahan et al. 2014 ). We generated our beta-binomial GAMLSS models using the gamlss package in R (Rigby and Stasinopoulos 2005 ), and ran separate models for each species with all years combined (2009–2018, excluding 2016 due to recorder failure). Following Monnahan et al. ( 2014 ), we fit the same predictors for both the probability of observing whale calls on a given day ( p ) and the over-dispersion parameter ( σ ). We used cubic splines (cs) for the environmental variables, and penalized b-spline smoothers (pb) for DOY: Note that all variables except for wind direction were continuous; wind direction was included as a categorical variable or ‘factor variable,’ and thus, does not have a smoother. The type of smoother used as well as model selection were based on the Akaike information criterion score (AIC) with a correction for small sample sizes (AICc; Akaike 1973 ). To avoid multicollinearity among the model parameters, we tested pairs of variables using Pearson’s correlation tests and eliminated any predictor variables with a correlation factor > |0.7|—signifying a moderately strong correlation—and p < 0.05, following Širović and Hildebrand ( 2011 ). Predictors were selected using the stepGAIC function (Rigby and Stasinopoulos 2005 ) applied to the full model in R , which performed backwards stepwise selection using Generalized AIC (GAIC) as the model selection criterion. Next, we applied the drop1 function from the stats package in R to the final model for each species to check for any spurious covariates. The drop1 function systematically removes one variable at a time and compares the AIC score of the reduced model to that of the full model. Any variables that did not significantly decrease the likelihood relative to the full model ( p > 0.05) were removed. Finally, we assessed the relative importance of each predictor variable in the final model using an incremental R 2 test where the incremental R 2 for a predictor variable equals the increase in the value of the model’s R 2 when the predictor is the last predictor added to the model (Cohen et al. 2003 ). For the incremental R 2 tests, we calculated the Cox and Snell R 2 (Cox and Snell 1989 ) for each model using the Rsq function from the gamlss package. When fitting a smoothed nonparametric term, the effect of the predictor variable on the response variable cannot be interpreted using the coefficients. Instead, the influence of a predictor variable must be interpreted using the whole smoothing function (Stasinopoulos et al. 2017 ). We used the term.plot function in gamlss to plot the additive smoothing fits to evaluate the influence of each predictor on the probability of acoustic occurrence ( p ). The relative direction of the curve for an explanatory variable represents the effect of the variable on p . The y -axis is unitless and we used different scales for the y -axis to aid in legibility of each explanatory variable’s effect. Increasing values represent a positive effect of the explanatory variable on p , while declining values signify a negative effect. 3. Results 3.1 Acoustic Detections We scanned a total of 33,371 audio files recorded at the A3 mooring site from 1 May to freeze-up in November and December 2009‒2018 (see Table 2 for freeze-up dates). Humpback whales were the most common species across the ten years (2009‒2018) with 20% of all recordings containing humpback whale calls. Fin whales were detected in 12% of all recordings, and gray whales were detected in 7% of all recordings. Detection of humpback and fin whale calls peaked in October whereas gray whale calls were heard throughout the open-water season at low levels with a peak in June‒August (Fig. 2 ). Table 2 Melt-out (sea ice concentration < 80%) and freeze-up (sea ice concentration ≥ 80%) initiation dates along with the start/end dates and length of the open-water period for the Chukchi Sea (see boundaries in Fig. 1 ). Year Melt-out Initiation Date Open-water Start Date Open-water End Date Freeze-up Initiation Date Open-water Period Length (days) 2009 21 May 3 Jul 14 Nov 28 Nov 134 2010 20 May 16 Jul 7 Nov 13 Dec 114 2011 18 May 25 Jun 16 Nov 2 Dec 144 2012 3 Jun 22 Jul 29 Oct 25 Nov 99 2013 6 Jun 10 Jul 12 Nov 17 Dec 125 2014 11 May 2 Jul 1 Dec 15 Dec 152 2015 13 May 22 Jun 17 Nov 7 Dec 148 2016 17 May 6 Jul 21 Nov 28 Dec 138 2017 2 May 23 Jun 22 Nov 2 Jan 152 2018 23 Apr 27 Jun 25 Nov 14 Dec 151 We calculated the proportion of recordings with whale calls for October through November for each year to compare acoustic occurrence across the years. October and November were chosen since all years had recordings for these two months, and both months capture peak whale vocalization activity (Fig. 2 ). The years 2009, 2017, and 2018 had the highest proportion of recordings with humpback vocalizations with 66%, 75%, and 80% of the total recordings for October‒November containing humpback whale calls, respectively (Fig. 3 ). For fin whales, 2015, 2017, and 2018 had the highest proportion of recordings with fin whale vocalizations, with 77%, 75%, and 79% of the total recordings for October‒November containing fin whale calls, respectively. We observed the highest proportion of recordings with gray whale calls for October‒November in 2015 (51%) followed by 2013 (46%; Fig. 3 ). 3.2 Environmental Conditions Sea ice conditions in the Chukchi Sea varied from year to year, with melt-out initiation (< 80% ice concentration) as early as 23 April 2018 and as late as 6 June 2013 (Table 2 ; Fig. 4 ). The Chukchi Sea was typically ice-free by late June to early July, except for 2012 when the open-water period did not start until 22 July. Freeze-up (≥ 80% ice concentration) typically occurred in late November to mid-late December, with the earliest freeze-up on 28 November 2009 and the latest on 2 January 2018 (for winter 2017‒2018; Table 2 ; Fig. 4 ). The open-water period ranged from as short as 99 days in 2012 to as long as 152 days in 2014 and 2017 (Table 2 ). Environmental conditions at the mooring site were similarly variable, with some interesting patterns emerging in some years (Fig. 5 a). Both 2017 and 2018 had abnormally warm winter temperatures in comparison to the other years (~ 0.3°C warmer than the winter median surface and near-bottom temperatures for all nine years combined) likely due to shorter durations of sea ice cover. Warmer temperatures persisted into spring for both years, with SST > 0°C and near-bottom temperatures ≥ ‒0.5°C. Summer temperatures varied across the years with mean near-bottom temperatures hovering between 1 and 4°C while mean SST ranged from 4 to 7°C (Fig. 5 a). Water temperatures at both depths began cooling in fall, except for 2018 when both SST and near-bottom temperatures remained above 3°C throughout the fall season. Patterns in near-bottom salinities were relatively consistent across seasons, except for winter (Fig. 5 b). The year 2017 had abnormally fresh near-bottom salinities throughout the winter (0.7 psu lower than the winter median near-bottom salinity for the study period). The years 2015 and 2018 also had relatively low salinities during the winter, indicating a freshening of the near-bottom waters in winter, also noted by Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz ( 2021 ). In spring, near-bottom salinities increased to values > 32 psu, with 2012 as an abnormal year with a seasonal mean salinity of 33 psu. Salinities stabilized in summer, with seasonal means hovering around 32.5 psu for all years (Fig. 5 b). Fall near-bottom salinities were more variable, with fresher salinities observed in 2012, 2013, and 2018 (31.8‒31.9 psu). Transport through the Bering Strait at the mooring site was northwestward throughout the year for all study years, with some occasional flow reversals observed in fall and winter (Fig. S1 ). As observed by Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz ( 2021 ), mid-column water speeds at the mooring site (calculated here at 30 m depth) gradually increased over the study period (0.15 cm s − 1 per year; p = 0.02). Seasonal mean water speeds were highly variable with standard deviations ranging from 13 cm s − 1 to 27 cm s − 1 . Before 2017 and 2018, the fastest seasonal mean water speeds were observed in spring and summer, except for 2012 which had slower mean water speeds throughout the year (Fig. S2). In 2017, water speeds were highest in fall which carried over into winter of 2018. High northward water speeds coupled with warm temperatures could explain the late ice freeze-up for winter 2017‒2018 (Table 2 ). Seasonal mean winds in the Bering Strait region during the study period exhibited a general pattern of strong southward winds during the winter, switching to weaker southward winds in the spring and early summer (Fig. S3). Winds were mostly southward in the fall with speeds increasing as winter approached. Wind speeds rarely exceeded 10 m s − 1 during the year with annual mean wind speeds ranging between 6‒7 m s − 1 (SD = 3.1‒3.5 m s − 1 ). Surface thermal fronts, indicated by higher SST gradients within 30-km of the mooring, were evident starting in June, though the strongest fronts (higher SST gradients) were observed in August (Figs. S4‒S6). The year 2014 had the highest SST gradient (~ 5°C) which occurred in late August, followed by 2013 which had a ~ 4°C SST gradient in late August. 3.3 Migration Timing Gray whales had the earliest arrival dates of the three species, with arrival dates ranging from 7 May to 12 June for the years that had spring data available (2014‒2016 and 2018; Fig. 6 a). Humpback whale calls were typically seen starting in early June with arrival dates ranging from 8 June to 25 July. Fin whales were first heard in the late summer with arrival dates ranging from 17 August to 13 September. According to the fall detection data (2009‒2018, excluding 2016), all three species typically began to depart the Bering Strait region in late October. Humpback whales were usually the first to leave the study area, with departure dates starting in late October (mean departure = 4 November; Fig. 6 b). Fin whales typically left the region in early to mid-November (mean departure = 10 November), and gray whales were the last to leave with departure dates from mid to late November (mean departure = 18 November; Fig. 6 b). Over time, fin whales departed the Bering Strait 3 days later over the study period (standard error = ± 1 day, R 2 = 0.57, p = 0.02; Fig. 6 b), but trends for the other two species were non-significant. Also, there were no significant correlations between the departure dates for the three species and freeze-up dates for the Chukchi Sea (all Pearson r ≤ 0.38, p ≥ 0.31). We did, however, find significant positive relationships between departure dates for fin and humpback whales and seasonal mean near-bottom temperatures for all four seasons (all Pearson r ≥ 0.71, all p < 0.02; Fig. 7 ). We also found significant positive correlations between departure dates for fin and humpback whales and seasonal mean SSTs for all four seasons (all Pearson r ≥ 0.74, all p < 0.02; Fig. 7 ), except between fin whale departure dates and summer SSTs ( p = 0.15). Departure dates for fin whales were also positively correlated to higher water speeds in the previous winter ( r = 0.83, p = 0.006; Fig. 8 ). The were no significant relationships between gray whale departure dates and seasonal mean environmental conditions at the mooring site. 3.4 Modeling Results Six models were within 10 AICc units of the best model for each species (Table S3) Among these models, day of the year (DOY), daily mean near-bottom temperatures (‘SBETemp’), SST, water speed, and the lagged SST gradient (‘SST Gradient Lagged,’ lagged by one month) were included in all three species models (Table 3 ). The probability of observing fin whale calls increased with DOY, peaking between early September (DOY 250) and mid-November (~ DOY 325; Fig. 9 ). The probability of calling fin whales being present increased with increasing near-bottom temperatures, with a peak between 4‒5°C, and calling fin whales were more likely to be heard on days with SSTs ranging from 1–4°C. Water speed was the most important predictor for the fin whale model with a ‒15% change in R 2 when the variable was removed from the model (Table 4 ). The probability of a calling fin whale being present decreased with faster water speeds (> 30 cm s − 1 ), which was likely due to higher water speeds causing strumming noise which obscured whale calls in the spectrograms. The relationship between probability of calling fin whales being present and SST Gradient was negative, with probability decreasing as the SST gradient increased. This could be due to the lack of strong fronts during the fall when most calling fin whales were detected (Fig. S4). In contrast, more recordings with fin whale calls occurred when the SST gradient was within 2‒4°C the previous month, indicating that the presence of a thermal front earlier in the season may attract calling fin whales. Like with fin whales, the probability of observing humpback whale calls increased with DOY, particularly between early September (DOY 250) and early November (~ DOY 305; Fig. 10). Day of the year was the most important predictor for the humpback model, with a ‒12% change in the R 2 value according to the incremental R 2 test (Table 4 ). There was a bimodal relationship between near-bottom temperature and humpback calls, with a peak between 0–2°C and another between 4–5°C. Calling humpback whales were more likely to be present on days with warmer SST (> 2°C). The probability of calling humpback whales being present decreased with increasing near-bottom salinity with a slight peak between 32 and 32.5 psu. Similar to fin whales, humpback whales were less likely to be heard on days with high winds and water speeds, likely because high wind and water speeds inhibit detection of humpback calls. The plot for SST Gradient shows a mostly negative relationship between the probability of calling humpbacks being present and the daily maximum SST gradient, similar to fin whales. However, the probability of a calling humpback being present increased with lagged SST gradients between 2‒4°C, with greater uncertainty towards higher gradients. There were two best gray whale models according to AICc (with equal R 2 ), therefore we chose the simpler model (Table S3). The probability of a calling gray whale being present had a negative relationship with DOY. The probability of observing calling gray whales increased with increasing near-bottom temperatures (Fig. 11 ), while the relationship with SST was bimodal with a slight peak in probability at ~ 1°C and another around 7°C. The probability of calling gray whales being present slightly decreased with increasing near-bottom salinities with higher probabilities around 31‒32 psu (Fig. 11 ). Lagged SST Gradient was included in the gray whale model with higher probability of calling gray whales being present when the lagged SST gradient was low (0‒1°C). Calling gray whales were more likely to be heard on days with slower water and wind speeds (Fig. 11 ), though water speed was the far more important variable with a ‒67% change in R 2 compared to a ‒2% change for wind speed (Table 4 ). 4. Discussion 4.1 Acoustic Presence Like previous visual and acoustic studies (Sleptsov 1961 ; Clarke et al. 2013 ; Delarue et al. 2013 ; Woodgate et al. 2015 ; Melnikov 2019 ), we found that the presence of fin and humpback whales varied from year to year in the Bering Strait. Both fin and humpback whales had a pronounced peak in their calls around late September to October which likely corresponds with increased vocal activity among males in association with the approaching breeding season (Winn and Winn 1978 ; Tyack 1981 ; Watkins et al. 2000 ; Darling and Bérubé 2001; Stafford et al. 2007 ). Additionally, feeding fin and humpback whales are commonly observed in the southern Chukchi Sea during the late summer to early fall months (August to October; Clarke et al. 2013 ; Brower et al. 2018 ; Melnikov 2019 ). High zooplankton biomass in the southern Chukchi Sea in late summer to early fall (August to November; Tsujii et al. 2016 ) could also explain the peaks in acoustic presence for both species during this period (Fig. 2 ). In comparison to fin and humpback whales, the acoustic presence of gray whales was relatively consistent across the years, except for 2010 when gray whale calls were only heard in 7% of recordings for October‒November (compared to 26‒51% in other years). The year 2010 had the second shortest open-water season (114 days) due to a long melt-out period (Table 2 ), which could explain why gray whale detections were relatively low. Also of note, Moore et al. ( 2022 ) report that 2010 had the lowest number of gray whale sightings in the south and northeast Chukchi Sea during the 2009‒2019 Aerial Surveys of Arctic Marine Mammals (ASAMM) project. Unlike fin and humpback whales, the pattern in the acoustic occurrence of gray whales during the open-water season was more pulsed. In years with both spring and fall recordings (2013‒2015, 2018; Fig. S7), there is a clear spring peak in recordings with gray whale calls (~ June‒July) and a clear fall peak (~ November). This pattern likely reflects the migration of gray whales in and out of the study area given that the most common gray whale call we saw, the ‘M3’ call, has been associated with migration (Crane and Lashkari 1996 ; Guazzo et al. 2017 ). 4.2 Migration Timing Gray whales were the first of the three species to arrive in the study area (calls heard starting in early May), which aligns well with observations by Urbán et al. ( 2021 ) of tagged gray whales arriving in the Chirikov Basin in May, as well as historical eyewitness accounts of gray whales entering the Bering Strait as early as late April (Sleptsov 1961 ). Humpback whales were the second species detected at our mooring site with the earliest humpback whale vocalizations recorded at the start of June. Fin whales were the last to arrive at the Bering Strait with the earliest fin whale calls detected in July. While observations of fin and humpback whales north of the Bering Strait in the spring months are lacking, land-based surveys conducted along the Chukotka Peninsula have observed humpback whales in the Gulf of Anadyr as early as the end of April (Melnikov 2019 ). By June, small pods of humpback whales can be seen along the east coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, including the Bering Strait area (Melnikov 2019 ). Soviet whalers regularly observed fin whales in the Chukchi Sea starting in mid-June in the mid-20th century (Nikulin 1946 ). More contemporary observations indicate that fin whales are typically in the Chukchi Sea region by July (Clarke et al. 2013 ; Delarue et al. 2013 ). Historical observations for the Chukchi Sea indicate that all three species typically departed the Chukchi Sea in October with gray whales sometimes leaving in November (Nikulin 1946 ; Berzin 1984 ; Sleptsov 1961 ) although the accuracy of these historical observations were restricted by sea ice, weather, and reduced daylight. In the present study, fin whale departure dates for 2009‒2017 ranged from 31 October to 17 November, however in 2018, fin whale calls were heard well into early December (departure date = 3 December). Humpback whales similarly were last heard in the study region in late October and early November, with the latest departure date on 24 November 2018. Gray whales were typically the last to leave the study area with departure dates ranging from 12 November to 24 November. The departure dates for gray whales we calculated are 1‒2 months later than those observed by Moore et al. ( 2022 ) using acoustic data recorded at a point ~ 78 km southwest of Point Hope in the Chukchi Sea (~ 179 km north of our mooring site). The difference in departure dates could be due to the gradual movement of gray whales southward during their fall migration. Additionally, fewer gray whale calls were recorded at the Point Hope location for 2018 in comparison to 2012‒2017 (Moore et al. 2022 ), whereas 2018 was a good year for gray whale detections at the A3 mooring site (Fig. S7). Possible explanations for this discrepancy include the limited spatial coverage of hydrophones in the Chukchi Sea and imperfect detection associated with acoustic data (Moore et al. 2022 ). Whales must vocalize to be detected using passive acoustics, and it is possible that calling gray whales could have been out of range of either hydrophone during the fall migration period. Fin whales left the study region an average of 3 days later each year, while there was no significant trend in humpback whales departure dates. Gray whales departed the study region around the same time each year and their departure dates did not have any significant correlations to any environmental variables. Our results support the hypothesis set forth by Guazzo et al. ( 2019 ) that gray whale migration may be driven by instinct and their biological clocks rather than environmental cues. We did not find a significant correlation between the departure dates and freeze-up dates (when sea-ice concentration > 80%). Instead, the departure of fin and humpback whales from the study region was influenced by water temperature. Note that fin whale departure dates were also significantly correlated with mean water speeds from the previous winter, however this relationship is likely driven by 2017 and 2018 which had abnormally high water speeds in winter. Strong northward water speeds coupled with warmer temperatures in summer and fall 2017 delayed sea-ice formation in the Chukchi Sea (Wang et al. 2021 ), allowing whales to stay for longer in the region that fall. Similarly, strong water speeds along with warmer temperatures during the winter of 2017‒2018 likely prevented sea ice from forming as far south as in previous years, reducing total sea-ice extent for the region, and allowing whales to remain in the Chukchi Sea for longer in fall 2018. Tsujii et al. ( 2016 ) found that the departure of fin whales from the southern Chukchi Sea corresponded to a decrease in water temperatures and salinities, implying that changes in temperature may trigger the southward migration of fin whales. It is possible, then, that the lack of such a cold-water signal in 2017 and 2018 in the Chukchi Sea resulted in later departure dates for fin whales. However, whether the connection between fin whale departure dates and temperature is determined by thermal tolerances, decreased feeding opportunities in the fall, or other environmental conditions associated with temperature is unclear. Given that fin whales were regularly observed swimming close to sea ice in the Pacific Arctic in the past (Sleptsov 1961 ), it is likely that other changes in the environment related to warmer temperatures affected the whales’ migration timing rather than any physiological limitations. Instead, warmer temperatures could extend the ice-free period in areas where subarctic whales feed in the fall. Both the Bering and Chukchi shelves have experienced rapid warming over the past decade, which in turn, has affected ice patterns in the region. Danielson et al. ( 2020 ) found that the warming rate for the Chukchi Sea tripled from 0.14 ± 0.07°C decade − 1 to 0.43 ± 0.35°C decade − 1 from 1990 to 2018. Warmer ocean temperatures impact the formation of sea ice in winter and ice retention in spring (Serreze et al. 2019 ; Kodaira et al. 2020 ), leading to unprecedented low winter and spring ice cover in the Pacific Arctic (Danielson et al. 2020 ). The Bering Strait inflow has also warmed over 1990‒2018 (0.05 ± 0.02°C year − 1 ) with longer durations of the warm-water period (from 5.5 months in the 1990s to > 7 months in 2017) on account of earlier warming (1.3 ± 0.7 days year − 1 ; Woodgate 2018 ; Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz 2021 ). Warmer seasonal temperatures are extending the ice-free period in the Chukchi Sea, potentially allowing fin and humpback whales to delay their southward migration. Alternatively, and perhaps concurrently, warmer conditions throughout the Pacific could mean reduced quality and quantity of prey for subarctic baleen whales (Arimitsu et al. 2021 ). The occurrence of an unusual mortality event (UME) for fin whales in 2015 following a heatwave in the North Pacific (2014‒2016) suggests that warmer conditions are leading to poorer feeding conditions elsewhere in their range, leading to starvation (Savage 2017 ). Humpback whales in the Hawaii Distinct Population Segment have exhibited declines in reproductive rates between 2013 and 2018, possibly in connection to the North Pacific heatwave (Cartwright et al. 2019 ). Therefore, both species may be staying longer in the Chukchi Sea to acquire greater fat reserves before migrating south. 4.3 Environmental Influence on Whale Presence The importance of day of the year (DOY) in the fin and humpback models suggests that time of the year is highly influential in determining the probability of a calling whale being present for both species. The peaks in fin and humpback detections in October and November are likely connected to increased vocalization rates among male fin and humpback whales (Stafford et al. 2007 ; Kowarski et al. 2019). Visual observations of fin and humpback whales in the Bering Strait region also indicate that both species depart the area in fall (Sleptsov 1961 ; Melnikov et al. 2019). In contrast, DOY had low importance in the gray whale model, suggesting that time of the year has little effect on the probability of hearing a gray whale call. Also, gray whales have low vocalization rates (0.74 calls hr − 1 ; Cummings et al. 1968 ), which likely contributed to low rates of detection throughout the open-water season. Near-bottom temperature was included in all three species’ models, while near-bottom salinity was only included in the humpback and gray whale models. The range of near-bottom water temperatures (~ 1‒ 4°C) and salinities (31‒32 psu) identified by models as contributing to higher probability of calling whales align with typical temperatures and salinities observed at A3 (Woodgate 2018 ; Fig. 5 ). Similarly, the range of SST that had the highest probabilities of a calling fin whale being present match the range of fall mean SST at the mooring site (Woodgate 2018 ; Fig. 5 a). Therefore, it is unclear if the models identified preferred temperature and salinity ranges for whales, or simply reflect seasonal conditions at the mooring site. The effect of SST on the acoustic occurrence of humpback and gray whales exhibited divergent patterns, likely due to the difference in detection densities for the two species. Unlike fin whales, who were mostly detected in fall, humpback whales were heard throughout the summer when SST are higher on average (Fig. 5 a). Therefore, the probability of calling humpback whales being present increased with increasing SST. The effect of SST on gray whale acoustic occurrence had a somewhat bimodal shape, with an increase in probability of gray whale occurrence when SSTs were around 1°C and 7°C (Fig. 11 ). The first peak associated with colder SSTs could reflect the increase in gray whale detections in spring when colder temperatures prevail (Woodgate 2018 ; Fig. 5 a), while the second peak was likely driven by warmer SSTs in summer. Additionally, 2017 and 2018 had high SST throughout the open-water period and higher abundances of recordings with whale calls (Fig. 3 ), likely driving the relationship between water temperature and the presence of calling whales. Along with day of the year, water speed was among the most important variables with calling whales more likely to be present at the mooring site when water speeds were low to moderate (< 20 cm s − 1 ). The most likely explanation is that instrument strumming caused by water flowing past the mooring could have obscured calls in the spectrograms, leading to lower detection rates when water speeds were high. Though we scanned the spectrograms to identify calls rather than using an automated detector, missed detections are a factor when recording in the Bering Strait due to the presence of strong northward currents throughout the open-water season (Woodgate et al. 2005 ; Woodgate 2018 ). Also, singing fin and humpback whales are known to swim more slowly than non-singing whales, maintaining speeds of 1.1 m s − 1 to 3.9 m s − 1 in the case of fin whales (McDonald et al. 1995 ; Soule and Wilcock 2013 ; Varga et al. 2018; Clark et al. 2019 ; Guazzo et al. 2021 ) and 0.4‒0.5 m s − 1 for humpback whales (Frankel et al. 1995 ). Whales may therefore choose to cease vocalizing when water speeds are strong to conserve energy. Whale acoustic presence was also impacted by wind speeds according to the humpback and gray models, with low to moderate wind speeds (≤ 10 m s − 1 ) more favorable for detection of calls. Wind and water speeds in the Bering Strait are highly correlated, with faster flow speeds caused by stronger wind speeds, although the relationship is asymmetric due to the background northward flow at zero wind (Woodgate et al. 2005 ). It is no surprise then that slower wind speeds were indicated by the models as increasing the probability of detection. Also, most days during the study period had wind speeds ≤ 10 m s − 1 , therefore low wind speeds are more common during the open-water season in the strait. The presence and strength of a thermal front near the A3 mooring site in the previous month (‘SST Gradient Lagged’) was included in all three models, though the relationship between the gradient and the probability of a calling whale being present varied for the three species. Though its intensity and presence changes over the season, a front reliably forms off the coast of Point Hope, Alaska, (~ 179 km north of A3) at the boundary of the Alaskan Coastal Current, and fin, humpback, and gray whales are often seen feeding there (Bluhm et al. 2007 ; Clarke et al. 2013 ; Clarke et al. 2016 ; Brower et al. 2018 ; Moore et al. 2022 ). The location and intensity of fronts created by water masses in the Chukchi Sea are likely important factors that drive patterns in subarctic baleen whale occurrence, and should be explored in future research. 5. Conclusions Our goal for this study was to better understand the connection between the presence of subarctic whales and environmental factors in the Pacific Arctic. We found that the years with the highest detections of subarctic whales were also the warmest and had the highest water speeds, supporting the hypotheses put forth by Delarue et al. ( 2013 ) and Woodgate et al. ( 2015 ) that increases in transport through the Bering Strait along with warmer temperatures would lead to increases in the occurrence of subarctic whales in the region. Though we observed interannual variation in the occurrence and abundance of the three species, as estimated by their vocal activity, all three species regularly travel through the Bering Strait and thus, are an important part of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem during the open-water period. Our study was conducted over a decade of intense warming for the Arctic; the ten warmest years on record for the entire Arctic all occurred after 2011 (Ballinger et al. 2022 ). From 2014 to 2018, the Pacific Arctic experienced increasingly warmer temperatures with increased heat flux into the Bering and Chukchi seas (Danielson et al. 2020 ) which coincided with a strong El Niño event and heatwave in the North Pacific in 2015‒2016 (Joh and Di Lorenzo 2017 ). Despite warmer conditions, portions of the northern Bering Sea still had spring sea ice prior to 2018 (Stabeno and Bell 2019 ), allowing for the formation of both an ice-edge bloom and an open-water bloom in the Bering Strait (Kikuchi et al. 2020 ). However, that all changed with the winter of 2017‒2018 which had the lowest sea-ice extent on record in the northern Bering Sea (Stabeno and Bell 2019 ). Reduced ice cover in winter 2018 led to a contraction in the areal extent of the ice-edge bloom and delayed the open-water bloom (Duffy-Anderson et al. 2019; Kikuchi et al. 2020 ), which likely had cascading impacts on the food web. The loss of springtime ice in 2018 followed by another ice-free spring in 2019 added further evidence that a hypothesized regime change is underway in the Pacific Arctic (Huntington et al. 2020 ; Ballinger and Overland 2022 ). Whether the changes in sea ice and warmer temperatures will lead to better conditions for subarctic baleen whales in this region, however, remains to be seen (Moore and Huntington 2008 ; Moore 2016 ). Our results suggest that subarctic baleen whales are already modifying their behavior in response to changes in the Pacific Arctic and are delaying their fall migrations. Statements and Declarations Author Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Erica D. Escajeda. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Erica D. Escajeda and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements This study is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant number DGE-1256082. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF. We also thank the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences for providing funding for the primary author. Additional funding for this study was provided to K. Stafford from the North Pacific Research Board Arctic IERP (A94-00), the Office of Naval Research Marine Mammals and Biology Program N000141712274, and the National Science Foundation Polar Programs ARC-1107106; and to R. Woodgate from the NSF Arctic Observing Network PLR-1304052, 1758565 and 2153942. We would like to thank the crew of the R/V Norseman II for their support in retrieving and deploying the moorings. Many thanks to Alex Hornof, Trevor Branch, and Lisa Eisner whose feedback greatly improved earlier versions of this manuscript. 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Supplementary Files EscajedaetalAcousticoccurrenceofsubarcticwhales3May2024SUPPLEMENTARY.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Polar Biology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 11 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 23 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 23 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 09 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4397210","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":310084371,"identity":"805b0cad-5948-45a8-aaa5-0f32048310b9","order_by":0,"name":"Erica D. Escajeda","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYo4wCDBEMFkGZmbsCtGlPLGZAWuAgRQIKxDcUQ7IBf+nDjhx8VdfL8jYcP3vg5rzaavx2o5UfFNpxaJPsSmyV7zhw2nHHgWLJl77bjuTMOMzYw9py5jVOLwRmgY3jbDiQwHDhjJsG77VhuA1ALM2Mbbi32QC2Mf//VJcgfOP9N8u+cY7nzCWkx4GFsY+ZtYE4wOHCGTZq3oSZ3AyEtEmcYm6Vljh023HjgmLG1zLEDuRuBWg7i8wt/D/vDj29q6uTlbhx+eBPIyJ13/vDBBz8qcGtBsu8AiDwMZh8gQj3IvgYQWUec4lEwCkbBKBhRAABh/GDcAH2SbwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Washington","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erica","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Escajeda","suffix":""},{"id":310084373,"identity":"5c6f0bb4-8294-47fa-adfe-bc2f3c9da5e6","order_by":1,"name":"Kathleen M. Stafford","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Oregon State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kathleen","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Stafford","suffix":""},{"id":310084374,"identity":"e10e9dcb-5f43-460f-adb6-d4fa361df299","order_by":2,"name":"Rebecca A. Woodgate","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Washington","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rebecca","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Woodgate","suffix":""},{"id":310084376,"identity":"9bfcd89d-31a5-4730-bd7b-44eea535c0eb","order_by":3,"name":"Kristin L. Laidre","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Washington","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kristin","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Laidre","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-09 21:54:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4397210/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4397210/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-024-03314-0","type":"published","date":"2024-10-17T15:58:01+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57792530,"identity":"323ae87c-ebf4-454f-b584-efe6bfe9f96b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":241657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of study area and the Bering Strait region. The white circle around A3 indicates the extent of the 30-km region which we used to calculate the sea-surface temperature gradient. The magnitude of the SST gradient was then used as a proxy for thermal front strength. The four wind data points from NOAA's National Center for Atmospheric Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) dataset are included (stars). The inset map shows the study area (orange box) along with the boundaries for the Chukchi Sea as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details\u0026amp;id=4257\"\u003ehttp://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details\u0026amp;id=4257\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/f13e25d54a3d11cbe4828b63.png"},{"id":57792529,"identity":"07811c0e-d3ca-4cb5-9cac-70558b1225a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProportion of hourly recordings with whale calls by month during the open-water season for humpback whales, fin whales, and gray whales at the A3 mooring site. Vertical lines separate each year while the gray shaded areas indicate periods with no recordings.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/f37e0b8ccb8f677e13064ec3.png"},{"id":57792531,"identity":"3ee1ca3a-39e1-4c08-8de0-fbf5bd2bfabf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32561,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProportion of October‒November recordings with whale calls by year for each species.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/f623966682c47598da7331f3.png"},{"id":57793093,"identity":"b93182da-cc17-47e4-aaad-62d23a3669cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:09:48","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation of Chukchi Sea ice melt-out (\u0026lt; 80% concentration) in the spring, and freeze-up (≥ 80% concentration) in the fall for the study period (2009‒2018) (light blue). The dark blue area represents the open-water period (sea ice concentration ≤ 15%).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/d018dbf4aa3bb93d545318e0.png"},{"id":57792536,"identity":"5548e1aa-2636-4538-a293-a2d99145037e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":759069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlots of (a) seasonal mean near-bottom (‘SBE Temp’) and sea-surface (SST) temperatures, and (b) near-bottom salinities (‘SBE Salt’) against year.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/d86fc093998e45b6605c9107.png"},{"id":57792535,"identity":"a2f5438b-f83c-4926-8254-59ecbdd6f57a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":553985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a)\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eArrival and (b) departure days of the year for fin whales (FW; circles), humpback whales (HB; squares), and gray whales (GW; triangles). Arrival dates shown for the years that had recordings available in spring (2014‒2016, 2018). Linear regressions are shown as dotted lines. The days of the year when sea ice concentrations reached \u0026lt; 80% in the Chukchi Sea (‘CS Ice Melt’) and ≥ 80% concentration (‘CS Ice Freeze’) are included with the arrival and departure dates for illustrative purposes (dashed points).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/88bfc1631de8ef7f4b888b38.png"},{"id":57792539,"identity":"a3410911-0a22-42c3-b28c-dfee6b146f55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:49","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":745779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults from the Pearson correlation tests (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) and linear regression between departure days for fin whales (top) and humpback whales (bottom) and seasonal mean sea-surface temperatures (SST; from the NOAA Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature [OISST] dataset; °C), and near-bottom temperatures (from SBE-16 instrument; °C). Seasons were defined as follows: winter = 21 Dec‒20 Mar, spring = 21 Mar‒20 Jun, summer = 21 Jun‒20 Sep, and fall = 21 Sep‒20 Dec. See Table S2 for the linear equations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/317fd2f872fc5f39a8fe0c2f.png"},{"id":57792541,"identity":"a86daa27-2315-4afc-8c12-d7e8d93196eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:49","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":303308,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults from the Pearson correlation test (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) and linear regression between fin whale departure days and winter mean water speeds (ADCP data; cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Winter was defined by the period 21 December‒20 March.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/10203cf78d42876d07a35a96.png"},{"id":57792534,"identity":"c8e44e8e-55ad-474e-a2fc-453e059534c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePlots of the additive smoothing fits for the best fin whale model with the smoothed functions for the daily probability of a calling fin whale being present in relation to temporal (day of the year, DOY), and environmental conditions. Daily means were used for the environmental covariates, including near-bottom temperature, sea surface temperatures (SST), and water speed. The ‘SST Gradient’ represents the maximum difference in daily mean SSTs between grid cells within a 30-km radius around the mooring site, which was then lagged by one month (‘Lagged SST Gradient’). The lines indicate the effect of the covariate on the probability and the gray areas represent the standard errors for the effect of the smoothed term.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/f675bd456e609ac60fa8fa1b.png"},{"id":57792538,"identity":"79ca899f-789f-448f-a216-95c73e49a20f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThis image is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/5e242a888657982c46c089fb.png"},{"id":57792537,"identity":"996b2f54-2608-4084-a5a7-b124d3c539c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:01:48","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlots of the additive smoothing fits for the best gray whale model with the smoothed functions for the daily probability of a calling gray whale being present in relation to temporal (day of the year, DOY), and environmental conditions. Daily means were used for the environmental covariates including near-bottom temperature and salinity, sea-surface temperatures (SST), water speed, and wind speed. The ‘Lagged SST Gradient’ represents the maximum difference in daily mean SSTs between grid cells within a 30-km radius around the mooring site lagged by one month. The lines indicate the effect of the covariate on the probability and the gray areas represent the standard errors for the effect of the smoothed term.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/2496e507d1f0b730136712e4.png"},{"id":67149744,"identity":"6a6cc051-2c8d-4bbb-93db-480277198407","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 16:14:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3947086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/2d8378b0-9e97-41de-8de8-cde2c0ee2f15.pdf"},{"id":57793094,"identity":"94da2e82-8158-493d-b550-003b058a65c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-05 18:09:48","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":7888026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EscajedaetalAcousticoccurrenceofsubarcticwhales3May2024SUPPLEMENTARY.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4397210/v1/1f2dd7f02a892ab4578232c2.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The acoustic presence and migration timing of subarctic baleen whales in the Bering Strait in relation to environmental factors","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the connection between species occurrence and environmental factors is crucial for predicting the effects of habitat shifts on recovering populations of marine mammals. Climate change in combination with other anthropogenic stressors\u0026mdash;such as fishing gear entanglements, ship collisions, and increased ocean noise\u0026mdash;may impact the recovery of baleen whale populations from commercial whaling that took place throughout the 20th century (Clapham \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Tulloch et al. 2019; Nelms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, changes in ocean conditions related to climate change and masking of calls from conspecifics\u0026mdash;or individuals from the same species\u0026mdash;by ocean noise may obscure the cues whales use to facilitate their migrations (Clark et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Torres \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Identifying the drivers of baleen whale migration and distribution, therefore, is necessary to understand how baleen whales will respond to habitat shifts associated with climate change (Hazen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Abrahms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Meynecke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The present study seeks to characterize the occurrence of subarctic baleen whales in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea, including identifying migration timing, and the factors that influence whale presence during the open-water season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chukchi Sea is a shallow continental-shelf sea that owes its productivity to the influx of nutrient-rich Pacific waters that are advected northward by currents through the Bering Strait (Grebmeier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The combination of abundant daylight during the polar summer along with a steady supply of advected nutrients make the Chukchi Sea one of the world\u0026rsquo;s most productive marine ecosystems (Grebmeier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Zerbini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). High primary production rates in the spring outpace the grazing rates of pelagic zooplankton, thus much of the primary producer biomass is transported to the seafloor where it supports rich benthic communities (Grebmeier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to nutrients, Pacific water masses also transport zooplankton, including large copepods (Eisner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Ershova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Pinchuk and Eisner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Spear et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and euphausiids (Berline et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), as well as juvenile forage fish species (Levine et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) into the Chukchi Sea. Three dominant water masses flow through the Bering Strait and into the Chukchi Sea. The cold, salty, and productive Anadyr Water flows on the western side of the Bering Strait, the warmer and less salty Bering Sea Water flows through the center of the strait, while the still warmer and fresher Alaskan Coastal Current flows along the eastern side against the Alaskan coast in summer to early winter (Coachman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Grebmeier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Weingartner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Fronts form where these water masses meet (Coachman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Bluhm et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Danielson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), trapping zooplankton and small fish. Additionally, eddies form in the wake of the Diomede Islands north of the strait (Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), vertically mixing the water column and creating isolated water zones, fronts, and upwelling. The replenishment of nutrients to the surface by mixing promotes phytoplankton blooms (Hasegawa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), which in turn create feeding opportunities for upper trophic levels, including baleen whales.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubarctic baleen whales\u0026mdash;humpback (\u003cem\u003eMegaptera novaeangliae\u003c/em\u003e), fin (\u003cem\u003eBalaenoptera physalus\u003c/em\u003e), and gray whales (\u003cem\u003eEschrichtius robustus\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026mdash;migrate into the Chukchi Sea during the late spring and summer months to take advantage of the seasonal abundance of prey (Brower et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Stafford et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Fin and humpback whales are generalist pelagic predators, feeding primarily on euphausiids, including \u003cem\u003eEuphausia pacifica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eThysanoessa inermis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. longipes\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eT. spinifera\u003c/em\u003e in the North Pacific as well as \u003cem\u003eT. raschii\u003c/em\u003e in the Bering Sea (Nemoto \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e; Szabo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Both fin and humpback whales also prey on forage fish species such as capelin (\u003cem\u003eMallotus villosus\u003c/em\u003e), Pacific herring (\u003cem\u003eClupea pallasii\u003c/em\u003e), Pacific sand lance (\u003cem\u003eAmmodytes hexapterus\u003c/em\u003e), and juvenile walleye pollock (\u003cem\u003eGadus chalcogrammus\u003c/em\u003e) (Nemoto \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e; Krieger and Wing \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Szabo 2014; Reidy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Fin and humpback whales prey switch depending on availability (Payne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e), giving them greater flexibility in their diets. Additionally, both species exhibit niche partitioning in some regions of the North Pacific with fin whales consuming more euphausiids, while humpback whales consume more forage fish (Witteveen and Wynne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, gray whales are primarily benthic grazers and target tube-dwelling amphipods such as \u003cem\u003eAmpelisca macrocephala\u003c/em\u003e (Highsmith and Coyle \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), though they have been known to take a wide variety of prey throughout their range, including mysids and pelagic euphausiids (Nerini \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have found interannual variation in the presence of fin and humpback whales in the Chukchi Sea during the open-water season. More fin whale calls were recorded in the northeast Chukchi Sea in 2007 than in 2009‒2010 by Delarue et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) while a study by Woodgate et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) indicated higher detection rates of fin whales in the southern Chukchi Sea in 2009 and 2012 than in 2010 and 2011. Similarly, more humpback whale calls were recorded in the southern Chukchi Sea in 2009 and 2012 than in 2010 and 2011 (Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Both studies attribute the increased presence of the two species to warmer conditions, earlier sea-ice retreat coupled with low sea-ice extent, higher transport through the Bering Strait, and shifts in the distribution of the productive Anadyr Water mass (Delarue et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). While the presence of fin and humpback whales in the Chukchi Sea varies from year to year, gray whales are reliably observed in the region each summer (Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Clarke and Moore 2002; Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Brower et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Declining sea ice may benefit gray whales in the short term since earlier ice melt in the spring allows them to forage earlier in the spring and delays in ice formation allows them to graze for longer in the fall (Perryman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Stewart et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). However, few observations have been collected on the timing of the gray whale southward migration out of the Chukchi Sea, so it is unclear if gray whales are extending their residence time in the Pacific Arctic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny variation in the presence of the three whale species is likely dependent on prey availability, which in turn, is dependent on environmental conditions in the Chukchi Sea. Environmental variability in the Chukchi Sea is driven by the presence and distribution of the major water masses, as well as changes in the Bering Strait throughflow, which in turn is dependent on local and far-field wind stress and ocean pressure gradients (Aagaard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Danielson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Peralta-Ferriz and Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Nguyen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Peralta-Ferriz and Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Changes in sea-ice cover and melt timing along with storms affect the structure of the water column, and thus, the timing of phytoplankton blooms (Hunt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sigler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies examining environmental influences on the presence of baleen whales found that primary production rates, and in turn, prey abundance, along with sea surface temperatures, bathymetry, and sea surface height influenced the acoustic presence of baleen whales (Širović and Hildebrand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Shabangu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ryan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Szesciorka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In the northern Chukchi Sea, Ashjian et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) found that interannual variability in the distribution of bowhead whales (\u003cem\u003eBalaena mysticetus\u003c/em\u003e) corresponded to both short-term (i.e., changes in wind speed and direction) and long-term environmental variability (i.e., sea ice and water mass distribution). What cues subarctic baleen whales use for finding their prey in the Pacific Arctic, however, remain unclear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing acoustic data along with \u003cem\u003ein situ\u003c/em\u003e and satellite-derived environmental variables collected over a decade in the Bering Strait region (2009‒2018), we examined whether fin, humpback, and gray whales shifted their migration timing in response to environmental conditions, and explored potential environmental influences on the presence of these species during the open-water season (May through early December).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 \u003cem\u003eAcoustic Data Collection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcoustic data were collected using an AURAL-M2 hydrophone (Autonomous Underwater Recorder for Acoustic Listening-Model 2, Multi-\u0026Eacute;lectronique, Inc.) attached to an oceanographic mooring (A3) positioned\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;35 km north of the Bering Strait (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The hydrophone was first installed on the mooring in September 2009 and was serviced annually, yielding a recording time series from September 2009 through December 2018. Data gaps indicate periods when the hydrophone\u0026rsquo;s batteries were depleted, or when the hydrophone was serviced. The hydrophone failed to record in 2016, resulting in a loss of data for fall 2016 through spring 2017. The hydrophone was set to record the first 10‒20 minutes of every hour at a sampling rate of 8192 Hz or 16384 Hz depending on the year (16-bit resolution) with a gain of 16 dB (2009‒2016) or 22 dB (2017 and 2018). The hydrophone was positioned 4\u0026ndash;8 m above the seafloor (depth at the A3 mooring site\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;56 m). See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for recording start/end dates, and the duty cycles for each year.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHydrophone deployment data, positions, and recording settings (duty cycle refers to the recording time per hour). Dates are in the format \u0026lsquo;YYYY-MM-DD.\u0026rsquo; The \u0026lsquo;Record Start/End\u0026rsquo; dates indicate when the hydrophone started and stopped recording, however we only analyzed recordings for the open-water season (May through freeze-up in November/December of each year).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeployment Year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLatitude N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecord Start Date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecord\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd Date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSampling Rate (Hz)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHourly Duty Cycle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2009-09-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-03-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-08-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011-02-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011-10-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012-05-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012-09-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013-05-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013-07-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014-07-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014-07-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-07-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.97\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-07-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2016-07-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.95\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017-08-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018-07-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.33\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.95\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018-08-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019-09-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpectrograms of the acoustic data were visualized in the software \u003cem\u003eIshmael\u003c/em\u003e (2014 version; Mellinger \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) using a fast Fourier transform size of 4096 samples, a Hanning window, and spectrogram equalization enabled with a time constant of 30 s. Recordings with whale calls were identified by visually inspecting the spectrograms. For each calendar year, we scanned recordings from May, when sea ice typically retreats in the study area (Stroeve et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Serreze et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Grebmeier et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), through to freeze-up when sea ice concentration in the Chukchi Sea first rose above 80% (typically late November to mid-December; see next section for sea ice methods). If a call from any of the three study species was captured by a recording, we counted that species as present for that hour. Note that we could not assume the absence of whales since we were only able to detect calling individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Data Collection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe quantified sea ice melt and formation dates in the Chukchi Sea to compare with the migration timing of whales in and out of the region. We defined the Chukchi Sea using boundaries defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details\u0026amp;id=4257\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Daily sea ice concentrations were obtained from the Special Scanning Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) dataset (25-km resolution; Cavalieri 1996). We defined the initiation of sea ice melt-out as the day when the average sea ice concentration in the Chukchi Sea dropped below 80% for the last time that calendar year, while freeze-up onset was defined as the day when average ice concentration first reached above 80%. We defined an area as \u0026lsquo;ice-free\u0026rsquo; if the average sea ice concentration was \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;15%, a threshold commonly used to indicate the initiation of the open-water period (Serreze et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Stroeve et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental predictors were selected based on their hypothesized potential to influence the presence of baleen whales. \u003cem\u003eIn-situ\u003c/em\u003e environmental predictors were recorded by other sensors on the mooring and included near-bottom temperature and salinity (40‒55 m depth) measured by Sea-Bird Electronics (SBE) sensors (model #16), and water velocity (cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) measured by Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP; Woodgate \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). We analyzed ADCP water velocities from the bin closest to ~\u0026thinsp;30 m depth to measure mid-water column velocities while avoiding contamination by waves and other surface activity. Note that at this mooring site, the water velocity is dominantly barotropic (Woodgate et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Boxplots and Cleveland dot plots (Cleveland \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) were generated for each environmental covariate to identify outliers and violations of homogeneity. We removed any outliers before we calculated daily averages.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn addition to the \u003cem\u003ein-situ\u003c/em\u003e mooring data, we also examined wind speed and direction, as well as satellite-derived sea-surface temperatures (SST). Daily mean wind speed (m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and direction were calculated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis 2 (NARR) 6-hourly wind data product (grid size of ~\u0026thinsp;32 km; Mesinger et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). We calculated daily mean wind speed by taking the average of the northward (\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e) and eastward components (\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e) for the four NCEP-NARR 2 grid points nearest to the mooring site (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). We then averaged the vectors across the four grid points, and used the mean vectors (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\stackrel{-}{u}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\stackrel{-}{v}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) to calculate mean wind speed for a given day (\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e) using the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$${daily mean wind speed}_{i}=\\sqrt{\\left({\\stackrel{-}{u}}_{i}^{2}+{\\stackrel{-}{v}}_{i}^{2}\\right)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily mean SST were calculated for the grid point closest to the mooring site using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) gridded dataset (0.25\u0026deg; resolution; Reynolds et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 \u003cem\u003eMigration Timing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe estimated the arrival and departure of whales from the study region by calculating the 5% (arrival) and 95% quantiles (departure) of the cumulative distribution of days with whale calls present, as per Hauser et al. (2017). We only had recordings in the spring for four years (2014‒2016, and 2018), whereas we had nine years of fall recordings (2009‒2015, 2017‒2018). Therefore, we focused our statistical analyses on the fall departure dates. We tested the departure dates for annual trends using linear regressions, for correlations to freeze-up in the Chukchi Sea using Pearson correlation tests, and for correlations and linear relationships to seasonal environmental conditions. We defined the four seasons using the solstices and equinoxes as the boundaries: winter\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21 December of previous year through 20 March, spring\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21 March through 20 June, summer\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21 June through 20 September, and fall\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21 September through 20 December. Seasonal means were calculated for near-bottom temperatures and salinities (\u0026lsquo;SBE Temp\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;SBE Salt\u0026rsquo;), SST, water speeds, and wind speeds. Due to correlations between multiple seasonal means (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e), we built separate linear models for each species and predictor with departure dates (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) as the response variable. For example, we tested for a linear relationship between departure dates for e.g., fin whales (FW) and a predictor (e.g., the spring mean of near-bottom temperatures for the corresponding year), by fitting the following equation to the data, using least squares to obtain the constants \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\beta }_{0}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\beta }_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for each predictor:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$FW Departure Dates= {\\beta }_{0}+{\\beta }_{1}\\left(Spring SBE Temp\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 \u003cem\u003eModeling the Relationship Between Whale Presence and Environmental Covariates\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe conducted an exploratory modeling analysis to determine potential temporal and environmental covariates associated with the probability of observing whale calls (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e) during the open-water season. Our analyses included examining the influence of time of year, quantified as day of the year (DOY), and environmental conditions at the mooring site on the acoustic presence of each whale species.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConditions measured at or near the mooring site included daily means for: temperature and salinity near the bottom (\u0026lsquo;SBE Temp\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;SBE Salt\u0026rsquo;), SST, water speed (cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), wind speed (m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and wind direction (included as a categorical variable). Sea ice extent for the Chukchi Sea was considered for the models, however preliminary correlation tests found that sea ice extent was highly correlated with both SST and near-bottom temperatures. Since all three whale species are typically in the study region when it is ice-free, we omitted sea ice extent as an explanatory variable, and retained SST and near-bottom water temperatures. Ocean-basin scale indices such as the Arctic Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index, and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Index were also considered for the models, however preliminary tests with these covariates resulted in large models that were likely overfitting the data. Moreover, factors relevant to the indices, such as SST, were already included in the models. Therefore, ocean-scale indices were excluded from our models.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFronts form important feeding habitats for baleen whales (Bluhm et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Bost et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Scales et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Bassoi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and can be identified using horizontal gradients in water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll concentration, and sea surface height (Bluhm et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). We used high-resolution SST data from the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Level 4 sea surface temperature analysis product (0.054\u0026deg;, ~ 6-km resolution) to calculate the maximum gradient in SST in any direction within 30-km of the mooring site, taking the magnitude of this maximum as a proxy of the strength of any thermal fronts within this region (see Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A 30-km radius was chosen since this is the midpoint of the estimated detection range for fin whale calls in the northeast Chukchi Sea (14‒74 km; Delarue et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Fin whales produce the lowest frequency calls of the three species at ~\u0026thinsp;20 Hz (Watkins \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Watkins et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) and lower frequency calls travel farther underwater than higher frequency calls. Therefore the 30-km radius likely captures the maximum detection ranges for all three species in the shallow Chukchi Sea. In addition to the daily value for the 30-km SST gradient, we also included a one-month lagged version of the SST gradient in our model (i.e., the SST gradient one month prior to when calls were recorded) to test for a delay between the presence of a front and the presence of a calling whale(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the response variable, the acoustic data were converted into counts of hourly recordings with calls present (\u0026ldquo;Detected\u0026rdquo;) along with the number of recordings that did not have calls present (\u0026ldquo;Not Detected\u0026rdquo;) for each day. Thus, our response variable consisted of a Bernoulli outcome for each day where the \u0026lsquo;successes\u0026rsquo; were the number of hourly recordings when whale calls were detected, and the \u0026lsquo;failures\u0026rsquo; were the number of hourly recordings when whale calls were not detected. The ratio of successes to the total number of available Bernoulli trials per day (24 hours) represents the probability of a calling whale being present on any given day. Given that the probability of a calling whale being present during a given hour was likely influenced by whether a calling whale was present the previous hour, our model choice was driven by the need to account for the fact that the Bernoulli outcomes in our response variable were not independent of each other. Also, our data had more hourly recordings with zero calls than expected, therefore our data were zero-inflated. The beta-binomial distribution does not assume independent Bernoulli outcomes and is a good choice when zero-inflation is a concern (Hisakado et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Martin et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). We did not know a priori the functional form of the relationship between whale presence and the predictors; therefore we also required a non-parametric model fitting algorithm that could accommodate a beta-binomial distribution. Generalized additive models for location, shape, and scale (GAMLSS) are robust to more complex distributions, such as beta-binomial, and allow for nonparametric predictors (Monnahan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe generated our beta-binomial GAMLSS models using the \u003cem\u003egamlss\u003c/em\u003e package in \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e (Rigby and Stasinopoulos \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), and ran separate models for each species with all years combined (2009\u0026ndash;2018, excluding 2016 due to recorder failure). Following Monnahan et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), we fit the same predictors for both the probability of observing whale calls on a given day (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e) and the over-dispersion parameter (\u003cem\u003e\u0026sigma;\u003c/em\u003e). We used cubic splines (cs) for the environmental variables, and penalized b-spline smoothers (pb) for DOY:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote that all variables except for wind direction were continuous; wind direction was included as a categorical variable or \u0026lsquo;factor variable,\u0026rsquo; and thus, does not have a smoother. The type of smoother used as well as model selection were based on the Akaike information criterion score (AIC) with a correction for small sample sizes (AICc; Akaike \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). To avoid multicollinearity among the model parameters, we tested pairs of variables using Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation tests and eliminated any predictor variables with a correlation factor \u0026gt; |0.7|\u0026mdash;signifying a moderately strong correlation\u0026mdash;and \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, following \u0026Scaron;irović and Hildebrand (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Predictors were selected using the \u003cem\u003estepGAIC\u003c/em\u003e function (Rigby and Stasinopoulos \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) applied to the full model in \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e, which performed backwards stepwise selection using Generalized AIC (GAIC) as the model selection criterion. Next, we applied the \u003cem\u003edrop1\u003c/em\u003e function from the \u003cem\u003estats\u003c/em\u003e package in \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e to the final model for each species to check for any spurious covariates. The \u003cem\u003edrop1\u003c/em\u003e function systematically removes one variable at a time and compares the AIC score of the reduced model to that of the full model. Any variables that did not significantly decrease the likelihood relative to the full model (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were removed. Finally, we assessed the relative importance of each predictor variable in the final model using an incremental \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test where the incremental \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for a predictor variable equals the increase in the value of the model\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e when the predictor is the last predictor added to the model (Cohen et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). For the incremental \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e tests, we calculated the Cox and Snell \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Cox and Snell \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) for each model using the \u003cem\u003eRsq\u003c/em\u003e function from the \u003cem\u003egamlss\u003c/em\u003e package.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen fitting a smoothed nonparametric term, the effect of the predictor variable on the response variable cannot be interpreted using the coefficients. Instead, the influence of a predictor variable must be interpreted using the whole smoothing function (Stasinopoulos et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). We used the \u003cem\u003eterm.plot\u003c/em\u003e function in \u003cem\u003egamlss\u003c/em\u003e to plot the additive smoothing fits to evaluate the influence of each predictor on the probability of acoustic occurrence (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e). The relative direction of the curve for an explanatory variable represents the effect of the variable on \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e-axis is unitless and we used different scales for the \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e-axis to aid in legibility of each explanatory variable\u0026rsquo;s effect. Increasing values represent a positive effect of the explanatory variable on \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e, while declining values signify a negative effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 \u003cem\u003eAcoustic Detections\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe scanned a total of 33,371 audio files recorded at the A3 mooring site from 1 May to freeze-up in November and December 2009‒2018 (see Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e for freeze-up dates). Humpback whales were the most common species across the ten years (2009‒2018) with 20% of all recordings containing humpback whale calls. Fin whales were detected in 12% of all recordings, and gray whales were detected in 7% of all recordings. Detection of humpback and fin whale calls peaked in October whereas gray whale calls were heard throughout the open-water season at low levels with a peak in June‒August (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelt-out (sea ice concentration\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;80%) and freeze-up (sea ice concentration\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80%) initiation dates along with the start/end dates and length of the open-water period for the Chukchi Sea (see boundaries in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelt-out Initiation Date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpen-water Start Date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpen-water End Date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFreeze-up Initiation Date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpen-water Period Length (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Jul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 Jul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 Jun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Jun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 Jul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 Oct\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 Jun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 Jul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Jul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 Jun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 Jul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 May\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 Jun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 Jan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 Apr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 Jun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 Nov\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 Dec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe calculated the proportion of recordings with whale calls for October through November for each year to compare acoustic occurrence across the years. October and November were chosen since all years had recordings for these two months, and both months capture peak whale vocalization activity (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The years 2009, 2017, and 2018 had the highest proportion of recordings with humpback vocalizations with 66%, 75%, and 80% of the total recordings for October‒November containing humpback whale calls, respectively (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For fin whales, 2015, 2017, and 2018 had the highest proportion of recordings with fin whale vocalizations, with 77%, 75%, and 79% of the total recordings for October‒November containing fin whale calls, respectively. We observed the highest proportion of recordings with gray whale calls for October‒November in 2015 (51%) followed by 2013 (46%; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Conditions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSea ice conditions in the Chukchi Sea varied from year to year, with melt-out initiation (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;80% ice concentration) as early as 23 April 2018 and as late as 6 June 2013 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The Chukchi Sea was typically ice-free by late June to early July, except for 2012 when the open-water period did not start until 22 July. Freeze-up (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80% ice concentration) typically occurred in late November to mid-late December, with the earliest freeze-up on 28 November 2009 and the latest on 2 January 2018 (for winter 2017‒2018; Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The open-water period ranged from as short as 99 days in 2012 to as long as 152 days in 2014 and 2017 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental conditions at the mooring site were similarly variable, with some interesting patterns emerging in some years (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). Both 2017 and 2018 had abnormally warm winter temperatures in comparison to the other years (~\u0026thinsp;0.3\u0026deg;C warmer than the winter median surface and near-bottom temperatures for all nine years combined) likely due to shorter durations of sea ice cover. Warmer temperatures persisted into spring for both years, with SST\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg;C and near-bottom temperatures \u0026ge; ‒0.5\u0026deg;C. Summer temperatures varied across the years with mean near-bottom temperatures hovering between 1 and 4\u0026deg;C while mean SST ranged from 4 to 7\u0026deg;C (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). Water temperatures at both depths began cooling in fall, except for 2018 when both SST and near-bottom temperatures remained above 3\u0026deg;C throughout the fall season.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatterns in near-bottom salinities were relatively consistent across seasons, except for winter (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb). The year 2017 had abnormally fresh near-bottom salinities throughout the winter (0.7 psu lower than the winter median near-bottom salinity for the study period). The years 2015 and 2018 also had relatively low salinities during the winter, indicating a freshening of the near-bottom waters in winter, also noted by Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In spring, near-bottom salinities increased to values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;32 psu, with 2012 as an abnormal year with a seasonal mean salinity of 33 psu. Salinities stabilized in summer, with seasonal means hovering around 32.5 psu for all years (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb). Fall near-bottom salinities were more variable, with fresher salinities observed in 2012, 2013, and 2018 (31.8‒31.9 psu).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransport through the Bering Strait at the mooring site was northwestward throughout the year for all study years, with some occasional flow reversals observed in fall and winter (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). As observed by Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), mid-column water speeds at the mooring site (calculated here at 30 m depth) gradually increased over the study period (0.15 cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e per year; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02). Seasonal mean water speeds were highly variable with standard deviations ranging from 13 cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 27 cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Before 2017 and 2018, the fastest seasonal mean water speeds were observed in spring and summer, except for 2012 which had slower mean water speeds throughout the year (Fig. S2). In 2017, water speeds were highest in fall which carried over into winter of 2018. High northward water speeds coupled with warm temperatures could explain the late ice freeze-up for winter 2017‒2018 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeasonal mean winds in the Bering Strait region during the study period exhibited a general pattern of strong southward winds during the winter, switching to weaker southward winds in the spring and early summer (Fig. S3). Winds were mostly southward in the fall with speeds increasing as winter approached. Wind speeds rarely exceeded 10 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the year with annual mean wind speeds ranging between 6‒7 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.1‒3.5 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurface thermal fronts, indicated by higher SST gradients within 30-km of the mooring, were evident starting in June, though the strongest fronts (higher SST gradients) were observed in August (Figs. S4‒S6). The year 2014 had the highest SST gradient (~\u0026thinsp;5\u0026deg;C) which occurred in late August, followed by 2013 which had a\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C SST gradient in late August.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 \u003cem\u003eMigration Timing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGray whales had the earliest arrival dates of the three species, with arrival dates ranging from 7 May to 12 June for the years that had spring data available (2014‒2016 and 2018; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). Humpback whale calls were typically seen starting in early June with arrival dates ranging from 8 June to 25 July. Fin whales were first heard in the late summer with arrival dates ranging from 17 August to 13 September.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the fall detection data (2009‒2018, excluding 2016), all three species typically began to depart the Bering Strait region in late October. Humpback whales were usually the first to leave the study area, with departure dates starting in late October (mean departure\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4 November; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb). Fin whales typically left the region in early to mid-November (mean departure\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10 November), and gray whales were the last to leave with departure dates from mid to late November (mean departure\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18 November; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb). Over time, fin whales departed the Bering Strait 3 days later over the study period (standard error\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 day, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb), but trends for the other two species were non-significant. Also, there were no significant correlations between the departure dates for the three species and freeze-up dates for the Chukchi Sea (all Pearson \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.31). We did, however, find significant positive relationships between departure dates for fin and humpback whales and seasonal mean near-bottom temperatures for all four seasons (all Pearson \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.71, all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.02; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). We also found significant positive correlations between departure dates for fin and humpback whales and seasonal mean SSTs for all four seasons (all Pearson \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.74, all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.02; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), except between fin whale departure dates and summer SSTs (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15). Departure dates for fin whales were also positively correlated to higher water speeds in the previous winter (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The were no significant relationships between gray whale departure dates and seasonal mean environmental conditions at the mooring site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 \u003cem\u003eModeling Results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix models were within 10 AICc units of the best model for each species (Table S3) Among these models, day of the year (DOY), daily mean near-bottom temperatures (\u0026lsquo;SBETemp\u0026rsquo;), SST, water speed, and the lagged SST gradient (\u0026lsquo;SST Gradient Lagged,\u0026rsquo; lagged by one month) were included in all three species models (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe probability of observing fin whale calls increased with DOY, peaking between early September (DOY 250) and mid-November (~\u0026thinsp;DOY 325; Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The probability of calling fin whales being present increased with increasing near-bottom temperatures, with a peak between 4‒5\u0026deg;C, and calling fin whales were more likely to be heard on days with SSTs ranging from 1\u0026ndash;4\u0026deg;C. Water speed was the most important predictor for the fin whale model with a ‒15% change in R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e when the variable was removed from the model (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The probability of a calling fin whale being present decreased with faster water speeds (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), which was likely due to higher water speeds causing strumming noise which obscured whale calls in the spectrograms. The relationship between probability of calling fin whales being present and SST Gradient was negative, with probability decreasing as the SST gradient increased. This could be due to the lack of strong fronts during the fall when most calling fin whales were detected (Fig. S4). In contrast, more recordings with fin whale calls occurred when the SST gradient was within 2‒4\u0026deg;C the previous month, indicating that the presence of a thermal front earlier in the season may attract calling fin whales.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eLike with fin whales, the probability of observing humpback whale calls increased with DOY, particularly between early September (DOY 250) and early November (~\u0026thinsp;DOY 305; Fig. 10). Day of the year was the most important predictor for the humpback model, with a ‒12% change in the R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value according to the incremental R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). There was a bimodal relationship between near-bottom temperature and humpback calls, with a peak between 0\u0026ndash;2\u0026deg;C and another between 4\u0026ndash;5\u0026deg;C. Calling humpback whales were more likely to be present on days with warmer SST (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C). The probability of calling humpback whales being present decreased with increasing near-bottom salinity with a slight peak between 32 and 32.5 psu. Similar to fin whales, humpback whales were less likely to be heard on days with high winds and water speeds, likely because high wind and water speeds inhibit detection of humpback calls. The plot for SST Gradient shows a mostly negative relationship between the probability of calling humpbacks being present and the daily maximum SST gradient, similar to fin whales. However, the probability of a calling humpback being present increased with lagged SST gradients between 2‒4\u0026deg;C, with greater uncertainty towards higher gradients.\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere were two best gray whale models according to AICc (with equal R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), therefore we chose the simpler model (Table S3). The probability of a calling gray whale being present had a negative relationship with DOY. The probability of observing calling gray whales increased with increasing near-bottom temperatures (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), while the relationship with SST was bimodal with a slight peak in probability at ~\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C and another around 7\u0026deg;C. The probability of calling gray whales being present slightly decreased with increasing near-bottom salinities with higher probabilities around 31‒32 psu (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Lagged SST Gradient was included in the gray whale model with higher probability of calling gray whales being present when the lagged SST gradient was low (0‒1\u0026deg;C). Calling gray whales were more likely to be heard on days with slower water and wind speeds (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e), though water speed was the far more important variable with a ‒67% change in R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e compared to a ‒2% change for wind speed (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 \u003cem\u003eAcoustic Presence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike previous visual and acoustic studies (Sleptsov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e; Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Delarue et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Melnikov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), we found that the presence of fin and humpback whales varied from year to year in the Bering Strait. Both fin and humpback whales had a pronounced peak in their calls around late September to October which likely corresponds with increased vocal activity among males in association with the approaching breeding season (Winn and Winn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e; Tyack \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Watkins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Darling and B\u0026eacute;rub\u0026eacute; 2001; Stafford et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, feeding fin and humpback whales are commonly observed in the southern Chukchi Sea during the late summer to early fall months (August to October; Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Brower et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Melnikov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). High zooplankton biomass in the southern Chukchi Sea in late summer to early fall (August to November; Tsujii et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) could also explain the peaks in acoustic presence for both species during this period (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn comparison to fin and humpback whales, the acoustic presence of gray whales was relatively consistent across the years, except for 2010 when gray whale calls were only heard in 7% of recordings for October‒November (compared to 26‒51% in other years). The year 2010 had the second shortest open-water season (114 days) due to a long melt-out period (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), which could explain why gray whale detections were relatively low. Also of note, Moore et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) report that 2010 had the lowest number of gray whale sightings in the south and northeast Chukchi Sea during the 2009‒2019 Aerial Surveys of Arctic Marine Mammals (ASAMM) project. Unlike fin and humpback whales, the pattern in the acoustic occurrence of gray whales during the open-water season was more pulsed. In years with both spring and fall recordings (2013‒2015, 2018; Fig. S7), there is a clear spring peak in recordings with gray whale calls (~\u0026thinsp;June‒July) and a clear fall peak (~\u0026thinsp;November). This pattern likely reflects the migration of gray whales in and out of the study area given that the most common gray whale call we saw, the \u0026lsquo;M3\u0026rsquo; call, has been associated with migration (Crane and Lashkari \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Guazzo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 \u003cem\u003eMigration Timing\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGray whales were the first of the three species to arrive in the study area (calls heard starting in early May), which aligns well with observations by Urb\u0026aacute;n et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) of tagged gray whales arriving in the Chirikov Basin in May, as well as historical eyewitness accounts of gray whales entering the Bering Strait as early as late April (Sleptsov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e). Humpback whales were the second species detected at our mooring site with the earliest humpback whale vocalizations recorded at the start of June. Fin whales were the last to arrive at the Bering Strait with the earliest fin whale calls detected in July. While observations of fin and humpback whales north of the Bering Strait in the spring months are lacking, land-based surveys conducted along the Chukotka Peninsula have observed humpback whales in the Gulf of Anadyr as early as the end of April (Melnikov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). By June, small pods of humpback whales can be seen along the east coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, including the Bering Strait area (Melnikov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Soviet whalers regularly observed fin whales in the Chukchi Sea starting in mid-June in the mid-20th century (Nikulin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e). More contemporary observations indicate that fin whales are typically in the Chukchi Sea region by July (Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Delarue et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical observations for the Chukchi Sea indicate that all three species typically departed the Chukchi Sea in October with gray whales sometimes leaving in November (Nikulin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e; Berzin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Sleptsov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e) although the accuracy of these historical observations were restricted by sea ice, weather, and reduced daylight. In the present study, fin whale departure dates for 2009‒2017 ranged from 31 October to 17 November, however in 2018, fin whale calls were heard well into early December (departure date\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 December). Humpback whales similarly were last heard in the study region in late October and early November, with the latest departure date on 24 November 2018. Gray whales were typically the last to leave the study area with departure dates ranging from 12 November to 24 November. The departure dates for gray whales we calculated are 1‒2 months later than those observed by Moore et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) using acoustic data recorded at a point\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;78 km southwest of Point Hope in the Chukchi Sea (~\u0026thinsp;179 km north of our mooring site). The difference in departure dates could be due to the gradual movement of gray whales southward during their fall migration. Additionally, fewer gray whale calls were recorded at the Point Hope location for 2018 in comparison to 2012‒2017 (Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), whereas 2018 was a good year for gray whale detections at the A3 mooring site (Fig. S7). Possible explanations for this discrepancy include the limited spatial coverage of hydrophones in the Chukchi Sea and imperfect detection associated with acoustic data (Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Whales must vocalize to be detected using passive acoustics, and it is possible that calling gray whales could have been out of range of either hydrophone during the fall migration period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFin whales left the study region an average of 3 days later each year, while there was no significant trend in humpback whales departure dates. Gray whales departed the study region around the same time each year and their departure dates did not have any significant correlations to any environmental variables. Our results support the hypothesis set forth by Guazzo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) that gray whale migration may be driven by instinct and their biological clocks rather than environmental cues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe did not find a significant correlation between the departure dates and freeze-up dates (when sea-ice concentration\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;80%). Instead, the departure of fin and humpback whales from the study region was influenced by water temperature. Note that fin whale departure dates were also significantly correlated with mean water speeds from the previous winter, however this relationship is likely driven by 2017 and 2018 which had abnormally high water speeds in winter. Strong northward water speeds coupled with warmer temperatures in summer and fall 2017 delayed sea-ice formation in the Chukchi Sea (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), allowing whales to stay for longer in the region that fall. Similarly, strong water speeds along with warmer temperatures during the winter of 2017‒2018 likely prevented sea ice from forming as far south as in previous years, reducing total sea-ice extent for the region, and allowing whales to remain in the Chukchi Sea for longer in fall 2018.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTsujii et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) found that the departure of fin whales from the southern Chukchi Sea corresponded to a decrease in water temperatures and salinities, implying that changes in temperature may trigger the southward migration of fin whales. It is possible, then, that the lack of such a cold-water signal in 2017 and 2018 in the Chukchi Sea resulted in later departure dates for fin whales. However, whether the connection between fin whale departure dates and temperature is determined by thermal tolerances, decreased feeding opportunities in the fall, or other environmental conditions associated with temperature is unclear. Given that fin whales were regularly observed swimming close to sea ice in the Pacific Arctic in the past (Sleptsov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e), it is likely that other changes in the environment related to warmer temperatures affected the whales\u0026rsquo; migration timing rather than any physiological limitations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstead, warmer temperatures could extend the ice-free period in areas where subarctic whales feed in the fall. Both the Bering and Chukchi shelves have experienced rapid warming over the past decade, which in turn, has affected ice patterns in the region. Danielson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that the warming rate for the Chukchi Sea tripled from 0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u0026deg;C decade\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u0026deg;C decade\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e from 1990 to 2018. Warmer ocean temperatures impact the formation of sea ice in winter and ice retention in spring (Serreze et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kodaira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), leading to unprecedented low winter and spring ice cover in the Pacific Arctic (Danielson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The Bering Strait inflow has also warmed over 1990‒2018 (0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u0026deg;C year\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) with longer durations of the warm-water period (from 5.5 months in the 1990s to \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7 months in 2017) on account of earlier warming (1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 days year\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Warmer seasonal temperatures are extending the ice-free period in the Chukchi Sea, potentially allowing fin and humpback whales to delay their southward migration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternatively, and perhaps concurrently, warmer conditions throughout the Pacific could mean reduced quality and quantity of prey for subarctic baleen whales (Arimitsu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The occurrence of an unusual mortality event (UME) for fin whales in 2015 following a heatwave in the North Pacific (2014‒2016) suggests that warmer conditions are leading to poorer feeding conditions elsewhere in their range, leading to starvation (Savage \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Humpback whales in the Hawaii Distinct Population Segment have exhibited declines in reproductive rates between 2013 and 2018, possibly in connection to the North Pacific heatwave (Cartwright et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, both species may be staying longer in the Chukchi Sea to acquire greater fat reserves before migrating south.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Influence on Whale Presence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of day of the year (DOY) in the fin and humpback models suggests that time of the year is highly influential in determining the probability of a calling whale being present for both species. The peaks in fin and humpback detections in October and November are likely connected to increased vocalization rates among male fin and humpback whales (Stafford et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Kowarski et al. 2019). Visual observations of fin and humpback whales in the Bering Strait region also indicate that both species depart the area in fall (Sleptsov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1961\u003c/span\u003e; Melnikov et al. 2019). In contrast, DOY had low importance in the gray whale model, suggesting that time of the year has little effect on the probability of hearing a gray whale call. Also, gray whales have low vocalization rates (0.74 calls hr\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e;\u003c/sub\u003e Cummings et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e), which likely contributed to low rates of detection throughout the open-water season.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNear-bottom temperature was included in all three species\u0026rsquo; models, while near-bottom salinity was only included in the humpback and gray whale models. The range of near-bottom water temperatures (~\u0026thinsp;1‒ 4\u0026deg;C) and salinities (31‒32 psu) identified by models as contributing to higher probability of calling whales align with typical temperatures and salinities observed at A3 (Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the range of SST that had the highest probabilities of a calling fin whale being present match the range of fall mean SST at the mooring site (Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). Therefore, it is unclear if the models identified preferred temperature and salinity ranges for whales, or simply reflect seasonal conditions at the mooring site. The effect of SST on the acoustic occurrence of humpback and gray whales exhibited divergent patterns, likely due to the difference in detection densities for the two species. Unlike fin whales, who were mostly detected in fall, humpback whales were heard throughout the summer when SST are higher on average (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea). Therefore, the probability of calling humpback whales being present increased with increasing SST. The effect of SST on gray whale acoustic occurrence had a somewhat bimodal shape, with an increase in probability of gray whale occurrence when SSTs were around 1\u0026deg;C and 7\u0026deg;C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The first peak associated with colder SSTs could reflect the increase in gray whale detections in spring when colder temperatures prevail (Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea), while the second peak was likely driven by warmer SSTs in summer. Additionally, 2017 and 2018 had high SST throughout the open-water period and higher abundances of recordings with whale calls (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), likely driving the relationship between water temperature and the presence of calling whales.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlong with day of the year, water speed was among the most important variables with calling whales more likely to be present at the mooring site when water speeds were low to moderate (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). The most likely explanation is that instrument strumming caused by water flowing past the mooring could have obscured calls in the spectrograms, leading to lower detection rates when water speeds were high. Though we scanned the spectrograms to identify calls rather than using an automated detector, missed detections are a factor when recording in the Bering Strait due to the presence of strong northward currents throughout the open-water season (Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Woodgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Also, singing fin and humpback whales are known to swim more slowly than non-singing whales, maintaining speeds of 1.1 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 3.9 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the case of fin whales (McDonald et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Soule and Wilcock \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Varga et al. 2018; Clark et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Guazzo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and 0.4‒0.5 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for humpback whales (Frankel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Whales may therefore choose to cease vocalizing when water speeds are strong to conserve energy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhale acoustic presence was also impacted by wind speeds according to the humpback and gray models, with low to moderate wind speeds (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) more favorable for detection of calls. Wind and water speeds in the Bering Strait are highly correlated, with faster flow speeds caused by stronger wind speeds, although the relationship is asymmetric due to the background northward flow at zero wind (Woodgate et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). It is no surprise then that slower wind speeds were indicated by the models as increasing the probability of detection. Also, most days during the study period had wind speeds\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 m s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, therefore low wind speeds are more common during the open-water season in the strait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence and strength of a thermal front near the A3 mooring site in the previous month (\u0026lsquo;SST Gradient Lagged\u0026rsquo;) was included in all three models, though the relationship between the gradient and the probability of a calling whale being present varied for the three species. Though its intensity and presence changes over the season, a front reliably forms off the coast of Point Hope, Alaska, (~\u0026thinsp;179 km north of A3) at the boundary of the Alaskan Coastal Current, and fin, humpback, and gray whales are often seen feeding there (Bluhm et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Clarke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Brower et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The location and intensity of fronts created by water masses in the Chukchi Sea are likely important factors that drive patterns in subarctic baleen whale occurrence, and should be explored in future research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur goal for this study was to better understand the connection between the presence of subarctic whales and environmental factors in the Pacific Arctic. We found that the years with the highest detections of subarctic whales were also the warmest and had the highest water speeds, supporting the hypotheses put forth by Delarue et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and Woodgate et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) that increases in transport through the Bering Strait along with warmer temperatures would lead to increases in the occurrence of subarctic whales in the region. Though we observed interannual variation in the occurrence and abundance of the three species, as estimated by their vocal activity, all three species regularly travel through the Bering Strait and thus, are an important part of the Chukchi Sea ecosystem during the open-water period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study was conducted over a decade of intense warming for the Arctic; the ten warmest years on record for the entire Arctic all occurred after 2011 (Ballinger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). From 2014 to 2018, the Pacific Arctic experienced increasingly warmer temperatures with increased heat flux into the Bering and Chukchi seas (Danielson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) which coincided with a strong El Ni\u0026ntilde;o event and heatwave in the North Pacific in 2015‒2016 (Joh and Di Lorenzo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Despite warmer conditions, portions of the northern Bering Sea still had spring sea ice prior to 2018 (Stabeno and Bell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), allowing for the formation of both an ice-edge bloom and an open-water bloom in the Bering Strait (Kikuchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, that all changed with the winter of 2017‒2018 which had the lowest sea-ice extent on record in the northern Bering Sea (Stabeno and Bell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Reduced ice cover in winter 2018 led to a contraction in the areal extent of the ice-edge bloom and delayed the open-water bloom (Duffy-Anderson et al. 2019; Kikuchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which likely had cascading impacts on the food web. The loss of springtime ice in 2018 followed by another ice-free spring in 2019 added further evidence that a hypothesized regime change is underway in the Pacific Arctic (Huntington et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ballinger and Overland \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Whether the changes in sea ice and warmer temperatures will lead to better conditions for subarctic baleen whales in this region, however, remains to be seen (Moore and Huntington \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Moore \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Our results suggest that subarctic baleen whales are already modifying their behavior in response to changes in the Pacific Arctic and are delaying their fall migrations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Statements and Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Erica D. Escajeda. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Erica D. Escajeda and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant number DGE-1256082. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF. We also thank the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences for providing funding for the primary author. Additional funding for this study was provided to K. Stafford from the North Pacific Research Board Arctic IERP (A94-00), the Office of Naval Research Marine Mammals and Biology Program N000141712274, and the National Science Foundation Polar Programs ARC-1107106; and to R. Woodgate from the NSF Arctic Observing Network PLR-1304052, 1758565 and 2153942. We would like to thank the crew of the R/V \u003cem\u003eNorseman II\u003c/em\u003e for their support in retrieving and deploying the moorings. Many thanks to Alex Hornof, Trevor Branch, and Lisa Eisner whose feedback greatly improved earlier versions of this manuscript. The Bering Strait mooring data can be accessed in the permanent archives of the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information/National Oceanographic Data Center (www.ncei.noaa.gov), and at: psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAagaard K, Roach AT, Schumacher JD (1985) On the wind-driven variability of the flow through Bering Strait. J Geophys Res 90:7213. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC090iC04p07213\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbrahms B, Hazen EL, Aikens EO, et al (2019) Memory and resource tracking drive blue whale migrations. 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Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 134:312\u0026ndash;330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.11.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polar-biology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polar Biology](http://link.springer.com/journal/300)","snPcode":"300","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/300/3","title":"Polar Biology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Arctic, baleen whales, bioacoustics, temperature","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4397210/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4397210/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSubarctic baleen whales, including humpback (\u003cem\u003eMegaptera novaeangliae\u003c/em\u003e), fin (\u003cem\u003eBalaenoptera physalus\u003c/em\u003e), and gray whales (\u003cem\u003eEschrichtius robustus\u003c/em\u003e), migrate through the Bering Strait every summer to feed in the rich marine ecosystem of the Chukchi Sea. When and where the whales are found in the region likely reflects fluctuating environmental conditions. Using recordings collected between 2009–2018 from a hydrophone ~ 35 km north of the strait, we identified whale calls during the open-water season (May–December), examined the timing of migration, and investigated potential drivers of whale presence. The acoustic presence of fin and humpback whales varied across the years, with a peak for all three species in October through November. We observed the highest proportion of recordings with humpback whale calls for the peak months of October–November in 2009, 2017, and 2018 (66–80% of recordings); the highest proportion of recordings with fin whale calls in 2015, 2017, and 2018 (75–79% of recordings); and the highest proportion of recordings with gray whale calls in 2013 and 2015 (46 and 51% of recordings, respectively). Fin whales departed the Bering Strait ~ 3 days later per year over the study period (\u003cem\u003ep \u003c/em\u003e= 0.02). Both fin and humpback whales delayed their southward migration in years with warmer fall water temperatures (Pearson \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e ≥ 0.71, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.03). Our models identified day of the year, water temperatures, and the lagged presence of a thermal front the previous month as drivers of the acoustic presence of all three species during the open-water season.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The acoustic presence and migration timing of subarctic baleen whales in the Bering Strait in relation to environmental factors","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-05 18:01:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4397210/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-02T16:48:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-11T10:51:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-03T14:37:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"154106738302466495194096318838739000027","date":"2024-05-24T03:42:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"222769444589101606637766310454491973124","date":"2024-05-23T11:09:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-23T09:59:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-23T09:52:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-10T02:51:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Polar Biology","date":"2024-05-09T21:51:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"polar-biology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pobi","sideBox":"Learn more about [Polar Biology](http://link.springer.com/journal/300)","snPcode":"300","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/300/3","title":"Polar Biology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05fd2c2b-5605-4ad0-bbbc-cca911def8b9","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-21T16:11:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4397210","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-024-03314-0","journal":{"identity":"polar-biology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Polar Biology"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-17 15:58:01","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 17th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-05 18:01:43","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00300-024-03314-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-024-03314-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4397210","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4397210","identity":"rs-4397210","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}