Shaping neonatal immunization by tuning delivery of synergistic adjuvants via nanocarriers

ABSTRACT Adjuvanted nanocarrier-based vaccines hold substantial potential for applications in novel early-life immunization strategies. Here, via mouse and human age-specific in vitro modelling, we identified the combination of a small molecule STING agonist (2′3′-cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) and a TLR7/8 agonist (CL075) to drive synergistic activation of neonatal dendritic cells and precision CD4 Th cell expansion via the IL-12/IFNγ axis. We further demonstrate that vaccination of neonatal mice with quadrivalent influenza recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) and an admixture of two polymersome (PS) nanocarriers separately encapsulating-cGAMP (cGAMP-PS) and CL075 (CL075-PS) drove robust T helper (Th)1 bias, high frequency of T follicular helper (T FH ) cells and germinal center B (GC B) cells along with IgG2c-skewed humoral response in vivo . Dual loaded cGAMP/CL075-PSs did not outperform admixed cGAMP-PSs and CL075-PSs in vivo . These data validate an optimally designed adjuvantation system, via age-selected small molecule synergy and a multi-component nanocarrier formulation, as an effective approach to induce type 1 immune responses in early life.