Multi-Target Mechanisms of Xiaobi Plaster in Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Insights from Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Analyses

Background Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown, yet current therapies provide only symptomatic relief. Xiaobi Plaster (XBG), a traditional Chinese transdermal herbal preparation, has shown clinical benefit, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods We applied an integrative systems biology framework combining network pharmacology, machine learning, and transcriptomic validation to identify candidate targets of Xiaobi Plaster in LDD. Molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and immune infiltration analysis further elucidated the underlying mechanisms, which were experimentally validated in a rat puncture-induced degeneration model. Results Three key targets—AHR, PTPN2, and SOAT1—were identified, with AHR emerging as the central regulator. Differential expression and enrichment analyses highlighted inflammatory and ECM-remodeling pathways, which overlapped with AHR-specific GSEA, underscoring its hub role in integrating immune and redox signaling with matrix turnover. Molecular docking and 100-ns molecular dynamics confirmed rutaecarpine (MOL002662) as the most stable AHR ligand. Transcriptomic data further showed AHR expression correlates with degeneration severity and mast cell infiltration. In vivo qPCR and Western blotting validated upregulation of AHR and supporting roles of PTPN2 and SOAT1 in degenerative discs. Conclusion This study elucidates the multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms of XBG in LDD, highlighting AHR as a pivotal therapeutic target modulated by rutaecarpine, with PTPN2 and SOAT1 serving as auxiliary regulators. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the transdermal application of XBG and support the therapeutic relevance of targeting the AHR signaling axis in LDD.