Comparative study: Assess the quality of life of elderly people residing at rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, Gujarat

Comparative study: Assess the quality of life of elderly people residing at rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, Gujarat | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative study: Assess the quality of life of elderly people residing at rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, Gujarat Lopa Patel, Dr. Nitesh Patel This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7397653/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Concerning the demographic characteristics, the Quality of life for elderly people is pleasant quite significant by an elderly civilization. There are several suggestions in relation to quality of life in elderly populations which are quite different from the overall population. In India, there is very limited consciousness towards the special requirements of elderly people which occurs due to non-awareness towards the basics of elderly care (physical, psychological, socio-economical and spiritual support). The present study mainly aims towards three-fold objectives that include i) assessing Quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas, ii) compare the quality of life of elderly population to the general population residing at rural and urban areas and iii) to create an association about quality of life of ageing people residing at rural and urban areas with their corresponding demographic variable. A community based quantitative method which is a non- experimental comparative survey research design, was adopted among 300 elderly selected from rural (n= 150) and urban (n= 150) areas of Vadodara by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The WHO- modified quality of life scale was used and a statistical software SPSS version 23.0 was used for analysis. The results indicated that the overall mean score of rural QOL was (68.02 ± 12.56) significantly higher as compared to urban QOL (51.62 ± 6.82) [Table 1]. The rural QOL was considered with the number of children (χ2 = 11.402) and status of living (χ2 = 11.231) with whereas in urban QOL it was considered with the age (χ2 = 18.491), occupation (χ2 = 16.714) and income (χ2 = 9.535) was found to be significant at 0.05 level [Table 2]. The study provides an outlook that strategies and agendas associated to elderly should be threw without ignoring the requirements of elderly people. Further training of volunteer workers, health care specialists, and family members on the care of senior residents should be applied. It is to be noted that Quality of life of elderly can be improved with the support of family members. Introduction Growing older is a typical, inherent biological occurrence. Globally, the old population is aging, with developing nations seeing a faster rate of this trend [1]. The elderly's life become more challenging when health issues are combined with difficulties in supplying basic necessities such as nourishment, housing, personal care, and social contacts [2].Over time, the percentage of old persons has been rising. For the first time in history, there were adults over 60 than under five in the world in 2020. By 2050, there will be 2 billion adults over 60 worldwide, up from 841 million in the current population [3]. In India, the proportion of senior people was nearly 7% in 2001, but it is anticipated to climb to 11.6% by 2026 [4]. The WHO describes Quality of life for the elderly as a individual's valuation of their family in life in relative to their community's culture and values, in addition to the norms, expectations, objectives, and concerns of the aged [5].The concept of old quality of life involves a wide range of characteristics, such as possibilities for skill preservation and enhancement, an individual's relationships with their environment, and their physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health. Ageing, functional decline, economic dependency, social isolation, spiritual function, and youth autonomy all have a detrimental effect on quality of life. [6]. When comparing the lifestyles of elderly people in rural and urban areas, noticeable differences emerge. Seniors living in remote locations may encounter specific obstacles, such as inadequate contact to healthcare services, social isolation, and reduced availability of basic services. These disorders may have a negative influence on their emotional and physical fitness, reducing their quality of life. Conversely, urban surroundings often provide more opportunity for social contact, better healthcare facilities, and simpler access to services. However, there are also drawbacks to city living, such as greater housing expenses, environmental pollution, and the stress of leading a fast-paced lifestyle. A study [7] found that seniors in urban communities reported significantly poorer levels of quality of life in the physical (51.2 ± 3.6) and psychological (51.3 ± 2.5) domains compared to those in rural settings. Compared to the urban population, the older population in rural areas reported a significantly worse quality of life in the social relation category (55.9 ± 2.7) and the environmental domain (57.1 ± 3.2). A study [8] c arried out a quality of life assess for urban and rural areas of Bangalore, South India. The authors reported that the quality of life (QOL) of elder adults in rural places is much poorer than that of elder adults in urban places, and the QOL of elder adults in urban places was highly correlated with criteria like sex, education, occupation, and financial dependency. Despite most variables, older persons living in rural zones had a much lower quality of life. To raise the quality of life of older peoples living in rural zones, healthcare and social services must be improved. A work reported by A study [9] emphasizes on the quality of life for old age people in urban field training zone of a tertiary care institute of Ahmedabad city, Gujarat. The authors conclude that the general quality of life (QOL) was decent to outstanding; however, the eco-friendly field was subpar. This can be addressed by the family working together and by utilizing the network of geriatric support organizations. Social aspects including gender, marital status, and level of education all affect how well respondents view their quality of life. An improvement in the society's educational level could lead to a positive QOL outcome. Significant approaches have been considered pertaining to the comparison of QOL of elder citizens for rural and urban zones. The present study therefore concludes about the comparison of QOL for elderly people both in rural and urban zones in order to identify the necessities and challenges faced by them. Through a combined of quantitative and qualitative methods, this study will assess the lived experiences of elderly people in both areas rural and urban settings. The findings are predictable to offer valuable insights into how location-specific factors donate to the overall welfare of elder adults, informing future policies and programs designed to improve the quality of life for this growing demographic. Methodology for the study A study employs a comparative cross-sectional design to investigate the quality of life between elderly individuals in rural and urban settings. Among senior citizens living in rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, a non-experimental comparative survey study design using a community-based quantitative approach was used from October to November 2022. A convenient non-probabilistic sampling strategy was applied. Data were gathered using the WHO Modified Structured Quality of Life questionnaire. The four domain ratings indicate how each person feels about their quality of life in a certain domain. Every research participant received a questionnaire that has undergone pilot testing. The researcher has made contact with the contributors, described the purpose of the investigation, and secured their informed consent in writing. The correlation coefficient of Karl Pearson was used to establish the reliability. The result was r = 0.8. Thus, the tool's reliability was determined. Version 23.0 of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) was being used to analyze the data. Analysis was carried out using both the inferential and descriptive statistics data. Sample size calculation As per 2021 Survey the Dabhoi Taluka, Vadodara total populace of approximately 66000.Assuming a similar or slightly higher percentage for Dabhoi Taluka in 2022, we can estimate the old age population to be around 10% of the total population. Estimated Elderly Population in 2021 = 66000×0.10 = 6600 The proposed sample size for the survey has been calculation by using following formula: \(\:n=\frac{{z}^{2}\times\:P(1-P)}{{e}^{2}}\) ---------------- (1) \(\:{n}_{\text{a}\text{d}\text{j}\text{u}\text{s}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\mathbf{}}=\frac{n}{1+\left(\frac{n-1}{N}\right)}\) ---------------- (2) n = Calculate initial sample size z = Confidence level = 1.96 (for 95% confidence). P = Proportion = 0.5. e = Margin of error = 5% (0.05) n adjusted = Adjust for finite population N = Total elderly population in Dabhoi Taluka = 6600 $$\:n=\frac{{\left(1.96\right)}^{2}\times\:0.5(1-0.5)}{{\left(0.05\right)}^{2}}$$ $$\:n=\frac{3.8416\times\:0.25}{0.0025}$$ $$\:\varvec{n}=384.16$$ $$\:{n}_{\text{a}\text{d}\text{j}\text{u}\text{s}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\mathbf{}}=\frac{384.16}{1+\left(\frac{384.16-1}{6600}\right)}$$ $$\:{n}_{\text{a}\text{d}\text{j}\text{u}\text{s}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\mathbf{}}=\frac{384.16}{1+0.058}$$ $$\:{\varvec{n}}_{\mathbf{a}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{j}\mathbf{u}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{t}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{}}=363$$ Based on the calculations, the required sample size is 363. However, due to logistical constraints and the availability of participants, we considered 300 participants for this study. Results The socio demographic characteristics reveals that in rural areas majority [41(27.3%)] belonged to 76–80 years age group, [101(67.3%)] were male, Most [114(76%)] of them were Hindu, Majority [95(63.3%)] were married, Majority elderly [60(40%)] had higher secondary education, most of elderly [49(32.7%)] were self-employed, most of had [73(48.5%] 10000–20000 income, majority elderly had [107(71.3%)] two children, most of elderly were [61(40.7%)] living with family, majority of elderly were [81(54%)] living in own house, and most of elderly had [58(38.7%)] pensions as a source of money whereas in urban areas majority [46(30.7%)] belonged to 76–80 years age group, [101(67.3%)] were male, Most [116(77.3%)] of them were Hindu, Majority [88(58.7%)] were married, Majority elderly [70(46.7%)] had higher secondary education, most of elderly [53(35.3%)] were self-employed, most of had [66(44%] 10000–20000 income, majority elderly had [108(72%)] two children, most of elderly had [62(41.3%)] living with non-relative, majority of elderly had [76(50.7%)] living in a rented house, and most of elderly had [68(45.3%)] pensions source of money. Table 1 Comparison of domain wise quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas Sr No Domain Rural elderly QOL score Urban elderly QOL score t value Inference Mean Mean% SD Mean Mean% SD 1 Physical 15.55 51.83 3.67 11.68 38.93 2.48 10.684 S 2 Psychological 17.50 58.33 3.37 11.73 39.1 2.40 17.069 S 3 Socio Economical 21.47 47.71 5.64 18.24 40.53 3.34 6.018 S 4 Spiritual 13.48 53.92 2.85 9.95 39.8 2.74 10.934 S 5 Overall QOL score 68.02 52.32 12.56 51.62 39.70 6.82 14.048 S Above table reveals that Overall mean score of rural QOL was (68.02 ± 12.56) significant higher as compared to urban QOL (51.62 ± 6.82).The unpaired ‘t’ test showed significance difference in quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas of Vadodara. Table 2 Association between the quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas with their demographic variables Sr No. Variables Rural Area Urban Area Quality of life score Chi square value d.f. Inference Quality of life score Chi square value d.f. Inference Good Average Poor Good Average Poor 1 Age 60–65 17 22 0 15.354 8 NS 0 30 7 18.491 8 S 66–70 8 17 3 1 28 0 71–75 7 26 2 0 31 4 76–80 17 22 2 3 43 0 Above 80 2 3 2 0 3 0 2 Gender Male 40 56 5 4.492 2 NS 4 88 9 3.273 2 NS Female 11 34 4 0 47 2 3 Religion Hindu 28 48 7 5.653 6 NS 4 105 7 4.905 6 NS Muslim 3 10 2 0 17 1 Christian 2 4 0 0 6 1 Others 2 3 0 0 7 2 4 Marital status Married 32 56 7 5.333 4 NS 1 77 10 9.259 4 NS Unmarried 17 22 2 3 43 0 Widower 2 12 0 0 15 1 Divorced/Separated 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urban area 0 0 0 4 135 11 5 Education Illiterate 5 14 2 8.967 8 NS 0 18 0 7.275 8 NS Primary Education 14 14 0 0 20 4 Secondary Education 8 26 3 1 29 3 HigherSecondaryEducation 22 34 4 3 63 4 Graduate and above 2 2 0 0 5 0 6 Occupation Unemployed 4 4 0 6.489 8 NS 0 8 0 16.714 8 S Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 Self Employed 20 26 3 4 49 0 Labourer 15 29 2 0 40 7 Retired 9 15 2 0 21 3 Any other 3 16 2 0 17 1 7 Income < 10,000 11 25 0 5.569 4 NS 0 35 3 9.535 4 S 10,000–20,000 23 43 7 1 57 8 20,000–30.000 17 22 2 3 43 0 Above 30,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 No of child One child 2 3 2 11.402 4 S 0 3 0 3.91 4 NS Two children 40 60 7 4 94 10 More than two children 9 27 0 0 38 1 No child 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Currently live with Living alone 6 22 0 11.231 4 S 0 27 4 3.909 4 NS Living with family 18 36 7 1 53 3 Living with non-relative 27 32 2 3 55 4 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Current living arrangement Living in own House 27 49 5 0.039 2 NS 1 64 9 5.792 2 NS Living in a Rented House 24 41 4 3 71 2 11 Primary source of money Savings 2 2 2 13.106 8 NS 0 7 0 5.65 8 NS Pensions 22 34 2 3 61 4 Family 9 23 4 0 28 1 Employment 15 26 1 1 33 5 Other 3 5 0 0 6 1 Above table Shows statistically significant association found in the rural QOL with the no of child and status of living with whereas in urban QOL with the age, occupation and income. Discussion The present study was conducted to assess QOL of elderly residing at rural -urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara. The overall QOL mean score 68.02 of elderly residing at rural areas and 51.62 of elderly residing at urban areas [Table 1 ] which was consistent with findings of the study conducted by Rashmi Kumari, et al [10] in Jammu, Priyanka Amonkar et al. [11] , in Raigad, V. K. Usha, et al [12] in Kerala, Hannah Werling [13] in Sweden. Mean score for physical, psychological, socio economical and spiritual domains were 15.55 ± 3.67, 17.50 ± 3.37, 21.47 ± 5.64 and 13.48 ± 2.85 at rural areas and 11.68 ± 2.48, 11.73 ± 2.40, 18.24 ± 3.34, and 9.95 ± 2.74 at urban areas respectively, with a maximum score in socio economical domain [Table 1 ], the finding supported by Shah V R [9]. Mudey et al. [7] in their study conducted that QOL of rural old age people was better in physical and psychological domain, whereas QOL in urban old age was better in community relationship and eco-friendly domain. This studies shows that statistically significant different between the quality of life of old age people residing at rural and urban fields with their demographic variable. The rural QOL was considered with the number of children (χ 2 = 11.402) and status of living (χ 2 = 11.231) with whereas in urban QOL it was considered with the age (χ 2 = 18.491), occupation (χ 2 = 16.714) and income (χ 2 = 9.535) was found to be significant at 0.05 level [Table 2 ]. Conclusion The elderly people had higher scores of quality of life at rural areas than residing at urban areas both in most domains and facets. These information suggested that the senior’s citizens residing at urban areas may be negatively impacting the quality of life. Care should be taken to elderly residents at urban area, subsequently more impact on quality of life occurs in their case. Notwithstanding these variations, the results highlight the significance of customized interventions to meet the particular requirements of senior populations in both contexts. Ensuring a suitable living environment, expanding social support networks, and improving healthcare accessibility are essential for enhancing the quality of life of old age citizens. Health professionals can pay attention to identify the diseases, preferring the implementation practices associated with diseases prevention and health upgrade, mainly when it refers to the physical disorders. While creating and executing initiatives meant to assist the aging population, policymakers and other relevant parties need to take these things into account. It is noteworthy that the process of aging, disabilities and disorders of old age cannot be completely barred however appropriate actions can be taken that would check this development, thereby leading to a longer period with good health and thus protecting their QOL. Declarations Source of Funding The work did not receive funding from any sources. Author Contribution Ms. Lopa Patel visualization, research, conceptualization, methodology, analysis and interpretation of data and revision and editing Dr. Nitesh Patel is responsible the article drafting or major revision for significant intellectual content and final version approval.No other journal or publication outlet has received this manuscript for evaluation or submission. No organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the topics covered in the article is associated with the author. Acknowledgement We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Ethical Committee members and Medical officer of Health, Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC) for their invaluable support and resources, allowing me to conduct this research. Special thanks to our guide for her exceptional mentorship and guidance. Ethical consideration Approval of Institutional Ethics Committee & Medical officer of Health, Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC) was obtained prior to the conduction of the study. Throughout the process the confidentiality and privacy of the information gathered were guaranteed. References Dubey, A., Bhasin, S., Gupta, N., & Neeraj Sharma. (2011). A study of elderly living in old age home and within family set-up in Jammu. In Stud Home Com Sci (Vols. 5–2, pp. 93–98). Humphreys G. The health-care challenges posed by population ageing. World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2012 Feb 1;90(2):82. World Health Organization. Ageing Well Must Be a Global Priority; 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/lancet‑ageing‑series/en/.Accessed on Sep 16, 2017. Census of India 2011. Provisional population totals. National Commission on Population. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India. Available from: http://censusindia.gov.in/. Accessed on Sep 18, 2017. Mosalem FA, Mahfouz EM, Fattah MA, Hassan EE. Quality of life (QOL) among geriatric rural population - El-Minia - Egypt. El-Minia Medical Bulletin 2009; 20 (1):1–15. Batchelor LRC, Napier MB 1953. Attempted suicide in the old age. British Medical Journal, 2: 1196 − 1190. Mudey A, Ambekar S, Goyal RC, Agarekar S and Wagh VV. Assessment of Quality of Life among Rural and Urban Elderly Population of Wardha District, Maharashtra, India. Ethno Med 2011;5 (2): 89–93. Krishnappa, Lalitha et al. “Quality of life (QOL) among older persons in an urban and rural area of Bangalore, South India.” Journal of family medicine and primary care vol. 10,1 (2021): 272–277. Shah VR, Christian DS, Prajapati AC, Patel MM, Sonaliya KN. Quality of life among elderly population residing in urban field practice area of a tertiary care institute of Ahmedabad city, Gujarat. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2017;6:101-5 Kumari R, Dewan D, Langer B, Gupta RK, Singh P, Anuradha. Quality of Life and Its Associated Factors: A Comparative Study among Rural and Urban Elderly Population of North India. Natl J Community Med 2018;9(6):420–425 Amonkar P, Mankar MJ, Thatkar P, Sawardekar P, Goel R, Anjenaya S. A comparative study of health status and quality of life of elderly people living in old age homes and within family setup in Raigad District, Maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2018;43:10 − 3 Usha VK, Lalitha K. Quality of life of senior citizens: A Rural-Urban comparison. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2016; 32:158 − 63. Werling H. Comparing the Quality of Life of the Elderly Rural and Urban Population of Sweden.2016 Available from:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-137316 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7397653","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536330666,"identity":"e678a9d8-6127-473a-a9e1-1a8469eb5846","order_by":0,"name":"Lopa Patel","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Parul University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lopa","middleName":"","lastName":"Patel","suffix":""},{"id":536330667,"identity":"0eeb9cc2-49e2-44eb-9d5f-bae872d00cbb","order_by":1,"name":"Dr. Nitesh Patel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Parul University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Nitesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Patel","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-18 08:53:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7397653/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7397653/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94689852,"identity":"b2efa780-6449-49b1-8f0a-908eae0057b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 16:22:44","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Menuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7397653/v1/7e2f2f588f5e5cd5b8692bf0.docx"},{"id":94689853,"identity":"862cd012-3f75-4592-997e-0fa46dca23d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 16:22:44","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b12916315e3843d3948461ef201d4ccd.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7397653/v1/36598d36335459417774d536.json"},{"id":94689854,"identity":"b07fadca-b3a8-4b94-a29d-b27e753fea92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 16:22:44","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b12916315e3843d3948461ef201d4ccd1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7397653/v1/c1eb7d930f4f2d6a8a90dcb8.xml"},{"id":94689855,"identity":"2f8fe260-c141-42b1-a5a8-ca92649b3fce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-29 16:22:44","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b12916315e3843d3948461ef201d4ccd1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7397653/v1/0d616865938d6bb561b495db.xml"},{"id":94729193,"identity":"44287374-dceb-4d68-a2c6-562c0d94bc06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 07:04:41","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7397653/v1/3a2b968c74c891b82a861d8e.html"},{"id":94731176,"identity":"8fc19e04-ca4d-46f6-9e68-2964120d7ca4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 07:07:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":825913,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7397653/v1/b5ad2852-0850-4712-afe3-624819c7c2c6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative study: Assess the quality of life of elderly people residing at rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, Gujarat","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrowing older is a typical, inherent biological occurrence. Globally, the old population is aging, with developing nations seeing a faster rate of this trend [1]. The elderly's life become more challenging when health issues are combined with difficulties in supplying basic necessities such as nourishment, housing, personal care, and social contacts [2].Over time, the percentage of old persons has been rising. For the first time in history, there were adults over 60 than under five in the world in 2020. By 2050, there will be 2\u0026nbsp;billion adults over 60 worldwide, up from 841\u0026nbsp;million in the current population [3]. In India, the proportion of senior people was nearly 7% in 2001, but it is anticipated to climb to 11.6% by 2026 [4]. The WHO describes Quality of life for the elderly as a individual's valuation of their family in life in relative to their community's culture and values, in addition to the norms, expectations, objectives, and concerns of the aged [5].The concept of old quality of life involves a wide range of characteristics, such as possibilities for skill preservation and enhancement, an individual's relationships with their environment, and their physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health. Ageing, functional decline, economic dependency, social isolation, spiritual function, and youth autonomy all have a detrimental effect on quality of life. [6].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the lifestyles of elderly people in rural and urban areas, noticeable differences emerge. Seniors living in remote locations may encounter specific obstacles, such as inadequate contact to healthcare services, social isolation, and reduced availability of basic services. These disorders may have a negative influence on their emotional and physical fitness, reducing their quality of life. Conversely, urban surroundings often provide more opportunity for social contact, better healthcare facilities, and simpler access to services. However, there are also drawbacks to city living, such as greater housing expenses, environmental pollution, and the stress of leading a fast-paced lifestyle. A study [7] found that seniors in urban communities reported significantly poorer levels of quality of life in the physical (51.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6) and psychological (51.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5) domains compared to those in rural settings. Compared to the urban population, the older population in rural areas reported a significantly worse quality of life in the social relation category (55.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7) and the environmental domain (57.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2). A study [8] \u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003earried out a quality of life assess for urban and rural areas of Bangalore, South India. The authors reported that the quality of life (QOL) of elder adults in rural places is much poorer than that of elder adults in urban places, and the QOL of elder adults in urban places was highly correlated with criteria like sex, education, occupation, and financial dependency. Despite most variables, older persons living in rural zones had a much lower quality of life. To raise the quality of life of older peoples living in rural zones, healthcare and social services must be improved. A work reported by\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA study [9] emphasizes on the quality of life for old age people in urban field training zone of a tertiary care institute of Ahmedabad city, Gujarat. The authors conclude that the general quality of life (QOL) was decent to outstanding; however, the eco-friendly field was subpar. This can be addressed by the family working together and by utilizing the network of geriatric support organizations. Social aspects including gender, marital status, and level of education all affect how well respondents view their quality of life. An improvement in the society's educational level could lead to a positive QOL outcome. Significant approaches have been considered pertaining to the comparison of QOL of elder citizens for rural and urban zones.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study therefore concludes about the comparison of QOL for elderly people both in rural and urban zones in order to identify the necessities and challenges faced by them. Through a combined of quantitative and qualitative methods, this study will assess the lived experiences of elderly people in both areas rural and urban settings. The findings are predictable to offer valuable insights into how location-specific factors donate to the overall welfare of elder adults, informing future policies and programs designed to improve the quality of life for this growing demographic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology for the study","content":"\u003cp\u003eA study employs a comparative cross-sectional design to investigate the quality of life between elderly individuals in rural and urban settings. Among senior citizens living in rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, a non-experimental comparative survey study design using a community-based quantitative approach was used from October to November 2022. A convenient non-probabilistic sampling strategy was applied. Data were gathered using the WHO Modified Structured Quality of Life questionnaire. The four domain ratings indicate how each person feels about their quality of life in a certain domain. Every research participant received a questionnaire that has undergone pilot testing. The researcher has made contact with the contributors, described the purpose of the investigation, and secured their informed consent in writing. The correlation coefficient of Karl Pearson was used to establish the reliability. The result was r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8. Thus, the tool's reliability was determined. Version 23.0 of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) was being used to analyze the data. Analysis was carried out using both the inferential and descriptive statistics data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSample size calculation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs per 2021 Survey the Dabhoi Taluka, Vadodara total populace of approximately 66000.Assuming a similar or slightly higher percentage for Dabhoi Taluka in 2022, we can estimate the old age population to be around 10% of the total population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimated Elderly Population in 2021\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;66000\u0026times;0.10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6600\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe proposed sample size for the survey has been calculation by using following formula:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:n=\\frac{{z}^{2}\\times\\:P(1-P)}{{e}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ---------------- (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{\\text{a}\\text{d}\\text{j}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\mathbf{}}=\\frac{n}{1+\\left(\\frac{n-1}{N}\\right)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ---------------- (2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Calculate initial sample size\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ez\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 (for 95% confidence).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Proportion\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ee\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Margin of error\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5% (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eadjusted\u003c/sub\u003e = Adjust for finite population\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total elderly population in Dabhoi Taluka\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6600\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:n=\\frac{{\\left(1.96\\right)}^{2}\\times\\:0.5(1-0.5)}{{\\left(0.05\\right)}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:n=\\frac{3.8416\\times\\:0.25}{0.0025}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\varvec{n}=384.16$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{n}_{\\text{a}\\text{d}\\text{j}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\mathbf{}}=\\frac{384.16}{1+\\left(\\frac{384.16-1}{6600}\\right)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Eque\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Eque\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{n}_{\\text{a}\\text{d}\\text{j}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\mathbf{}}=\\frac{384.16}{1+0.058}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equf\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equf\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:{\\varvec{n}}_{\\mathbf{a}\\mathbf{d}\\mathbf{j}\\mathbf{u}\\mathbf{s}\\mathbf{t}\\mathbf{e}\\mathbf{d}\\mathbf{}}=363$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the calculations, the required sample size is 363. However, due to logistical constraints and the availability of participants, we considered 300 participants for this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe socio demographic characteristics reveals that in rural areas majority [41(27.3%)] belonged to 76\u0026ndash;80 years age group, [101(67.3%)] were male, Most [114(76%)] of them were Hindu, Majority [95(63.3%)] were married, Majority elderly [60(40%)] had higher secondary education, most of elderly [49(32.7%)] were self-employed, most of had [73(48.5%] 10000\u0026ndash;20000 income, majority elderly had [107(71.3%)] two children, most of elderly were [61(40.7%)] living with family, majority of elderly were [81(54%)] living in own house, and most of elderly had [58(38.7%)] pensions as a source of money whereas in urban areas majority [46(30.7%)] belonged to 76\u0026ndash;80 years age group, [101(67.3%)] were male, Most [116(77.3%)] of them were Hindu, Majority [88(58.7%)] were married, Majority elderly [70(46.7%)] had higher secondary education, most of elderly [53(35.3%)] were self-employed, most of had [66(44%] 10000\u0026ndash;20000 income, majority elderly had [108(72%)] two children, most of elderly had [62(41.3%)] living with non-relative, majority of elderly had [76(50.7%)] living in a rented house, and most of elderly had [68(45.3%)] pensions source of money.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison of domain wise quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSr No\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDomain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural elderly QOL score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban elderly QOL score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.684\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePsychological\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.069\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio Economical\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpiritual\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.934\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall QOL score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.048\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbove table reveals that Overall mean score of rural QOL was (68.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.56) significant higher as compared to urban QOL (51.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.82).The unpaired \u0026lsquo;t\u0026rsquo; test showed significance difference in quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas of Vadodara.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociation between the quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas with their demographic variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSr No.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of life score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChi square value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed.f.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of life score\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChi square value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed.f.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.354\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.491\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66\u0026ndash;70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u0026ndash;75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbove 80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.492\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.273\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.653\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.905\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.333\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.259\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWidower\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDivorced/Separated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.967\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.275\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary Education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigherSecondaryEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGraduate and above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.489\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.714\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelf Employed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLabourer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAny other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.569\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.535\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10,000\u0026ndash;20,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20,000\u0026ndash;30.000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbove 30,000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo of child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne child\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.402\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo children\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore than two children\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo child\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrently live with\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiving alone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.231\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.909\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiving with family\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiving with non-relative\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent living arrangement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiving in own House\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.792\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiving in a Rented House\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimary source of money\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSavings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePensions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbove table Shows statistically significant association found in the rural QOL with the no of child and status of living with whereas in urban QOL with the age, occupation and income.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted to assess QOL of elderly residing at rural -urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara. The overall QOL mean score 68.02 of elderly residing at rural areas and 51.62 of elderly residing at urban areas [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] which was consistent with findings of the study conducted by \u003cb\u003eRashmi Kumari, et al [10]\u003c/b\u003e in \u003cb\u003eJammu, Priyanka Amonkar et al. [11]\u003c/b\u003e, in \u003cb\u003eRaigad, V. K. Usha, et al [12]\u003c/b\u003e in Kerala, \u003cb\u003eHannah Werling [13]\u003c/b\u003e in Sweden. Mean score for physical, psychological, socio economical and spiritual domains were 15.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.67, 17.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.37, 21.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.64 and 13.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85 at rural areas and 11.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48, 11.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40, 18.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.34, and 9.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.74 at urban areas respectively, with a maximum score in socio economical domain [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], the finding supported by \u003cb\u003eShah V R [9]. Mudey et al. [7]\u003c/b\u003e in their study conducted that QOL of rural old age people was better in physical and psychological domain, whereas QOL in urban old age was better in community relationship and eco-friendly domain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis studies shows that statistically significant different between the quality of life of old age people residing at rural and urban fields with their demographic variable. The rural QOL was considered with the number of children (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.402) and status of living (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.231) with whereas in urban QOL it was considered with the age (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.491), occupation (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.714) and income (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.535) was found to be significant at 0.05 level [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe elderly people had higher scores of quality of life at rural areas than residing at urban areas both in most domains and facets. These information suggested that the senior\u0026rsquo;s citizens residing at urban areas may be negatively impacting the quality of life. Care should be taken to elderly residents at urban area, subsequently more impact on quality of life occurs in their case. Notwithstanding these variations, the results highlight the significance of customized interventions to meet the particular requirements of senior populations in both contexts. Ensuring a suitable living environment, expanding social support networks, and improving healthcare accessibility are essential for enhancing the quality of life of old age citizens. Health professionals can pay attention to identify the diseases, preferring the implementation practices associated with diseases prevention and health upgrade, mainly when it refers to the physical disorders. While creating and executing initiatives meant to assist the aging population, policymakers and other relevant parties need to take these things into account. It is noteworthy that the process of aging, disabilities and disorders of old age cannot be completely barred however appropriate actions can be taken that would check this development, thereby leading to a longer period with good health and thus protecting their QOL.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSource of Funding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe work did not receive funding from any sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMs. Lopa Patel visualization, research, conceptualization, methodology, analysis and interpretation of data and revision and editing Dr. Nitesh Patel is responsible the article drafting or major revision for significant intellectual content and final version approval.No other journal or publication outlet has received this manuscript for evaluation or submission. No organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the topics covered in the article is associated with the author.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our sincere thanks to the Ethical Committee members and Medical officer of Health, Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC) for their invaluable support and resources, allowing me to conduct this research. Special thanks to our guide for her exceptional mentorship and guidance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval of Institutional Ethics Committee \u0026amp; Medical officer of Health, Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC) was obtained prior to the conduction of the study. Throughout the process the confidentiality and privacy of the information gathered were guaranteed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Dubey, A., Bhasin, S., Gupta, N., \u0026amp; Neeraj Sharma. (2011). A study of elderly living in old age home and within family set-up in Jammu. In Stud Home Com Sci (Vols. 5\u0026ndash;2, pp. 93\u0026ndash;98).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Humphreys G. The health-care challenges posed by population ageing. World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2012 Feb 1;90(2):82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e World Health Organization. Ageing Well Must Be a Global Priority; 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/lancet‑ageing‑series/en/.Accessed on Sep 16, 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Census of India 2011. Provisional population totals. National Commission on Population. Office of the Registrar General \u0026amp; Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India. Available from: http://censusindia.gov.in/. Accessed on Sep 18, 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Mosalem FA, Mahfouz EM, Fattah MA, Hassan EE. Quality of life (QOL) among geriatric rural population - El-Minia - Egypt. El-Minia Medical Bulletin 2009; 20 (1):1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Batchelor LRC, Napier MB 1953. Attempted suicide in the old age. British Medical Journal, 2: 1196\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1190.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Mudey A, Ambekar S, Goyal RC, Agarekar S and Wagh VV. Assessment of Quality of Life among Rural and Urban Elderly Population of Wardha District, Maharashtra, India. Ethno Med 2011;5 (2): 89\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Krishnappa, Lalitha et al. \u0026ldquo;Quality of life (QOL) among older persons in an urban and rural area of Bangalore, South India.\u0026rdquo; Journal of family medicine and primary care vol. 10,1 (2021): 272\u0026ndash;277.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Shah VR, Christian DS, Prajapati AC, Patel MM, Sonaliya KN. Quality of life among elderly population residing in urban field practice area of a tertiary care institute of Ahmedabad city, Gujarat. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2017;6:101-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Kumari R, Dewan D, Langer B, Gupta RK, Singh P, Anuradha. Quality of Life and Its Associated Factors: A Comparative Study among Rural and Urban Elderly Population of North India. Natl J Community Med 2018;9(6):420\u0026ndash;425\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Amonkar P, Mankar MJ, Thatkar P, Sawardekar P, Goel R, Anjenaya S. A comparative study of health status and quality of life of elderly people living in old age homes and within family setup in Raigad District, Maharashtra. Indian J Community Med 2018;43:10\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Usha VK, Lalitha K. Quality of life of senior citizens: A Rural-Urban comparison. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2016; 32:158\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Werling H. Comparing the Quality of Life of the Elderly Rural and Urban Population of Sweden.2016 Available from:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-137316\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ageing-international","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agin","sideBox":"Learn more about [Ageing International](http://link.springer.com/journal/12126)","snPcode":"12126","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12126/3","title":"Ageing International","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7397653/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7397653/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Concerning the demographic characteristics, the Quality of life for elderly people is pleasant quite significant by an elderly civilization. There are several suggestions in relation to quality of life in elderly populations which are quite different from the overall population. In India, there is very limited consciousness towards the special requirements of elderly people which occurs due to non-awareness towards the basics of elderly care (physical, psychological, socio-economical and spiritual support). The present study mainly aims towards three-fold objectives that include i) assessing Quality of life of elderly residing at rural and urban areas, ii) compare the quality of life of elderly population to the general population residing at rural and urban areas and iii) to create an association about quality of life of ageing people residing at rural and urban areas with their corresponding demographic variable. A community based quantitative method which is a non- experimental comparative survey research design, was adopted among 300 elderly selected from rural (n= 150) and urban (n= 150) areas of Vadodara by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The WHO- modified quality of life scale was used and a statistical software SPSS version 23.0 was used for analysis. The results indicated that the overall mean score of rural QOL was (68.02 ± 12.56) significantly higher as compared to urban QOL (51.62 ± 6.82) [Table 1]. The rural QOL was considered with the number of children (χ2 = 11.402) and status of living (χ2 = 11.231) with whereas in urban QOL it was considered with the age (χ2 = 18.491), occupation (χ2 = 16.714) and income (χ2 = 9.535) was found to be significant at 0.05 level [Table 2]. The study provides an outlook that strategies and agendas associated to elderly should be threw without ignoring the requirements of elderly people. Further training of volunteer workers, health care specialists, and family members on the care of senior residents should be applied. It is to be noted that Quality of life of elderly can be improved with the support of family members.","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative study: Assess the quality of life of elderly people residing at rural and urban areas of Dhaboi taluka, Vadodara, Gujarat","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-29 16:22:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7397653/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T05:18:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T08:08:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"72268391096098982179396869546415915894","date":"2025-10-28T16:07:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"291226819414128981079596229462917182866","date":"2025-10-28T04:38:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"86183649606408241146323534417250504754","date":"2025-10-20T16:42:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T16:39:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T10:15:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-21T10:14:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Ageing International","date":"2025-08-18T08:45:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ageing-international","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agin","sideBox":"Learn more about [Ageing International](http://link.springer.com/journal/12126)","snPcode":"12126","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12126/3","title":"Ageing International","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"408c30bf-0a70-41b5-b7d4-46873025b00c","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-29T16:22:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-29 16:22:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7397653","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7397653","identity":"rs-7397653","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}