Studies on carcinogenic PAHs (Pyrene & Benzo(e)Pyrene) in Noida area of NCR & their reduction by Neem & Peepal

Studies on carcinogenic PAHs (Pyrene & Benzo(e)Pyrene) in Noida area of NCR & their reduction by Neem & Peepal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Studies on carcinogenic PAHs (Pyrene & Benzo(e)Pyrene) in Noida area of NCR & their reduction by Neem & Peepal Nidhi Rani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981498/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The main objective of this paper is to analyze the impacts of Pyrene & Benzo (e) Pyrene PAHs pollutants on the health of peoples residing in Noida area of National Capital Region. This paper also identify the impact of vehicular pollution on human health. This paper also gives some relevant reactions of Neem & Peepal trees for control of air pollution. Practical work was carried for a duration of approx. one years. Sampling of Pyrene & Benzo (e) Pyrene PAHs was carried on every fortnight & data was collected. The present study is very useful to regulatory authorities & administration to understand problems of air pollution in the concerning areas & helpful in prevention of Air Pollution. In Noida City, the sampling locations were selected based on land used pattern i.e residential area, commercial and industrial area during four seasons viz. summer, Monsoon, Post monsoon & Winter. Pyrene & Benzo (e) Pyrene level and their variation were observed during these seasons. The result of concentration of Pyrene & Benzo (e) Pyrene is minimum in( sector 59 )residential area of Noida & maximum concentration observed in (sector 62 )Noida industrial area, which shown in Fig. 1(result & Discussion) in year Jan.2021-Dec.2021. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of Benzo (a) Pyrene (100.0 ng/ m3) found greater than Pyrene (94.0 ng/ m3) in all sites. frequency sampling High Volume Sampler Glass Fibre Filter Gas Chromatography Mass spectroscopy Flame Ionisation Detector PAHs Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 I. INTRODUCTION Air is no where perfectly clean, even nature pollutes the atmosphere. The importance of clean air can be understood from the fact that an average adult male inhales about 15 kg of air in a day compared to 1.2 kg of food & 2.5 kg of water for drinking(Gupta 1991) 1 . The sources of these PAHs are coal, oil, gas burning units, incinerators & open burning etc. Thus the body intake 8% consists of food, 12% of water & 80% of air. Pyrene & benzo(e)pyrene PAHs are responsible for carcinogenic effect. In Noida (New okhla Industrial Development Authority), sources of pollution are due to construction activity, burning of fossil fuel, industries, waste burning & transport & release CO2 & SO2 gas in to the atmosphere. Noida also noticed a very bad air quality with AQI 354 which is unhealthy for Noida peoples, so it is necessary to improve the air quality of Noida area. Noida is the planned city of India located at Northen state of U.P. The weather of Noida is 29 degree C, Wind SE at 5 km/h, 52% humidity. 1.Pyrene : Pyrene belongs to PAHs group & lipophilic in nature.it is highly sensitive for light, heat. Pyrene PAHs have very low solubility in water but completely soluble in organic solvents 2 . PAH & consists of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. The chemical formula is C 16 H 10 . Pyrene is a yellow solid & formed by incomplete combustion of organic compound. It is carcinogenic in nature. 2.Benzo(e)pyrene : The presence of Benzo (e) Pyrene(PAHs) air pollutant adversely affect the health of human being, animals & plants. The Benzo(e)pyrene can metabolize in to carcinogenic form. Benzo(e)pyrene adsorbed on soot disappears very rapidly in the presence of light yielding oxygenated products, the large surface area of the particle contributes to the high rate of reaction. Benzo(e)pyrene causes skin, lung, and bladder cancer in humans and in animals & it can absorb on your skin when you are being exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light, the risk of skin cancer is greater. A single cigarette 20–40 ng exposure of benzo (e)pyrene to the air 3 . Air pollution has become one of the serious issues of modern times leading to the degradation of air quality. So it is very necessary to take concrete steps to prevent air pollution. It occurs due to various industrial & highway projects and enormous cutting of trees in Noida area of National Capital region. This paper gives brief description of level of Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in ambient air of Noida area. Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene have been considered as a carcinogenic and toxic in nature and hazardous to biotic life. Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene are formed by incomplete combustion 4 & responsible for carcinogenic & Mutagenic effects. The common sources of these pollutants are diesel emission, agricultural waste burning, coal, wood & cow dung cake burning 5 . In the present study, measurements of concentrations of the Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene have been carried out in Noida area of National Capital Region. The tests were conducted based on land used pattern i.e residential, commercial & Industrial site in four different seasons, Summer season (March to June), Monsoon season (July to September), Winter season (December to February) & Post Monsoon season (October to November) were considered. Now a days, the rate of population & size is increasing day by day of Noida Area and also increased the strong demand for motorized vehicle for both public & personal transport sectors that’s why it is very necessary to take attention to control the Air pollution & improve Air Quality. The aim of the present study is to analyse the impacts of Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene PAHs on the health of peoples of NOIDA area of NCR. This paper give some idea about how to control the Air Pollution. Control of Air Pollution by Neem & Peepal (Natural Air Filters): Neem wood + O2 (Oxygen) → methylenecyceloartenol + cycloeucalenol + quercetin + beta sitosterol Neem 7 wood have a very powerful property of antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial & anti ageing. Peepal wood + O2(Oxygen) → Phytosterols + flavonoids + tannins + furanocoumarin Peepal tree (Ficus religiosa) is best oxygen generator & emits oxygen for 24 hours & plays a very important role to reduce air pollution level by absorbing CO2 from the air 8 , which make this tree different from other trees. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS Noida is located in the Gautam Buddh Bagar district of Uttar Pradesh state of India.Noida is about 25kilometers southest of new Delhi It bounded by Meerut in North & Bulandshahr in south. It is the second largest industrial city of Uttar Pradesh after Noida & Delhi. Its population is 2.77 Million & covers an area of approx. 1,273 km 2 . Noida is a Metropolitan city & biggest city in National Capital Region. A large number of people of NCR commute to Delhi, Noida, Greater Noida every day for work. 1. Climatology & Meteology: The climate of Noida is typically hot & dry. The annual temperature of Noida is 30.26 0 C & 4.29% higher than India averages. The precipitation is about 65.71millimeters in Noida & has 72.99 rainy days. The district is endowed with typical tropical climate with extreme in summer as well as in winter season. The mercury shoot upto 40 0 C or more during May every year & drops 5 0 C during January. The winter season spans from November to February end whereas the summer periods falls from April, May & June. The end of June to September was considered as monsoon season. Hot summer and chilled winter from October to February & warm monsoon period from July to September caused increased humidity, cloudiness and precipitation. 2. Sampling Location: In the present study, measurement of concentrations of Pyrene & Benzo (e) pyrene have been carried out in NOIDA area of National Capital region. The test were conducted based on land used pattern i.e residential, commercial & industrial site. It is planned city in India’s northern state of Uttar Pradesh. There are some nearest railway stations to the city are Anandvihar Terminal Railway station (ANVT), that is NOIDA junction railway station, new Ghaziabad junction railway station which can be used to access Noida from anywhere in the country. The sampling locations of Noida city were described in fig.1. The figure1 shows the Map of Noida City with different sampling) locations that is sector 18 as residential site, sector 62 as commercial site & sector 8 as Industrial sites. Sector 18 (Residential site): It is very best locality metro station on the Blue line of Delhi metro selected as a residential area. The sample location was built on the roof of a single storyed building along the road side. It is well connected by trains, busses & public transport. It is near to India place, CSM Mall, Tot mall Shoprix Mall in Noida are nearby localities to Sector 18. Sector 62 (Commercial site): It is predominated commercial area surrounded by industrial area. The sampling location was on the roof of a single storyed building of sector 62 Noida. Sector 8 (Industrial site): It is predominately industrial area mainly comprising heavy & Medium Industries & is situated on Delhi-Noida border. It is well connected with vasundhara Enclave, Mayur Vihar, South Delhi with DND Flyway. Other nearby localities are sector 5, Sector 9 & sector 11. It is very good location. 3. Experimental Methodology: The experimental method for sampling of PAHs was as follows: Sampling Duration, frequency & Period : (i) Monthly 8 Hourly Routing Samples of PAHs were collected for 8 hr duration during the day time (10 a.m to 6 p.m) twice a month at each selected location for the period of 1 years from January 2021 to December 2021. (ii)Seasonal 24 hourly samples of PAHs were collected round the clock for 24hours from 10A.M to 10A.M the following day thrice in each seasons i.e. Summer, Monsoon and Winter during the respective month of May, August and December respectively throughout the corresponding study period of 2 years. 4. Sampling & Storage of PAHs - The sampling of PAHs conducted with the help of High volume sampler & collected on was used to collect Glass fibre filters 10 . polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) samples with an flow rate of approximately 1.1m3/minute on a glass fibre filter (GFF) of size 8” x 10” (whatmann EPM 2000) recommended by Katz 11 having collection efficiency over 99.9% for SPM at a sampling flow rate of about 1.5m 3 /min for the particles size 12 above 0.3 um. These filters are most commonly used in high volume sampler due to its good mechanical strength & low cost as compared to PTFE. The use of High Volume Sample is recommended by regulatory agencies of India & its use is very cheapest. High Volume sampler was placed on the roof of a single stored building, where free flow of ambient air takes place without any hindrance. In the present study glass fiber filters were used for the collection of Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons & stored in cool and dark places. These samples are hygroscopic in nature so keep in desicator for 24 hrs. & not heated above 110 0 C to prevent the loss of large ring pollutants (PAHs), then analysed in a laboratory for separation of all polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons specially Pyrene & Benzo (e) Pyrene.. 5. Extraction 13 conditions: The PAHs samples were collected & then filter & extracted using Soxhlet Apparatus with toluene for 6-8 hours. Collect sample extract & concentrated on Buchi rotary evaporator up to dryness (water bath temperature 40 0 C, vacuum 40-50m bar) until the 1 ml amount is left in evaporating rotary flash. 1µl of this extract is submitted for Gas Chromatographic analysis and Mass Spectrometric analysis for determination of PAHs . 6.Isolation & cleanup of PAH samples: The extract is purified by column chromatographic method using silicagel packed glass column. cyclohexane used as eluent in this purification of PAH compounds. collect the pure compound by using chromatography techniqure. The extracted sample of PAHs extract is purified by using purified by Silica gel column chromatography 14 (column dimensions 200mm length and 100mm withteflon stopper at the end & filter with glass to hold Silicagel), cleanup of PAHs compound by using Toluene solvent . 7.Gas chromatography (G.C-MS) Analysis: the GC-MS with Flame ionization detecter (FID) is used to identify & quantify the different kinds of PAHs 15 . This technique is widely available and used in India. Hewlett Packard 5890 GC with splitless injector for capillary quants column, FID (flame ionization detector) & intergrator. After Gas Chromatographic analysis , the sample submitted for Mass Spectrometric analysis for structural determination & interpret the PAHs(Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene) compound. Thus with the help of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy 16 with FID dectector determined the PAH compound & their structure also on the line of C.P.C.B(Central Pollution control board). III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The levels were highest during winter season because of low wind conditions like less mixing & dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere & lowest during monsoon 17 due to washout & high humidity during rainy season at all sites. Highest PAHs levels occur during summer may be dust storm & transported high dust load from nearby Rajasthan desert. The literature survey shows that very little data available on PAHs in ambient air of Noida & its NCR area in India except a some work on 5 PAH by khillare & Banerjee 18 for a period of one year (1984) using spectrofluorometric technique. PAHs was monitored at three sites in Noida Area of NCR on monthly basis during Jan.2021-Dec.2021. PAHs compound (Pyrene & Benzo (e) Pyrene) measured using GC-FID technique. The conc. were depend on land used pattern & their increasing order was Residential (sector 59)< Commercial(sector 62)<Industrial area(sector 8) with highest industrial operations & vehicular density in among all sites. The lowest conc. During monsoon due to rain washout high humidity while highest conc. of PAHs during summer due to high temperature & inversion condition. 1.Pyrene : The result of Monthly (8 hrly.) data for one year study during Jan2021-Dec.2021 shows that Pyrene Conc. in Noida area varies between 61.0±18.00 ng/m 3 at Sector 18, 44.00±20.00 ng/ m 3 at Sector 62 & 64.00±24.00 ng/ m 3 at Sector 8 area of Noida. One year monthly Maximum & Minimum value were recorded at Sector 18 i.e 61 ng/ m 3 during December & 18 ng/m3 during July in Noida area of NCR. Location effects : one year annual average Conc. at different sites were as Sector 18 (29 ng/ m 3 ) < sector 62 (31 ng/ m 3 ) < Sector 8 (35 ng/ m 3 ) during Jan.2021-Dec.2021(Fig.1) in Noida. (In fig.1, Blue line=residential Area, Red line =commercial Area & green line=Industrial Area). The highest & Lowest variation in 8 hrly concentration were observed at sector 18 (% CV = 51) & at sector 8 (% CV = 23) respectively during 2021 was shown in figure 1. In figure 1(Blue line=residential Area, Red line =commercial Area & green line=Industrial Area). Total one year Annual average values for Noida (all sites combined) has increased from (28 ng/ m 3 ) at sector 18 to (31 ng/m 3 ) at Sector 8 during 2021(shown in fig.2). The fig.3 shows the one year combined seasonal variation for Pyrene at different sites & all sites average for Noida area in order to increasing conc. Worked out as Monsoon(65)<Post Monsoon (98)<Winter(118), summer(93). Levels were highest during winter & lowest during monsoon at all sites as expected due to inversion & low wind condition during winter (less mixing & dispersion of pollutant in the atmosphere), while due to washout during monsoon. 2. Benzo(e) Pyrene : The figure 4 shows the result of Monthly (8 hrly.) data for one year study during Jan2021-Dec.2021 shows that Benzo (e)Pyrene Conc. in Noida area varies between 40±15 ng/m 3 at Sector 18, 50±16 ng/ m 3 at Sector 62 & 52±22 ng/ m 3 at Sector 8 area of Noida. One year monthly Maximum & Minimum value were recorded at Sector 18 i.e 40 ng/ m 3 during December & 15 ng/m3 during Aug. in Noida area of NCR. Location effects : one year annual average Conc. at different sites were as Sector 18 (29 ng/ m 3 ) < sector 62 (34 ng/ m 3 ) < Sector 8 (38 ng/ m 3 ) during Jan.2021-Dec.2021(Fig.1) in Noida. The highest & Lowest variation in 8 hrly concentration were observed at sector 18 (% CV =20) & at sector 8 (% CV = 18) respectively during 2021 was shown in figure 1. Total one year Annual average values(8 hrly.) for Noida (all sites combined) has increased from (29 ng/ m 3 ) at sector 18 to (37 ng/m 3 ) at Sector 8 during 2021(shown in fig.2). The figure 5 shows the one year combined seasonal variation for Benzo(e) Pyrene at different sites & all sites average for Noida area in order to increasing conc. Worked out as Monsoon(79)<Post Monsoon (85)<Winter(115), summer(102). Levels were highest during winter & lowest during monsoon at all sites as expected due to inversion & low wind condition during winter (less mixing & dispersion of pollutant in the atmosphere), while due to washout during monsoon. IV. CONCLUSION This paper describe the one years (Monthly & total seasonal (8 hrly.) average value of Concentration of Pyrene & Benzo (e)Pyrene PAHs & their Monitoring in Ambient Air of Noida Area of NCR. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of Benzo(e)Pyrene (100.1ng/ m3) found greater than Pyrene (94 ng/ m3) in all sites. This paper also describe the brief description of Purification of Air by using some specific trees which plays very important role in control of Air pollution include trees like Peepal, Neem & Banyan trees. After study of present paper, the plantation of these trees is very necessary to control the current pollution situation. The Pollutants levels were highest during winter & lowest during monsoon at all sites as expected due to inversion & low wind condition during winter (less mixing & dispersion of pollutant in the atmosphere), while due to washout during monsoon . Declarations Acknowledgement The author owes this piece of work to CPCB Delhi for its valuable suggestions and guidance and equally grateful to Gurudev Pt. Shriram Sharma Achaarya (Gayatri parivar) for their constant encouragement during study. Ethics approval This study was performed in line of Central Pollution Control Board (C.P.C.B) Delhi. This is an observational study, so no ethical approval is required. Consent to publication Not Applicable Data Availability & Materials The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available but are available on reasonable request. Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. References Gupta R.N. “Atmospheric discussion modelling Ph.D Thesis submitted to the unit at Mumbai”.1991;3-13. E. Menichini et al. “Poycyclic Aeromatic Hydrocarbon”, “Encyclopedia of food Sciences & Nutrition” second edition;2003. Thamaraiselvan Rengarajan & Peramaiyan Rajendran, “Exposure to Polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer”, “Asian Pacific journal of tropical Biomedicine” 2015;vol.5, Issue 3, March 2015, pg. 182-189. Pradhi Rajeev et al.“Assesment of entrainment of key PAHs emanating from major combustion sources in to the ambient air”. “Fuel”,2023; vol.347(9). S.K Guttikunda et al.“Nature of Air pollution, emission sources & management in the Indian cities” ,”Atmospheric Environment”,2014;vol. 95, 501-510 K.L Ashalatha & Malali Gowda. “Heritage of Neem Peepal Tree Resides a profound Scientific facts”.”The Neem Genome,2019; pp13-19. Jose Francisco Islas et al. “An overview of Neem & its potential impact on health”. “Journal of functional foods”,2020; vol. 74(11). Pravin Agrawal. “Shocking secrets of the Peepal tree”,2021; August 8. Noida City Map: https://dokumen.tips/real-estate/noida-master-plans-2021-and-2031-map.html?page=1 Sheng-Wa-Weg.”Determination of PAHs in Cosmetic product by as chromatography tendem Mass spectrometry”, “Journal of Food & Drug analysis”,2019, volume 27, Issue-3(7), pp 815-824. Katz M. Methods of Air sampling and analysis,1977; A C stern. “Intersociety committee Methods of Ambient Air sampling and analysis”, Health Lab Sci. Jan;1970;7(1):Suppl:1-3. Acheson M.A., Harison R.M., Perry R. and Wellings R.A.(1976), “Factors affecting the extraction & Analysis of PAHs in water”.1976; Marion Gfrerer et al. “Optimized extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil samples”, “Journal of Biochemical & Biophysical Methods”,2002; vol.53, Issue 1-3, Oct-Nov.2002, Pages 203-216. Francis . “Analysis of PAHs in Environmental samples ”,1989; page 37. Sheng –Wei Wang et al. “Determination of PAHs compound in cosmetic products by GC-tendem MS”, “Journal of Food & Drug Analysis “,2019 vol.27, Issue 3, page 815-824. Ramzi A et al.“Dynamics of PAHs in surface sediments in Cochin estuary India”, “Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017;Vol.114, Issue 2(1), Page 1081-1087. Khillare PS and Banerjee D.K . PAHs in the Ambient air of Delhi, Intl. J.Environ. studies, 1984,2, 121-129. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3981498","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":281464886,"identity":"d9ceee68-2b9b-4611-aff0-883205439e35","order_by":0,"name":"Nidhi Rani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgYzhgQwg/kAw8MGCaiwAVFa2BIYEhskJAhrYQBqgQAeA6AWBgm8akHAnJ1524MHDPfkzdl5Pr9I3GFRp9vA/PADQ8EdnFosm9nKDRIYig13NvNus0g8IyFhdoDNWILB4BlOLQaHecwkEhgSGDcc5t1mkNgG0gJyqsFhglrsNxzmeQbVwv6NKC2JQC3MDyBaeAjZwlYmkWCQkLzhMJsZA9AvktsO8xQDRfBoOX94m+SPigTbDecPP/7wcUcdv9nx9o0fPvzBrQWqEUyyQeKEGYgTCGiAAeYPRCocBaNgFIyCEQYAJPlOzyVBcA8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nidhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Rani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-23 10:36:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981498/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981498/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53252500,"identity":"ccf7f99e-ea8e-4966-b5cb-662e0236ab24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-22 13:04:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":911986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Noida City showing sampling locations\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981498/v1/78843fad056300760570adca.png"},{"id":53252497,"identity":"8bc9f23d-4769-44e7-a4a1-06cf9684550f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-22 13:04:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe combined 1years seasonal (8 hrly.) 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Benzo(e)Pyrene Conc. (ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) during Jan.2021-Dec.2021.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981498/v1/050e7c046ebd6f9de2618936.png"},{"id":53252502,"identity":"82a42663-f49e-495f-bab1-5fe15c20c843","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-22 13:04:21","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonthly \u0026amp; Average Conc. of Benzo (e) Pyrene (ng/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) During\u0026nbsp; Jan.2021-Dec.2021).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981498/v1/7aafee433cc169b4b1f66b2a.png"},{"id":53260131,"identity":"d89417ef-48d6-41b4-a1e0-ed139e37dae7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-22 14:26:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1292573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981498/v1/ebc36d69-eaae-4462-bce5-2ba7979f4732.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStudies on carcinogenic PAHs (Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo(e)Pyrene) in Noida area of NCR \u0026amp; their reduction by Neem \u0026amp; Peepal\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"I. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAir is no where perfectly clean, even nature pollutes the atmosphere. The importance of clean air can be understood from the fact that an average adult male inhales about 15 kg of air in a day compared to 1.2 kg of food \u0026amp; 2.5 kg of water for drinking(Gupta 1991)\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The sources of these PAHs are coal, oil, gas burning units, incinerators \u0026amp; open burning etc. Thus the body intake 8% consists of food, 12% of water \u0026amp; 80% of air. Pyrene \u0026amp; benzo(e)pyrene PAHs are responsible for carcinogenic effect. In Noida (New okhla Industrial Development Authority), sources of pollution are due to construction activity, burning of fossil fuel, industries, waste burning \u0026amp; transport \u0026amp; release CO2 \u0026amp; SO2 gas in to the atmosphere. Noida also noticed a very bad air quality with AQI 354 which is unhealthy for Noida peoples, so it is necessary to improve the air quality of Noida area. Noida is the planned city of India located at Northen state of U.P. The weather of Noida is 29 degree C, Wind SE at 5 km/h, 52% humidity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.Pyrene\u003c/b\u003e: Pyrene belongs to PAHs group \u0026amp; lipophilic in nature.it is highly sensitive for light, heat. Pyrene PAHs have very low solubility in water but completely soluble in organic solvents\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. PAH \u0026amp; consists of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. The chemical formula is C \u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH \u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e. Pyrene is a yellow solid \u0026amp; formed by incomplete combustion of organic compound. It is carcinogenic in nature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2.Benzo(e)pyrene\u003c/b\u003e: The presence of Benzo (e) Pyrene(PAHs) air pollutant adversely affect the health of human being, animals \u0026amp; plants. The Benzo(e)pyrene can metabolize in to carcinogenic form. Benzo(e)pyrene adsorbed on soot disappears very rapidly in the presence of light yielding oxygenated products, the large surface area of the particle contributes to the high rate of reaction. Benzo(e)pyrene causes skin, lung, and bladder cancer in humans and in animals \u0026amp; it can absorb on your skin when you are being exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light, the risk of skin cancer is greater.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA single cigarette 20\u0026ndash;40 ng exposure of benzo (e)pyrene to the air\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAir pollution has become one of the serious issues of modern times leading to the degradation of air quality. So it is very necessary to take concrete steps to prevent air pollution. It occurs due to various industrial \u0026amp; highway projects and enormous cutting of trees in Noida area of National Capital region. This paper gives brief description of level of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in ambient air of Noida area. Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene have been considered as a carcinogenic and toxic in nature and hazardous to biotic life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene are formed by incomplete combustion\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026amp; responsible for carcinogenic \u0026amp; Mutagenic effects. The common sources of these pollutants are diesel emission, agricultural waste burning, coal, wood \u0026amp; cow dung cake burning\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the present study, measurements of concentrations of the Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene have been carried out in Noida area of National Capital Region. The tests were conducted based on land used pattern i.e residential, commercial \u0026amp; Industrial site in four different seasons, Summer season (March to June), Monsoon season (July to September), Winter season (December to February) \u0026amp; Post Monsoon season (October to November) were considered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNow a days, the rate of population \u0026amp; size is increasing day by day of Noida Area and also increased the strong demand for motorized vehicle for both public \u0026amp; personal transport sectors that\u0026rsquo;s why it is very necessary to take attention to control the Air pollution \u0026amp; improve Air Quality. The aim of the present study is to analyse the impacts of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene PAHs on the health of peoples of NOIDA area of NCR. This paper give some idea about how to control the Air Pollution.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl of Air Pollution by Neem \u0026amp; Peepal (Natural Air Filters):\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeem wood + O2 \u0026nbsp;(Oxygen) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003cstrong\u003e \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;methylenecyceloartenol + cycloeucalenol + quercetin + beta sitosterol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeem\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e wood have a very powerful property of antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial \u0026amp; anti ageing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePeepal wood + O2(Oxygen) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003cstrong\u003e \u0026nbsp;Phytosterols + flavonoids + tannins + furanocoumarin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeepal tree (Ficus religiosa) is best oxygen generator \u0026amp; emits oxygen for 24 hours \u0026amp; plays a very important role to reduce air pollution level \u0026nbsp;by absorbing CO2 from the air\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e, which make this tree different from other trees.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eNoida is located in the Gautam Buddh Bagar district of Uttar Pradesh state of \u0026nbsp;India.Noida is about 25kilometers southest of new Delhi It bounded by Meerut in North \u0026nbsp;\u0026amp; Bulandshahr in south. It is the second largest industrial city of Uttar Pradesh after Noida \u0026amp; Delhi. Its population is 2.77 Million \u0026amp; covers an area of approx. 1,273 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Noida is a Metropolitan city \u0026amp; biggest city in National Capital Region. A large number of people of NCR commute to Delhi, Noida, Greater Noida every day for work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Climatology \u0026amp; Meteology:\u003c/strong\u003e The climate of Noida is typically hot \u0026amp; dry. The annual temperature of Noida is 30.26\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC \u0026amp; 4.29% higher than India averages. The precipitation is about 65.71millimeters in Noida \u0026amp; has 72.99 rainy days. The district is endowed with typical tropical climate with extreme in summer as well as in winter season. The mercury shoot upto 40\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC or more during May every year \u0026amp; drops 5\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC during January. The winter season spans from November to February end whereas the summer periods falls from April, May \u0026amp; June. The end of June to September was considered as monsoon season. Hot summer and chilled winter from October to February \u0026amp; warm monsoon period from July to September caused increased humidity, cloudiness and precipitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Sampling Location:\u003c/strong\u003e In the present study, measurement of concentrations of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) pyrene have been carried out in NOIDA area of National Capital region. The test were conducted based on land used pattern i.e residential, commercial \u0026amp; industrial site. It is planned city in India\u0026rsquo;s northern state of Uttar Pradesh. There are some nearest railway stations to the city are Anandvihar Terminal Railway station (ANVT), that is NOIDA junction railway station, new Ghaziabad junction railway station which can be used to access Noida from anywhere in the country. The sampling locations of Noida city were described in fig.1. The figure1 shows the Map of Noida City with different sampling) locations that is sector 18 as residential site, sector 62 as commercial site \u0026amp; sector 8 as Industrial sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSector 18\u003c/strong\u003e(Residential site): It is very best locality metro station on the Blue line of Delhi metro selected as a residential area. The sample location was built on the roof of a single storyed building along the road side. It is well connected by trains, busses \u0026amp; public transport. It is near to India place, CSM Mall, Tot mall Shoprix Mall in Noida are nearby localities to Sector 18.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003col start=\"2\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSector 62\u003c/strong\u003e(Commercial site): It is predominated commercial area surrounded by industrial area. The sampling location was on the roof of a single storyed building of sector 62 Noida.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSector 8\u003c/strong\u003e(Industrial site): It is predominately industrial area mainly comprising heavy \u0026amp; Medium Industries \u0026amp; is situated on Delhi-Noida border. It is well connected with vasundhara Enclave, Mayur Vihar, South Delhi with DND Flyway. Other nearby localities are sector 5, Sector 9 \u0026amp; sector 11. It is very good location.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;3. Experimental Methodology:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe experimental method for sampling of PAHs was as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sampling Duration, frequency \u0026amp; Period :\u003c/strong\u003e (i) Monthly 8 Hourly Routing Samples of PAHs were collected for 8 hr duration during the day time (10 a.m to 6 p.m) twice a month \u0026nbsp;at each selected location for the period of 1 years from January 2021 to December 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(ii)Seasonal 24 hourly samples of PAHs were collected round the clock for 24hours from 10A.M to 10A.M the following\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eday thrice in each seasons i.e. Summer, Monsoon \u0026nbsp;and Winter during the respective month of \u0026nbsp;May, August\u0026nbsp;and December respectively throughout the corresponding study period of 2 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Sampling \u0026amp; Storage of PAHs -\u003c/strong\u003e The sampling of PAHs conducted with the help of High volume sampler \u0026amp; collected on was used to collect Glass fibre filters\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) samples with\u0026nbsp;an flow rate of approximately 1.1m3/minute on a glass fibre filter (GFF) of size 8\u0026rdquo; x 10\u0026rdquo; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;(whatmann \u0026nbsp;EPM 2000) recommended by Katz\u003csup\u003e11\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ehaving collection \u0026nbsp; efficiency over 99.9% for SPM at a sampling flow rate of about 1.5m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/min for \u0026nbsp;the particles size\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e above 0.3 um. These filters are most commonly used in high volume sampler due to its good mechanical strength \u0026amp; low cost as compared to PTFE.\u0026nbsp; The use of High Volume Sample is recommended by regulatory agencies of India \u0026amp; its use is very cheapest. High Volume sampler was placed on the roof of a single stored building, where free flow of ambient air takes place without any hindrance. In the present study glass fiber filters were used for the collection of Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons \u0026amp; stored in cool and dark places. These samples are hygroscopic in \u0026nbsp;nature so keep in desicator for 24 hrs. \u0026amp; not heated above 110\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC to prevent the loss of large ring pollutants (PAHs), then analysed in a laboratory for separation of all polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons specially Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) Pyrene.. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Extraction\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e conditions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePAHs samples were collected \u0026amp; then filter \u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;extracted using Soxhlet Apparatus with toluene for 6-8 hours. Collect sample extract \u0026amp; concentrated on Buchi rotary \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;evaporator up to dryness (water bath temperature 40\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC, vacuum 40-50m bar) until the 1 ml amount is left in evaporating rotary flash. 1\u0026micro;l of this extract is submitted for Gas Chromatographic analysis \u0026nbsp;and \u0026nbsp;Mass Spectrometric analysis for determination of PAHs .\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.Isolation \u0026amp; cleanup of PAH samples: The\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eextract is purified by column chromatographic \u0026nbsp;method using silicagel packed glass column. cyclohexane used as eluent in this purification of PAH compounds. collect the \u0026nbsp;pure compound by using chromatography techniqure. \u0026nbsp;The extracted sample of PAHs extract is purified by using\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;purified by Silica gel column chromatography\u003csup\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(column dimensions 200mm length and 100mm withteflon stopper at the\u0026nbsp;end \u0026amp; filter with glass to hold Silicagel), cleanup of PAHs compound by using Toluene solvent\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.Gas \u0026nbsp;chromatography \u0026nbsp;(G.C-MS) Analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e the GC-MS with \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFlame ionization detecter (FID) \u0026nbsp;is used to identify \u0026amp; quantify the different kinds of PAHs\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e. This technique is widely available \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; and used in India. Hewlett Packard 5890 GC with splitless injector for capillary quants column, FID (flame ionization \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; detector) \u0026amp; intergrator.\u0026nbsp;After Gas Chromatographic analysis , the sample submitted for \u0026nbsp;Mass Spectrometric analysis for structural determination \u0026amp; interpret the PAHs(Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene) compound. Thus with the help of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e with FID dectector determined the PAH compound \u0026amp; their structure also on the line of \u0026nbsp;C.P.C.B(Central Pollution control board).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe levels were highest during winter season because of low wind conditions like less mixing \u0026amp; dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere \u0026amp; lowest during monsoon\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e due to washout \u0026amp; high humidity during rainy season at all sites. Highest PAHs levels occur during summer may be dust storm \u0026amp; transported high dust load from nearby Rajasthan desert.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe literature survey shows that very little data available on PAHs in ambient air of Noida \u0026amp; its NCR area in India except a some work on 5 PAH by khillare \u0026amp; Banerjee\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e for a period of one year \u0026nbsp;(1984) using spectrofluorometric technique.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePAHs was monitored at three sites in Noida Area of NCR on monthly basis during Jan.2021-Dec.2021. PAHs compound\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) Pyrene) measured using GC-FID technique. The conc. were depend on land used pattern \u0026amp; their increasing order was Residential (sector 59)\u0026lt; Commercial(sector 62)\u0026lt;Industrial area(sector 8) with highest industrial operations \u0026amp; vehicular density in among all sites. The lowest conc. During monsoon due to rain washout high humidity while highest conc. of \u0026nbsp;PAHs during summer due to high temperature \u0026amp; inversion condition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.Pyrene\u0026nbsp;:\u003c/strong\u003eThe result of Monthly (8 hrly.) data for one year study during Jan2021-Dec.2021 shows that Pyrene Conc. in Noida area varies between 61.0\u0026plusmn;18.00 ng/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at Sector 18, 44.00\u0026plusmn;20.00 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at Sector 62 \u0026amp; 64.00\u0026plusmn;24.00 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at Sector 8 area of Noida.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne year monthly Maximum \u0026amp; Minimum value were recorded at Sector 18 i.e 61 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e during December \u0026amp; 18 ng/m3 during July in Noida area of NCR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation effects\u003c/strong\u003e: one year annual average \u0026nbsp;Conc. at different sites \u0026nbsp;were as Sector 18 (29 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026lt; sector 62 (31 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026lt; Sector 8 (35 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) during Jan.2021-Dec.2021(Fig.1) in Noida. (In fig.1, Blue line=residential Area, Red line =commercial Area \u0026amp; green line=Industrial Area).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe highest \u0026amp; Lowest variation in 8 hrly concentration were observed at sector 18 (% CV = 51) \u0026amp; at sector 8 (% CV = 23) respectively during 2021 was shown in figure 1.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIn figure 1(Blue line=residential Area, Red line =commercial Area \u0026amp; green line=Industrial Area). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal one year Annual average values for Noida (all sites combined) has increased from (28 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) at sector 18 \u0026nbsp;to (31 ng/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) at Sector 8 during 2021(shown in fig.2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fig.3 shows the one year combined seasonal variation for Pyrene at different sites \u0026amp; all sites average for Noida area in order to increasing conc. Worked out as Monsoon(65)\u0026lt;Post Monsoon (98)\u0026lt;Winter(118), summer(93). Levels were highest during winter \u0026amp; lowest during monsoon at all sites as expected due to inversion \u0026amp; low wind condition during winter (less mixing \u0026amp; dispersion of pollutant in the atmosphere), while due to washout during monsoon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Benzo(e) Pyrene :\u003c/strong\u003eThe figure 4 shows the result of Monthly (8 hrly.) data for one year study during Jan2021-Dec.2021 shows that Benzo (e)Pyrene Conc. in Noida area varies between 40\u0026plusmn;15 ng/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at Sector 18, 50\u0026plusmn;16 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at Sector 62 \u0026amp; 52\u0026plusmn;22 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at Sector 8 area of Noida.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne year monthly Maximum \u0026amp; Minimum value were recorded at Sector 18 i.e 40 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e during December \u0026amp; 15 ng/m3 during Aug. in Noida area of NCR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation effects\u003c/strong\u003e: one year annual average Conc. at different sites \u0026nbsp;were as Sector 18 (29 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026lt; sector 62 (34 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026lt; Sector 8 (38 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) during Jan.2021-Dec.2021(Fig.1) in Noida.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe highest \u0026amp; Lowest variation in 8 hrly concentration were observed at sector 18 (% CV =20) \u0026amp; at sector 8 (% CV = 18) respectively during 2021 was shown in figure 1. Total one year Annual average values(8 hrly.) for Noida (all sites combined) has increased from (29 ng/ m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) at sector 18 \u0026nbsp; to (37 ng/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) at Sector 8 during 2021(shown in fig.2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe figure 5 shows the one year combined seasonal variation for Benzo(e) Pyrene at different sites \u0026amp; all sites average for Noida area in order to increasing conc. Worked out as Monsoon(79)\u0026lt;Post Monsoon (85)\u0026lt;Winter(115), summer(102). Levels were highest during winter \u0026amp; lowest during monsoon at all sites as expected due to inversion \u0026amp; low wind condition during winter (less mixing \u0026amp; dispersion of pollutant in the atmosphere), while due to washout during monsoon.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper describe the one years (Monthly \u0026amp; total seasonal (8 hrly.) average value of Concentration of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e)Pyrene PAHs \u0026amp; their Monitoring in Ambient Air of Noida Area of NCR. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of Benzo(e)Pyrene (100.1ng/ m3) found greater than Pyrene (94 ng/ m3) in all sites. This paper also describe the brief description of Purification of Air by using some specific trees which plays very important role in control of Air pollution include trees like Peepal, Neem \u0026amp; Banyan trees. After study of present paper, the plantation of these trees is very necessary to control the current pollution situation. The Pollutants levels were highest during winter \u0026amp; lowest during monsoon at all sites as expected due to inversion \u0026amp; low wind condition during winter (less mixing \u0026amp; dispersion of pollutant in the atmosphere), while due to washout during monsoon .\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author owes this piece of work to CPCB Delhi for its valuable suggestions and guidance and equally grateful to Gurudev Pt. Shriram Sharma Achaarya (Gayatri parivar) for their constant encouragement during study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis study was performed in line of Central Pollution Control Board (C.P.C.B) Delhi. This is an observational study, so no ethical approval is required.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability \u0026amp; Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available but are available on reasonable request.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGupta R.N. \u0026ldquo;Atmospheric discussion modelling Ph.D Thesis submitted to the unit at Mumbai\u0026rdquo;.1991;3-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Menichini et al. \u0026ldquo;Poycyclic Aeromatic Hydrocarbon\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Encyclopedia of food Sciences \u0026amp; Nutrition\u0026rdquo; second edition;2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThamaraiselvan Rengarajan \u0026amp; Peramaiyan Rajendran, \u0026ldquo;Exposure to Polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Asian Pacific journal of tropical Biomedicine\u0026rdquo; 2015;vol.5, Issue 3, March 2015, pg. 182-189.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePradhi Rajeev et al.\u0026ldquo;Assesment of entrainment of key PAHs emanating from major combustion sources in to the ambient air\u0026rdquo;. \u0026ldquo;Fuel\u0026rdquo;,2023; vol.347(9).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS.K Guttikunda et al.\u0026ldquo;Nature of Air pollution, emission sources \u0026amp; management in the Indian cities\u0026rdquo; ,\u0026rdquo;Atmospheric Environment\u0026rdquo;,2014;vol. 95, 501-510\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK.L Ashalatha \u0026amp; Malali Gowda. \u0026ldquo;Heritage of Neem Peepal Tree Resides a profound Scientific facts\u0026rdquo;.\u0026rdquo;The Neem Genome,2019; pp13-19.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJose Francisco Islas et al. \u0026ldquo;An overview of Neem \u0026amp; its potential impact on health\u0026rdquo;. \u0026ldquo;Journal of functional foods\u0026rdquo;,2020; vol. 74(11).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePravin Agrawal. \u0026ldquo;Shocking secrets of the Peepal tree\u0026rdquo;,2021; August 8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNoida City Map: https://dokumen.tips/real-estate/noida-master-plans-2021-and-2031-map.html?page=1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheng-Wa-Weg.\u0026rdquo;Determination of PAHs in Cosmetic product by as chromatography tendem Mass spectrometry\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Journal of Food \u0026amp; Drug analysis\u0026rdquo;,2019, volume 27, Issue-3(7), pp 815-824.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatz M. Methods of Air sampling and analysis,1977;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA C stern. \u0026ldquo;Intersociety committee Methods of Ambient Air sampling and analysis\u0026rdquo;, Health Lab Sci. Jan;1970;7(1):Suppl:1-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcheson M.A., Harison R.M., Perry R. and Wellings R.A.(1976), \u0026ldquo;Factors affecting the extraction \u0026amp; Analysis of PAHs in water\u0026rdquo;.1976;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarion Gfrerer et al. \u0026ldquo;Optimized extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil samples\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Journal of Biochemical \u0026amp; Biophysical Methods\u0026rdquo;,2002; vol.53, Issue 1-3, Oct-Nov.2002, Pages 203-216.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrancis . \u0026ldquo;Analysis of PAHs in Environmental samples \u0026rdquo;,1989; page 37.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheng \u0026ndash;Wei Wang et al. \u0026ldquo;Determination of PAHs compound in cosmetic products by GC-tendem MS\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Journal of Food \u0026amp; Drug Analysis \u0026ldquo;,2019 vol.27, Issue 3, page 815-824.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamzi A et al.\u0026ldquo;Dynamics of PAHs in surface sediments in Cochin estuary India\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017;Vol.114, Issue 2(1), Page 1081-1087.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhillare PS and Banerjee D.K . PAHs in the Ambient air of Delhi, Intl. J.Environ. studies, 1984,2, 121-129.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"frequency, sampling, High Volume Sampler, Glass Fibre Filter, Gas Chromatography, Mass spectroscopy, Flame Ionisation Detector, PAHs","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981498/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981498/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe main objective of this paper is to analyze the impacts of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) Pyrene PAHs pollutants on the health of peoples residing in Noida area of National Capital Region. This paper also identify the impact of vehicular pollution on human health. This paper also gives some relevant reactions of Neem \u0026amp; Peepal trees for control of air pollution. Practical work was carried for a duration of approx. one years. Sampling of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) Pyrene PAHs was carried on every fortnight \u0026amp; data was collected. The present study is very useful to regulatory authorities \u0026amp; administration to understand problems of air pollution in the concerning areas \u0026amp; helpful in prevention of Air Pollution. In Noida City, the sampling locations were selected based on land used pattern i.e residential area, commercial and industrial area during four seasons viz. summer, Monsoon, Post monsoon \u0026amp; Winter. Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) Pyrene level and their variation were observed during these seasons. The result of concentration of Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo (e) Pyrene is minimum in( sector 59 )residential area of Noida \u0026amp; maximum concentration observed in (sector 62 )Noida industrial area, which shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1(result \u0026amp; Discussion) in year Jan.2021-Dec.2021. The conclusion of this study is that the concentration of Benzo (a) Pyrene (100.0 ng/ m3) found greater than Pyrene (94.0 ng/ m3) in all sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Studies on carcinogenic PAHs (Pyrene \u0026amp; Benzo(e)Pyrene) in Noida area of NCR \u0026amp; their reduction by Neem \u0026amp; Peepal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-22 13:04:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981498/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"40c57a13-18c5-424b-8c61-ef0d512e2d9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 22nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-22T14:18:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-22 13:04:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3981498","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3981498","identity":"rs-3981498","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}