Obstetric Violence and its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Intrapartum Care at Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, 2023.

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Ermias Getaneh Ayele, Dessalegn Abebaw Jember This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4902485/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract BACKGROUND: - Intrapartum violence and abuse create psychological distance between women and care providers and then drive women away from formal health care systems in fear of being subjected to such violence; these violence and abuses are sometimes more prominent hindrances than geographical or financial barriers to maternal health service utilization. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of obstetric violence and its associated factors among women receiving intrapartum care at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at six hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 423 postpartum mothers were included in this study. Study participants selected using systematic random sampling. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain necessary information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, health system-related factors, obstetric-related factors and intrapartum obstetric violence-related questions. To maintain data quality, a pretest was administered at another site, and the data were checked for completeness, cleaned and entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. The descriptive part was presented in tables and figures. A bivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify potential candidate variables (p<0.25) for multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Basic assumptions for binary logistic regression were made, and model fitness was checked before running multiple binary logistic regression analyses. To control for potential confounding variables, multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed, and the regression results are presented as the mean odds ratio (COR) and AOR with 95% CI, with a p value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. RESULTS: The magnitude of intrapartum obstetric violence was 56.5%. The findings of the study showed that age (AOR: 6.4, 95% CI (2.76, 14.89), occupation (AOR: .15895% CI (.072, 346), number of ANC visits (AOR: 7.2095% CI (2.66, 19.52), duration of hospitalization at HFs (AOR: 6.57, 95% CI (2.95, 14.64), duration of assisted delivery (AOR: .424, .227, .791), and sex of health professionals who attended (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI (1.07, 1.28)) were factors associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The magnitude of intrapartum violence was high. Any responsible body should intervene in these factors. Intrapartum violence obstetric violence Addis Ababa Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined obstetric violence as disrespectful and offensive treatment that represents a considerable lack of respect and includes the following: “physical abuse, profound humiliation and verbal abuse, coercive or unconsented medical procedures (including sterilization), lack of confidentiality, failure to get fully informed consent, refusal to give pain medication, gross violations of privacy, refusal of admission to health facilities, neglecting women during childbirth to suffer life-threatening, avoidable complications, and detention of women and their newborns in facilities after childbirth due to inability to pay” (1) Obstetric violence (OV) is a form of gender-based violence (GBV) that targets pregnant and childbearing women during and beyond the intrapartum period; this violence violates human rights and evidence-based medicine and hinders the delivery of respectful maternity care (RMC) (2,3) Violence against women is largely recognized as a major human rights abuse and a significant public health problem with multiple adverse physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health effects(4,5). A universal human right declares that every childbearing woman in every health system around the world should practice respect and compassionate care as part of their basic human rights, including respect for women’s autonomy, dignity, feelings, and choices(6). Obstetric violence during facility childbirth includes physical abuse, lack of consent for care, nonconfidential care, undignified care, abandonment, discrimination, and detention in facilities for failure to pay user fees (7). Disrespectful delivery care is a type of obstetric violence that threatens human rights to respectful and discrimination-free care(4). Disrespectful and abusive care has seven forms, including physical abuse, non-consented care, non-dignified care, nonconfidential care, discriminated care, abandonment, and detention in facilities (8). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines compassionate and respectful maternal care (CRMC) as the right of every woman to attain the highest standard of health, which similarly includes the right to dignity compassionate and respectful health care to all childbearing women worldwide throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period(1,9). STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM During childbirth, many women face rude and harsh treatment at facilities worldwide. Such treatment not only violates women's rights to respectful care but also puts their lives, health, physical integrity, and freedom from discrimination at jeopardy. On this crucial public health and human rights issue, this statement urges more action, dialog, study, and advocacy(1). Obstetric violence and abuse during childbirth are worldwide issues, but they are especially prevalent in low-income countries such as Sub-Saharan Africa(10–14). Increased STIs, preterm labor, vaginal bleeding, placental abruption, cesarean delivery, hemorrhage, and infection have all been linked to maternal physical health outcomes throughout pregnancy and delivery(15). Obstetric violence during the intrapartum period is difficult to notice because of its gendered, structural, and institutional nature, as well as its pervasive normalization and embedding in health systems and sociocultural norms(16). The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the majority of women are mistreated by their birth attendants (1). Obstetric violence seems to be widespread throughout the world, with reports ranging from 18.3% (17)to 75.1% (18). A systematic review conducted in Ethiopia showed that 50% of mothers were disrespected while giving birth at public institutions(19), ranging from 98.9% to 21.6% in Ethiopia(20). Intrapartum violence and abuses create a psychological barrier between women and care providers, driving women away from formal health care systems in fear of being subjected to such violence; they are sometimes more significant impediments to maternal health service utilization than geographic or financial barriers(21,22). Maternal mortality and morbidity are serious public health concerns that have devastating impacts on children, families, and communities worldwide(23–25). Sustainable Development Goals 3 aim to reduce maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. However, this ambitious goal cannot be achieved unless the quality of the services is improved (26,27). In July 2019, the United Nations General Assembly issued an important report that noted the situation of violence against women in reproductive health care services, which particularly emphasized attention at childbirth and OV, and this report emphasized the mobilization that is taking place in many countries against such abusive practices. It proposes adopting a human rights-based approach to the various forms of abuse that women have suffered in the context of childbirth by insisting not only on violating women's rights to live a life free from violence but also jeopardizing their right to life, health and women's health. Their physical integrity, intimacy, independence and right to nondiscrimination.(17) The Ethiopian Federal Minister of Health has adopted a new compassionate and respectful care (CRC) approach and started providing in-service training to all health care providers(8). The five-year progression plan, called the Health sector transformation plan, involved personalizing a compassionate respectful care initiative and offering sector-wide training for health care providers, including addressing the issue of respectful maternity care(28,29). The WHO intrapartum care guideline recommends respectful maternity care for all women, which is care that maintains “dignity, privacy, and confidentiality; ensures freedom from harm and mistreatment; and enables informed choice and continuous support during labor and childbirth(30). In Ethiopia, interventions such as maternal waiting homes in health facilities, free services and transportation, pregnant women conferences, and media advocacy campaigns were introduced to increase the quality of delivery. Despite the intervention, 26% of the delivered women indicated problems with the quality of care(31). The presence of obstetric violence has been associated with factors and determinants such as marital status, age, educational level, socioeconomic level, employment status, race, parity, history of miscarriage, sex and professional category of the person attending the birth, type of delivery, and the public or private nature of the childbirth center(32–37). Additionally, different clinical practices, such as giving birth on the delivery table in the lithotomy position, performing an episiotomy without the woman's consent, pressureing on the uterine fundus, or carrying out vaginal examinations without the woman's permission, are associated with a greater perception of obstetric violence (36). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of OV among intrapartum women in public health hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Intrapartum violence during childbirth is common and has adverse health consequences for women and potentially for their fetus; however, very few studies have examined such abuse in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Despite its importance in fighting violence, there are fewer evidence-based documents on violence against child birth women in the county, and these reports are produced by policy planners, decision makers and nongovernmental organizations. Considering the importance of this topic, this study contributes to providing insight into the effects of intrapartum violence during childbirth. This approach will help individuals to contribute to their own profit and provide insight into the effect of intrapartum violence on adverse delivery outcomes, and it will also be used as a baseline for further studies. OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of obstetric violence and its associated factors among women attending intrapartumcare at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of obstetric violence among women attending intrapartum care at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023 To identify the factors affecting obstetric violence among women receiving intrapartum care at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021 METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS STUDY AREA AND PERIOD The study was conducted from May to June 2023 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa is geographically located at 9°2' North and 38°42 East. As a capital city of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is located almost at the center of the country. The Addis Ababa City Administration is divided into Eleven subcities: Addis Ketema, Akaki-Kaliti, Arada, Bole, Gulelle, Kirkos, Kolfie-Keraniyo, Lideta, Nefas Silk-Lafto, Yeka and Lamikura Subcity. Seven hospitals owned by the Addis Ababa Health Bureau, 5 by the Federal Ministry of Health, 1 by Addis Ababa University, 3 by the nongovernmental organization, 3 by the defense force and police and 34 by private owners were included. There was an average delivery of 3338 deliveries per month in Addis Ababa city administration public hospitals. STIMY DESIGN A facility-based cross-sectional study was also conducted. POPULATION SOURCE POPULATION All intrapartum women seeking service in public hospitals in Addis Ababa STUDY POPULATION All women who gave birth in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa fulfilled the The inclusion criteriafor individuals in the year 2023 were as follows: ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA INCLUSION CRITERIA All pregnant mothers who were admitted to the hospitals for labor and delivery services during the data collection period EXCLUSION CRITERIA Those mothers who were critically ill and unable to complete the interview SAMPLE-SIZE DETERMINATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE SAMPLE-SIZE DETERMINATION The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula by considering 50% prevalence because there was no similar study on intrapartum violence among the laboratory mothers, and the assumption of a 95% two-sided confidence interval and 5% margin of error was used to determine the sample size. Therefore, the above assumptions were entered into the formula: Were P = proportion of intrapartum violence, 0.50 d = Margin of sampling error - 5% A ( Z a/2) = Critical value at 95% confidence interval of certainty (1.96) By adding a nonresponse rate of 10%, the sample size was reduced to 423. The final sample size for this study was 423 . SAMPLING TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURE/ To obtain the required information from the study subjects, a systematic random sampling technique was used. All public hospitals in the Addis Ababa city Administration were included. The study participants were allocated proportionally based on the number of last month deliveries (March, 2023) in each hospital. Finally, the study subjects were selected by systematic random sampling based on the card number of the women by using the registration book as the sampling frame. Dividing the total duration of delivery by the sample size (3338/423) gives a sampling fraction (K) of 8. Therefore, laboratory mothers were interviewed every 8 times until a total sample size of 423 was reached. The primary study subject was selected using lottery methods by preparing random numbers from 1 to 8. STUDY VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE Intrapartum obstetric violence INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Sociodemographic and economic variables of the family Age of the mother, Marital status, Religion, Ethnicity, Education attendance, Occupation, Family monthly income, Residence Obstetric characteristics of participants ANC follow-up, place of ANC, ANC received from, number of ANC visits, gravidity, parity, history of previous institutional delivery, route/type of current delivery, preferred birth position, labor was augmented/induced, time of delivery, and number of days spent at the hospital before delivery Health care provider - related factors Number of birth attendants, main birth attendants, sex of the main birth attendant, profession of birth attendants, type of health facility, and provider experiences OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS AND TERMS Obstetric violence during facility childbirth includes physical abuse, lack of consent for care, nonconfidential care, undignified care, abandonment, discrimination, and detention in facilities for failure to pay user fees (7) Intrapartum obstetric violence (IOV): Women who replied ‘yes’ to at least one form of OV from seven forms, such as physical abuse, nonconsented care, nonconfidential care, nondignified care, discriminated care, neglected care and detention in the health facility, were labeled as having IOV(18). Verbal abuse: Use of harsh language and threat and blaming, such as Provider, use harsh/rude language—judgmental or accusatory comment—threaten or blamed(50). Physical abuse : The presence of at least one of the following activities by the care provider on the client: beating, threatening with beating, slapping, pinching, restraining or tying down during labor, cutting or suturing of episiotomy cuts or perineal tears without the use of anesthesia and the use of fundal pressure to fasten the delivery of the baby. A woman who answered ‘yes’ to at least one of the criteria was considered to be physically abused at the time of labor and delivery(18,50,51). Nonconsented care : The presence of at least one of the following: providers not giving women or her relatives proper information about medical procedures; not asking for women’s permission to conduct medical procedures such as cesarean sections, episiotomies, hysterectomies, blood transfusions, tubal ligation, or augmentation of labor; or coercing into medical procedures such as cesarean section. A woman who answered ‘yes’ to at least one of the criteria was considered to be abused in nonconsented care at the time of labor and delivery.(18) Nonconfidential care : The presence of at least one of the following: giving birth in a public view without privacy barriers such as curtains or having healthcare providers share sensitive client information, such as HIV status, age, marital status, and medical history, in such a way that other people who are not involved in their care can hear. A woman who replied ‘yes’ to at least one of the criteria was considered to be abused in nonconfidential care at the time of labor and delivery(18). Nondignified care : A report by the client about at least one of the following: intentional humiliation, blaming, rough treatment, scolding, shouting at, women not allowed to bring companion to the labor ward, or ordering to stop crying while they are in labor pain. A woman who replied ‘yes’ to at least one of the criteria was considered to be abused in nondignified care at the time of labor and delivery(18). Discrimination : Discrimination based on specific client attributes such as race, age, HIV/AIDS status, traditional beliefs and preferences, economic status, or educational background. A woman who answered “yes” to at least one of the criteria was considered to be abused in discriminated care at the time of labor and delivery(51). Neglected care : Fif there were any of the following practices: leaving the laboring woman alone, giving birth by themselves at health facilities, or failing to monitor women in labor and intervene in life-threatening conditions. A woman who answered ‘yes’ to at least one of the criteria was considered to be abused in neglected care at the time of labor and delivery(51). Detention in facilities : Deteriorating mothers in health facilities because of bills or damage to the property of the health care facility. If a woman answered ‘yes’ to at least two of the criteria, then she was considered to be abused at the time of labor and delivery(18). DATA COLLECTION TOOL AND PROCEDURE DATA COLLECTION TOOL The data collection tool was adapted by reviewing different studies(18,50,52). The questionnaire is divided into four parts. Part one included sociodemographic variables (9 items), part two included obstetric characteristic-related factors (13 items), part three included health service system-related factors (6 items), and part four included intrapartum obstetric violence-related questions. The scale internal reliability was checked by Cronbach’s alpha. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE. The data were collected by using structured questionnaires administered by an interviewer via three diploma nurses under the supervision of one BSc nurse who spoke the local language (Amharic). The data were obtained at the institutional level through face-to-face interviews. The mothers were tolled of all the details of the study before providing their consent to participate. The participants who were willing to integrate and sign the informed consent document were then interviewed in a quiet and spacious space. DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE To ensure the quality of the data, first, the data collection tool was prepared in English, translated into Amharic, and then returned to English to check its consistency. Then, training of the data collectors and their supervisors was undertaken for one day by the principal investigator on the objectives, relevance of the study, methods of data collection, confidentiality of the information and informed consent. Pretests were performed by taking 5% of mothers postpartum at other nonselected hospitals before the actual data collection work to determine the accuracy of the responses and to estimate the time needed, and the questionnaire was adjusted accordingly. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were checked. The supervisor checked the data collection process on a daily basis. The investigator also makes corrective efforts to boost the validity of the conclusion by reviewing and cross-checking the questionnaires or data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency every day after completion of the daily data collection process. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS The data were checked for completeness and consistency before being entered into the computer. The data were subsequently coded, and the results were double verified using EPI-DATA 3.1 software. The data were subsequently entered into SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and the results are presented as frequency tables and graphs. Factors associated with the dependent variable were assessed using binary logistic regression. Basic assumptions for binary logistic regression were made, and model fitness was checked before running multiple logistic regression analysis. Initially, bivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Variables with a p value ≤ 0.25 were considered to be significant candidate variables for multivariable logistic regression analysis to control for confounders. The degree of association between the dependent and independent variables was measured using an adjusted odds ratio (adjusted odds ratio) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) at a significance level ≤ 0.05. RESULTS SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS A total of 423 eligible mothers were approached in this study, and 418 mothers agreed to participate, for a response rate of 98.8%. Regarding the age category, 179 (42.8%) were found between the 25th and 29th age groups, and 242 (57.9%) of them were religious fellows. Of the 418 mothers, only 65 (15.6%) were married. Regarding educational and occupational status, the majority of the participants (183 [43.8%] had completed secondary education, and more than 185 [44.3%] were housewives. Among those mothers, 418,273 (65.3%) had a monthly income less than 5000 birrs per month (Table 1). Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of mothers delivered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Variables Category Frequency Percent Age 19–24 102 24.4 25–29 179 42.8 Above 30 137 32.8 Residence Urban 324 77.5 Rural 94 22.5 education level Illiterate 75 17.9 primary education 160 38.3 secondary and above 183 43.8 marital status Married 353 84.4 Others 65 15.6 Religion Orthodox 242 57.9 Muslim 118 28.2 protestant and others 58 13.9 Occupation Housewife 185 44.3 Government 119 28.5 Others 114 27.3 Income 5000 145 34.7 OBSTETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS Out of 418 mothers, 332 (79.4%) had a history of ANC follow-up, but only 104 (24.9%) had completed the 4th week, and 228 (54.5%) had delivered at night. Regarding the mode of delivery, 202 (48.2%) mothers delivered by C/S. Among the respondents, 226 (54.1%) had a duration longer than 24 hrs. Furthermore, 206 (49.3%) patients had complications, either on their infants or on their infants, but only 32 (10%) of them were dissatisfied with the overall care. (Table 2) Table 2 Obstetric characteristics of mothers in Addis Ababa, 2023 Variables Category Frequency Percent number of delivery less than 3 251 60.0 above 3 167 40.0 ANC follow up Yes 332 79.4 No 86 20.6 number of ANC visit 1st visit 88 21.05 2nd visit 110 26.3 3rd visit 61 14.6 4th visit 159 38.04 place of ANC health center 256 61.2 hospitals 143 34.2 Others 19 4.5 ever had delivery at current health facility Yes 161 38.5 No 257 61.5 who refer you to current HF Self 122 29.2 from HC 277 66.3 from clinic and others 19 4.5 time of birth of the current delivery Day 190 45.5 Night 228 54.5 mode of delivery SVD 190 45.5 C/S 202 48.3 Assisted 26 6.2 time stayed at HF 24 hr 226 54.1 Complication in infant and mothers Yes 206 49.3 No 212 50.7 satisfaction in overall care strongly satisfied 140 33.5 satisfied 201 48.1 neutral 35 8.4 dissatisfied 28 6.7 strongly dissatisfied 14 3.3 HEALTH SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Among the health system characteristics, the majority 234 (56. %) of the pregnant mothers were followed up at health centers, and 54.1% of them were visited by two health professionals; however, at the time, their delivery was given by doctors. The majority (n = 219; 52.4%) of the health professionals were male. (Table 3). Table 3 Health system characteristics of Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, in 2023 Variables Category Frequency Percent place of ANC for last pregnancy Hospital 154 36.8 health centers 234 56.0 Others 30 7.2 who assist you mid-wife 173 41.4 Doctors 210 50.2 nurse and others 35 8.4 number of health professionals involved One 157 37.6 Two 226 54.1 Three 26 6.2 more than 3 9 2.2 sex of hp who attend Female 199 47.6 Male 219 52.4 PROPORTION OF IPOV AND ITS COMPONENTS AMONG MOTHERS IN THE ADDIS ABABA Regarding the dimension of intrapartum obstetric violence from physical violence, health professionals who never use physical force agreed with the majority, while those who did not deny food or fluid to women in the labor item disagreed. On the woman’s right to information and informed consent-related items, Allows woman to assume the position of choice during birth was agreed upon, but Introduces self to woman and her companion were not agreed upon by the majority. Concerning confidentiality and privacy, the majority of mothers agreed that the use of drapes or coverage is appropriate for protecting women's privacy. In general, according to the IPOV-related dimension, confidentiality and privacy-related items were agreed upon by the majority of mothers, while women who were detained or confined against their will were not agreed upon by the majority of mothers. Table 4 The prevalence of intrapartum obstetric violence and its components among mothers who delivered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2023 Variables Yes No The woman is protected from physical harm or ill treatment 295(70.9%) 123(29.4%) Never uses physical force or abrasive behavior 326(78%) 92(22%) Never physically restrains woman 321(76.8%) 97(23.2%) Provides comfort/pain-relief as necessary 313(74.9%) 105(25.1%) Does not deny food or fluid to women in labor 272(65.1%) 146(34.9%) The woman’s right to information and informed consent 269(64.4%) 149(35.6%) Introduces self to woman and her companion 183(43.8%) 235(56.2%) Encourages companion to remain with woman whenever possible 215(51.4%) 203(48.6%) Encourages woman and her companion to ask questions 307(73.4%) 111(26.6%) Does the provider actively listen you 332(79.4%) 86(20.6%) Gives periodic updates on status and progress of labor 313(74.9%) 105(25.1%) Allows the woman to move about during labor 317(75.8%) 101(24.2%) Allows woman to assume position of choice during birth 372(89%) 46(11%) Obtains consent or permission prior to any procedure 349(83.5%0 69(16.5%) Confidentiality and privacy is protected 336(80.4%) 82(19.6%) Uses curtains or other visual barrier to protect woman during exams, birth 357(85.4%) 61(14.6%) Uses drapes or covering appropriate to protect woman's privacy 360(86.1%) 58(13.9% The woman is treated with dignity and respect. 281(67.2%0 137(32.8%) Speaks politely to woman and companion 326(78%) 92(22%) Never makes insults, intimidation, threats, or coerces woman or her companion 305(73%) 113(27%) The woman receives equitable care, free of discrimination. 173(41.4%0 245(58.6%) Speaks to the woman in a language and at a language-level that she understand 308(73.7%) 110(26.3%) Does not show disrespect to women based on any specific attribute 210(50.2%) 208(49.8%) The woman is never left without care 215(51.4%0 203(48.6%) Encourages woman to call if needed 170(40.7%) 248(59.3%) Never leaves woman alone or unattended 101(24.2%) 317(75.8%) The woman is detained or confined against her will 115(27.5%) 303(72.5%) PREVALENCE OF INTRA-PARTUM OBSTETRIC VIOLENCE The picture below shows that 56.5% (95% CI 51.9%, 61.2%) of the participants agreed that intrapartum obstetric violence was present. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRA-PARTUM OBSTETRIC VIOLENCE IN MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS Those variables that had a statistically significant association with intrapartum obstetric violence according to binary logistic regression were entered into the multivariable logistic regression after checking for multicollinearity (VIF and tolerance) and normality and for what extent the model was well fitted (hosmer-Lemishow goodness of fit). Factors with p < = 0.05 were considered to have a significant association with intrapartum obstetric violence, as shown in Table 7. Table 5 Multiple regression table on intrapartum obstetric violence among mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Independent variables IPOV COR CI P value AOR CI P value Yes No Age 19–24 39 63 3.303 1.934 5.641 .000 6.405 2.755 14.893 .000* 25–29 105 74 1.441 .906 2.292 .123 2.230 1.015 4.902 .046* Above 30 92 45 1 1 residence urban 174 150 rural 62 32 .599 .371 .967 .036 .571 .268 1.220 .148 occupation housewife 81 104 1 1 government 92 27 .229 .136 .384 .000 .158 .072 .346 .000* others 63 51 .630 .394 1.009 .054 .394 .192 .811 .011* number of delivery less than 3 136 115 1 1 above 3 100 67 .792 .533 1.178 .250 .843 .370 1.922 .684 number of ANC visit 1st visit 67 76 3.995 2.264 7.048 .000 7.201 2.657 19.520 .000* 2nd visit 50 60 4.226 2.328 7.670 .000 8.230 2.930 23.116 .000* 3rd visit 38 23 2.132 1.064 4.270 .033 3.252 1.009 10.481 .048* 4th visit 81 23 1 1 time of birth of the current delivery day 128 62 1 1 night 108 120 2.294 1.539 3.420 .000 1.646 .913 2.968 .097 mode of delivery SVD 114 76 .767 .520 1.133 .183 1.552 .777 3.101 .213 C/S and others 122 106 1 1 time stayed at HF 24 hr 110 116 2.013 1.355 2.991 .001 6.566 2.946 14.636 . 000* Complication in infant and mothers Yes 134 72 .498 .336 .738 .001 .784 .405 1.518 .471 No 102 110 1 1 Who assist you Midwife 91 82 1 1 others 145 100 .765 .517 1.133 .182 .424 .227 .791 .007* number of HP 1–2 209 174 .182 1.245 6.343 .013 1.664 .355 7.814 .518 above 2 27 8 1 1 sex of health professionals who attend Female 134 65 2.365 1.589 3.520 .000 2.139 1.069 1.281 .000* Male 102 117 1 1 provider experience 5years 107 39 1 1 DISCUSSION This study revealed that the overall incidence of intrapartum obstetric violence was 56.5%, which is lower than that reported in other studies. These findings were lower than those of studies performed among postnatal women in a specialized comprehensive hospital in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. 75.1%(18). The possible reasons may include the availability of infrastructure, shortage of trained human power and compliance of health professionals with the standard guidelines. The sociodemographic age and occupation of mothers were significantly associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. When we compared late childbearing age (above 30), participants in the early childbearing age group (19-24) were approximately 6.4 times more likely to experience intrapartam obstetric violence. AOR=6.4 (95% CI=2.76, 14.89). This might be because those in the early childbearing age group were less experienced in the delivery process and may be unwilling to undergo any procedure; therefore, health professionals may have passed unnecessary words to them. Occupation was another significant factor that was associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. Those mothers who were employed and working in different activities were less likely to have intrapartum obstetric violence (AOR: .15895% CI: .072, .346; AOR: .39, 95% CI: .192, .811). This might be because mothers who were housewives were less likely to be aware of and afraid of expressing their feelings. Among the obstetric characteristics, ANC visit and time spent at a health facility were significantly associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. When we compared mothers who had a 4 th ANC visit with others, those who had one visit were more likely to have intrapartum obstetric violence (AOR: 7.2095% CI (2.66, 19.52). The reason might be that mothers who had visited only were not able to adapt very well to the environment; even if they were confused, they were likely to go so that they were at risk of violence. With respect to the length of hospital stay, mothers whose length of stay was greater than 24 hr were included. At hospitals, there was a 6.6-fold greater risk of intrapartum obstetric violence than mothers who stayed for less than 24 hours (AOR=6.57, 95% CI=2.95, 14.64). This might be because as time elapses, the likelihood of gating different health professionals increases since humans have different behaviors, and the likelihood of being exposed to these types of violence also increases. Regarding health system characteristics, the health professionals who assist in the delivery and the sex of health professionals were found to be factors associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. Those mothers who were assisted by other health professionals were less likely to have violence than mothers who were assisted by midwives were (AOR:.424(.227, .791). This might be because those midwives usually pass their time by assisting many mothers so that they may adapt to pain due to delivery and become careless. This study also revealed a significant and positive association between the sex of health professionals who attended and antepartum obstetric violence. Patients who were not assisted by female health professionals were almost 2 times more likely to have unintentional obstetric violence than were those who were assisted by males (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI (1.07, 1.28)). Discipancy might be due to the responsibilities of women, such as child care and home activity, which can lead women to stress and make it difficult for them to understand the pain experienced by the mother. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS From these findings, it was concluded that the prevalence of intrapartum obstetric violence was high. Age, occupation, number of ANC visits, duration of hospitalization, who assisted in delivery, and sex were factors associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations have been proposed for the bodies of interest: RECOMMENDATION As a recommendation, every responsible body starting from the ministry of health to a local health facility should work hand by hand with other stakeholders to avert intrapartum obstetric violence. For FMOH Should prepare policy and should act strictly on that obstacle. For subcities Design of a family health education strategy for those housewives For hospitals Training on CRC patients for health purposes Using a flexi-time strategy for women’s health professionals For health professionals Respecting client Give advice Home-to-home health education for those housewives For researcher Should support by a qualitative study Declarations English consent form Enough information about the study is explained to me. The objective of this study was to assess obstetric violence. I have been told that the study will improve the quality of maternal health services and provide a deep understanding of the issue to the concernedbody. I understand that participation in this study was entirely voluntary. I have been told that my answers to the questions will not be given anyone else and that no reports of this study ever identify me in any way. Therefore, I am ready and willing to participate in this study. If the respondent does not agree to be interviewed thanks her and goes to the next respondent, if the respondent says yes, continue ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Ababa Public Health Research and Emergency Management Directorate and then from the selected hospitals. The data were collected after the purpose or objective of the study was presented to each participant, and written informed consent was obtained by following the COVID-19 protocol, such as keeping away or using masks and sanitizers. Any personal identifying variables of each participant were kept confidential. To assure confidentiality, a code number was assigned to the study participants without mentioning the name. No any organization funded our work. Author Contribution "E.G. Wrote the main manuscript text and prepare figures and D.A. prepared figures and tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript." Acknowledgement We would like to forward deepest gratitude to our research advisor Zebenay Workeneh for his guidance and support in preparing this paper. On top of this, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to SPHMMC for the chance it has given us to conduct this study. Data Availability yes, whatever needed I will email it. References WHO. The prevention and elimination of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth WHO statement. 2014; Toolkit A. RESPECT WORKSHOPS. 2016; Rights U, Women OFC. Respectful maternity care: 2010;1–6. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action* The Fourth World Conference on Women, Having. 1995;(September):1–132. Garcia-moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH, Study WHOM. Prevalence of intimate partner violence : fi ndings from the WHO multicountry study on women ’ s health and domestic. 2006;368. Miltenburg AS, Pelt S Van, Meguid T, Sundby J. 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Accountability for respectful maternity care Challenging social structures and changing research cultures Academia can be a rewarding place to work , but not. Lancet [Internet]. 2019;394(10210):1692–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32258-5 Mesenburg MA, Victora CG, Serruya SJ, León RP De, Damaso AH, Domingues MR, et al. Disrespect and abuse of women during the process of childbirth in the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort. 2018;1–8. Mihret MS. Obstetric violence and its associated factors among postnatal women in a Specialized Comprehensive Hospital ,Amhara Region , Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2019;1–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4614-4 Kassa ZY, Husen S. Disrespectful and abusive behavior during childbirth and maternity care in Ethiopia : a systematic review and meta ‑ analysis. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2019;2–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4118-2 Gebremichael MW, Worku A, Medhanyie AA, Berhane Y. Mothers ’ experience of disrespect and abuse during maternity care in northern Ethiopia. Glob Health Action [Internet]. 2018;11(00). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1465215 Ishola F, Owolabi O, Filippi V. Disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth in Nigeria : A systematic review. 2017;1–17. Goals D, Goals D. fromMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS to SUST AINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. 2915; Roy MP. Factors Determining Institutional Delivery in Rural India. 2020;2020–3. Yarinbab TE, Balcha SG. Delays in Utilization of Institutional Delivery Service and its Determinants in Yem Special Woreda , Southwest Ethiopia : Health Institution Based Cross-Sectional Study. 2018;10(4):1–6. Policy H. Delay in Seeking Institutional Delivery Service Utilization and Associated Factors Among Mothers Attending Jimma Medical Center , Jimma ,. 2021;1255–62. Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities. 2016; Nations U. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 2019; Care H. ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL HEALTH CARE QUALITY Transforming the Quality of Health Care in Ethiopia. 2020; Mbada KA. Human Rights-based Approach to Maternal Health Policy and Implementation : An Analysis of Abiye Safe-Motherhood Policy of Ondo State Nigeria. 2021;10(4):315–30. Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. 2016. EDHS. Effects of immediate postpartum contraceptive counseling on long-acting reversible contraceptive use in adolescents.Vol. Volume 8, Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2016. 115–123 p. Hameed W, Avan BI. Women ’ s experiences of mistreatment during childbirth : A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan. 2018;1–17. Siraj A, Teka W, Hebo H. Prevalence of disrespect and abuse during facility based child birth and associated factors ,Jimma University Medical Center , Southwest Ethiopia. 2019;5:1–9. Faheem A. The nature of obstetric violence and the organisational context of its manifestation in India : a systematic review The nature of obstetric violence and the organisational context of its manifestation in India : a systematic review. 2021;(December). Facultad de ciencias de la salud. 2019; Sharma G, Penn-kekana L, Halder K, Filippi V. An investigation into mistreatment of women during labor and childbirth in maternity care facilities in Uttar Pradesh , India : a mixed methods study. 2019;1–16. Vedam S, Stoll K, Taiwo TK, Rubashkin N, Cheyney M, Strauss N, et al. The Giving Voice to Mothers study : inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. 2019;1–18. Martínez-galiano JM, Martinez-vazquez S, Rodríguez-almagro J, Hernández-martinez A. The magnitude of the problem of obstetric violence and its associated factors : A cross-sectional study. 2020;(xxxx). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.002 Bohren MA, Mehrtash H, Fawole B, Maung TM, Balde MD, Maya E, et al. How women are treated during facility-based childbirth in four countries : a cross-sectional study with labor observations and community-based surveys. 2019;394. Castro R, Frías SM. Obstetric Violence in Mexico : Results From a 2016 National Household Survey. 2019;1–18. Shrivastava S. Evidence of ‘ obstetric violence ’ in India : an integrative review. 2019; Wollo S, Maldie M, Egata G, Genetu M, Id C, Id AM, et al. PLOS ONE Magnitude and associated factors of disrespect and abusive care among laboring mothers at public health facilities in Borena. 2021;1–18. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256951 Mena-tudela D, Iglesias-cas S, Gonz M. Obstetric Violence in Spain (Part I): Women ’ s Perception and Interterritorial Di fferences. 2020;(Part I). Sheferaw ED, Kim Y, Akker T Van Den, Stekelenburg J. Mistreatment of women in public health facilities of Ethiopia. 2019;1–10. Savage V, Castro A. Measuring mistreatment of women during childbirth : a review of terminology and methodological approaches. 2017;1–27. Maya ET, Adu-bonsaffoh K, Dako-gyeke P, Badzi C, Vogel JP, Bohren MA, et al. Women ’ s perspectives of mistreatment during childbirth at health facilities in Ghana : findings from a qualitative study Women ’ s perspectives of mistreatment during childbirth at. 2018;8080. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09688080.2018.1502020 Bohren MA, Vogel JP, Hunter EC, Lutsiv O, Makh SK, Diniz A, et al. The Mistreatment of Women during Childbirth in Health Facilities Globally : A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. 2015;(1):1–32. Annborn A, Rafnar H. Obstetric violence a qualitative interview study. Midwifery [Internet]. 2022;105:103212. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103212 Maternal Disrespect and Abuse by Health Care Providers among postpartum women attending Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, South West Ethiopia. 2022;1–31. ASSESSMENT OF MOTHERS‘EXPERIENCE OF MISTREATMENT DURING FACILITY BASED CHILD BIRTH AND ITS PREDICTERS IN HOSANNATOWN, SOUTH ETHIOPIA, 2019. 2019; Wubetu YA. Respectful Delivery Care and Associated Factors in Public Health Facilities in DebreBerhanTown , Ethiopia. 2021;1–14. Asefa A, Bekele D. Status of respectful and nonabusive care during facility-based childbirth in a hospital and health centers in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia. 2015;1–9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4902485","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":341200493,"identity":"86cb1559-3cd2-47f4-a27b-6887487d575b","order_by":0,"name":"Ermias Getaneh 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College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dessalegn","middleName":"Abebaw","lastName":"Jember","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-12 18:51:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4902485/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4902485/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66553208,"identity":"14f3dbd7-36e6-4dd5-8541-6ed8dabf4221","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-14 09:11:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic representation of the sampling procedure for laboring mothers in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4902485/v1/64f7440ab23c297e90c4b968.jpg"},{"id":66553200,"identity":"16d8d055-7413-4ccf-badd-1204d53b14e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-14 09:10:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19853,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of intrapartum obstetric violence among mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4902485/v1/72611c6be61bd53045cf6ed9.jpg"},{"id":71954021,"identity":"87c2cd12-9a0f-4722-b507-999ce268c2d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-20 05:09:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1203047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4902485/v1/70c08542-6f39-439c-a0f5-d615da8d6e58.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eObstetric Violence and its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Intrapartum Care at Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION ","content":"\u003cp\u003eBACKGROUND\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2014,\u0026nbsp;the World Health Organization (WHO) defined obstetric violence\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;disrespectful and offensive\u0026nbsp;treatment that represents a\u0026nbsp;considerable lack of respect\u0026nbsp;and includes\u0026nbsp;the following: \u0026ldquo;physical abuse, profound humiliation and verbal abuse, coercive or unconsented medical procedures (including sterilization), lack of confidentiality, failure to get fully informed consent, refusal to give pain medication, gross violations of privacy, refusal of admission to health facilities, neglecting women during childbirth to suffer life-threatening, avoidable complications, and detention of women and their newborns in facilities after childbirth due to inability to pay\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObstetric violence (OV) is a form of gender-based violence (GBV) that targets pregnant and childbearing women during and beyond the intrapartum period;\u0026nbsp;this\u0026nbsp;violence\u0026nbsp;violates human rights and evidence-based medicine and\u0026nbsp;hinders\u0026nbsp;the delivery of respectful maternity care (RMC)\u0026nbsp;(2,3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eViolence against women is largely recognized as a major human\u0026nbsp;rights\u0026nbsp;abuse and a significant public health problem with multiple adverse physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health effects(4,5).\u0026nbsp;A universal human right declares that every childbearing woman in every health system around the world should practice respect and compassionate care as part of their basic human rights, including respect for women\u0026rsquo;s autonomy, dignity, feelings, and choices(6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObstetric\u0026nbsp;violence\u0026nbsp;during facility childbirth\u0026nbsp;includes\u0026nbsp;physical abuse, lack of consent for care,\u0026nbsp;nonconfidential\u0026nbsp;care, undignified care, abandonment, discrimination, and detention in facilities for failure to pay user fees\u0026nbsp;(7).\u0026nbsp;Disrespectful delivery care is\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;type of obstetric violence that threatens human rights\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;respectful and discrimination-free care(4).\u0026nbsp;Disrespectful and abusive care has seven forms,\u0026nbsp;including physical abuse,\u0026nbsp;non-consented\u0026nbsp;care,\u0026nbsp;non-dignified care, nonconfidential\u0026nbsp;care, discriminated care, abandonment, and detention in facilities\u0026nbsp;(8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;World Health Organization (WHO) defines compassionate and respectful maternal care (CRMC) as the right\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;every woman to attain the highest standard of health,\u0026nbsp;which similarly includes the right to dignity compassionate and respectful health care to all childbearing women\u0026nbsp;worldwide\u0026nbsp;throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period(1,9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSTATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;OF THE PROBLEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring childbirth, many women face rude and harsh treatment at facilities\u0026nbsp;worldwide. Such treatment not only violates women\u0026apos;s rights to respectful care but also puts their lives, health, physical integrity, and freedom from discrimination at jeopardy. On this crucial public health and human rights issue, this statement urges more action, dialog, study, and advocacy(1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObstetric violence and abuse during childbirth\u0026nbsp;are\u0026nbsp;worldwide\u0026nbsp;issues, but\u0026nbsp;they are\u0026nbsp;especially prevalent in low-income countries\u0026nbsp;such as\u0026nbsp;Sub-Saharan Africa(10\u0026ndash;14).\u0026nbsp;Increased STIs, preterm\u0026nbsp;labor,\u0026nbsp;vaginal bleeding, placental abruption,\u0026nbsp;cesarean\u0026nbsp;delivery,\u0026nbsp;hemorrhage, and infection have all been linked to\u0026nbsp;maternal\u0026nbsp;physical health outcomes throughout pregnancy and delivery(15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObstetric violence during the intrapartum period is difficult to notice because of its gendered, structural, and institutional nature, as well as its pervasive normalization and embedding in health systems and\u0026nbsp;sociocultural\u0026nbsp;norms(16).\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the majority of women are mistreated by their birth attendants\u0026nbsp;(1).\u0026nbsp;Obstetric violence seems to be widespread throughout the world, with\u0026nbsp;reports\u0026nbsp;ranging from 18.3%\u0026nbsp;(17)to 75.1%\u0026nbsp;(18). A systematic review conducted in Ethiopia showed that 50% of mothers were disrespected while giving birth\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;public\u0026nbsp;institutions(19),\u0026nbsp;ranging from 98.9% to 21.6% in Ethiopia(20).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntrapartum violence and abuses create a psychological barrier between women and care providers, driving women away from formal health care systems in fear of being subjected to such violence; they\u0026nbsp;are sometimes more significant\u0026nbsp;impediments\u0026nbsp;to maternal health service utilization than geographic or financial barriers(21,22). Maternal mortality and morbidity are serious public health\u0026nbsp;concerns\u0026nbsp;that have devastating\u0026nbsp;impacts\u0026nbsp;on children, families, and communities worldwide(23\u0026ndash;25).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSustainable Development Goals 3\u0026nbsp;aim\u0026nbsp;to reduce maternal mortality to\u0026nbsp;less than\u0026nbsp;70 per 100,000 live births.\u0026nbsp;However,\u0026nbsp;this ambitious goal cannot be achieved unless the quality of the services is improved\u0026nbsp;(26,27). In July 2019, the United Nations General Assembly issued an important report that noted the situation of violence against women in reproductive health care services, which particularly emphasized attention at childbirth and OV, and this report emphasized the mobilization that is taking place in many countries against such abusive practices.\u0026nbsp;It proposes adopting a human rights-based approach to the various forms of abuse that women have suffered in the context of childbirth by insisting not only on violating women\u0026apos;s rights to live a life free from violence but also jeopardizing their right to life, health and women\u0026apos;s health. Their physical integrity, intimacy, independence and right to\u0026nbsp;nondiscrimination.(17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ethiopian\u0026nbsp;Federal\u0026nbsp;Minister of Health has adopted a new\u0026nbsp;compassionate and respectful care\u0026nbsp;(CRC) approach and started providing in-service training to all health care providers(8).\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;five-year\u0026nbsp;progression\u0026nbsp;plan, called the Health sector transformation plan,\u0026nbsp;involved personalizing\u0026nbsp;a compassionate respectful care initiative\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;offering sector-wide training for health care providers,\u0026nbsp;including addressing the issue of respectful maternity care(28,29). The WHO\u0026nbsp;intrapartum\u0026nbsp;care guideline recommends respectful maternity care for all women, which is care that maintains \u0026ldquo;dignity, privacy, and confidentiality;\u0026nbsp;ensures freedom from harm and mistreatment;\u0026nbsp;and enables informed choice and continuous support during labor and childbirth(30).\u0026nbsp;In Ethiopia, interventions\u0026nbsp;such as\u0026nbsp;maternal waiting homes in health facilities, free services and transportation, pregnant women conferences, and media advocacy campaigns were introduced to increase\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;quality of delivery. Despite the intervention, 26%\u0026nbsp;of the\u0026nbsp;delivered women\u0026nbsp;indicated problems\u0026nbsp;with the quality of care(31).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The presence of obstetric violence has been associated with factors and determinants such as marital status, age, educational level, socioeconomic level, employment status, race, parity, history of miscarriage, sex and professional category of the person attending the birth, type of delivery, and the public or private nature of the childbirth center(32\u0026ndash;37). Additionally, different clinical practices, such as giving birth on the delivery table in the lithotomy position, performing an episiotomy without the woman\u0026apos;s consent, pressureing on the uterine fundus, or carrying out vaginal examinations without the woman\u0026apos;s permission, are associated with a greater perception of obstetric violence (36). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of OV among intrapartum women in public health hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntrapartum violence during childbirth is common and has adverse health consequences for women and potentially for their fetus; however, very few studies have examined such abuse in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Despite its importance in fighting violence, there are fewer evidence-based documents on violence against child birth women in the county, and these reports are produced by policy planners, decision makers and nongovernmental organizations. Considering the importance of this topic, this study contributes to providing insight into the effects of intrapartum violence during childbirth. This approach will help individuals to contribute to their own profit and provide insight into the effect of intrapartum violence on adverse delivery outcomes, and it will also be used as a baseline for further studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOBJECTIVES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGENERAL OBJECTIVE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo\u0026nbsp;assess the\u0026nbsp;prevalence\u0026nbsp;of obstetric\u0026nbsp;violence and its associated factors among women attending intrapartumcare at public hospitals\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPECIFIC OBJECTIVES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence of\u0026nbsp;obstetric\u0026nbsp;violence among women attending\u0026nbsp;intrapartum\u0026nbsp;care at public hospitals\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify the factors affecting obstetric violence among women receiving intrapartum care at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003ch2\u003eSTUDY AREA AND PERIOD\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;conducted from May to June 2023 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.\u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa is geographically located at 9\u0026deg;2\u0026apos; North and 38\u0026deg;42 East. As a capital city of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it is located almost at the center of the country. The\u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa City Administration is divided into Eleven subcities: Addis Ketema, Akaki-Kaliti, Arada, Bole, Gulelle, Kirkos, Kolfie-Keraniyo, Lideta, Nefas Silk-Lafto, Yeka and Lamikura Subcity. Seven hospitals owned by the Addis Ababa Health Bureau, 5 by the Federal Ministry of Health, 1 by Addis Ababa University, 3 by the nongovernmental organization, 3 by the defense force and police and 34 by private owners were included. There\u0026nbsp;was an average delivery of 3338 deliveries per month in Addis Ababa city administration public hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSTIMY DESIGN\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA facility-based\u0026nbsp;cross-sectional study\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;also\u0026nbsp;conducted.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePOPULATION\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOURCE POPULATION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAll\u0026nbsp;intrapartum\u0026nbsp;women seeking service in public hospitals\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSTUDY POPULATION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAll women who\u0026nbsp;gave\u0026nbsp;birth in selected public hospitals\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;Addis Ababa\u0026nbsp;fulfilled\u0026nbsp;the\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;inclusion\u0026nbsp;criteriafor individuals in\u0026nbsp;the year 2023\u0026nbsp;were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eELIGIBILITY CRITERIA\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINCLUSION CRITERIA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAll pregnant mothers who\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;admitted to the hospitals for labor and delivery\u0026nbsp;services\u0026nbsp;during the data collection period\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEXCLUSION CRITERIA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThose mothers who were critically ill and unable to complete the interview\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSAMPLE-SIZE DETERMINATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAMPLE-SIZE DETERMINATION\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula by considering 50% prevalence because there was no similar study on intrapartum violence among the laboratory mothers, and the assumption of a 95% two-sided confidence interval and 5% margin of error was used to determine the sample size. Therefore, the above assumptions were entered into the formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"101\" height=\"45\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWere\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP = proportion of intrapartum violence, 0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e = Margin of sampling error - 5%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA (\u003cu\u003eZ \u003cem\u003ea/2)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e = Critical value at 95% confidence interval of certainty (1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"205\" height=\"48\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy\u0026nbsp;adding\u0026nbsp;a nonresponse\u0026nbsp;rate of 10%, the sample size\u0026nbsp;was reduced to\u0026nbsp;423.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final sample\u0026nbsp;size\u0026nbsp;for this study\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e423\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAMPLING TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURE/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo obtain the required information from the study subjects, a systematic random sampling technique was used. All public hospitals in the Addis Ababa city Administration were included. The study participants were allocated proportionally based on the number of last month deliveries (March, 2023) in each hospital. Finally, the study subjects were selected by systematic random sampling based on the card number of the women by using the registration book as the sampling frame. Dividing the total duration of delivery by the sample size (3338/423) gives a sampling fraction (K) of 8. Therefore, laboratory mothers were interviewed every 8 times until a total sample size of 423 was reached. The primary study subject was selected using lottery methods by preparing random numbers from 1 to 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSTUDY VARIABLES\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDEPENDENT VARIABLE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIntrapartum obstetric violence\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINDEPENDENT VARIABLES\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociodemographic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and economic variables of the family\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAge of the mother, Marital status, Religion, Ethnicity, Education attendance, Occupation, Family monthly income, Residence\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObstetric characteristics of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eANC follow-up,\u0026nbsp;place\u0026nbsp;of ANC, ANC received from,\u0026nbsp;number\u0026nbsp;of ANC\u0026nbsp;visits, gravidity, parity, history\u0026nbsp;of previous institutional delivery,\u0026nbsp;route/type of current delivery,\u0026nbsp;preferred\u0026nbsp;birth position,\u0026nbsp;labor\u0026nbsp;was augmented/induced,\u0026nbsp;time\u0026nbsp;of delivery,\u0026nbsp;and number\u0026nbsp;of days\u0026nbsp;spent\u0026nbsp;at the hospital before delivery\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth care provider\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erelated factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Number of birth\u0026nbsp;attendants, main\u0026nbsp;birth\u0026nbsp;attendants, sex\u0026nbsp;of the main birth attendant,\u0026nbsp;profession\u0026nbsp;of birth attendants,\u0026nbsp;type\u0026nbsp;of health facility,\u0026nbsp;and provider\u0026nbsp;experiences\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOPERATIONAL\u0026nbsp;DEFINITIONS AND TERMS\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObstetric\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eviolence\u003c/strong\u003e during facility childbirth includes physical abuse, lack of consent for care, nonconfidential care, undignified care, abandonment, discrimination, and detention in facilities for failure to pay user fees (7)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntrapartum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eobstetric\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;violence (IOV):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWomen\u0026nbsp;who replied \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to at least one form of OV from seven\u0026nbsp;forms,\u0026nbsp;such as physical abuse,\u0026nbsp;nonconsented care, nonconfidential care, nondignified\u0026nbsp;care, discriminated care, neglected care and detention in the health facility, were\u0026nbsp;labeled\u0026nbsp;as having\u0026nbsp;IOV(18).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVerbal abuse:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eUse of harsh language and threat and blaming,\u0026nbsp;such as Provider,\u0026nbsp;use harsh/rude\u0026nbsp;language\u0026mdash;judgmental\u0026nbsp;or accusatory\u0026nbsp;comment\u0026mdash;threaten\u0026nbsp;or blamed(50).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e: The presence of at least one of the following activities by the care provider on the client: beating, threatening with beating, slapping, pinching, restraining or tying down during labor, cutting or suturing of episiotomy cuts or perineal tears without the use of anesthesia and the use of fundal pressure to fasten the delivery of the baby. A woman who answered \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to at least one of the criteria was considered to be physically abused at the time of labor and delivery(18,50,51).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNonconsented\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe presence of at least one of the following: providers not giving women or her relatives proper information about medical procedures;\u0026nbsp;not asking for women\u0026rsquo;s permission to conduct medical procedures such as cesarean sections, episiotomies, hysterectomies, blood transfusions, tubal ligation,\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;augmentation of labor;\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;coercing into medical procedures such as cesarean section.\u0026nbsp;A woman who answered \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to at least one of the criteria was considered\u0026nbsp;to be\u0026nbsp;abused in\u0026nbsp;nonconsented\u0026nbsp;care at the time of labor and delivery.(18)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNonconfidential\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;care\u003c/strong\u003e: The presence of at least one of the following: giving birth in a public view\u0026nbsp;without privacy barriers such as curtains\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;having healthcare providers share sensitive\u0026nbsp;client\u0026nbsp;information, such as HIV status, age, marital status, and medical history, in\u0026nbsp;such\u0026nbsp;a way that other people who are not involved in their care can hear.\u0026nbsp;A woman who\u0026nbsp;replied \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo;\u0026nbsp;to at least one of the criteria was\u0026nbsp;considered\u0026nbsp;to be\u0026nbsp;abused in\u0026nbsp;nonconfidential\u0026nbsp;care at the time of labor and delivery(18).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNondignified\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA report by the client about at least one of the following: intentional humiliation, blaming, rough treatment, scolding, shouting at, women not allowed to bring companion to the labor ward,\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;ordering to stop crying while they are in labor pain. A woman who replied \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to at least one of the criteria was considered\u0026nbsp;to be\u0026nbsp;abused in\u0026nbsp;nondignified\u0026nbsp;care at the time of labor and delivery(18).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiscrimination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDiscrimination based on specific client attributes\u0026nbsp;such as\u0026nbsp;race, age, HIV/AIDS status, traditional beliefs and preferences, economic status, or educational background.\u0026nbsp;A woman who answered\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;yes\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;to at least one of the criteria\u0026nbsp;was considered\u0026nbsp;to be\u0026nbsp;abused in discriminated care at the time of labor and delivery(51).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeglected care\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Fif\u0026nbsp;there\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;any of the following practices: leaving\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;laboring woman alone, giving birth by themselves at health facilities,\u0026nbsp;or failing\u0026nbsp;to monitor women in labor and intervene in life-threatening conditions. A\u0026nbsp;woman\u0026nbsp;who answered \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to at least one of the criteria was considered\u0026nbsp;to be\u0026nbsp;abused in neglected care at the time of labor and delivery(51).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetention in facilities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Deteriorating mothers in health facilities because of bills or damage to the property of the health care facility. If a woman answered \u0026lsquo;yes\u0026rsquo; to at least two of the criteria, then she was considered to be abused at the time of labor and delivery(18).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDATA COLLECTION TOOL AND PROCEDURE\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDATA\u0026nbsp;COLLECTION TOOL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection tool was adapted by reviewing different studies(18,50,52). The questionnaire is divided into four parts. Part one included sociodemographic variables (9 items), part two included obstetric characteristic-related factors (13 items), part three included health service system-related factors (6 items), and part four included intrapartum obstetric violence-related questions. The scale internal reliability\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;checked by Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were collected by using structured questionnaires administered by an interviewer via three diploma nurses under the supervision of one BSc nurse who spoke the local language (Amharic). The data were obtained at the institutional level through face-to-face interviews. The mothers were tolled of all the details of the study before providing their consent to participate. The participants who were willing to integrate and sign the informed consent document were then interviewed in a quiet and spacious space.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDATA QUALITY ASSURANCE\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure the quality of the data,\u0026nbsp;first, the data collection tool\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;prepared in English, translated into Amharic, and then returned to English to check its consistency. Then, training of the data collectors and their supervisors was undertaken for one day by the principal investigator on the objectives, relevance of the study, methods of data collection, confidentiality of the information and informed consent. Pretests were performed by taking 5% of mothers postpartum at other nonselected hospitals before the actual data collection work to determine the accuracy of the responses and to estimate the time needed, and the questionnaire\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;adjusted accordingly.\u0026nbsp;The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were checked. The supervisor checked the data collection process on a daily basis. The investigator also makes corrective efforts to boost the validity of the conclusion by reviewing and cross-checking the questionnaires or data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency every day after completion of the daily data collection process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were checked for completeness and consistency before being entered into the computer. The data were subsequently coded, and the results were double verified using EPI-DATA 3.1 software. The data were subsequently entered into SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and the results are presented as frequency tables and graphs. Factors associated with the dependent variable were assessed using binary logistic regression. Basic assumptions for binary logistic regression were made, and model fitness was checked before running multiple logistic regression analysis. Initially, bivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Variables with a p value \u0026le; 0.25 were considered to be significant candidate variables for multivariable logistic regression analysis to control for confounders. The degree of association between the dependent and independent variables was measured using an adjusted odds ratio (adjusted odds ratio) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) at a significance level \u0026le; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 423 eligible mothers were approached in this study, and 418 mothers agreed to participate, for a response rate of 98.8%. Regarding the age category, 179 (42.8%) were found between the 25th and 29th age groups, and 242 (57.9%) of them were religious fellows. Of the 418 mothers, only 65 (15.6%) were married. Regarding educational and occupational status, the majority of the participants (183 [43.8%] had completed secondary education, and more than 185 [44.3%] were housewives. Among those mothers, 418,273 (65.3%) had a monthly income less than 5000 birrs per month (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of mothers delivered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprotestant and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOBSTETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of 418 mothers, 332 (79.4%) had a history of ANC follow-up, but only 104 (24.9%) had completed the 4th week, and 228 (54.5%) had delivered at night. Regarding the mode of delivery, 202 (48.2%) mothers delivered by C/S. Among the respondents, 226 (54.1%) had a duration longer than 24 hrs. Furthermore, 206 (49.3%) patients had complications, either on their infants or on their infants, but only 32 (10%) of them were dissatisfied with the overall care. (Table\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstetric characteristics of mothers in Addis Ababa, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eless than 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabove 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANC follow up\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of ANC visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eplace of ANC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealth center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehospitals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eever had delivery at current health facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewho refer you to current HF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efrom HC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efrom clinic and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etime of birth of the current delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emode of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssisted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etime stayed at HF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24 hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24 hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplication in infant and mothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esatisfaction in overall care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estrongly satisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eneutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estrongly dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHEALTH SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the health system characteristics, the majority 234 (56. %) of the pregnant mothers were followed up at health centers, and 54.1% of them were visited by two health professionals; however, at the time, their delivery was given by doctors. The majority (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;219; 52.4%) of the health professionals were male. (Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth system characteristics of Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, in 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eplace of ANC for last pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehealth centers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewho assist you\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emid-wife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enurse and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of health professionals involved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emore than 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esex of hp who attend\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePROPORTION OF IPOV AND ITS COMPONENTS AMONG MOTHERS IN THE ADDIS ABABA\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the dimension of intrapartum obstetric violence from physical violence, health professionals who never use physical force agreed with the majority, while those who did not deny food or fluid to women in the labor item disagreed. On the woman\u0026rsquo;s right to information and informed consent-related items, Allows woman to assume the position of choice during birth was agreed upon, but Introduces self to woman and her companion were not agreed upon by the majority. Concerning confidentiality and privacy, the majority of mothers agreed that the use of drapes or coverage is appropriate for protecting women's privacy. In general, according to the IPOV-related dimension, confidentiality and privacy-related items were agreed upon by the majority of mothers, while women who were detained or confined against their will were not agreed upon by the majority of mothers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of intrapartum obstetric violence and its components among mothers who delivered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe woman is protected from physical harm or ill treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295(70.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(29.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever uses physical force or abrasive behavior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326(78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92(22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever physically restrains woman\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321(76.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97(23.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvides comfort/pain-relief as necessary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313(74.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105(25.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes not deny food or fluid to women in labor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272(65.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146(34.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe woman\u0026rsquo;s right to information and informed consent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e269(64.4%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e149(35.6%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduces self to woman and her companion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183(43.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235(56.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncourages companion to remain with woman whenever possible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215(51.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203(48.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncourages woman and her companion to ask questions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307(73.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111(26.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes the provider actively listen you\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332(79.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(20.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGives periodic updates on status and progress of labor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313(74.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105(25.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllows the woman to move about during labor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317(75.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllows woman to assume position of choice during birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372(89%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46(11%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObtains consent or permission prior to any procedure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e349(83.5%0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConfidentiality and privacy is protected\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e336(80.4%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e82(19.6%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses curtains or other visual barrier to protect woman during exams, birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e357(85.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUses drapes or covering appropriate to protect woman's privacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360(86.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(13.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe woman is treated with dignity and respect.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e281(67.2%0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e137(32.8%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeaks politely to woman and companion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326(78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92(22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever makes insults, intimidation, threats, or coerces woman or her companion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305(73%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(27%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe woman receives equitable care, free of discrimination.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e173(41.4%0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e245(58.6%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpeaks to the woman in a language and at a language-level that she understand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e308(73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes not show disrespect to women based on any specific attribute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210(50.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208(49.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe woman is never left without care\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e215(51.4%0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e203(48.6%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncourages woman to call if needed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170(40.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248(59.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever leaves woman alone or unattended\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317(75.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe woman is detained or confined against her will\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e115(27.5%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e303(72.5%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePREVALENCE OF INTRA-PARTUM OBSTETRIC VIOLENCE\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture below shows that 56.5% (95% CI 51.9%, 61.2%) of the participants agreed that intrapartum obstetric violence was present.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRA-PARTUM OBSTETRIC VIOLENCE IN MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Those variables that had a statistically significant association with intrapartum obstetric violence according to binary logistic regression were entered into the multivariable logistic regression after checking for multicollinearity (VIF and tolerance) and normality and for what extent the model was well fitted (hosmer-Lemishow goodness of fit). Factors with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 were considered to have a significant association with intrapartum obstetric violence, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple regression table on intrapartum obstetric violence among mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPOV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.046*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eresidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eurban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egovernment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.011*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eless than 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabove 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of ANC visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.048*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th visit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etime of birth of the current delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eday\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.913\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emode of delivery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSVD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/S and others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etime stayed at HF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24 hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;24 hr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e000*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplication in infant and mothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWho assist you\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.791\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.007*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enumber of HP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eabove 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esex of health professionals who attend\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.365\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprovider experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.502\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e000\u003c/b\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that the overall incidence of intrapartum obstetric violence was 56.5%, which is lower than that reported in other studies. These findings were lower than those of studies performed among postnatal women in a specialized comprehensive hospital in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.1%(18). The possible reasons may include the availability of infrastructure, shortage of trained human power and compliance of health professionals with the standard guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sociodemographic age and occupation of mothers were significantly associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. When we compared late childbearing age (above 30), participants in the early childbearing age group (19-24) were approximately 6.4 times more likely to experience intrapartam obstetric violence. AOR=6.4 (95% CI=2.76, 14.89). This might be because those in the early childbearing age group were less experienced in the delivery process and may be unwilling to undergo any procedure; therefore, health professionals may have passed unnecessary words to them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation was another significant factor that was associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. Those mothers who were employed and working in different activities were less likely to have intrapartum obstetric violence (AOR: .15895% CI: .072, .346; AOR: .39, 95% CI: .192, .811). This might be because mothers who were housewives were less likely to be aware of and afraid of expressing their feelings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the obstetric characteristics, ANC visit and time spent at a health facility were significantly associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. When we compared mothers who had a 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e ANC visit with others, those who had one visit were more likely to have intrapartum obstetric violence (AOR: 7.2095% CI (2.66, 19.52). The reason might be that mothers who had visited only were not able to adapt very well to the environment; even if they were confused, they were likely to go so that they were at risk of violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to the length of hospital stay, mothers whose length of stay was greater than 24 hr were included. At hospitals, there was a 6.6-fold greater risk of intrapartum obstetric violence than mothers who stayed for less than 24 hours (AOR=6.57, 95% CI=2.95, 14.64). This might be because as time elapses, the likelihood of gating different health professionals increases since humans have different behaviors, and the likelihood of being exposed to these types of violence also increases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Regarding health system characteristics, the health professionals who assist in the delivery and the sex of health professionals were found to be factors associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. Those mothers who were assisted by other health professionals were less likely to have violence than mothers who were assisted by midwives were (AOR:.424(.227,\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;.791). This might be because those midwives usually pass their time by assisting many mothers so that they may adapt to pain due to delivery and become careless.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study also revealed a significant and positive association between the sex of health professionals who attended and antepartum obstetric violence. Patients who were not assisted by female health professionals were almost 2 times more likely to have unintentional obstetric violence than were those who were assisted by males (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI (1.07, 1.28)). Discipancy might be due to the responsibilities of women, such as child care and home activity, which can lead women to stress and make it difficult for them to understand the pain experienced by the mother.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom these findings, it was concluded that the prevalence of intrapartum obstetric violence was high. Age, occupation, number of ANC visits, duration of hospitalization, who assisted in delivery, and sex were factors associated with intrapartum obstetric violence. Based on the study findings, the following recommendations have been proposed for the bodies of interest:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRECOMMENDATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a recommendation, every responsible body starting from the ministry of health to a local health facility should work hand by hand with other stakeholders to avert intrapartum obstetric violence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor FMOH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShould prepare policy and should act strictly on that obstacle.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor subcities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDesign of a family health education strategy for those housewives\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor hospitals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTraining on CRC patients for health purposes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUsing a flexi-time strategy for women\u0026rsquo;s health professionals\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor health professionals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRespecting client\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGive advice\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHome-to-home health education for those housewives\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor researcher\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShould support by a qualitative study\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnglish consent form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnough information about the study is\u0026nbsp;explained to me.\u0026nbsp;The objective of this study was\u0026nbsp;to assess obstetric violence. I have been told that the\u0026nbsp;study will improve the quality of\u0026nbsp;maternal health services and provide a deep understanding of\u0026nbsp;the issue to the concernedbody.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI understand that participation in this study was entirely voluntary. I have been told that my answers to the questions will not be given anyone else and that no reports of this study ever identify me in any way. Therefore, I am ready and willing to participate in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the respondent does not agree to be interviewed thanks her and goes to the next respondent, if the respondent says yes, continue\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eETHICAL CONSIDERATION\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;obtained from the Addis Ababa Public Health Research and Emergency Management Directorate and then from the selected hospitals. The data\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;collected after the purpose or objective of the study was presented to each participant, and written informed consent\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;obtained by following the COVID-19 protocol, such as keeping away or using masks and sanitizers. Any personal identifying variables of each participant\u0026nbsp;were\u0026nbsp;kept confidential. To assure confidentiality, a code number\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;assigned to the study participants without mentioning the name.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo any organization funded our work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"E.G. Wrote the main manuscript text and prepare figures and D.A. prepared figures and tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to forward deepest gratitude to our research advisor Zebenay Workeneh for his guidance and support in preparing this paper. On top of this, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to SPHMMC for the chance it has given us to conduct this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes, whatever needed I will email it.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. The prevention and elimination of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth WHO statement. 2014;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToolkit A. RESPECT WORKSHOPS. 2016;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRights U, Women OFC. Respectful maternity care: 2010;1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeijing Declaration and Platform for Action* The Fourth World Conference on Women, Having. 1995;(September):1\u0026ndash;132.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarcia-moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH, Study WHOM. 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Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32258-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMesenburg MA, Victora CG, Serruya SJ, Le\u0026oacute;n RP De, Damaso AH, Domingues MR, et al. Disrespect and abuse of women during the process of childbirth in the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort. 2018;1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMihret MS. Obstetric violence and its associated factors among postnatal women in a Specialized Comprehensive Hospital ,Amhara Region , Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2019;1\u0026ndash;7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4614-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKassa ZY, Husen S. Disrespectful and abusive behavior during childbirth and maternity care in Ethiopia : a systematic review and meta ‑ analysis. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2019;2\u0026ndash;7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4118-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGebremichael MW, Worku A, Medhanyie AA, Berhane Y. Mothers \u0026rsquo; experience of disrespect and abuse during maternity care in northern Ethiopia. Glob Health Action [Internet]. 2018;11(00). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1465215\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIshola F, Owolabi O, Filippi V. Disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth in Nigeria : A systematic review. 2017;1\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoals D, Goals D. fromMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS to SUST AINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. 2915;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoy MP. Factors Determining Institutional Delivery in Rural India. 2020;2020\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYarinbab TE, Balcha SG. Delays in Utilization of Institutional Delivery Service and its Determinants in Yem Special Woreda , Southwest Ethiopia : Health Institution Based Cross-Sectional Study. 2018;10(4):1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolicy H. Delay in Seeking Institutional Delivery Service Utilization and Associated Factors Among Mothers Attending Jimma Medical Center , Jimma ,. 2021;1255\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStandards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities. 2016;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNations U. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 2019;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCare H. ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL HEALTH CARE QUALITY Transforming the Quality of Health Care in Ethiopia. 2020;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMbada KA. Human Rights-based Approach to Maternal Health Policy and Implementation : An Analysis of Abiye Safe-Motherhood Policy of Ondo State Nigeria. 2021;10(4):315\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIntrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEDHS. Effects of immediate postpartum contraceptive counseling on long-acting reversible contraceptive use in adolescents.Vol. Volume 8, Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2016. 115\u0026ndash;123 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHameed W, Avan BI. Women \u0026rsquo; s experiences of mistreatment during childbirth : A comparative view of home- and facility-based births in Pakistan. 2018;1\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiraj A, Teka W, Hebo H. Prevalence of disrespect and abuse during facility based child birth and associated factors ,Jimma University Medical Center , Southwest Ethiopia. 2019;5:1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaheem A. The nature of obstetric violence and the organisational context of its manifestation in India : a systematic review The nature of obstetric violence and the organisational context of its manifestation in India : a systematic review. 2021;(December).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFacultad de ciencias de la salud. 2019;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma G, Penn-kekana L, Halder K, Filippi V. An investigation into mistreatment of women during labor and childbirth in maternity care facilities in Uttar Pradesh , India : a mixed methods study. 2019;1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVedam S, Stoll K, Taiwo TK, Rubashkin N, Cheyney M, Strauss N, et al. The Giving Voice to Mothers study : inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. 2019;1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-galiano JM, Martinez-vazquez S, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-almagro J, Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-martinez A. The magnitude of the problem of obstetric violence and its associated factors : A cross-sectional study. 2020;(xxxx). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.10.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBohren MA, Mehrtash H, Fawole B, Maung TM, Balde MD, Maya E, et al. How women are treated during facility-based childbirth in four countries : a cross-sectional study with labor observations and community-based surveys. 2019;394.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCastro R, Fr\u0026iacute;as SM. Obstetric Violence in Mexico : Results From a 2016 National Household Survey. 2019;1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShrivastava S. Evidence of \u0026lsquo; obstetric violence \u0026rsquo; in India : an integrative review. 2019;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWollo S, Maldie M, Egata G, Genetu M, Id C, Id AM, et al. PLOS ONE Magnitude and associated factors of disrespect and abusive care among laboring mothers at public health facilities in Borena. 2021;1\u0026ndash;18. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256951\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMena-tudela D, Iglesias-cas S, Gonz M. Obstetric Violence in Spain (Part I): Women \u0026rsquo; s Perception and Interterritorial Di fferences. 2020;(Part I).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheferaw ED, Kim Y, Akker T Van Den, Stekelenburg J. Mistreatment of women in public health facilities of Ethiopia. 2019;1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSavage V, Castro A. Measuring mistreatment of women during childbirth : a review of terminology and methodological approaches. 2017;1\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaya ET, Adu-bonsaffoh K, Dako-gyeke P, Badzi C, Vogel JP, Bohren MA, et al. Women \u0026rsquo; s perspectives of mistreatment during childbirth at health facilities in Ghana : findings from a qualitative study Women \u0026rsquo; s perspectives of mistreatment during childbirth at. 2018;8080. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09688080.2018.1502020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBohren MA, Vogel JP, Hunter EC, Lutsiv O, Makh SK, Diniz A, et al. The Mistreatment of Women during Childbirth in Health Facilities Globally : A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. 2015;(1):1\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnnborn A, Rafnar H. Obstetric violence a qualitative interview study. Midwifery [Internet]. 2022;105:103212. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103212\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaternal Disrespect and Abuse by Health Care Providers among postpartum women attending Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, South West Ethiopia. 2022;1\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eASSESSMENT OF MOTHERS\u0026lsquo;EXPERIENCE OF MISTREATMENT DURING FACILITY BASED CHILD BIRTH AND ITS PREDICTERS IN HOSANNATOWN, SOUTH ETHIOPIA, 2019. 2019;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWubetu YA. Respectful Delivery Care and Associated Factors in Public Health Facilities in DebreBerhanTown , Ethiopia. 2021;1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsefa A, Bekele D. Status of respectful and nonabusive care during facility-based childbirth in a hospital and health centers in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia. 2015;1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Intrapartum, violence, obstetric violence, Addis Ababa","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4902485/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4902485/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBACKGROUND: -\u003c/strong\u003eIntrapartum violence and abuse create psychological distance between women and care providers and then drive women away from formal health care systems in fear of being subjected to such violence; these violence and abuses are sometimes more prominent hindrances than geographical or financial barriers to maternal health service utilization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOBJECTIVE: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of obstetric violence and its associated factors among women receiving intrapartum care at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMETHODS:\u003c/strong\u003e An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at six hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 423 postpartum mothers were included in this study. Study participants selected using systematic random sampling. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain necessary information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, health system-related factors, obstetric-related factors and intrapartum obstetric violence-related questions. To maintain data quality, a pretest was administered at another site, and the data were checked for completeness, cleaned and entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. The descriptive part was presented in tables and figures. A bivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify potential candidate variables (p\u0026lt;0.25) for multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Basic assumptions for binary logistic regression were made, and model fitness was checked before running multiple binary logistic regression analyses. To control for potential confounding variables, multiple binary logistic regression analyses were performed, and the regression results are presented as the mean odds ratio (COR) and AOR with 95% CI, with a p value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS:\u003c/strong\u003e The magnitude of intrapartum obstetric violence was 56.5%. The findings of the study showed that age (AOR: 6.4, 95% CI (2.76, 14.89), occupation (AOR: .15895% CI (.072, 346), number of ANC visits (AOR: 7.2095% CI (2.66, 19.52), duration of hospitalization at HFs (AOR: 6.57, 95% CI (2.95, 14.64), duration of assisted delivery (AOR: .424, .227, \u0026nbsp;.791), and sex of health professionals who attended (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI (1.07, 1.28)) were factors associated with intrapartum obstetric violence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:\u003c/strong\u003e The magnitude of intrapartum violence was high. Any responsible body should intervene in these factors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Obstetric Violence and its Associated Factors Among Women Attending Intrapartum Care at Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, 2023.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-14 09:10:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4902485/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"75bc0ccf-2546-48b3-855f-3b0f03092b22","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-20T05:09:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-14 09:10:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4902485","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4902485","identity":"rs-4902485","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}