Urban Heat and Nighttime Light Analysis for Planning Climate-Responsive Green Spaces in Tropical Cities Case Study: Bandar Lampung City

Urban Heat and Nighttime Light Analysis for Planning Climate-Responsive Green Spaces in Tropical Cities Case Study: Bandar Lampung City | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Urban Heat and Nighttime Light Analysis for Planning Climate-Responsive Green Spaces in Tropical Cities Case Study: Bandar Lampung City Warid Zul Ilmi, Tri Mulyani Sunarharum, Heru Santoso, Yosef Prihanto This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836506/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Tropical coastal cities such as Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, are experiencing rapid urbanization, leading to increased surface temperatures (Land Surface Temperature/LST) and energy consumption as reflected in nighttime light (NTL) emissions. These phenomena degrade environmental quality and reduce urban livability. This study aims to identify land potential for expanding green open spaces (GOS) by analyzing the spatial correlation between LST intensity and NTL emissions using the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. Surface temperature data were derived from Landsat 8 imagery, while NTL data were sourced from the VIIRS satellite. The findings reveal a significant spatial relationship between high light emissions and elevated surface temperatures. Moreover, several zones with high LST intensity but low light emissions were identified as potential areas for GOS intervention. These results provide a scientific basis for formulating climate-adaptive urban planning strategies and enhancing environmental quality in rapidly growing coastal cities. Land Surface Temperature Nighttime Light Green Open Spaces Spatial Analysis Climate Adaptive Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8836506","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":590189872,"identity":"f5e6736b-029f-4452-9aea-ac1f5a4b94e8","order_by":0,"name":"Warid Zul Ilmi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAzwMDDJs7EDGBwaGBKK18LAxMzAcnEGsFgaQFgagFmYeYrQYHD/78MCbP4d5+Ji5Ew/bttnl8bM3MH74mINHy5l0g4NzeA4DHca74XBuW3KxZM8BZsmZ23BrMTuQxnCYRwKuhTlxw40EIBuflvPPgFoMoFos2+qJ0HIDZEsCVAtj22HCWuxvPGM4OOdAOljLwZ5zxxNn9hxsxusXyf405g9v/ljLybf3bv7wo6w6sZ+9+eCHj3i0oAJGNjDZQKx6EPhDiuJRMApGwSgYKQAAjRRTGRrjz5UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Gadjah Mada University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Warid","middleName":"Zul","lastName":"Ilmi","suffix":""},{"id":590189873,"identity":"32aa887c-cff1-4864-9d9f-a9902c4bd978","order_by":1,"name":"Tri Mulyani Sunarharum","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gadjah Mada University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tri","middleName":"Mulyani","lastName":"Sunarharum","suffix":""},{"id":590189874,"identity":"36e109e4-64fb-427d-afeb-5eec1e9bc984","order_by":2,"name":"Heru Santoso","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research and Innovation Agency","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heru","middleName":"","lastName":"Santoso","suffix":""},{"id":590189875,"identity":"57f6fb13-db02-403e-82cc-e73d9d648017","order_by":3,"name":"Yosef Prihanto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research and Innovation Agency","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yosef","middleName":"","lastName":"Prihanto","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-10 05:09:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836506/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836506/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Urban Heat and Nighttime Light Analysis for Planning Climate-Responsive Green Spaces in Tropical Cities Case Study: Bandar Lampung City","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Land Surface Temperature, Nighttime Light, Green Open Spaces, Spatial Analysis, Climate Adaptive","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836506/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8836506/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Tropical coastal cities such as Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, are experiencing rapid urbanization, leading to increased surface temperatures (Land Surface Temperature/LST) and energy consumption as reflected in nighttime light (NTL) emissions. 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