Evaluation of glycine betaine and methanol on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritive value in different planting date

Evaluation of glycine betaine and methanol on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritive value in different planting date | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of glycine betaine and methanol on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritive value in different planting date Mehdi Ramezani, Farzad Paknejad, Mohammad Reza Ardakani, Davoud Habibi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3840093/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Appropriate planting date is one of the important factors in determining the yield potential of crops, and the use of methanol and glycine betaine increased plant growth, especially in delayed cultivation. For this purpose, a factorial research was carried out in the form of a completely randomized block design with three replications in Mazandaran, Iran, on maize as a second planting after rice harvest. Treatments included glycine betaine at three levels [0 (control), 1, and 2 ppm], methanol at three levels of [0 (control), 10, and 20% v/v], and three planting dates: [August 6, 16, 27]. The results illustrated that the application of methanol and glycine, also increasing the concentration of methanol (20% v/v) and glycine concentration (2 ppm), improved the yield and forage quality of maize. The delay in maize cultivation (August 27) decreased yield and forage quality of maize. The best planting date for corn cultivation was August 6. Foliar spraying of methanol and glycine reduced the negative effects of delayed planting date compared to the control. Methanol 20% v/v + glycine betaine 2 ppm on planting date of August 6 raised dry matter yield (655%), WSC (190.75%), DMD (21%), ADF (50.32%) and NDF (39%) compared to the control of methanol and glycine in August 27. Overall, in order to achieve maximum yield and forage quality of maize, foliar spraying of methanol 20% v/v along with glycine 2 ppm on August 6 planting date is recommended. Acid detergent fiber delayed cultivation neutral detergent fiber planting date single cross 201 Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Forage quality is the main factor in forage plants cultivation. Forage nutritive value depends on many factors such as environmental conditions, planting dates, availability of different soil nutrients and suitable management of fields (Zhang et al. 2022 ; Soe Htet et al. 2021 ). Maize ( Zea mays L.), one of the main forage crops. Maize is considered as one of the best fodder plants due to its adaptability to different climatic conditions, as well as the production of suitable fodder per unit area, the high quality of silage fodder, and the high absorbability of livestock. It has a high dry matter yield with acceptable nutritive value (Nazar et al. 2020 ; Liimatainen et al. 2022 ). Maize needs warm weather and soil to germination and grow (Abendroth et al. 2017 ). Delayed in planting date increases the probability of poor planting conditions due to cold season and wet soils, resulting in a negative effect on dry matter yield and plant growth, also reduced nutritive value of maize. Choosing the correct planting date affects the traits and stages of plant growth and optimizes the efficiency of using environmental factors that affect yield (Kaur et al. 2019 ; Long et al. 2017 ). Many studies confirmed that delay in planting date reduced the maize yield and nutritive value (Cao et al. 2019 ; Baum et al. 2019 ). Nowadays, foliar spraying of compounds and elements is unique way for plant growth and development also nutritive value of forage plants (Liimatainen et al. 2022 ; Hussain et al. 2020 ). Methanol is the ordinary composition produced in the plant that has different essential role. It constructs carbon dioxide in the leaves and promoted photosynthesis, thus it can be applied as a carbon source. Methanol also administrates the growth and development of plants by affecting the intracellular transport of macromolecules. Methanol foliar spraying increased the absorption of nitrogen, which is the basis for increasing the number of leaves, plant height and ultimately plant yield (Felix et al. 2019 ; Dorokhov et al. 2018 ). Other researchers confirmed that foliar application of methanol 10 v/v raised rapeseed yield (Kalantar Ahmadi and Daneshian 2019 ). In normal conditions, facing some stressful factors such as lack of water, temperature and solar radiation is unavoidable. The use of osmolytes increases the adaptability of plants, while not harming the plant. Glycine betaine (GB) is a kind of ammonium compound that is accumulated in many plants. It is normally used to increase tolerance against abiotic stresses, such as freezing, salinity and drought stress. Foliar application of GB improved nutrient uptake, translocating to different plant organs. GB can protect photosynthetic activities including photosynthetic enzymes, proteins, and lipids. Also the use of GB increases growth and dry matter yield in species that produce this compound in small amounts or not at all (Shafiq et al. 2021 ). GB application improved plant growth and quality of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) in normal condition and under water deficit conditions (Nazar et al. 2020 ). Other researchers confirmed that GB raised plant growth and yield of maize (Shafiq et al. 2021 ). In addition, spraying methanol 15% v/v and GB 4 g l − 1 improved sugar beet total forage production (Haghighi et al. 2021 ) Choose a suitable planting date is very essential in maize cultivation and increasing the plant yield, because the occurrence of autumn cold and shortening of day length will limit the growth. Several research has been done on the effect of methanol on C 3 plants, and there is not more research on the effect of methanol on C 4 plants. Due to its positive effect on bacteria and plant growth hormones, methanol increases the yield even in C 4 plants and improved the growth rate. Therefore, according to the benefits of using methanol and glycine and the importance of planting date, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of methanol, glycine and their interaction in three different planting dates on maize. Material and Methods Research site, treatments and cultivation of plants This experiment was performed at the research farm of the Agricultural Center's promotional in Mazandaran, Iran in 3 different farm. It was done as a second crop after rice harvest. The maize variety was single cross 201. The geographic coordinates of the experimental farm are 36°46’ N and 52° 86’ E, with an altitude of 5 m above sea level. Meteorological information for the area is shown in Table 1. The temperature and humidity of the experiment are shown in Table 2. The soil (0–30 cm depth) was sampled before planting and illustrated in Table 3. A factorial design was set up based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included glycine betaine (GB) at three levels [0 (control), 1, and 2 ppm], methanol at three levels of [0 (control), 10, and 20 % v/v], and three planting dates: [August (Aug) 6, 16, 27]. Maize plants were sprayed with methanol and GB solutions three times during the growing season, including the stages of 4-6 leaves, 8-10 leaves and before the emergence of tassels, in the morning. Each plots consists of 7-rows spaced 75 cm apart and measuring 5 m long. Spaces between plants in the rows were 20 cm. Seedbed prepared by plowing, disc, and leveling. Chemical fertilizers were applied based on soil analysis (Table 3) and the nutritional needs of maize. A total of 100 kg ha -1 . Triple superphosphate (TSP) and 100 kg ha -1 urea were added to the soil before cultivation and also 100 kg ha -1 urea were added after planting (6-8 leaves stage). The irrigation system was drip irrigation from the time of planting to the complete greening of the land, and during the period of vegetative growth and seed filling, the desired irrigation was applied according to the need and according to the amount of rainfall. Diazinon pesticide was used once to fight Ostrinia nubilalis Hub and Spodoptera exigua during the growth period of the plant. Dry matter yield and yield compound For yield determination, plants were harvested from an area of 3 m 2 in each plot. Plants dried in an oven at a temperature of 65 ⸰ C for 48 hours (until the weight was fixed). The stem diameter of the first node was measured using a caliper. The height of the plant, was measured by using a graduated ruler. Photosynthetic pigments The method of Arnon et al. (1967) was applied to measure the photosynthetic pigments of leaves, and finally the absorption value was read in the spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 663 nm for chlorophyll a and 647 nm for chlorophyll b and 470 nm for carotenoid. Forage quality One kilogram of grain was randomly selected from every treatment to determine grain quality, then samples were milled, and acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude fiber (CF), ash, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), and digestible dry matter (DMD) were measured by NIR (near infra-red) device (DICKEY-gun model). Statistics Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (Ver. 9.4), and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test ( p <0.05). Graphs were drawn by using Excel software. Results Dry matter yield The results of the ANOVA for dry matter yield demonstrated the significance of the main effect of planting date, as well as the significant interactions between planting date, GB, methanol also the triple interactions of planting date× GB× methanol were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 4). Delayed in maize cultivation, decreased the dry matter yield and the planting date on Aug 6, had the highest dry matter yield. Consumption of GB and methanol, also increasing concentration of these treatments, raised the dry matter yield. The highest dry matter yield 19415.59 kg ha -1 , was observed in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. The lowest dry matter yield 2568.76 kg ha -1 , was related to the control on Aug 27 (Fig. 1). Plant height Analysis of variances in this study showed the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB, also the significant interactions between planting date× GB were significant for plant height ( p < 0.01) (Table 4). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced the plant height and the planting date on Aug 6, had the highest plant height. GB application increased the plant height. Also, increasing concentration of GB raised the plant height. The highest plant height 182.68 cm, was related to the GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. This treatment improved plant height 94.32 % compared to control on Aug 27 (Fig. 2). Stem diameter to the first node The results of the ANOVA for stem diameter to the first node demonstrated the significance of the main effects of the planting date, GB and methanol ( p < 0.01) (Table 4). The mean values indicated that with increased the GB and methanol the stem diameter to the first node improved. The planting dates of Aug 6 (2.54 cm) and Aug 16 (2.85 cm) were more suitable than Aug 27. GB 2 ppm increased the diameter of the stem to the first node (3.14 cm), and the application of 20% v/v methanol increased the diameter of the stem to the first node (3.09 cm) and it was more effective than other methanol treatments (Table 6). Photosynthesis pigments ANOVA results of photosynthesis pigments indicated the significance of the main effects of the planting date, GB ( p < 0.05) and methanol ( p < 0.01). Also the interactions of GB× methanol were significant for chlorophyll a ( p < 0.01) (Table 4). The mean values showed that early planting date, GB and methanol usage improved the photosynthesis pigments. In planting date treatments the highest chlorophyll b was related to Aug 6 (5.49 cm) and Aug 16 (5.63 cm) and the highest carotenoid was seen in Aug 6 (0.69 mg g -1 FW) and Aug 16 (0.74 mg g -1 FW). In GB treatments, the highest chlorophyll b 6.28 (mg g -1 FW) and the highest carotenoid 0.88 (mg g -1 FW) were related to GB 2 ppm. In methanol treatments, the highest chlorophyll b 6.32 (mg g -1 FW) and the highest carotenoid 0.86 (mg g -1 FW) were seen in methanol 20 % v/v (Table 6). The interaction of GB× methanol for chlorophyll a illustrated the highest chlorophyll a 12.79 (mg g -1 FW) was seen in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm and the lowest chlorophyll a 7.75 (mg g -1 FW) was seen in control also, 8.245 (mg g -1 FW) was observed in control of GB + methanol 10 % v/v (Fig. 3). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) The results of the ANOVA for ADF and NDF proved the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB, methanol as well as the significant interactions between planting date, GB, methanol also the triple interactions of planting date× GB× methanol were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced the ADF and NDF. The planting date on Aug 6, had the highest ADF and NDF. Consumption of GB and methanol, also improving concentration of these treatments, raised the ADF and NDF. The highest ADF (34.59 %) and NDF (58.76 %) were observed in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. The lowest ADF (23.01 %) and NDF (42.26 %) were related to the control on Aug 27 (Fig. 4 and 5). Crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) Analysis of variances indicated the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB and methanol for CP and CF ( p < 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced the CP and CF. Aug 6 was the best planting date. Usage of GB and methanol increased the CP and CF. Also, increasing concentration of GB and methanol raised the CP and CF. In planting date treatments, the highest CP (9.45 %) and CF (27.92 %) were related to the Aug 6. In GB treatments, the highest CP (10.44 %) and CF (29.83 %) were seen in GB 2 ppm. In methanol treatments, the highest CP (10.59 %) and CF (28.35 %) were observed in methanol 20% v/v (Table 6). Water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and digestibility of dry matter (DMD) ANOVA results for WSC and DMD indicated the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB, methanol and the significant interactions between planting date, GB, methanol a well as the triple interactions of planting date× GB× methanol were significant ( p < 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, decreased the WSC and DMD. The planting date on Aug 6, had the highest WSC and DMD. Application of GB and methanol, also improving concentration of these treatments, raised the WSC and DMD. The highest WSC (11.95 %) and DMD (76.01 %) were seen in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. The lowest WSC (4.11 %) and DMD (62.49 %) were related to the control on Aug 27 (Fig. 6 and 7). Ash Analysis of variances indicated the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB and methanol for ash ( p < 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced ash. Aug 6 was the best planting date. Usage of GB and methanol, also, increasing concentration of GB and methanol raised ash. In planting date treatments, the highest ash (7.59 %) was related to the Aug 6. In GB treatments, the highest ash (7.73 %) was seen in GB 2 ppm. In methanol treatments, the highest ash (7.35 %) was observed in methanol 20% v/v (Table 6). Discussion In this study, methanol 20% v/v + glycine betaine 2 ppm on planting date of August 6 raised dry matter yield (655%) compared to the control of methanol and glycine in August 27. Dry matter yield depends on many options such as environmental conditions, plant nutrition and suitable planting date (Baum et al. 2019 ; Nazar et al. 2020 ). Methanol increased plant performance by affecting various metabolic pathways such as growth and development and activation of genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis and plant defense mechanisms (Gout et al. 2000 ). Methanol usage can increase the dry matter yield of plants. It depends on methanol concentration. Methanol can affect the assimilation of Co 2 in plants (Downie et al. 2006). Similarly, the results of other researches confirmed that the application of methanol raised soybean ( Glycine max ) yield (Paknejad et al. 2009 ). Other researchers reported that the maximum yield of rice was seen in GB foliar application with level of 0.5 kg ha − 1 which was 29% higher than the control (Mahmoud Soltani et al. 2022 ). Determining the suitable planting date of agricultural plants is very important, because it affects the characteristics and different stages of growth and development of plants, also optimizes the efficiency of the use of environmental factors that affecting the yield. The delay in maize planting caused a decrease in the dry matter yield, which is due to the shortening of the vegetative growth period and the decrease in the amount of carbohydrates and minerals transferred to the seed and above ground parts (Hussain et al. 2022 ). Other researchers reported that delayed cultivation of corn decreased corn yield by delaying germination and plant growth, which was consistent with the results of the present study (Long et al. 2017 ). In delayed planting date (August 27), germination and vegetative growth period is delayed, due to encountering low temperature conditions. Maize is C 4 plant, it gains the necessary temperature to enter the reproductive phase later and enters the reproductive phase later. Therefore, at the end of the growth phase, the temperature decreased and increase the rainfall, the production of photosynthetic materials is reduced and the transfer of materials from root to the shoot is slowed down, which causes a decrease in the height of the plant, and on the other hand, it also causes the production of small and thin cobs (Cao et al. 2019 ). In addition, glycine usage increased the absorption of nitrogen by the plant and increased the plant height (Ali et al. 2020 ). In this regard, it was announced that the application of glycine increased the cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) height (Hamani et al. 2021 ). Methanol increased the diameter of the stem to the first node by increasing growth hormones and growth-stimulating bacteria in the plant (Gout et al. 2000 ; Dorokhov et al. 2018 ). The use of glycine increased the diameter of the stem due to the increase in photosynthesis, cell turgorescence and also improved the transfer of nutrients in the plants (Shemi et al. 2021 ; Bai et al. 2022 ). It seems that the reason for decreasing chlorophyll in delay cultivation is the increase in the destruction of these pigments or the decrease in their production and the disruption of the activity of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments. In addition, it is possible to consider the decrease in specific membrane proteins in the conditions of delay cultivation, the increase in the activity of chlorophyllase and peroxidase enzymes as effective factors in reducing chlorophyll in these conditions (Kaur et al. 2019 ). Lack of nutrients id one of the most important limiting factors of growth and development of plants. Nitrogen is an important part of the chlorophyll, nitrogen increase the concentration of chlorophyll and carbon cycle proteins (RUBP). Along with the increase in the production of hydrocarbon materials, the biomass of the plant also increases (Gagnon et al. 2019 ). Forage quality has a superior impression on livestock production, affecting yield and also income. ADF is an important parameter for appraising forage quality. As the ADF increases, the digestible energy content decreases. Therefore, ADF and NDF illustrate the fibrous partitions of the plant material, with these fractions affecting the energy and digestibility of the forage by the animals (Lithourgidis et al. 2011 ). Another substantial forage quality parameters for livestock productivity is CP. Increasing CP depends on the available nitrogen (Soe Htet et al. 2021 ). Thus, in this study, the usage of methanol may have increased nitrogen availability. WSC in the forage is essential to assess forage exploitation. WSC and CP are basic species of biochemical compounds that are necessary for structural and physiological functions (Niyigena et al. 2021 ). Application of GB increased forage quality of plants by improving nutrient absorption by plants. GB acts as an osmoregulator also stabilizes the structures and activities of enzymes and protein complexes. Overall, nutritive value of maize depends on nutrition availability, methanol usage raises the absorption and transport of nutrients, especially nitrogen, so increased the forage quality of maize (Shemi et al. 2021 ; Dorokhov et al. 2018 ). DMD content relate to the ratio of intracellular amount to the cell wall and digestible energy is the excellent common limiting parameter of forage quality. The cell is mainly manufactured of carbohydrates and soluble proteins (Carita et al. 2016 ). The ash is an indication of the minerals of the plant tissue and these elements are necessary and vital for the activity of the cells in the body terms of their effect on livestock metabolism, thus, mineral content of the forage is increased with ash content. Ash content is the nutrition value of the forage for the livestock (Niyigena et al. 2021 ). In GB and methanol treatments, DMD and ash increased (Bai et al. 2022 ). Similarly, Zhu et al ( 2022 ), confirmed that GB increased maize protein and nutritive value. Conclusion The results of this study confirmed the application of methanol and GB increased the yield and forage quality of maize, and with increasing the concentration of methanol and GB, the traits studied in this research improved. Generally, in all three planting dates, the use of GB and methanol raised the yield and forage quality of maize, but the delay planting date in maize cultivation (August 27) decreased the yield and forage quality. The reason for this can be seen as the beginning of the cold season and the reduction of day length, and the best planting date for maize cultivation was August 6. The use of methanol and GB, to some extent, reduced the negative effects of delay maize planting date (August 27), which can be attributed to the increase in plant growth by methanol and GB. Methanol and GB application improved nutrient for plants. Therefore, the use of methanol and GB can be suggested to increase the yield and forage quality of maize, but the delay in corn cultivation date is not suggested. Declarations Author Contribution Mehdi Ramezani (30%): Collection of data (Filed lab works), Data analysis, Writing the article.Farzad Paknejad (25%): Research concept and design, Field works, Statistical analysis, Writing the article, Critical revision of the article, Final approval of article.Mohammad Reza Ardakani (15 %): Research concept and design, Critical revision of the article, Final approval of article.Davoud Habibi (15%): Research concept and design, Lab works, writing the article, Final approval of article.Mohammad Nabi Ilkaee (15 %): Research concept and design, Lab works, writing the article, Final approval of article. References Abendroth LJ, Woli KP, Myers AJW, Elmore RW (2017) Yield-based corn planting date recommendation windows for Iowa. Crop Forage Turfgrass Manag. 3: 1–7. 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Front Plant Sci 13: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.978304 Tables Table 1 Meteorological information of Karaj (Karaj, Iran) Average 30-years soil temperature Average minimum annual temperature Average maximum annual temperature Average yearly precipitation Dry days in year Winters Summers climate zone 12.5˚C 2˚C 22˚C in July 620 mm 120-150 dry moisture regime warm and humid mild and humid Mediterranean Table 2- Meteorological information in 2020 Average precipitation (mm) Average relative humidity (%) Average total evaporation rate (mm) Average temperature ( C ⸰) Months Minmum Maximum 98.7 76 71.8 9.5 19.5 April 27.2 77.5 115.9 15.8 25.2 May 23.7 75.5 154.4 19.2 28.6 June 59.4 75.5 169.4 22.2 31.4 July 6.7 73.5 193.9 22.6 33.5 August 99.3 71.5 156.6 21.2 32 September 104.2 76 77.5 14.8 25 October 54 81 37.7 10.2 18.4 November 58.3 76 22.9 1.8 12.4 December 11.2 76.5 23.1 2.5 13.1 January 92.2 79 26 5.2 10.9 Febrary 16.4 79.5 67.4 4.4 15.6 March 54.33 76.46 93.05 12.45 22.13 Average Table 3 - Physical and chemical properties of soil Ec ds/m pH N (%) K (mg.g -1 ) O.M (%) Organic C (%) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Texture Soil 0.76 7.7 0.134 99 2.7 1.1 44 50 6 Clay- lumi O.M: Organic matter, EC: Electrical Conductivity. Table 4- ANOVA for dry matter yield, plant height, stem diameter to the first node and photosynthesis pigments. Mean squares Df S.O.V Carotenoid Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Stem diameter to the first node Plant height Dry matter yield 36.15 * 98.29 * 127.42 * 17.47 ** 95480.33 ** 412158691.58 ** 2 planting date (P) 5.89 10.46 34.87 0.019 652.19 878.79 6 P (replication) 43.71 * 86.24 * 91.14 * 4.42 ** 30005.57 ** 5201200.11 ns 2 Glycine (G) 52.11 ** 92.43 ** 98.27 ** 5.27 ** 158.53 ns 928050.75 ns 2 Methanol (M) 18.85 ns 17.24 ns 122.36 ** 0.02 ns 288.43 ns 109576.1 ns 4 G × M 4.16 ns 11.17 ns 11.43 ns 0.020 ns 1900.96 ** 1991546.8 ** 4 P × G 3.79 ns 9.88 ns 7.85 ns 0.042 ns 178.07 ns 322494.2 ** 4 P × M 6.14 ns 12.76 ns 10.18 ns 0.01 ns 477.56 ns 52089.1 ** 8 P × G × M 11.85 15.95 13.73 0.45 521.64 16760.7 48 Error 7.66 9.20 7.54 6.93 14.01 13.38 C.V. ** : Significant at 0.01 probability levels; ns: non-significant. Table 5- ANOVA for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and ash. Mean squares Df S.O.V Ash DMD WSC CF CP NDF ADF 102.81 ** 412.56 ** 109.82 ** 182.27 ** 198.75 ** 683.52 ** 538.24 ** 2 planting date (P) 20.62 38.79 16.43 11.53 24.36 64.71 75.62 6 P (replication) 98.89 ** 5300.11 ** 1885.24 ** 139.46 ** 359.81 ** 9352.28 ** 6211.86 ** 2 Glycine (G) 135.63 ** 8052.29 ** 2052.19 ** 149.75 ** 245.64 ** 8712.47 ** 1917.57 ** 2 Methanol (M) 8.19 ns 579.38 ** 138.73 ** 20.94 ns 12.05 ns 902.56 ** 854.33 ** 4 G × M 11.43 ns 745.51 ** 145.86 ** 8.32 ns 10.19 ns 835.83 ** 468.24 ** 4 P × G 9.79 ns 329.2 ** 215.48 ** 10.27 ns 18.77 ns 789.29 ** 442.29 ** 4 P × M 10.86 ns 564.1 ** 256.75 ** 16.53 ns 15.83 ns 1072.41 ** 930.72 ** 8 P × G × M 18.62 16.73 11.57 23.85 19.97 53.52 46.59 48 Error 7.24 11.46 8.83 10.71 9.65 11.38 10.26 C.V. ** : Significant at 0.01 probability levels; ns: non-significant. Table 6- Mean comparison of stem diameter to the first node, Chlorophyll b , carotenoid, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and ash. Ash (%) CF (%) CP (%) Carotenoid (mg g -1 FW) Chlorophyll b (mg g -1 FW) Stem diameter to the first node (cm) Treatments Planting date 7.59 a 27.92 a 9.45 a 0.69 a 5.49 a 2.54 a August 6 7.01 b 25.43 b 7.68 b 0.74 a 5.63 a 2.85 a August 16 6.23 c 22.65 c 6.11 c 0.55 b 3.95 b 1.36 b August 27 Glycine 7.73 a 29.83 a 10.44 a 6.28 a 0.88 a 3.14 a 2 ppm 7.24 b 26.74 b 8.73 b 4.82 b 0.69 b 2.67 b 1 ppm 6.59 c 23.58 c 6.25 c 4.52 b 0.57 c 2.58 b Control Methanol 7.35 a 28.35 a 10.59 a 6.32 a 0.86 a 3.09 a 20% v/v 7.04 b 25.67 b 8.41b 5.06 b 0.72 b 2.45 b 10% v/v 6.48 c 22.34 c 7.06 c 3.86 c 0.51 c 2.34 b Control The means were independently compared with the Duncan test at the 5% probability level . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Paknejad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+wMgkg2IeYBYgoFZDsQ/8ACPFgMGNC3GYC0JRGthYGBObABReLWwn3384UcZQx5/z9mDDyxqrNPnhx1+CLTFTk63AYdfeNINDHvOMRRLnO1LNpA4lp678XaaAVBLsrHZAVwOS2NI4G1jSGw4z2MmIcF2OHfj7ASQlgOJ23Bp4X/GcPAvUMv88zzmPyT+HU43nJ3+Ab8WiTTGZpAtG872mDFIth1OkJfOIWCLxDNmZplzEsWGZ84YS0j2pRtukM4pOJBggMcv/GnMH9+U2eTJnckx/CzxzVpefnb65g8fKuzkcGmBAokEEMksATLkACRYCAKwFsYPQEK+gbDqUTAKRsEoGFkAAKEYXjeTXzFzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farzad","middleName":"","lastName":"Paknejad","suffix":""},{"id":265900113,"identity":"b05f8108-f9f8-48b1-9648-5c4f9c08e1c9","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammad Reza Ardakani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad 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15:29:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3840093/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3840093/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49407115,"identity":"f24efb6a-110c-4cde-8d6d-b450a8f983a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 09:00:15","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of planting date, glycine and methanol on dry matter yield.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/84297778e8f332e67b182d7e.png"},{"id":49407116,"identity":"f5d574be-8bf2-4669-917b-cafbe95c9aac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 09:00:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of planting date and glycine on plant height.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/9a55556dbc8d732fe51d2de3.png"},{"id":49406770,"identity":"5428b59e-56d8-453c-af8b-e0ff36c9cfdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 08:52:15","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of glycine and methanol on chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/e496e2e502c3e22eafdf39d4.png"},{"id":49407117,"identity":"f9d3b6a9-a54d-4d15-b47b-9a920b814c39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 09:00:15","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of planting date, glycine and methanol on acid detergent fiber (ADF).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/c1338fd39d5a4358ccd631d6.png"},{"id":49406774,"identity":"49b5ed97-4cec-42c4-bd72-fc96cca99448","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 08:52:15","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of planting date, glycine and methanol on neutral detergent fiber (NDF).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/770e3b98c4ff294167e27c5d.png"},{"id":49406776,"identity":"38d7314f-5266-4e23-a305-9de2a39d87c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 08:52:15","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of planting date, glycine and methanol on water soluble carbohydrates (WSC).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/4577c1199c0c199d33db9d61.png"},{"id":49406773,"identity":"373949e3-4a96-4638-be5f-a545fdb26bef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-10 08:52:15","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe interaction of planting date, glycine and methanol on digestibility of dry matter (DMD).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/e1b8309a81f222dce19ade17.png"},{"id":49613760,"identity":"6f807f3d-1193-4e82-9e6d-cd1cae29dc73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-15 09:37:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":485202,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3840093/v1/398cd2de-a5f3-4e79-9fa1-37f1b9222372.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of glycine betaine and methanol on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritive value in different planting date","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eForage quality is the main factor in forage plants cultivation. Forage nutritive value depends on many factors such as environmental conditions, planting dates, availability of different soil nutrients and suitable management of fields (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Soe Htet et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Maize (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e L.), one of the main forage crops. Maize is considered as one of the best fodder plants due to its adaptability to different climatic conditions, as well as the production of suitable fodder per unit area, the high quality of silage fodder, and the high absorbability of livestock. It has a high dry matter yield with acceptable nutritive value (Nazar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Liimatainen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize needs warm weather and soil to germination and grow (Abendroth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Delayed in planting date increases the probability of poor planting conditions due to cold season and wet soils, resulting in a negative effect on dry matter yield and plant growth, also reduced nutritive value of maize. Choosing the correct planting date affects the traits and stages of plant growth and optimizes the efficiency of using environmental factors that affect yield (Kaur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Long et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Many studies confirmed that delay in planting date reduced the maize yield and nutritive value (Cao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Baum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNowadays, foliar spraying of compounds and elements is unique way for plant growth and development also nutritive value of forage plants (Liimatainen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Hussain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Methanol is the ordinary composition produced in the plant that has different essential role. It constructs carbon dioxide in the leaves and promoted photosynthesis, thus it can be applied as a carbon source. Methanol also administrates the growth and development of plants by affecting the intracellular transport of macromolecules. Methanol foliar spraying increased the absorption of nitrogen, which is the basis for increasing the number of leaves, plant height and ultimately plant yield (Felix et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Dorokhov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Other researchers confirmed that foliar application of methanol 10 v/v raised rapeseed yield (Kalantar Ahmadi and Daneshian \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn normal conditions, facing some stressful factors such as lack of water, temperature and solar radiation is unavoidable. The use of osmolytes increases the adaptability of plants, while not harming the plant. Glycine betaine (GB) is a kind of ammonium compound that is accumulated in many plants. It is normally used to increase tolerance against abiotic stresses, such as freezing, salinity and drought stress. Foliar application of GB improved nutrient uptake, translocating to different plant organs. GB can protect photosynthetic activities including photosynthetic enzymes, proteins, and lipids. Also the use of GB increases growth and dry matter yield in species that produce this compound in small amounts or not at all (Shafiq et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). GB application improved plant growth and quality of safflower (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L.) in normal condition and under water deficit conditions (Nazar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Other researchers confirmed that GB raised plant growth and yield of maize (Shafiq et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, spraying methanol 15% v/v and GB 4 g l\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e improved sugar beet total forage production (Haghighi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoose a suitable planting date is very essential in maize cultivation and increasing the plant yield, because the occurrence of autumn cold and shortening of day length will limit the growth. Several research has been done on the effect of methanol on C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e plants, and there is not more research on the effect of methanol on C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e plants. Due to its positive effect on bacteria and plant growth hormones, methanol increases the yield even in C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e plants and improved the growth rate. Therefore, according to the benefits of using methanol and glycine and the importance of planting date, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of methanol, glycine and their interaction in three different planting dates on maize.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch site, treatments and cultivation of plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis experiment was performed at the research farm of the Agricultural Center\u0026apos;s promotional in Mazandaran, Iran in 3 different farm. It was done as a second crop after rice harvest. The maize variety was single cross 201. The geographic coordinates of the experimental farm are 36\u0026deg;46\u0026rsquo; N and 52\u0026deg; 86\u0026rsquo; E, with an altitude of 5 m above sea level. Meteorological information for the area is shown in Table 1. The temperature and humidity of the experiment are shown in Table 2. The soil (0\u0026ndash;30 cm depth) was sampled before planting and illustrated in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA factorial design was set up based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included glycine betaine (GB) at three levels [0 (control), 1, and 2 ppm], methanol at three levels of [0 (control), 10, and 20 % v/v], and three planting dates: [August (Aug) 6, 16, 27].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaize plants were sprayed with methanol and GB solutions three times during the growing season, including the stages of 4-6 leaves, 8-10 leaves and before the emergence of tassels, in the morning. Each plots consists of 7-rows spaced 75 cm apart and measuring 5 m long. Spaces between plants in the rows were 20 cm. Seedbed prepared by plowing, disc, and leveling. Chemical fertilizers were applied based on soil analysis (Table 3) and the nutritional needs of maize. A total of 100 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. Triple superphosphate (TSP) and 100 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e urea were added to the soil before cultivation and also 100 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e urea were added after planting (6-8 leaves stage). The irrigation system was drip irrigation from the time of planting to the complete greening of the land, and during the period of vegetative growth and seed filling, the desired irrigation was applied according to the need and according to the amount of rainfall. Diazinon pesticide was used once to fight \u003cem\u003eOstrinia nubilalis Hub\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera exigua\u003c/em\u003e during the growth period of the plant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry matter yield and yield compound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor yield determination, plants were harvested from an area of 3 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in each plot. Plants dried in an oven at a temperature of 65\u003csup\u003e⸰\u003c/sup\u003eC for 48 hours (until the weight was fixed). The stem diameter of the first node was measured using a caliper. The height of the plant, was measured by using a graduated ruler.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotosynthetic pigments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe method of Arnon et al. (1967) was applied to measure the photosynthetic pigments of leaves, and finally the absorption value was read in the spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 663 nm for chlorophyll a and 647 nm for chlorophyll b and 470 nm for carotenoid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForage quality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne kilogram of grain was randomly selected from every treatment to determine grain quality, then samples were milled, and acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude fiber (CF), ash, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crude protein (CP), and digestible dry matter (DMD) were measured by NIR (near infra-red) device (DICKEY-gun model).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SAS software (Ver. 9.4), and the means were compared by Duncan\u0026apos;s multiple range test (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Graphs were drawn by using Excel software.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry matter yield\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for dry matter yield demonstrated the significance of the main effect of planting date, as well as the significant interactions between planting date, GB, methanol also the triple interactions of planting date\u0026times; GB\u0026times; methanol were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 4). Delayed in maize cultivation, decreased the dry matter yield and the planting date on Aug 6, had the highest dry matter yield. Consumption of GB and methanol, also increasing concentration of these treatments, raised the dry matter yield. The highest dry matter yield 19415.59 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, was observed in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. The lowest dry matter yield 2568.76 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, was related to the control on Aug 27 (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant height\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variances in this study showed the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB, also the significant interactions between planting date\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;GB were significant for plant height (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 4). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced the plant height and the planting date on Aug 6, had the highest plant height. GB application increased the plant height. Also, increasing concentration of GB raised the plant height. The highest plant height 182.68 cm, was related to the GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. This treatment improved plant height 94.32 % compared to control on Aug 27 (Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStem diameter to the first node\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for stem diameter to the first node demonstrated the significance of the main effects of the planting date, GB and methanol (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 4). The mean values indicated that with increased the GB and methanol the stem diameter to the first node improved. The planting dates of Aug 6 (2.54 cm) and Aug 16 (2.85 cm) were more suitable than Aug 27. GB 2 ppm increased the diameter of the stem to the first node (3.14 cm), and the application of 20% v/v methanol increased the diameter of the stem to the first node (3.09 cm) and it was more effective than other methanol treatments (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotosynthesis pigments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA results of photosynthesis pigments indicated the significance of the main effects of the planting date, GB (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05) and methanol (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01). Also the interactions of GB\u0026times; methanol were significant for chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 4). The mean values showed that early planting date, GB and methanol usage improved the photosynthesis pigments. In planting date treatments the highest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e was related to Aug 6 (5.49 cm) and Aug 16 (5.63 cm) and the highest carotenoid was seen in Aug 6 (0.69\u0026nbsp;mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) and Aug 16 (0.74 mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW). In GB treatments, the highest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e 6.28 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) and the highest carotenoid 0.88 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) were related to GB 2 ppm. In methanol treatments, the highest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e 6.32 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) and the highest carotenoid 0.86 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) were seen in methanol 20 % v/v (Table 6). The interaction of GB\u0026times; methanol for chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e illustrated the highest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e 12.79 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) was seen in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm and the lowest chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e 7.75 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) was seen in control also, 8.245 (mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) was observed in control of GB + methanol 10 % v/v (Fig. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the ANOVA for ADF and NDF proved the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB, methanol as well as the significant interactions between planting date, GB, methanol also the triple interactions of planting date\u0026times; GB\u0026times; methanol were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced the ADF and NDF. The planting date on Aug 6, had the highest ADF and NDF. Consumption of GB and methanol, also improving concentration of these treatments, raised the ADF and NDF. The highest ADF (34.59 %) and NDF (58.76 %) were observed in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. The lowest ADF (23.01 %) and NDF (42.26 %) were related to the control on Aug 27 (Fig. 4 and 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variances indicated the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB and methanol for CP and CF (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced the CP and CF. Aug 6 was the best planting date. Usage of GB and methanol increased the CP and CF. Also, increasing concentration of GB and methanol raised the CP and CF. In planting date treatments, the highest CP (9.45 %) and CF (27.92 %) were related to the Aug 6. In GB treatments, the highest CP (10.44 %) and CF (29.83 %) were seen in GB 2 ppm. In methanol treatments, the highest CP (10.59 %) and CF (28.35 %) were observed in methanol 20% v/v (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and digestibility of dry matter (DMD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA results for WSC and DMD indicated the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB, methanol and the significant interactions between planting date, GB, methanol a well as the triple interactions of planting date\u0026times; GB\u0026times; methanol were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, decreased the WSC and DMD. The planting date on Aug 6, had the highest WSC and DMD. Application of GB and methanol, also improving concentration of these treatments, raised the WSC and DMD. The highest WSC (11.95 %) and DMD (76.01 %) were seen in methanol 20% v/v + GB 2 ppm on Aug 6 planting date. The lowest WSC (4.11 %) and DMD (62.49 %) were related to the control on Aug 27 (Fig. 6 and 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variances indicated the significance of the main effect of planting date, GB and methanol for ash (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01) (Table 5). Delayed in maize cultivation, reduced ash. Aug 6 was the best planting date. Usage of GB and methanol, also, increasing concentration of GB and methanol raised ash. In planting date treatments, the highest ash (7.59 %) was related to the Aug 6. In GB treatments, the highest ash (7.73 %) was seen in GB 2 ppm. In methanol treatments, the highest ash (7.35 %) was observed in methanol 20% v/v (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, methanol 20% v/v\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;glycine betaine 2 ppm on planting date of August 6 raised dry matter yield (655%) compared to the control of methanol and glycine in August 27. Dry matter yield depends on many options such as environmental conditions, plant nutrition and suitable planting date (Baum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Nazar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Methanol increased plant performance by affecting various metabolic pathways such as growth and development and activation of genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis and plant defense mechanisms (Gout et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Methanol usage can increase the dry matter yield of plants. It depends on methanol concentration. Methanol can affect the assimilation of Co\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in plants (Downie et al. 2006). Similarly, the results of other researches confirmed that the application of methanol raised soybean (\u003cem\u003eGlycine max\u003c/em\u003e) yield (Paknejad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Other researchers reported that the maximum yield of rice was seen in GB foliar application with level of 0.5 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e which was 29% higher than the control (Mahmoud Soltani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining the suitable planting date of agricultural plants is very important, because it affects the characteristics and different stages of growth and development of plants, also optimizes the efficiency of the use of environmental factors that affecting the yield. The delay in maize planting caused a decrease in the dry matter yield, which is due to the shortening of the vegetative growth period and the decrease in the amount of carbohydrates and minerals transferred to the seed and above ground parts (Hussain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Other researchers reported that delayed cultivation of corn decreased corn yield by delaying germination and plant growth, which was consistent with the results of the present study (Long et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn delayed planting date (August 27), germination and vegetative growth period is delayed, due to encountering low temperature conditions. Maize is C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e plant, it gains the necessary temperature to enter the reproductive phase later and enters the reproductive phase later. Therefore, at the end of the growth phase, the temperature decreased and increase the rainfall, the production of photosynthetic materials is reduced and the transfer of materials from root to the shoot is slowed down, which causes a decrease in the height of the plant, and on the other hand, it also causes the production of small and thin cobs (Cao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, glycine usage increased the absorption of nitrogen by the plant and increased the plant height (Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, it was announced that the application of glycine increased the cotton (\u003cem\u003eGossypium hirsutum\u003c/em\u003e L.) height (Hamani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Methanol increased the diameter of the stem to the first node by increasing growth hormones and growth-stimulating bacteria in the plant (Gout et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Dorokhov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The use of glycine increased the diameter of the stem due to the increase in photosynthesis, cell turgorescence and also improved the transfer of nutrients in the plants (Shemi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt seems that the reason for decreasing chlorophyll in delay cultivation is the increase in the destruction of these pigments or the decrease in their production and the disruption of the activity of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments. In addition, it is possible to consider the decrease in specific membrane proteins in the conditions of delay cultivation, the increase in the activity of chlorophyllase and peroxidase enzymes as effective factors in reducing chlorophyll in these conditions (Kaur et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Lack of nutrients id one of the most important limiting factors of growth and development of plants. Nitrogen is an important part of the chlorophyll, nitrogen increase the concentration of chlorophyll and carbon cycle proteins (RUBP). Along with the increase in the production of hydrocarbon materials, the biomass of the plant also increases (Gagnon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForage quality has a superior impression on livestock production, affecting yield and also income. ADF is an important parameter for appraising forage quality. As the ADF increases, the digestible energy content decreases. Therefore, ADF and NDF illustrate the fibrous partitions of the plant material, with these fractions affecting the energy and digestibility of the forage by the animals (Lithourgidis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Another substantial forage quality parameters for livestock productivity is CP. Increasing CP depends on the available nitrogen (Soe Htet et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, in this study, the usage of methanol may have increased nitrogen availability. WSC in the forage is essential to assess forage exploitation. WSC and CP are basic species of biochemical compounds that are necessary for structural and physiological functions (Niyigena et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Application of GB increased forage quality of plants by improving nutrient absorption by plants. GB acts as an osmoregulator also stabilizes the structures and activities of enzymes and protein complexes. Overall, nutritive value of maize depends on nutrition availability, methanol usage raises the absorption and transport of nutrients, especially nitrogen, so increased the forage quality of maize (Shemi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Dorokhov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). DMD content relate to the ratio of intracellular amount to the cell wall and digestible energy is the excellent common limiting parameter of forage quality. The cell is mainly manufactured of carbohydrates and soluble proteins (Carita et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The ash is an indication of the minerals of the plant tissue and these elements are necessary and vital for the activity of the cells in the body terms of their effect on livestock metabolism, thus, mineral content of the forage is increased with ash content. Ash content is the nutrition value of the forage for the livestock (Niyigena et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In GB and methanol treatments, DMD and ash increased (Bai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Zhu et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), confirmed that GB increased maize protein and nutritive value.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study confirmed the application of methanol and GB increased the yield and forage quality of maize, and with increasing the concentration of methanol and GB, the traits studied in this research improved. Generally, in all three planting dates, the use of GB and methanol raised the yield and forage quality of maize, but the delay planting date in maize cultivation (August 27) decreased the yield and forage quality. The reason for this can be seen as the beginning of the cold season and the reduction of day length, and the best planting date for maize cultivation was August 6. The use of methanol and GB, to some extent, reduced the negative effects of delay maize planting date (August 27), which can be attributed to the increase in plant growth by methanol and GB. Methanol and GB application improved nutrient for plants. Therefore, the use of methanol and GB can be suggested to increase the yield and forage quality of maize, but the delay in corn cultivation date is not suggested.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMehdi Ramezani (30%): Collection of data (Filed lab works), Data analysis, Writing the article.Farzad Paknejad (25%): Research concept and design, Field works, Statistical analysis, Writing the article, Critical revision of the article, Final approval of article.Mohammad Reza Ardakani (15 %): Research concept and design, Critical revision of the article, Final approval of article.Davoud Habibi (15%): Research concept and design, Lab works, writing the article, Final approval of article.Mohammad Nabi Ilkaee (15 %): Research concept and design, Lab works, writing the article, Final approval of article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbendroth LJ, Woli KP, Myers AJW, Elmore RW (2017) Yield-based corn planting date recommendation windows for Iowa. 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Iran J Soil Water Res 53 (4): 763-776.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNazar Z, Akram NA, Saleem MH, Ashraf M, Ahmed S, Ali S, Abdullah Alsahli A, Alyemeni MN (2020) Glycinebetaine-Induced Alteration in Gaseous Exchange Capacity and Osmoprotective Phenomena in Safflower (\u003cem\u003eCarthamus tinctorius\u003c/em\u003e L.) under Water Deficit Conditions. Sustain J 12(24):10649. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410649\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNiyigena V, Ashworth AJ, Nieman C, Acharya M, Coffey KP, Philipp D, Meadors L, Sauer TJ (2021) Factors affecting sugar accumulation and fluxes in warm and cool-season forages grown in a silvopastoral system. J Agron 354:1\u0026ndash;13. doi:10.3390/agronomy11020354.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePaknejad F, Mirakhori M, Al-Ahmadi MJ, Tookalo MR, Pazoki AR, Nazeri P (2009) Physiological response of Soybean\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cem\u003eGlycine max\u003c/em\u003e) to foliar application of\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003emethanol under different soil moistures.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eAm J Agric Biol Sci 4: 311-318.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShafiq S, Nudrat Aisha A, Muhammad A, Pedro G, Omar M A, Arafat Abdel Hamed AL (2021) \u0026quot;Influence of Glycine Betaine (Natural and Synthetic) on Growth, Metabolism and Yield Production of Drought-Stressed Maize (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e L.). Plants 10 (11): 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112540\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShemi R, Wang R, Gheith MS, Athar Hussain H, Hussain S, Irfan M, Cholidah L, Zhang K, Zhang S, Wang L (2021) Effects of salicylic acid, zinc and glycine betaine on morpho-physiological growth and yield of maize under drought stress. Sci Rep 28 (3): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82264-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSoe Htet MN, Hai J-B, Bo PT, Gong X-W, Liu C-J, Dang K, Tian L-X, Soomro RN, Aung KL, Feng B-L (2021) Evaluation of Nutritive Values through Comparison of Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Mono-Cropped and Intercropped Maize-Soybean Harvested at Two Maturity Stages. Agric J 11(5): 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050452\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang H, Shi W, Ali S, Chang S, Jia Q, Hou F (2022) Legume/Maize Intercropping and N Application for Improved Yield, Quality, Water and N Utilization for Forage Production. Agron. 12(8): 1777. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081777\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhu M, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li Z (2022) Glycine betaine increases salt tolerance in maize (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e L.) by regulating Na+ homeostasis. Front Plant Sci 13: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.978304\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMeteorological information of Karaj (Karaj, Iran)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage 30-years soil temperature\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage minimum annual temperature\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage maximum annual temperature\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage yearly precipitation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.843537414965986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDry days in year\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.374149659863946%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eWinters\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.054421768707483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSummers\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.646258503401361%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eclimate zone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.5˚C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2˚C\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22˚C in July\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e620 mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.843537414965986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e120-150\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.374149659863946%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003edry moisture regime\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.054421768707483%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ewarm and humid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.646258503401361%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003emild and humid Mediterranean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2-\u003c/strong\u003e Meteorological information in 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"514\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.68810916179337%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage precipitation (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.323586744639375%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage relative humidity (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.832358674463936%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage total evaporation rate (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.31578947368421%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage temperature\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e(\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e⸰)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.840155945419104%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMonths\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.014925373134325%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMinmum\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.985074626865675%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMaximum\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e98.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e71.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eApril\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e77.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e115.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMay\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e154.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eJune\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e59.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e169.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e31.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eJuly\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e73.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e193.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAugust\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e99.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e71.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e156.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSeptember\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e104.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e77.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eOctober\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e37.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNovember\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e58.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDecember\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e76.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eJanuary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e92.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eFebrary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e79.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e67.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMarch\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.7265625%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e54.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.359375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e76.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e93.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.3046875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.8671875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAverage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e- Physical and chemical properties of soil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"546\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eds/m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(mg.g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eO.M\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eOrganic C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSilt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTexture Soil\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.593406593406593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.791208791208792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eClay- lumi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;O.M: Organic matter, EC: Electrical Conductivity. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTable 4-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eANOVA for dry matter yield, plant height,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003estem diameter to the first node and photosynthesis pigments.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"654\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"78.89908256880734%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMean squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eS.O.V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eStem diameter to the first node\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePlant height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDry matter yield\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e36.15\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e98.29\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e127.42\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17.47\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e95480.33\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e412158691.58\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eplanting date (P)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e34.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e652.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e878.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;P (replication)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e43.71\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e86.24\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e91.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.42\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30005.57\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5201200.11\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Glycine (G)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e52.11\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e92.43\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e98.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e158.53\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e928050.75\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Methanol (M)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.85\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17.24\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e122.36\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.02\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e288.43\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e109576.1\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eG\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/span\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.16\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.17\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.43\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.020\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1900.96\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1991546.8\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.79\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.88\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.85\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.042\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e178.07\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e322494.2\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.14\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.76\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.18\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.01\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e477.56\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e52089.1\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eG\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e521.64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16760.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.761467889908257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.926605504587156%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.596330275229358%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13.38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.587155963302752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.513761467889907%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eC.V.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e:\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eSignificant at 0.01 probability levels; ns: non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eANOVA for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), digestibility of dry matter (DMD) and ash.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"600\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"78%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMean squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eS.O.V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDMD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eWSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eADF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e102.81\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e412.56\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e109.82\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e182.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e198.75\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e683.52\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e538.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eplanting date (P)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e38.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e64.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;P (replication)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e98.89\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5300.11\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1885.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e139.46\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e359.81\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9352.28\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6211.86\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Glycine (G)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e135.63\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8052.29\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2052.19\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e149.75\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e245.64\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8712.47\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1917.57\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp; Methanol (M)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.19\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e579.38\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e138.73\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20.94\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.05\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e902.56\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e854.33\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eG\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026times;\u003c/span\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.43\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e745.51\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e145.86\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.32\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.19\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e835.83\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e468.24\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.79\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e329.2\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e215.48\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.27\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.77\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e789.29\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e442.29\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.86\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e564.1\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e256.75\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.53\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.83\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1072.41\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e930.72\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eP\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eG\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026times;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e53.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e46.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eC.V.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e:\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eSignificant at 0.01 probability levels; ns: non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTable 6-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"\"\u003eMean comparison of stem diameter to the first node,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e, carotenoid,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ecrude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and ash.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCarotenoid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eStem diameter to the first node\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePlanting date\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.59 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27.92 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.45 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.69 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.49 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.54 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAugust 6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.01 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.43 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.68 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.74 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.63 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.85 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAugust 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.23 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.65 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.11 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.55 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.95 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1.36 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAugust 27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eGlycine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.73 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.83 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.44 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.28 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.88 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.14 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2 ppm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.24 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26.74 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.73 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.82 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.69 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.67 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1 ppm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.59 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.58 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.25 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.52 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.57 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.58 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.35 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.35 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.59 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.32 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.86 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.09 a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20% v/v\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.04 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.67 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.41b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.06 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.72 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.45 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10% v/v\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.235955056179776%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.48 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.34 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.06 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.86 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.890850722311397%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.51 c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.459069020866774%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.34 b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.97752808988764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe means were independently compared with the Duncan test at the 5% probability level\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Acid detergent fiber, delayed cultivation, neutral detergent fiber, planting date, single cross 201","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3840093/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3840093/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAppropriate planting date is one of the important factors in determining the yield potential of crops, and the use of methanol and glycine betaine increased plant growth, especially in delayed cultivation. For this purpose, a factorial research was carried out in the form of a completely randomized block design with three replications in Mazandaran, Iran, on maize as a second planting after rice harvest. Treatments included glycine betaine at three levels [0 (control), 1, and 2 ppm], methanol at three levels of [0 (control), 10, and 20% v/v], and three planting dates: [August 6, 16, 27]. The results illustrated that the application of methanol and glycine, also increasing the concentration of methanol (20% v/v) and glycine concentration (2 ppm), improved the yield and forage quality of maize. The delay in maize cultivation (August 27) decreased yield and forage quality of maize. The best planting date for corn cultivation was August 6. Foliar spraying of methanol and glycine reduced the negative effects of delayed planting date compared to the control. Methanol 20% v/v\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;glycine betaine 2 ppm on planting date of August 6 raised dry matter yield (655%), WSC (190.75%), DMD (21%), ADF (50.32%) and NDF (39%) compared to the control of methanol and glycine in August 27. Overall, in order to achieve maximum yield and forage quality of maize, foliar spraying of methanol 20% v/v along with glycine 2 ppm on August 6 planting date is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of glycine betaine and methanol on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritive value in different planting date","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-10 08:52:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3840093/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"badce38a-8afc-4215-b563-0b8337850faa","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-15T09:29:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-10 08:52:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3840093","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3840093","identity":"rs-3840093","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}