Axial collapse behavior of thin-walled stainless-steel circular tubes in diamond mode

Axial collapse behavior of thin-walled stainless-steel circular tubes in diamond mode | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Axial collapse behavior of thin-walled stainless-steel circular tubes in diamond mode Xiwu Zhou, Weifeng Rong, Jingdong Liu, Benying Wu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6056388/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 May, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As a commonly used axial crushing energy-absorbing component, the theoretical model of the diamond mode of thin-walled circular tubes is less successful than the ring mode. In the experiments, three groups of 304 stainless-steel circular tubes were axially compressed. After validating the numerical model with experimental results, the axial collapse behavior of stainless-steel circular tubes with diameter/thickness ratio D/t = 50–200 in diamond mode is investigated through both numerical simulation and theoretical analysis in this paper. In numerical simulation, slight initial imperfections are introduced to induce diamond mode collapse with 3–7 circumferential lobes to reveal the folding mechanism of circular tubes in diamond mode and establish the empirical formula about the dimensionless mean crushing stroke of the fold. Based on the experimental and numerical observations, the tube wall's geometric model and energy dissipation mechanism crushing in diamond mode are analyzed theoretically. The maximum circumferential lobes number under different D/t is predicted. A new theoretical model is also proposed to calculate the mean crushing force in diamond mode. The theoretical predictions in this paper achieve good agreement with the numerical and experimental results and show relatively high accuracy. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Thin-walled circular tubes Diamond mode Axial collapse Energy absorption Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 May, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6056388","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436979761,"identity":"e879eff5-d67e-48e1-b4f1-c32eaef2e425","order_by":0,"name":"Xiwu Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Foshan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiwu","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":436979762,"identity":"59653112-5413-4a8e-8137-ed31dba12095","order_by":1,"name":"Weifeng Rong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHAC9g8fftjIsbG3HyBaCxvjzJ40Yz6eMwnEa2HmYTucOE/CwYA49Qa3zz57wMNzOL1NgiGB4UfFNsJaJPvSzQ0kLNJz26QbDzD2nLlNWAs/DxuDhAGPdW6bzIEEZsY2IrSwgbQksDGns0kkGBCnBWgLm8QBNucE4rVI9rAxGzb2pBm2AQP5IFF+MTjDxvj4zw8befn29oMPflQQoQUFHCBR/SgYBaNgFIwCXAAAIkE1BtGAU54AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Foshan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weifeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Rong","suffix":""},{"id":436979764,"identity":"4c60adfc-3c52-4c96-a05d-d72c9ce43a77","order_by":2,"name":"Jingdong Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Foshan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingdong","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":436979765,"identity":"74f8a60b-aaed-4b63-9ccd-c227b0b618ef","order_by":3,"name":"Benying Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Foshan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benying","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-18 12:53:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6056388/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6056388/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04406-5","type":"published","date":"2025-05-29T15:57:39+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83782936,"identity":"ee624b0c-1bc3-4a09-b96a-c79456fb7ad7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:08:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2696268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptclear20250330.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6056388/v1_covered_53c2a011-1367-4922-9d68-e6ea9d3649fe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Axial collapse behavior of thin-walled stainless-steel circular tubes in diamond mode","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thin-walled circular tubes, Diamond mode, Axial collapse, Energy absorption","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6056388/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6056388/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs a commonly used axial crushing energy-absorbing component, the theoretical model of the diamond mode of thin-walled circular tubes is less successful than the ring mode. In the experiments, three groups of 304 stainless-steel circular tubes were axially compressed. After validating the numerical model with experimental results, the axial collapse behavior of stainless-steel circular tubes with diameter/thickness ratio \u003cem\u003eD/t\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50\u0026ndash;200 in diamond mode is investigated through both numerical simulation and theoretical analysis in this paper. In numerical simulation, slight initial imperfections are introduced to induce diamond mode collapse with 3\u0026ndash;7 circumferential lobes to reveal the folding mechanism of circular tubes in diamond mode and establish the empirical formula about the dimensionless mean crushing stroke of the fold. Based on the experimental and numerical observations, the tube wall's geometric model and energy dissipation mechanism crushing in diamond mode are analyzed theoretically. The maximum circumferential lobes number under different \u003cem\u003eD/t\u003c/em\u003e is predicted. A new theoretical model is also proposed to calculate the mean crushing force in diamond mode. 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