Topics of Study in Under-18 Padel Categories: A Systematic Review

The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing literature on padel among youth players (under 18). After searching through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, 16 articles were analyzed, covering teaching methodologies, psychological factors, physiological demands, physical characteristics, and game parameters. Studies on teaching methodologies highlighted effective approaches for enhancing player learning, such as modifying court size (from 20x10 to 10x6 meters) and using lower pressure balls. Psychological factors showed higher levels of self-confidence and lower cognitive and somatic anxiety, with better values observed in younger players. Understanding physiological demands and physical characteristics based on sex (e.g., maximum oxygen consumption in U14 boys: 47.21±4.49 vs girls: 41.29±4.35 mL/kg/min) and age (e.g., squat jump power in girls; U14: 1565±277 vs U16: 1724±246) helps tailor training sessions to meet these needs, enhancing players' physical condition. Gameplay parameters revealed competition characteristics such as temporal parameters (7-9 seconds for lower-level players and 9-12 seconds for national category), number of strokes (from 4 at initiation level to 6-9 at regional and national levels), and specific technical actions (forehand and backhand for initiation level, volleys for advanced level, and bandeja to finish points). In conclusion, this review offers insights for developing new research and helps coaches plan training sessions by using effective teaching methods and adapting training to the specific physical, physiological, psychological, and game parameters of youth players, optimizing performance by considering age and sex differences.