EEZR-CGeHBSLoA: Energy-Efficient Hybrid Dynamic Zone-Based Multiple Cluster Head Selection and Routing in Border Surveillance WSNs

EEZR-CGeHBSLoA: Energy-Efficient Hybrid Dynamic Zone-Based Multiple Cluster Head Selection and Routing in Border Surveillance WSNs | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article EEZR-CGeHBSLoA: Energy-Efficient Hybrid Dynamic Zone-Based Multiple Cluster Head Selection and Routing in Border Surveillance WSNs Jayachandran J, Vimaladevi K This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6393105/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), restricted design constraints of sensor nodes imposes difficult challenges in enhancing network lifetime and connectivity. Especially, power constraints of these sensor nodes plays crucial role in determining network connectivity, lifetime and overall performance. In order to conserve limited power of nodes, network related activities should be balanced and each node has to equally dissipate its energy to ensure node’s aliveness. Thus, effectively utilizing the available limited battery energy is given primary importance in WSN research works. Likewise, we introduce a hybrid approach called an Energy-Efficient Zone Routing with Cluster Geometric Honey Badger SeaLion Optimization Algorithm (EEZR-CGeHBSLoA) designed to improve WSN performance through dynamic clustering and intelligent routing strategies. Unlike conventional clustering methods, EEZR-CGeHBSLoA employs geometric symmetry-based zone coordinators to adaptively segment the sensing area into energy-efficient zones, ensuring optimal cluster formation. To facilitate balanced energy consumption, this approach utilizes the enhanced Honey Badger Algorithm for selecting multiple cluster heads for each zone. The CH selection process considers residual energy, proximity to the base station, and node connectivity, thereby preventing premature energy depletion to improve network longevity. Simulations were conducted to evaluate EEZR-CGeHBSLoA’s performance in comparison with existing WSN clustering protocols where results proved that the proposed model achieved a network lifespan of 2473 rounds, an average energy consumption rate of 11.3%, and a packet reception rate of 98.11%. Therefore, EEZR-CGeHBSLoA method has significantly enhanced network robustness, mitigated packet loss, and improved overall data transmission reliability. Wireless Sensor Networks Clustering Data Aggregation Routing Sea Lion Optimization Energy Efficiency zone optimization Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 24 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6393105","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":447395614,"identity":"854288f3-c867-40b0-bc95-ba5274997c78","order_by":0,"name":"Jayachandran J","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of tecchnology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jayachandran","middleName":"","lastName":"J","suffix":""},{"id":447395615,"identity":"4b199474-633b-45c0-90ab-97c6459e48fd","order_by":1,"name":"Vimaladevi K","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIie3QMYvCMBTA8VcCddCS9bnoV4h0Kch9l4SCLro7iB4UMomu+i2EwnGj8OBcvP1Guzg5dBJdxPRUcDF1dMg/pEPg15cWwOV6x5jZ2+LJzMoBr6eyjMgb8eaAWE7gTgxiNbiPsSTWVZXLYbsh1sDCDx2NoEJbyL4thIIU5U83FAQs7mtzsVpHgNo8J/UkWKL0SS0SYNTbFN/SA1DaStKjPNP4n0QF4Xs74Sz4QqVJcvPHYhgYgiVTChKpabc1Y17SmgywrnEnVjbi89/0Lz+0mz4nwqMYcc7jLDtZyEPe5/UlZq9eAi6Xy+V62gV2RkJNAn8kCAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of tecchnology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vimaladevi","middleName":"","lastName":"K","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-07 10:23:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6393105/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6393105/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81398217,"identity":"3d9486e7-0042-4255-af22-57f498f41ebd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 15:56:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2284877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EEZRCGeHBSLoA.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6393105/v1_covered_897eb354-2d22-4f81-b112-8a507c77270d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"EEZR-CGeHBSLoA: Energy-Efficient Hybrid Dynamic Zone-Based Multiple Cluster Head Selection and Routing in Border Surveillance WSNs","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"telecommunication-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Telecommunication Systems](https://www.springer.com/journal/11235)","snPcode":"11235","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11235/3","title":"Telecommunication Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Wireless Sensor Networks, Clustering, Data Aggregation, Routing, Sea Lion Optimization, Energy Efficiency zone optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6393105/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6393105/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), restricted design constraints of sensor nodes imposes difficult challenges in enhancing network lifetime and connectivity. Especially, power constraints of these sensor nodes plays crucial role in determining network connectivity, lifetime and overall performance. In order to conserve limited power of nodes, network related activities should be balanced and each node has to equally dissipate its energy to ensure node\u0026rsquo;s aliveness. Thus, effectively utilizing the available limited battery energy is given primary importance in WSN research works. Likewise, we introduce a hybrid approach called an Energy-Efficient Zone Routing with Cluster Geometric Honey Badger SeaLion Optimization Algorithm (EEZR-CGeHBSLoA) designed to improve WSN performance through dynamic clustering and intelligent routing strategies. Unlike conventional clustering methods, EEZR-CGeHBSLoA employs geometric symmetry-based zone coordinators to adaptively segment the sensing area into energy-efficient zones, ensuring optimal cluster formation. To facilitate balanced energy consumption, this approach utilizes the enhanced Honey Badger Algorithm for selecting multiple cluster heads for each zone. The CH selection process considers residual energy, proximity to the base station, and node connectivity, thereby preventing premature energy depletion to improve network longevity. Simulations were conducted to evaluate EEZR-CGeHBSLoA\u0026rsquo;s performance in comparison with existing WSN clustering protocols where results proved that the proposed model achieved a network lifespan of 2473 rounds, an average energy consumption rate of 11.3%, and a packet reception rate of 98.11%. Therefore, EEZR-CGeHBSLoA method has significantly enhanced network robustness, mitigated packet loss, and improved overall data transmission reliability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"EEZR-CGeHBSLoA: Energy-Efficient Hybrid Dynamic Zone-Based Multiple Cluster Head Selection and Routing in Border Surveillance WSNs","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-25 15:40:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6393105/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T09:53:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"86965383843247669868304577991033420185","date":"2025-04-14T15:12:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"170199664422340847215733963515227931695","date":"2025-04-14T07:18:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-14T07:06:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T11:43:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T11:42:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Telecommunication Systems","date":"2025-04-07T10:14:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"telecommunication-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Telecommunication Systems](https://www.springer.com/journal/11235)","snPcode":"11235","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11235/3","title":"Telecommunication Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6abc7f84-1b51-4035-929d-5e6564d1f069","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-25T15:40:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-25 15:40:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6393105","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6393105","identity":"rs-6393105","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}