Comparison of surface roughness of two single shaded resin composites after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing - an in-vitro study

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Methods Forty disc-shaped resin composite specimens were fabricated using split Teflon mold and divided into two main groups (C1: Omnichroma, C2: Charisma Topaz One) according to the two single shaded resin composite utilized (n = 20). finishing and polishing of top surfaces of specimens was done using a multi-step Sof-Lex system. Baseline surface roughness (R0) was measured for each group using a 3D non-contact optical profilometer device. Then the specimens were immersed in demineralization-remineralization solutions at room temperature to mimic pH cycling model. Followed by surface roughness measurement (R1) were assessed again for the prepared specimens. All specimens were then subjected to simulated toothbrushing. then surface roughness measurement was taken (R2). Results Charisma Topaz One demonstrated higher initial surface roughness values compared to Omnichroma at baseline (*p* < 0.0001). Following pH cycling, both materials exhibited similar surface roughness values with no statistically significant difference between the two tested materials. Additional simulated tooth brushing was deemed to show increase in surface roughness values with no significant difference between them. Conclusions Initial polishing of single shaded Nanofilled Omnichroma provided superior smoothness, although single shaded Nanohybrid Charisma Topaz One exhibited lower values. Repeated pH cycling and simulating tooth brushing markedly influences surface roughness of both Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One. Single-shaded composite Surface roughness pH cycling Toothbrushing simulation Figures Figure 1 Introduction In recent years, ceramic and composite resin restorative materials have been widely preferred by dentists for restoration of teeth as they can easily adapt to teeth color and meet the esthetic expectations of patients[1]. Shade selection is still one of the biggest challenges that dentists face, therefore, using one shaded composite material based on nanotechnology instead of more complex color systems is easier and fulfills the esthetic demands of patients and dentists[2]. Recently, single-shaded resin composite has been introduced to the dental market, simplifying and making shade selection easier and less time consuming. Single-shaded resin composite provides more shade harmony with surrounding teeth because of their “chameleon effect” properties that face the problem of color mismatch of restoration during shade selection[3]. Obtaining a smooth surface by using proper techniques for finishing improves the durability, appearance and lifetime of restorations[4]. Wear of resin composite restorations denotes debonding of inorganic fillers from the resin matrix, resulting in voids that elevate surface roughness and create a surface prone to external staining. Microorganisms adhere firmly to rough surfaces, facilitating caries, plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation[5]. Finishing dental restoration creates a smooth surface by removing any scratches while polishing, giving the restoration a glossy, enamel-like finish by reducing surface roughness, and obtaining a high degree of gloss and ultimately increase the resin composite surface hardness[6]. The long-term success of resin composite restorations hinges on their chemical stability in the oral cavity, so evaluating restorations under simulated acidic challenges like pH cycling is critically necessary[7,8]. The pH-cycling model simulates these oral conditions by subjecting resin composite materials to alternating cycles of demineralization and remineralization, replicating the chemical challenges similar to that of the oral cavity[8]. In addition to exposure to chemical acids and masticatory forces, dental restorations are subjected to the abrasive effects of daily toothbrushing. This routine mechanical process can contribute significantly to surface roughening and wear of restorations[9]. Limited studies till now have been conducted comparing surface roughness of single shaded resin composites after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify the hypothesis that either single shaded Omnichroma or Charisma Topaz One can maintain good surface roughness after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing. The null hypothesis of the study was that there is no significant difference between surface roughness of the two single shaded resin composites at baseline, after pH cycling and simulated tooth brushing. Materials and Methods Materials - Table 1 : The materials’ brand name, description, composition, manufacturers and batch numbers. Material Brand Name Description Composition Batch No Manufacture OMNICHROMA ® Single shaded nano-filled resin composite round shaped and supra nano spherical zirconia-silica filler TEGDMA/UDMA 68% by volume 79% by weight 0.2-0.6 μm mean 0.3 μm (030E81) Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan CHARISMA ® TOPAZ ONE Single shaded nano-hybrid resin composite Highly discrete nano particles and glass-pre-polymerized filler UDMA and TCD-DI-HEA 59% by volume, 69% filler by weight 5 nm– 5μm (M010206) Kulzer GmbH, Leipziger Straße Hanau, Germany Colgate Cavity Protection Regular Fluoride Toothpaste Sodium Monofluorophosphate 0.76 % (0.15% w/v fluoride ion) Water, Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Cellulose Gum, Flavor, Glycerin Sodium Saccharin, Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate. (316US56) Colgate-Palmolive Company, USA Sof-Lex ™ polishing system (multi-step) Sof-Lex ™ extra-thin discs Medium-grit flexible discs (dark orange) for contouring. Aluminum oxide (diameter: 12.7 mm, grit: 40 µm). (N906475/) 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA Sof-Lex ™ spiral wheels Fine grit (beige) pre-polishing finishing spiral wheel. Thermoplastic elastomer impregnated with aluminum oxide particles (diameter: 12.7 mm, grit: 24 µm). (N514708/) 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA Superfine grit (white) for final polishing spiral wheel. Thermoplastic elastomer impregnated with aluminum oxide particles (diameter: 12.7 mm, grit: 8 µm). (N508796/) 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA Methods: Ethical approval: The study was approved from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Egypt, (no. #693/2023). Study Grouping: The current study was an in-vitro study with two groups. the surface roughness of each single shaded resin composite material (C1, C2) was evaluated at baseline, after pH cycling and after simulating tooth brushing (R0, R1, R2). Specimens’ preparation The list of single shaded resin composites and finishing and polishing systems used in the current study with the compositions are listed in Table 1. The flow chart of the study is given in Fig. 1. A split Teflon mold of five mm in diameter and two mm in thickness was used for fabrication of resin composite discs for the current study. Specimens were distributed into two main groups (C1:Omnichroma, C2: Charisma Topaz One) according to the two single shaded resin composite utilized (n=20). All Single-shaded resin composite discs were fabricated by placing a clear celluloid strip (Mylar, SS white, USA) on a clean glass slab after which the Teflon mold was placed on top of it ,where one composite increment of two mm thickness was packed by a Goldstein composite instrument with Tin-coated fine tips applicator instrument (MEDESY,MEDSEY, Italian) into the mold until the entire mold was completely filled. After that, a second celluloid strip was placed over the mold's upper surface and then pressed by glass slap to remove excess resin composite and to ensure smooth, non-porous, and flat surfaces. The glass slab was then removed, and the specimens were light-cured for 20 s using LED light curing device (RTA MINI S, Woodpecker, China) that was placed in direct, perpendicular contact with the mold surface and operated in standard mode at an intensity of 800 mW/cm². Each specimen then received an additional 20 s of curing from the opposite side. residual flashes were carefully removed from the disc-shaped specimens using 1200-grit silicon carbide grinding paper after removal of Teflon mold[10]. the light intensity of LED light curing device was regularly checked after 5 specimens using a digital dental radiometer (Blue Phasemeter, Ivoclar Vivadent, Austria)[10]. Finishing and polishing procedures Immediately after removal of specimens from their corresponding mold, bottom surfaces of all specimens were distinguished by permanent marker. Finishing and polishing of top surface of each specimen was done using the contouring, finishing and polishing system (Sof-Lex finishing system multi step, USA) fixed to low-speed handpiece (Sirona T4 Low speed handpiece, Dentsply, Sirona, Germany) According to manufacture instructions, the Sof-Lex extra thin discs utilized in a single use manner[11]. The specimens were contoured by using medium grit Sof-Lex extra thin disc, contouring disc (orange) composed of 40 µm aluminum oxide particles impregnated at speed of 10,000 rpm for 15 seconds without water spray. The specimens were rinsed for 10 s to remove any material’s powder then dried with water/air tip for 5 seconds[12,13]. During the finishing of specimens, light pressure was applied, and the disc was directed in one direction from left to right[2]. Then, the fine Sof-Lex spiral finishing wheel was utilized to remove scratches in the composite restorations developed during contouring. Finally, the white Sof-Lex spiral polishing wheel was used to final polish the composite restorations for the final surface luster[12-15]. It is worth noting that specimens were rinsed for ten seconds to remove any material’s powder and air-dried for 5 seconds between each application step[11]. Then the cured polished specimens were kept in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours[16]. Surface Roughness assessment at Baseline The top surface of the forty specimens representing the two single shaded resin composites (n=20) were being mounted in an acrylic resin block. At Baseline, the initial surface roughness of specimens was evaluated using a 3D non-contact optical profilometer (Profilm3D, KLA, USA). 3D images of the surface profile of each specimen were created using a digital image analysis system a roughness tester SL-201 (Mitutoyo Surf test Analyzer, Tokyo, Japan). Three consecutive measurements of each specimen were taken in different regions (one central, one right, and one left), with a cutoff of 0.25. The mean value of surface roughness (in one μm) at baseline was detected (R0) for each specimen[8]. Surface roughness assessment after pH cycling The specimens of both groups were kept in distilled water after baseline surface roughness assessment for 24 hours, then exposed to demineralization-remineralization cycles at room temperature to mimic pH cycling model. To prepare the demineralizing solution (pH 4.3), 74 mM acetate buffer with concentrations of 2.0 mM phosphate and 2.0 mM calcium was used. The remineralizing solution (pH 7.4) was prepared using 20 mM TRIS buffer supplemented with 0.9 mM phosphate, 150 mM and KCl 1.5 mM calcium. Each pH cycle consisted of a six-h immersion period in 5 mL of demineralizing solution, followed by an 18 h immersion in 5 mL of remineralizing solution[8]. The remineralization-demineralization cycle was performed over ten consecutive days[17]. The discs were washed with 20 mL of distilled water after each immersion in demineralizing or remineralizing solutions[18]. Then surface roughness was measured again for all specimens after pH cycling (R1), exactly as described for baseline. Surface roughness assessment after simulated tooth brushing The specimens of both tested groups were kept for 24 hours in distilled water after pH cycling surface roughness assessment at room temperature. Then the forty specimens representing the previously described two main groups were exposed to tooth brushing simulation machine (Robota, AD-TECH Technology CO., Germany). Each specimen was embedded in utility wax within the orifice of an acrylic plate (55 × 25 × 4 mm), with its test surface positioned 1.0 mm above the edge of orifice to ensure consistent exposure during simulated brushing. Each acrylic plate was positioned inside an acrylic tank containing a standardized abrasive slurry, prepared at a ratio of 1 g of dentifrice paste per 1 mL of distilled water. Brushing was performed using soft-bristled toothbrushes (Colgate Extra Clean Full Head Toothbrush, Colgate-Palmolive Company, USA) under a constant vertical load of 200 gram. Brushing was conducted at a speed of 250 cycles per minute, totaling 10,000 cycles of simulating toothbrushing, cumulatively, which corresponds to approximately 12 months of daily teeth brushing[19]. After every brushing cycle, the toothpastes and toothbrushes were changed, and specimens were subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in distilled water for ten minutes[19]. The surface roughness was then measured for all specimens (R2), following simulated toothbrushing. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis employed a comprehensive approach to evaluate surface roughness changes in two composite resin materials under different treatment conditions. For intra-group comparisons within each material, repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to assess changes across the three time points (baseline, pH cycling, and brushing), followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple pairwise comparisons to identify specific differences between treatment phases. For inter-group comparisons between Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz at each treatment phase, independent samples t-tests were conducted to determine whether the two materials differed significantly in their surface roughness responses. Statistical significance was defined at the level of p ≤ 0.05 for all performed analyses. Results Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One surface roughness Results The data in Table 2 displays the results of the impact of pH cycling and simulating teeth brushing on Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One single shaded resin composite materials. Results of Omnichroma revealed that there were statistically significant changes across all treatment conditions. At baseline, the results revealed that the surface roughness measurements of all Omnichroma samples recorded the lowest values (0.2549 ± 0.01311). Then, the surface roughness values increased significantly after pH cycling (0.7669 ± 0.03120). Also, the values of surface roughness continued to increase significantly after simulated tooth brushing (0.8785 ± 0.01399), reaching the highest value observed in the study. While Charisma Topaz One at baseline, the results revealed that surface roughness values of all samples of Charisma Topaz One were relatively low (0.3737 ± 0.01678 µm). Then there was a statistically significant increase in surface roughness values was observed after pH cycling to that recorded (0.7599 ± 0.09255 µm). Also, after simulated tooth brushing, the mean surface roughness increased slightly to (0.8094 ± 0.2414 µm). However, a statistically significant difference was detected between surface roughness values at baseline in one side and the surface roughness values after pH cycling and simulating tooth brushing on the other side, no statistically significant difference was detected between the values after pH cycling and after simulating tooth brushing. These findings indicate a significant increase in surface roughness after acidic challenge, with no further significant increase following simulated tooth brushing. Table 2. Descriptive statistics of Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One surface roughness at baseline, after pH cycling and simulated tooth brushing: Group Material MIN MAX MED M (Mean) SD P value Baseline Omnichroma 0.2386 0.2805 0.2539 0.2549 A 0.01311 <0.0001* pH cycling Omnichroma 0.7073 0.8204 0.7626 0.7669 B 0.03120 Brushing Omnichroma 0.8617 0.9122 0.8746 0.8785 C 0.01399 Baseline Charisma Topaz One 0.3489 0.3985 0.3702 0.3737 A 0.01678 <0.0001* pH cycling Charisma Topaz One 0.7125 0.8161 0.7571 0.7599 B 0.09255 Brushing Charisma Topaz One 0.7856 0.8324 0.8112 0.8094 B 0.02414 Min; Minimum, Max; Maximum, Med; Median, M; Mean, SD; Standard Deviation, P; Probability level Means with same superscript letter a nd with different superscript letter were significant different were insignificant different using Tukey`s post hoc test for multiple comparisons *; Significant difference at P≤0.05 III. Inter-group comparison of surface roughness results The data in Table 3 shows the results of the impact of pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing on surface roughness of Omnichroma compared to Charisma Topaz One resin composite materials. At baseline, there was a statistically significant difference between the two materials (p < 0.0001), with Charisma Topaz demonstrating substantially higher initial surface roughness values (0.3737 ± 0.01678) compared to Omnichroma (0.2549 ± 0.01311). Following pH cycling, both materials exhibited similar surface roughness values with no statistically significant difference as Omnichroma recorded 0.7669 ± 0.03120, while Charisma Topaz One (0.7599 ± 0.09255) with p = 0.7503. After simulated tooth brushing, both materials continued to show increase in surface roughness values with no significant difference between them (p = 0.2090) where Omnichroma recorded 0.8785 ± 0.01399, while Charisma Topaz One recorded 0.8094 ± 0.2414. Table 3 Independent T test analysis of surface roughness at baseline, after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing of both tested materials Omnichroma Charisma Topaz P value M SD M SD Baseline 0.2549 0.01311 0.3737 0.01678 <0.0001* pH cycling 0.7669 0.03120 0.7599 0.09255 0.7503 (NS) Simulated teeth Brushing 0.8785 0.01399 0.8094 0.2414 0.2090 (NS) M; Mean, SD; Standard Deviation, P; Probability level NS; Insignificant difference at P>0.05 *; Significant difference at P≤0.05 Discussion Shade selection is still one of the greatest challenges that dental practitioners face in everyday practice as it is complex and time-consuming. Recently, single-shaded resin composite has been introduced to the dental market. It can mimic the different shades of teeth with a single resin-based composite using the phenomenon of chameleon effect. Omnichroma is a supra-Nanofilled single shaded resin composite that has been evaluated in many studies[3,20,21], Yet there are limited studies that evaluate surface roughness and wear resistance of other single shaded resin composites. The manufacturer claims that Omnichroma incorporates smart chromatic technology that matches every patient's tooth shade due to uniformly sized, spherical supra-nano fillers that produce structural color from red-to-yellow where ambient light transmitted and instead of added pigments, Omnichroma also has structural color interacts with the surrounding dentition to achieve the perfect color match[21], According to the manufacturer, Charisma Topaz One has different properties to achieve excellent color matches as a single shaded resin composite material, such as the Advanced Polymerization System, adaptive light matching and light diffusion technology[22]. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to understand these features[22]. Sof-Lex™ polishing system for finishing and polishing was used in the current study for both selected resin composite materials as it was stated that Sof-Lex™ polishing system has lowest surface roughness and higher gloss Compared to alternative polishing and finishing systems[23]. In order to mimic the natural oral environment, this study utilized pH-cycling model with a pH 4.3 demineralizing solution and remineralizing solution with a pH 7.4 with an overall period of ten days to simulate oral conditions[24]. Simulated toothbrushing was evaluated in addition to pH cycling as toothbrushing constitutes a routine daily oral hygiene practice. Also simulating teeth brushing abrasion is an established in vitro wear method that simulates oral hygiene habit[8]. In this study we performed 10,000 cycles of simulating teeth brushing that equal one year of brushing, according to Somacal et al. 2020 . The toothbrush used in the current study was Colgate extra clean, soft bristles toothbrush and toothpaste utilized in the current study was Colgate Cavity Protection Regular Fluoride Toothpaste, which has low abrasiveness on resin composite material[8]. Non-contact optical 3D profilometer was utilized for evaluation surface roughness of both single shaded resin composites. In comparison to other available evaluation methods, non-contact optical profilometry offers the benefit of determining the full depth of the flaws. It is a reliable, precise, non-contact and nondestructive method for surface roughness measurements and gives repeatable, quick quantitative data providing description of surface roughness profiles that have been extensively employed in several earlier investigations[25,26]. In the present study, results showed that Charisma Topaz One demonstrated substantially higher initial surface roughness values compared to Omnichroma at baseline which demonstrated that a smoother surface and a brighter appearance of this material were obtained. This could be attributed to filler size, and shape that determine the surface properties of dental restorations[27]. Omnichroma is a nanofilled resin-based composite with smaller uniformly arranged spherical filler particles its size ranging from 0.2-0.6 μm with a mean of 0.3 μm compared to Charisma topaz which is a nanohybrid composite with larger filler size ranging from 5 nm– 5μm. It is worth noting that the interparticle space significantly influences the wear resistance of resin composites; a reduction in interparticle space correlates with enhanced wear resistance of the resin composite material[27]. Surface roughness evolution in resin composites originates from the progressive degradation and loss of the organic matrix, resulting in the exposure and subsequent exfoliation of unsupported filler particles[27]. This observation is supported by the fact that reduced inter-filler spacing offers greater protection to the organic resin against abrasive forces, thereby minimizing surface roughness[27]. Regarding pH cycling, both materials exhibited a significant increase in surface roughness following pH cycling in comparison to baseline. The hydrolytic degradation of the resin matrix, which is the primary cause of structural disintegration and subsequent dissolution, was accelerated by low pH[25]. However, no significant difference was recorded between both materials after pH cycling. Omnichroma showed rougher surface, and this could be related to the fact that Omnichroma resin composite has high water sorption. This behavior can be linked to Omnichroma’s resin matrix, which is primarily UDMA/TEGDMA-based. These monomers are more sensitive to pH changes due to their hydrophilic nature in comparison to TCD-DI.HEA of the Charisma Topaz One[28]. These results come in line with Alex and Venkatesh. 2024 [29]. The slight increase in Charisma Topaz One, could be attributed to larger particle size of the filler which has an impact on the surface roughness of the resin composite restorations as mentioned by Alp et al.2022 [30]. Although a little is known about the effect of TCD-DI-HEA on the degradation condition, the UDMA has the ability to increase the hydrolytic stability of restorative material, which can be enhanced by the presence of TCD-DI-HEA. as stated by Ozera et al. 2019 [31]. Additional simulated tooth brushing, the surface roughness continued to increase significantly for Omnichroma, reaching the highest value observed in the study. Meanwhile for Charisma Topaz One, the mean surface roughness increased slightly; however, no statistically significant difference was detected between the values after pH cycling and brushing. Thus, materials continued to show no significant difference in between them after pH cycling and simulated brushing. The increase in surface roughness could be attributed to the combined effect of pH cycling and simulated toothbrushing, which caused greater changes in the resin composite's surface topography. The abrasion process of simulated toothbrushing with toothpaste induces wear on the surface of resin composites[32]. Various mechanisms contribute to this wear: abrasion of the organic matrix, filler loss resulting from interfacial debonding or shearing of exposed particles, filler dislodgement due to matrix cracking, and the exposure of intrinsic voids from the restorative process[33]. Therefore, the abrasive action of toothbrushing potentiates the initial degradation induced by pH cycling[34]. Based on all the previously mentioned results the null hypothesis of the present study was partially accepted. Although this study highlights the promising potential of single shaded composite restorations, the in-vitro design and absence of oral real conditions along with limited long-term evaluation remain the key limitations. Conclusion Under the limitations of the current study, the following could be concluded: 1.Initial polishing of Nanofilled single shaded resin composites provided superior smoothness while Nanohybrid single shaded resin composites exhibited lower values. 2.Repeated pH cycling markedly influences the surface roughness of both Nanofilled and Nanohybrid single shaded resin composites. 3.Adjunctive teeth brushing with pH cycling yields comparable results in Nanofilled and Nanohybrid single shaded resin composites. Recommendations: Further in vivo studies are needed to assess efficacy and properties of the single shaded resin composites. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study proposal was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committees (REC) of the Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Egypt with approval number (#693/2023). The need for consent to participate was waived by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) Faculty of Dentistry's Ethical Committee, Suez Canal University, Egypt (#693/2023). Consent for Publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations Not applicable Clinical trial number Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding No funding was obtained for this study. 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Effect of simulated toothbrushing on surface roughness of different resin composite materials: in vitro study. Al-Azhar J of Dent Sci. 2025;28(2):213 − 21. Elfakhri F, & Alkahtani R, & Li C, and Khaliq J. Influence of filler characteristics on the performance of dental composites: A comprehensive review. Ceramics International. 2022;48(19):27280-94 Mi̇Si̇Lli̇ T, Gonulol N, Cabadağ ÖG, Almasifar L and Di̇Nç D. The effect of pH-cycling and toothbrushing simulations on surface roughness of bulk-fill composites. Clin. and Exp. H. Sci. 2021;11(3):487 − 94. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 23 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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19:27:25","extension":"html","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8393426/v1/11423b9260954bde7f52618f.html"},{"id":100625640,"identity":"9043da68-ba24-4825-b385-690a57dd3550","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-19 19:27:20","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65039,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Flow Chart of The Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8393426/v1/1e6dc08a62a5ef0f7fd77212.jpg"},{"id":100804016,"identity":"f36bc1a7-bc04-4159-9031-aa1afc000c4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 14:34:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1025693,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8393426/v1/46dcf290-1ef7-4b80-a865-074b29405133.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparison of surface roughness of two single shaded resin composites after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing - an in-vitro study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, ceramic and composite resin restorative materials have been widely preferred by dentists for restoration of teeth as they can easily adapt to teeth color and meet the esthetic expectations of patients[1]. Shade selection is still one of the biggest challenges that dentists face, therefore, using one shaded composite material based on nanotechnology instead of more complex color systems is easier and fulfills the esthetic demands of patients and dentists[2]. Recently, single-shaded resin composite has been introduced to the dental market, simplifying and making shade selection easier and less time consuming. Single-shaded resin composite provides more shade harmony with surrounding teeth because of their \u0026ldquo;chameleon effect\u0026rdquo; properties that face the problem of color mismatch of restoration during shade selection[3]. Obtaining a smooth surface by using proper techniques for finishing improves the durability, appearance and lifetime of restorations[4]. Wear of resin composite restorations denotes debonding of inorganic fillers from the resin matrix, resulting in voids that elevate surface roughness and create a surface prone to external staining. Microorganisms adhere firmly to rough surfaces, facilitating caries, plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation[5]. Finishing dental restoration creates a smooth surface by removing any scratches while polishing, giving the restoration a glossy, enamel-like finish by reducing surface roughness, and obtaining a high degree of gloss and ultimately increase the resin composite surface hardness[6].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe long-term success of resin composite restorations hinges on their chemical stability in the oral cavity, so evaluating restorations under simulated acidic challenges like pH cycling is critically necessary[7,8]. The pH-cycling model simulates these oral conditions by subjecting resin composite materials to alternating cycles of demineralization and remineralization, replicating the chemical challenges similar to that of the oral cavity[8]. In addition to exposure to chemical acids and masticatory forces, dental restorations are subjected to the abrasive effects of daily toothbrushing. This routine mechanical process can contribute significantly to surface roughening and wear of restorations[9].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited studies till now have been conducted comparing surface roughness of single shaded resin composites after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to verify the hypothesis that either single shaded Omnichroma or Charisma Topaz One can maintain good surface roughness after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing. The null hypothesis of the study was that there is no significant difference between surface roughness of the two single shaded resin composites at baseline, after pH cycling and simulated tooth brushing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials -\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e: The materials\u0026rsquo; brand name, description, composition, manufacturers and batch numbers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"690\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial Brand Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBatch No\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManufacture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOMNICHROMA\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003eSingle shaded nano-filled resin composite\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003eround shaped and supra nano spherical zirconia-silica filler\u003cbr\u003eTEGDMA/UDMA\u003cbr\u003e68% by volume 79% by weight 0.2-0.6 \u0026mu;m mean 0.3 \u0026mu;m\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e(030E81)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003eTokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCHARISMA\u003csup\u003e\u0026reg;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTOPAZ ONE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003eSingle shaded nano-hybrid\u003cbr\u003eresin\u003cbr\u003ecomposite\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003eHighly discrete nano particles and glass-pre-polymerized filler UDMA and TCD-DI-HEA\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;59% by volume, 69% filler by weight\u003cbr\u003e5 nm\u0026ndash; 5\u0026mu;m\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e(M010206)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003eKulzer GmbH, Leipziger Stra\u0026szlig;e \u0026nbsp;Hanau, Germany\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColgate Cavity Protection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003eRegular Fluoride Toothpaste\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003eSodium Monofluorophosphate 0.76 % (0.15% w/v fluoride ion)\u003cbr\u003eWater, Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Cellulose Gum, Flavor, Glycerin Sodium Saccharin, Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e(316US56)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003eColgate-Palmolive Company, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSof-Lex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026trade;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;polishing system\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;(multi-step)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSof-Lex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026trade;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;extra-thin discs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003eMedium-grit flexible discs (dark orange) for contouring.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003eAluminum oxide (diameter: 12.7 mm, grit: 40 \u0026micro;m).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e(N906475/)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e3M ESPE,\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;St. Paul, MN, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSof-Lex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026trade;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;spiral wheels\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003eFine grit (beige) pre-polishing finishing spiral wheel.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003eThermoplastic elastomer impregnated with aluminum oxide particles (diameter: 12.7 mm, grit: 24 \u0026micro;m).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e(N514708/)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e3M ESPE,\u003cbr\u003eSt. Paul, MN, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003eSuperfine grit (white) for final polishing spiral wheel.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 216px;\"\u003eThermoplastic elastomer impregnated with aluminum oxide particles (diameter: 12.7 mm, grit: 8 \u0026micro;m).\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e(N508796/)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e3M ESPE,\u003cbr\u003eSt. Paul, MN, USA\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Egypt, (no. #693/2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Grouping:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study was an in-vitro study with two groups. the surface roughness of each single shaded resin composite material (C1, C2) was evaluated at baseline, after pH cycling and after simulating tooth brushing (R0, R1, R2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpecimens\u0026rsquo; preparation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe list of single shaded resin composites and finishing and polishing systems used in the current study with the compositions are listed in Table 1. The flow chart of the study is given in\u0026nbsp;Fig. 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA split Teflon mold of five mm in diameter and two mm in thickness was used for fabrication of resin composite discs for the current study. Specimens were distributed into two main groups (C1:Omnichroma, C2: Charisma Topaz One) according to the two single shaded resin composite utilized (n=20).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll Single-shaded resin composite discs were fabricated by placing a clear celluloid strip (Mylar, SS white, USA) on a clean glass slab after which the Teflon mold was placed on top of it ,where one composite increment of two mm thickness was packed by a Goldstein composite instrument with Tin-coated fine tips applicator instrument (MEDESY,MEDSEY, Italian) into the mold until the entire mold was completely filled. After that, a second celluloid strip was placed over the mold\u0026apos;s upper surface and then pressed by glass slap to remove excess resin composite and to ensure smooth, non-porous, and flat surfaces. The glass slab was then removed, and the specimens were light-cured for 20 s using LED light curing device (RTA MINI S, Woodpecker, China) that was placed in direct, perpendicular contact with the mold surface and operated in standard mode at an intensity of 800 mW/cm\u0026sup2;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach specimen then received an additional 20 s of curing from the opposite side. residual flashes were carefully removed from the disc-shaped specimens using 1200-grit silicon carbide grinding paper after removal of Teflon mold[10]. the light intensity of LED light curing device was regularly checked after 5 specimens using a digital dental radiometer (Blue Phasemeter, Ivoclar Vivadent, Austria)[10].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinishing and polishing procedures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImmediately after removal of specimens from their corresponding mold, bottom surfaces of all specimens were distinguished by permanent marker. Finishing and polishing of top surface of each specimen was done using the contouring, finishing and polishing system (Sof-Lex finishing system multi step, USA) fixed to low-speed handpiece (Sirona T4 Low speed handpiece, Dentsply, Sirona, Germany) According to manufacture instructions, the Sof-Lex extra thin discs utilized in a single use manner[11]. The specimens were contoured by using medium grit Sof-Lex extra thin disc, contouring disc (orange) composed of 40 \u0026micro;m aluminum oxide particles impregnated at speed of 10,000 rpm for 15 seconds\u003cs\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/s\u003ewithout water spray. The specimens were rinsed for 10 s to remove any material\u0026rsquo;s powder then dried with water/air tip for 5 seconds[12,13]. During the finishing of specimens, light pressure was applied, and the disc was directed in one direction from left to right[2]. Then, the fine Sof-Lex spiral finishing wheel was utilized to remove scratches in the composite restorations developed during contouring. Finally, the white Sof-Lex spiral polishing wheel was used to final polish the composite restorations for the final surface luster[12-15]. It is worth noting that specimens were rinsed for ten seconds to remove any material\u0026rsquo;s powder and air-dried for 5 seconds between each application step[11]. Then the cured polished specimens were kept in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours[16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurface Roughness assessment at Baseline\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe top surface of the forty specimens representing the two single shaded resin composites (n=20) were being mounted in an acrylic resin block. At Baseline, the initial surface roughness of specimens was evaluated using a 3D non-contact optical profilometer (Profilm3D, KLA, USA). 3D images of the surface profile of each specimen were created using a digital image analysis system a roughness tester SL-201 (Mitutoyo Surf test Analyzer, Tokyo, Japan). Three consecutive measurements of each specimen were taken in different regions (one central, one right, and one left), with a cutoff of 0.25. The mean value of surface roughness (in one \u0026mu;m) at baseline was detected (R0) for each specimen[8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurface roughness assessment after pH cycling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specimens of both groups were kept in distilled water after baseline surface roughness assessment for 24 hours, then exposed to demineralization-remineralization cycles at room temperature to mimic pH cycling model. To prepare the demineralizing solution (pH 4.3), 74 mM acetate buffer with concentrations of 2.0 mM phosphate and 2.0 mM calcium was used. The remineralizing solution (pH 7.4) was prepared using 20 mM TRIS buffer supplemented with 0.9 mM phosphate, 150 mM and KCl 1.5 mM calcium. Each pH cycle consisted of a six-h immersion period in 5 mL of demineralizing solution, followed by an 18 h immersion in 5 mL of remineralizing solution[8]. The remineralization-demineralization cycle was performed over ten consecutive days[17]. The discs were washed with 20 mL of distilled water after each immersion in demineralizing or remineralizing solutions[18].\u0026nbsp;Then surface roughness was measured again for all specimens after pH cycling (R1), exactly as described for baseline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurface roughness assessment after simulated tooth brushing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specimens of both tested groups were kept for 24 hours in distilled water after pH cycling surface roughness assessment at room temperature. Then the forty specimens representing the previously described two main groups were exposed to tooth brushing simulation machine (Robota, AD-TECH Technology CO., Germany). Each specimen was embedded in utility wax within the orifice of an acrylic plate (55 \u0026times; 25 \u0026times; 4 mm), with its test surface positioned 1.0 mm above the edge of orifice to ensure consistent exposure during simulated brushing. Each acrylic plate was positioned inside an acrylic tank containing a standardized abrasive slurry, prepared at a ratio of 1 g of dentifrice paste per 1 mL of distilled water. Brushing was performed using soft-bristled toothbrushes (Colgate Extra Clean Full Head Toothbrush, Colgate-Palmolive Company, USA) under a constant vertical load of 200 gram. Brushing was conducted at a speed of 250 cycles per minute, totaling 10,000 cycles of simulating toothbrushing, cumulatively, which corresponds to approximately 12 months of daily teeth brushing[19]. After every brushing cycle, the toothpastes and toothbrushes were changed, and specimens were subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in distilled water for ten minutes[19]. The surface roughness was then measured for all specimens (R2), following simulated toothbrushing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical\u0026nbsp;analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis employed a comprehensive approach to evaluate surface roughness changes in two composite resin materials under different treatment conditions. For intra-group comparisons within each material, repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to assess changes across the three time points (baseline, pH cycling, and brushing), followed by Tukey\u0026apos;s post hoc test for multiple pairwise comparisons to identify specific differences between treatment phases. For inter-group comparisons between Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz at each treatment phase, independent samples t-tests were conducted to determine whether the two materials differed significantly in their surface roughness responses. Statistical significance was defined at the level of p \u0026le; 0.05 for all performed analyses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmnichroma and Charisma Topaz One surface roughness Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e displays the results of the impact of pH cycling and simulating teeth brushing on Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One single shaded resin composite materials. Results of Omnichroma revealed that there were statistically significant changes across all treatment conditions. At baseline, the results revealed that the surface roughness measurements of all Omnichroma samples recorded the lowest values (0.2549 \u0026plusmn; 0.01311). Then, the surface roughness values increased significantly after pH cycling (0.7669 \u0026plusmn; 0.03120). Also, the values of surface roughness continued to increase significantly after simulated tooth brushing (0.8785 \u0026plusmn; 0.01399), reaching the highest value observed in the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile Charisma Topaz One at baseline, the results revealed that surface roughness values of all samples of Charisma Topaz One were relatively low (0.3737 \u0026plusmn; 0.01678 \u0026micro;m). Then there was a statistically significant increase in surface roughness values was observed after pH cycling to that recorded (0.7599 \u0026plusmn; 0.09255 \u0026micro;m). Also, after simulated tooth brushing, the mean surface roughness increased slightly to (0.8094 \u0026plusmn; 0.2414 \u0026micro;m). However, a statistically significant difference was detected between surface roughness values at baseline in one side and the surface roughness values after pH cycling and simulating tooth brushing on the other side, no statistically significant difference was detected between the values after pH cycling and after simulating tooth brushing. These findings indicate a significant increase in surface roughness after acidic challenge, with no further significant increase following simulated tooth brushing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Descriptive statistics of Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One surface roughness at baseline, after pH cycling and simulated tooth brushing:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"686\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAX\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMED\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM (Mean)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmnichroma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2549 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH cycling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmnichroma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7669 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrushing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmnichroma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8785 C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharisma Topaz One\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3737 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH cycling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharisma Topaz One\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7599 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrushing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharisma Topaz One\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8094 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin; Minimum, Max; Maximum, Med; Median, M; Mean, SD; Standard Deviation, P; Probability level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeans with same superscript letter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003end with different superscript letter were significant different\u003cs\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/s\u003ewere insignificant different using Tukey`s post hoc test for multiple comparisons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*; Significant difference at P\u0026le;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIII. Inter-group comparison of surface roughness results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eshows the results of the impact of pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing on surface roughness of Omnichroma compared to Charisma Topaz One\u0026nbsp;resin composite materials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt baseline, there was a statistically significant difference between the two materials (p \u0026lt; 0.0001), with Charisma Topaz demonstrating substantially higher initial surface roughness values (0.3737 \u0026plusmn; 0.01678) compared to Omnichroma (0.2549 \u0026plusmn; 0.01311). Following pH cycling, both materials exhibited similar surface roughness values with no statistically significant difference as Omnichroma recorded 0.7669 \u0026plusmn; 0.03120, while Charisma Topaz One (0.7599 \u0026plusmn; 0.09255) with p = 0.7503. After simulated tooth brushing, both materials continued to show increase in surface roughness values with no significant difference between them (p = 0.2090) where Omnichroma recorded 0.8785 \u0026plusmn; 0.01399, while Charisma Topaz One recorded 0.8094 \u0026plusmn; 0.2414.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Independent T test analysis of surface roughness at baseline, after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing of both tested materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"653\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 202px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmnichroma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharisma Topaz\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH cycling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7503 (NS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 206px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimulated teeth Brushing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2090 (NS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 653px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM; Mean, SD; Standard Deviation, P; Probability level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS; Insignificant difference at P\u0026gt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*; Significant difference at P\u0026le;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eShade selection is still one of the greatest challenges that dental practitioners face in everyday practice as it is complex and time-consuming.\u0026nbsp;Recently, single-shaded resin composite has been introduced to the dental market. It can mimic the different shades of teeth with a single resin-based composite using the phenomenon of chameleon effect.\u0026nbsp;Omnichroma is a supra-Nanofilled single shaded resin composite that has been evaluated in many studies[3,20,21], Yet there are limited studies that evaluate surface roughness and wear resistance of other single shaded resin composites. The manufacturer claims that Omnichroma incorporates smart chromatic technology that matches every patient's tooth shade due to uniformly sized, spherical supra-nano fillers that produce structural color from red-to-yellow where ambient light transmitted and instead of added pigments, Omnichroma also has structural color interacts with the surrounding dentition to achieve the perfect color match[21], According to the manufacturer, Charisma Topaz One has different properties to achieve excellent color matches as a single shaded resin composite material, such as the Advanced Polymerization System, adaptive light matching and light diffusion technology[22]. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to understand these features[22]. Sof-Lex™ polishing system for finishing and polishing was used in the current study for both selected resin composite materials as it was stated that Sof-Lex™ polishing system has lowest surface roughness and higher gloss Compared to alternative polishing and finishing systems[23].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to mimic the natural oral environment, this study utilized pH-cycling model with a pH 4.3 demineralizing solution and remineralizing solution with a pH 7.4 with an overall period of ten days to simulate oral conditions[24]. Simulated toothbrushing was evaluated in addition to pH cycling as toothbrushing constitutes a routine daily oral hygiene practice. Also simulating teeth brushing abrasion is an established in vitro wear method that simulates oral hygiene habit[8]. In this study we performed 10,000 cycles of simulating teeth brushing that equal one year of brushing, according to\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eSomacal et al. 2020\u003c/strong\u003e. The toothbrush used in the current study was Colgate extra clean, soft bristles toothbrush and toothpaste utilized in the current study was Colgate Cavity Protection Regular Fluoride Toothpaste, which has low abrasiveness on resin composite material[8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Non-contact optical 3D profilometer was utilized for evaluation surface roughness of both single shaded resin composites. In comparison to other available evaluation methods, non-contact optical profilometry offers the benefit of determining the full depth of the flaws. It is a reliable, precise, non-contact and nondestructive method for surface roughness measurements and gives repeatable, quick quantitative data providing description of surface roughness profiles that have been extensively employed in several earlier investigations[25,26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, results showed that Charisma Topaz One demonstrated substantially higher initial surface roughness values compared to Omnichroma at baseline which demonstrated that a smoother surface and a brighter appearance of this material were obtained. This could be attributed to filler size, and shape that determine the surface properties of dental restorations[27]. Omnichroma is a nanofilled resin-based composite with smaller uniformly arranged spherical filler particles its size ranging from 0.2-0.6 μm with a mean of 0.3 μm compared to Charisma topaz which is a nanohybrid composite with larger filler size ranging from 5 nm– 5μm. It is worth noting that the interparticle space significantly influences the wear resistance of resin composites; a reduction in interparticle space correlates with enhanced wear resistance of the resin composite material[27]. Surface roughness evolution in resin composites originates from the progressive degradation and loss of the organic matrix, resulting in the exposure and subsequent exfoliation of unsupported filler particles[27]. This observation is supported by the fact that reduced inter-filler spacing offers greater protection to the organic resin against abrasive forces, thereby minimizing surface roughness[27].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding pH cycling, both materials exhibited a significant increase in surface roughness following pH cycling in comparison to baseline. The hydrolytic degradation of the resin matrix, which is the primary cause of structural disintegration and subsequent dissolution, was accelerated by low pH[25]. However, no significant difference was recorded between both materials after pH cycling. Omnichroma showed rougher surface, and this could be related to the fact that Omnichroma resin composite has high water sorption. This behavior can be linked to Omnichroma’s resin matrix, which is primarily UDMA/TEGDMA-based. These monomers are more sensitive to pH changes due to their hydrophilic nature in comparison to TCD-DI.HEA of the Charisma Topaz One[28]. These results come in line with\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAlex and Venkatesh. 2024\u003c/strong\u003e[29].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe slight increase in Charisma Topaz One, could be attributed to larger particle size of the filler which has an impact on the surface roughness of the resin composite restorations as mentioned by\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eAlp et al.2022\u003c/strong\u003e[30]. Although a little is known about the effect of TCD-DI-HEA on the degradation condition, the UDMA has the ability to increase the hydrolytic stability of restorative material, which can be enhanced by the presence of TCD-DI-HEA. as stated by\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eOzera et al. 2019\u003c/strong\u003e[31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional simulated tooth brushing, the surface roughness continued to increase significantly for Omnichroma, reaching the highest value observed in the study. Meanwhile for Charisma Topaz One, the mean surface roughness increased slightly; however, no statistically significant difference was detected between the values after pH cycling and brushing. Thus, materials continued to show no significant difference in between them after pH cycling and simulated brushing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in surface roughness could be attributed to the combined effect of pH cycling and simulated toothbrushing, which caused greater changes in the resin composite's surface topography. The abrasion process of simulated toothbrushing with toothpaste induces wear on the surface of resin composites[32]. Various mechanisms contribute to this wear: abrasion of the organic matrix, filler loss resulting from interfacial debonding or shearing of exposed particles, filler dislodgement due to matrix cracking, and the exposure of intrinsic voids from the restorative process[33]. Therefore, the abrasive action of toothbrushing potentiates the initial degradation induced by pH cycling[34].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on all the previously mentioned results the null hypothesis of the present study was partially accepted. Although this study highlights the promising potential of single shaded composite restorations, the in-vitro design and absence of oral real conditions along with limited long-term evaluation remain the key limitations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnder the limitations of the current study, the following could be concluded:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.Initial polishing of Nanofilled single shaded resin composites provided superior smoothness while Nanohybrid single shaded resin composites exhibited lower values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.Repeated pH cycling markedly influences the surface roughness of both Nanofilled and Nanohybrid single shaded resin composites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.Adjunctive teeth brushing with pH cycling yields comparable results in Nanofilled and Nanohybrid single shaded resin composites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eRecommendations:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther in vivo studies are needed to assess efficacy and properties of the single shaded resin composites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;study\u0026nbsp;proposal\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;reviewed and approved\u0026nbsp;by\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Research\u0026nbsp;Ethics Committees\u0026nbsp;(REC)\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;the Faculty\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;Dentistry,\u0026nbsp;Suez\u0026nbsp;Canal\u0026nbsp;University,\u0026nbsp;Egypt\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;approval\u0026nbsp;number\u0026nbsp;(#693/2023).\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;need for consent to participate was waived by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) Faculty of Dentistry\u0026apos;s Ethical Committee, Suez Canal University, Egypt (#693/2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent\u0026nbsp;for Publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;data\u0026nbsp;and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman\u0026nbsp;Ethics\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Consent\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;Participate declarations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable \u003cstrong\u003eClinical\u0026nbsp;trial\u0026nbsp;number\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;authors\u0026nbsp;declare\u0026nbsp;that\u0026nbsp;they\u0026nbsp;have\u0026nbsp;no\u0026nbsp;competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;funding\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;obtained for\u0026nbsp;this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWEJ and RIA: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, writing the original draft. RKS: Methodology, visualization, formal analysis, writing\u0026mdash;review, and editing. EOA: Methodology, visualization, formal analysis, writing\u0026mdash;review, and editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript and gave final approval.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMadhyastha PS, Hegde S, Srikant N, Kotian R and Iyer SS. Effect of finishing/polishing techniques and time on surface roughness of esthetic restorative materials. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2017;14(5):326–30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumari RV, Nagaraj H, Siddaraju K and Poluri RK. Evaluation of the effect of surface polishing, oral beverages and food colorants on color stability and surface roughness of nanocomposite resins. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(7):63–70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Abreu JLB, Sampaio CS, Benalcázar J EB and Hirata R. Analysis of the color matching of universal resin composites in anterior restorations. 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PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195160.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSomacal DC, Manfroi FB, Monteiro M, Oliveira SD, Bittencourt HR, Borges GA and Spohr AM. Effect of pH Cycling Followed by simulated toothbrushing on the surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of bulk-fill composite resins. Oper Dent. 2020;45(2):209 − 18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEbaya MM, Ali AI, El-Haliem HA and Mahmoud SH. Color stability and surface roughness of ormocer- versus methacrylate-based single shade composite in anterior restoration. BMC Oral Health. 2022;22(1):430 − 41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhairy A A, El-Toukhy R I, and Zaghlol N. Effect of finishing/polishing techniques on surface roughness of three different resin composite materials: A laboratory Study. Mans J Dent. 2022;9(3):82–88.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGömleksiz S and Gömleksiz O. The effect of contemporary finishing and polishing systems on the surface roughness of bulk fill resin composite and 82 nanocomposites. 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Influence of filler characteristics on the performance of dental composites: A comprehensive review. Ceramics International. 2022;48(19):27280-94\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMi̇Si̇Lli̇ T, Gonulol N, Cabadağ ÖG, Almasifar L and Di̇Nç D. The effect of pH-cycling and toothbrushing simulations on surface roughness of bulk-fill composites. Clin. and Exp. H. Sci. 2021;11(3):487 − 94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Single-shaded composite, Surface roughness, pH cycling, Toothbrushing simulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8393426/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8393426/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe study aimed to examine and compare the surface roughness of two single-shaded resin composites Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One after pH cycling and simulated toothbrushing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eForty disc-shaped resin composite specimens were fabricated using split Teflon mold and divided into two main groups (C1: Omnichroma, C2: Charisma Topaz One) according to the two single shaded resin composite utilized (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20). finishing and polishing of top surfaces of specimens was done using a multi-step Sof-Lex system. Baseline surface roughness (R0) was measured for each group using a 3D non-contact optical profilometer device. Then the specimens were immersed in demineralization-remineralization solutions at room temperature to mimic pH cycling model. Followed by surface roughness measurement (R1) were assessed again for the prepared specimens. All specimens were then subjected to simulated toothbrushing. then surface roughness measurement was taken (R2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharisma Topaz One demonstrated higher initial surface roughness values compared to Omnichroma at baseline (*p* \u0026lt; 0.0001). Following pH cycling, both materials exhibited similar surface roughness values with no statistically significant difference between the two tested materials. Additional simulated tooth brushing was deemed to show increase in surface roughness values with no significant difference between them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial polishing of single shaded Nanofilled Omnichroma provided superior smoothness, although single shaded Nanohybrid Charisma Topaz One exhibited lower values. Repeated pH cycling and simulating tooth brushing markedly influences surface roughness of both Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparison of surface roughness of two single shaded resin composites after pH cycling and simulated teeth brushing - an in-vitro study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-19 19:27:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8393426/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T11:11:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"280479216078075376661263399185041214844","date":"2026-01-18T07:47:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"60927894347483527465411780828508104221","date":"2026-01-14T13:42:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"118882948144413864396185810930333194173","date":"2026-01-14T08:06:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T06:04:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T13:56:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T05:14:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T05:13:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2025-12-18T08:53:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9be75927-e68b-4d7f-9908-886b5cb13df0","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T19:27:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-19 19:27:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8393426","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8393426","identity":"rs-8393426","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}