Sublethal effects of Kane mite® on life table of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae)

Sublethal effects of Kane mite® on life table of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sublethal effects of Kane mite® on life table of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae) Elham Rezaei, Shahram Aramideh, Shahram Mirfakhraie, Maryam Forouzan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5691220/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An integrated pest management (IPM) approach that combines both chemical and biological methods offers the most effective and sustainable solution. The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a serious pest of many agricultural crops. In controlling the TSSM, the simultaneous use of natural enemies along with a low-risk acaricide on natural enemies and effective on the TSSM is very important. In this study, sublethal effects of Kane mite® including LC 10 , LC 20 , LC 30 concentrations were evaluated on biological parameters of TSSM and its two predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The effects of different sublethal concentration on TSSM indicated significant reduction in female’s duration of maturation, oviposition period, and total fecundity by increasing concentration of Kane mite. The highest and lowest values of the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) on TSSM were obtained in control and LC 30 concentration, respectively. The maximum value of intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) on TSSM was obtained in control treatment. Also, the highest and lowest rate of growth and development were observed in the control treatment and LC 30 concentration, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that Kane mite effectively controls of TSSM. It could be concluded that sublethal concentrations of Kane mite cannot significantly reduce population growth and life table parameters zof two predators. The results demonstrated that Kane mite with predators could be incorporated in integrated management programs of TSSM. Two-spotted spider mite Acaricide Predators Life table Biological control Sublethal Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest on a large number of host plants (Cobanoglu and Kandiltas 2019; Yin et al. 2022 ). It feeds on parenchyma tissue of leaves resulting a significant yield loss in many horticultural, ornamental, and agronomic crops (Mondal and Ara 2006 ; Kulkarni et al. 2008 ), The TSSM populations develop easily in different environmental conditions (Parmagnani et al. 2023 ). Chemical control is the most efficient method to control this mite (Lietti et al. 2005 ; Ricupero et al. 2022 ). Spider mites, more specifically TSSM, develop resistance against acaricides, owing to high fecundity, fast development and arrhenotokous reproduction (Van Leeuwen et al. 2010 ). Acequinosyl (Kane mite) compound made in Japan is an oral acaricide that treats all motile stages of mites. Acequinosyl has an effect on the mitochondria of cells and enables the electron transport system. One of the important features of Kane mite is that it is harmless to predatory mites, beneficial and non-target insects. Therefore, it is completely compatible with pest management programs (Ardeshir et al. 2019). In addition to new pesticides, biological control is also considered as a promising strategy for suppressing pest populations. However, in circumstances in which different pest species exist, application of polyphagous natural enemies could be noticed as a reliable option for regulating population density of co-existing organisms (Asadi et al. 2019 ). Thus, using the acaricides with predators mite has been suggested to be the most effective management strategy for TSSM (Zhao et al. 2023 ). In fact, successful biological control of TSSM can be achieved through the compatibility of predators with current pesticides used in targeted agricultural systems (Sarbaz et al. 2017 ). Several species of phytoseiid mites are specialists and feed mainly on tetranychid mites, but others are generalists and can feed on different types of preys (mites and insects such as thrips and whiteflies) and plant pollens (McMurtry et al. 2013 ; Calvo et al. 2015 ). The predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has become an important factor in the integrated management programs of the mites with its high reproductive power, short growth period and ability to feed on all life stages of the mite (Moghadasi et al ., 2016). The specialized predator of TSSM, P. persimilis , is a native of the Mediterranean area and has been used worldwide to control TSSM on several crops (Pozzebon et al. 2011 ). Other important mite predator, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an omnivorous mite that feeds on many species of small arthropods as well as pollen grains (McMurtry et al., 2013 ; Nemati & Riahi, 2020 ). It can be introduced as a biological control agent against whiteflies, thrips, spider mites, eriophyid mites and other pests on vegetable crops in greenhouses (Messelink et al. 2006 ; Hoogerbrugge et al. 2011 ; Abou Jawdah et al. 2024 ). Use of pesticides cannot be eliminated in a short period of time in perennial crops and toxicological studies that only evaluate the lethal effects may underestimate the negative effects of pesticides on natural enemies, and hence, sublethal effects should be assessed to estimate the total effect of pesticide application (Hamedi et al. 2010 ). Considering that chemical and biological methods are very important in controlling TSSM, in the present research, in order to prevent the development of resistance and minimize dangerous damage on the natural enemy, the sublethal effects of Kane mite on the TSSM and its predators P. persimilis and A. swirskii in laboratory conditions were investigated. Material and method Plants Seeds of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. cv. 'Nagin') were planted in plastic pots (15 cm diam x 9 cm ht) filled by coco peat and perlite (1:1) in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. Seeds were germinated, and plants grown, under climate-controlled conditions of 25 ± 3°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 16: 8 (L: D) photoperiod. All plants used in experiments were at the 4–5 leaf growth stage. TSSM A colony of T. urticae was established from material collected from cucumber plants in a greenhouse in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran, and maintained in screen cages (90 x 90 x 150 cm) under the same physical conditions as the plants. Infested plants (10 pots per cage) were periodically replaced with healthy ones as they began to show symptoms of heavy mite damage. Predatory mite Colonies of P. persimilis and A. swirskii were established from material obtained from Hegmatane Company, Hamedan, Iran. Rearing arenas were constructed from 15 × 20 cm rectangles of clear plastic sheeting resting on water-soaked foam in plastic containers (25 × 25 × 40 cm). Strips of tissue paper saturated with water were laid along the edges of each plastic sheet to prevent escapes (McMurtry and Scriven 1965 ). The predatory mites were provisioned daily with a mixture of immature life stages of T. urticae from the greenhouse colony. Both colonies were maintained in a climate-controlled chamber set to 25 ± 2°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a 16: 8 (L: D) photoperiod (= standard experimental conditions). Acaricide Kene mite acaricide (Acequinocyl 15% w/v SC) manufactured by Agrokensho Company of Japan and imported by Bazarganan Kala Company was used in this study. TSSM toxicity assay A series of preliminary tests of concentration-response bioassay was conducted on protonymphs of TSSM in order to obtain the highest (80) and lowest (20%) lethal concentration of Kane mite. Then three concentrations between two concentrations (416.00, 624.50, 833.00, 1041.50 and 1250.00 ppm) were selected and with distilled water as control in the main test were used. For this aim, adult females were selected from the population and placed on Petri dishes containing cucumber leaf discs (5 cm in diameter) and soaked cotton to establish a synchronous mite culture. Serial concentrations of the Kane mite were sprayed on the Petri dishes (6 cm in diameter) containing twenty similar-age protonymphs (< 24 h old) by using a sprayed in a Potter spray tower Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm 2 . The Petri dishes were kept in the growth chamber maintained at 25 ± 2°C of temperature, 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D) (= standard experimental conditions). Four replications were conducted for each concentration and protonymphs mortality was recorded after 24 h. Confidence limits and slope ± SE were calculated from probit analysis using SPSS. LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 30 values were selected as sub lethal concentration for demographic experiments. Demographic experiment with TSSM The sublethal effects of three concentrations (LC 10 , LC 20 , and LC 30 ) of the Kane mite on the protonymph and progeny of TSSM were evaluated as the effects on life table parameters (n = 50 mites per treatment). Sublethal concentrations suspended in distilled water were applied to cucumber leaf discs (6 cm in diameter, placed on moistened cotton in petri dishes) by using a spray in a Potter spray tower Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm 2 . After 24 h, each remaining protonymph was carefully transferred to a fresh cucumber leaf disc and reared under similar conditions. Life span and fecundity of each individual were recorded daily until death and the leaves on each petri dish replaced with fresh ones. At the time of peak laying, about 80 eggs for each treatment were collected as F1 generation for further observation. The development of F 1 generation eggs was observed and recorded daily. Period length, oviposition and mortality were recorded daily. Leaf disc was kept moist and replaced as necessary, usually every third or fourth day. Demographic experiment with predatory mites The sublethal effects of three concentrations (LC 10 , LC 20 , and LC 30 ) of the Kane mite on the predators were evaluated as the effects on life table parameters. Sublethal concentrations and distilled water as control were applied to cucumber leaf discs contain TSSM, (5 cm in diameter, placed on moistened cotton in Petri dishes) by using a spray in a Potter spray tower (Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm 2 . Afterwards, thirty same-aged (24 h old) adult predatory mites (male and female) were released on the treated leaf discs for each concentration and control using a fine soft pointed brush. To evaluate the sublethal effect of Kane mite on the offspring, 50 eggs of predator were transferred into the leaf discs. All saved eggs were checked daily and development time and survival of them were recorded. After their incubation, females and males were coupled from stock colony for mating. Each predatory mite was feed with 10 immature stages of TSSM daily. The fecundity of females was recorded daily and population parameters were calculated considering both sexes. Data analysis The data of concentration-response bioassay were subjected to probit analysis using the SPSS software (SPSS Ver. 22), after using Abbott's formula for correction of natural mortality (Abbott 1925). The demographic parameters of the TSSM and the predators mite, P. persimilis and A. swirskii were analyzed using Age-stage-specific two-sex life table theory and using TWO-SEX MSChart statistical software (Chi 2022a ). Analysis of the population growth trend with Timming MSChart statistical software (Chi 2022b ). The bootstrap technique calculated the standard errors of all population parameters with 100,000 replicates. To analyze the differences among treatments, we used the paired bootstrap test at a 5% significance level based on the confidence interval of differences. The bootstrap method and paired bootstrap test are also included in the computer program TWOSEX–MSChart (Chi and Yang 2003 ). All graphs were drawn using the program Sigma plot (Ver. 12). Results Toxicity of Kane mite to TSSM The concentration-response bioassay values of Kane mite on the protonymph stage (first instar) of TSSM are shown in Table 1 . The LC 50 value of Kane mite on the protonymph stage was calculated as 1120.90 ppm (Table 1 ). Table 1 Lethal concentration of Kane mite® on Tetranychus urticae protonymphs in laboratory bioassays 24 h after exposure. LC 10 (95% CL*) LC 20 (95% CL*) LC 30 (95% CL*) LC 50 (95% CL*) Intercepts Slope ± SE χ 2 (df) 359.308 (145.67-494.59) 530.985 (314.10-660.71) 703.699 (522.78-851.26) 1120.90 (919.15-1708.76) -2.910 2.59 \(\:\pm\:\) 0.67 3.500 (3) *Confidence limit Demographic experiment with TSSM The biological parameters of the first generation of TSSM population exposed to the sublethal concentrations (LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 30 ) and control treatment are shown in Table 2 . The biological parameters of the first generation were significantly affected by the sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite. The maximum and minimum life span and the fertility of adult female are related to the control and LC 30 concentration, respectively. The fecundity of female adult that exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite were significantly different. The life span and fecundity of female mites in control treatment were higher than the other concentrations, especially LC 30 concentration (Table 2 ). Table 2 Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Tetranychus urticae life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following exposure of protonymphs to LC 10 , LC 20 and LC 30 concentrations of a Kane mite® (F 0 ). Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows). Different life stages and Fecundity Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Developmental time (day) 1.50 ± 0.08 c 1.67 ± 0.07 c 2.08 ± 0.07 b 2.37 ± 0.08 a Adult female (day) 22.63 ± 0.20 a 22.00 ± 0.19 b 21.42 ± 0.20 c 19.14 ± 0.26 d Adult male (day) 15.36 ± 0.20 a 15.14 ± 0.21 a 14.77 ± 0.28 a 13.92 ± 0.24 b Fecundity (egg) 40.43 ± 1.02 a 38.96 ± 1.07 a 32.58 ± 0.86 b 28.14 ± 1.26 c Oviposition days 14.70 ± 0.30 a 14.43 ± 1.62 a 13.17 ± 0.32 b 12.14 ± 0.32 c Parental exposure to sublethal concentrations The different developmental periods of TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown on Table 3 . The lowest average length of the egg, larva, first instar nymph (protonymph), second instar nymph (deutonymph) and pre-adult period is related to the control, which is significantly different from other treatments, and the maximum average length of the periods was calculated in LC 30 concentration. Exposure to different sublethal concentrations of Kane mite increased the length of the egg and immature periods of TSSM. The length of the adult female mite had the lowest value in the LC 30 concentration, which was significantly different from the control and other concentrations. The TPOP (Total Pre-Ovipositional Period) had a significant difference in treatments and highest of which was observed in the LC 30 concentration. Among the treatments, significant differences were observed in APOP (Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period). All sublethal concentrations increased the duration of immature growth periods of this pest. This problem can increase the period of time that these stages are exposed to natural enemies, and as a result, it can increase the efficiency of biological control programs. In addition, reducing the fertility rate will also have a significant effect in preventing the increase in population density in the long term (Table 3 ). Table 3 Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Tetranychus urticae life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows) (F 1 ). Different life stages (day) Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Egg (♀+♂) 3.380 ± 0.060 b 3.440 ± 0.060 b 3.530 ± 0.060 b 3.740 ± 0.060 a Larve (♀+♂) 1.700 ± 0.050 c 1.700 ± 0.050 c 2.090 ± 0.060 b 2.370 ± 0.070 a Protonymph (♀+♂) 1.510 ± 0.060 b 1.560 ± 0.060 b 2.040 ± 0.070 a 2.170 ± 0.050 a Deutonymph (♀+♂) 1.450 ± 0.060 c 1.650 ± 0.060 b 1.970 ± 0.060 a 2.030 ± 0.040 a Pre-adult (♀+♂) 8.050 ± 0.120 c 8.380 ± 0.110 c 9.680 ± 0.140 b 10.330 ± 0.130 a APOP * 2.473 ± 0.096 c 2.509 ± 0.098 c 2.866 ± 0.107 b 3.500 ± 0.104 a TPOP ** 10.578 ± 0.134 d 11.000 ± 0.125 c 12.555 ± 0.213 b 13.818 ± 0.181 a Adult Female 22.490 ± 0.160 a 22.090 ± 0.160 a 21.510 ± 0.160 b 20.180 ± 0.150 c Adult Male 15.400 ± 0.130 a 15.000 ± 0.150 b 14.800 ± 0.190 c 14.370 ± 0.210 c Oviposition days 14.300 ± 0.210 a 14.230 ± 0.210 a 13.240 ± 0.200 b 12.680 ± 0.200 c Fecundity (no. eggs) 39.35 ± 0.77a 38.72 ± 0.77a 35.44 ± 0.75b 31.80 ± 0.62c *APOP: Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period (from Incubation to first oviposition) **TPOP: Total Pre-Ovipositional Period (from egg to first oviposition) The population growth parameters of TSSM exposed to the sublethal concentrations of Kane mite and control are seen in Tables 4 . The growth parameters of the TSSM population, including r, GRR , R 0 and λ , were significantly affected in the LC 30 concentration compared to the control. The control treatment had the highest net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), intrinsic rate of increase ( r ), and finite rate of increase (λ) values, followed by sublethal concentrations exposures. TSSM had the longest mean generation time ( T ) in LC 30 treatment, and the shortest in the control and LC 10 treatments. In this regard, the most negative effects were observed in the concentration of LC 30 and then in the concentration of LC 20 (Table 4 ). Table 4 Table 2 . Mean (± SE) life table parameters for Tetranychus urticae following exposure of protonymphs to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test (P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows). Parameters Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 GRR (offspring) 30.310 ± 1.884 a 29.230 ± 1.911 a 25.800 ± 1.940 ab 23.720 ± 1.702 b R 0 (offspring) 26.388 ± 2.066 a 24.722 ± 2.101 ab 19.451 ± 1.993 bc 17.271 ± 1.782 c r (day − 1 ) 0.198 ± 0.005 a 0.189 ± 0.005 a 0.162 ± 0.006 b 0.144 ± 0.005 c λ (day − 1 ) 1.219 ± 0.006 a 1.208 ± 0.006 a 1.176 ± 0.007 b 1.155 ± 0.006 c T (day) 16.465 ± 0.190 c 16.908 ± 0.164 c 18.273 ± 0.246 b 19.669 ± 0.209 a DT 3.487 ± 9.927 c 3.653 ± 0.113 c 4.267 ± 0.171 b 4.785 ± 0.194 a The stage differentiation and survivorship curves of the F1 generation of TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in Fig. 1 . The age-specific survival rate of the TSSM at the time of entering the female mite stage at LC 10 , LC 20 , LC 30 and control treatments was reported as 0.63, 0.54, 0.54 and 0.67, respectively. A decrease in the survival rate of the adult stage was observed in the sublethal concentration of the Kane mite compared to the control, and the value of this parameter decreased by exposing sublethal concentrations and reached its lowest level at the LC 30 concentration. Also, the length of the immature period and eggs in the sublethal treatments has increased compared to the control, which causes the life cycle to be longer and the number of generations to decrease. Females mite appeared in the control on the sixth day, while in the LC 30 treatment on the ninth day (Fig. 1 ). The age-specific survival rate ( l x ), age-specific fecundity ( m x ) and age-stage-specific fecundity ( f xj ) of the TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite are shown in Fig. 2 . Based on the obtained results, the survival rate, the age-specific fecundity and the age-stage specific fecundity rate in the studied treatments have decreased significantly compared to the control. The highest fertility rate was recorded for control and LC 10 concentration. Sublethal concentration treatments (LC 30 ) cause adverse effects and delay the start of oviposition in compared to the control. In LC 30 treatment, the highest age-specific gross reproductive rate and age-specific net reproduction of adult were 1.96 and 1.49, respectively. In the control treatment, the highest age-specific gross reproductive rate and age-specific net reproduction were 2.96 and 1.98, respectively. Also result showed that the treatment with sublethal Kane mite caused adverse effects on the adult stage of the TSSM and delayed the start of oviposition in compared to the control. The adult TSSM whose parents were affected by the Kane mite entered the reproductive stage with delay (Fig. 2 ). Maternal exposure of P. persimilis to sublethal concentrations The length of different developmental periods of P. persimilis exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in Table 5 . The length of the egg period and protonymph that treated with sublethal concentrations of Kane mite increased, and in adult female the length of the oviposition period decreased. This study showed that by increasing concentration increases the length of the immature growth period and the adult longevity decreased, which indicates the creation of unfavorable conditions for the growth and development in the population of P. persimilis (Table 5 ). Table 5 Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Phytoseiulus persimilis life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows) (F 1 ). Different life stages (day) Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Egg (♀+♂) 2.280 ± 0.070 a 2.200 ± 0.080 ab 2.200 ± 0.080 ab 2.050 ± 0.070 b Larve (♀+♂) 1.580 ± 0.080 a 1.640 ± 0.080 a 1.520 ± 0.080 a 1.560 ± 0.090 a Protonymph (♀+♂) 1.380 ± 0.080 b 1.510 ± 0.080 b 1.460 ± 0.080 b 1.780 ± 0.070 a Deutonymph (♀+♂) 1.320 ± 0.070 ab 1.450 ± 0.090 a 1.200 ± 0.060 b 1.370 ± 0.080 ab Pre-adult (♀+♂) 6.590 ± 0.180 a 6.780 ± 0.130 a 6.380 ± 0.170 a 6.660 ± 0.150 a APOP * 1.857 ± 0.140 a 2.185 ± 0.191 a 2.000 ± 0.166 a 1.416 ± 0.101 b TPOP ** 8.428 ± 0.301 ab 9.000 ± 0.290 a 8.296 ± 0.311 ab 8.083 ± 0.197 b Adult Female 20.820 ± 0.180 a 20.850 ± 0.900 a 20.700 ± 0.170 a 20.120 ± 0.170 b Adult Male 14.620 ± 0.180 ab 14.770 ± 0170 a 14.620 ± 0.180 ab 14.270 ± 0.140 b Oviposition days 16.860 ± 0.330 a 16.111 ± 0.280 a 16.185 ± 0.269 a 15.791 ± 0.303 b Fecundity (no. eggs) 32.43 ± 0.72a 32.59 ± 0.74a 31.33 ± 0.88a 32.46 ± 0.95a *APOP: Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period (from eculosion to first oviposition) **TPOP: Total Pre-Ovipositional Period (from egg to first oviposition) The population growth parameters of P. persimilis influence treatments are seen in Table 6 . The control treatment had the highest net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), intrinsic rate of increase ( r ), and finite rate of increase (λ) values, followed by the sublethal concentrations of Kane mite exposure. P. persimilis had the longest mean generation time ( T ) in the LC 20 and LC 30 treatments, and the shortest occurred in the control treatment. Based on this, it can be said that sublethal concentrations of Kane mite have a negative effect on the population growth parameters of this predator. The most negative effect was observed by the sublethal concentration of LC 30 value (Table 6 ). Table 6 Mean (± SE) life table parameters for Phytoseiulus persimilis following maternal exposure to LC 10 , LC 20 , and LC 30 concentrations of a Kane mite®. Means were separated with a paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows). Parameters Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 GRR (offspring) 27.590 ± 2.134 a 25.200 ± 2.093 a 24.890 ± 2.134 a 24.090 ± 2.293 a R 0 (offspring) 19.319 ± 2.353 a 19.130 ± 2.396 a 18.800 ± 2.339 a 17.311 ± 2.466 a r (day − 1 ) 0.198 ± 0.010 a 0.188 ± 0.009 a 0.199 ± 0.010 a 0.198 ± 0.011 a λ (day − 1 ) 1.219 ± 0.013 a 1.207 ± 0.011 a 1.220 ± 0.013 a 1.220 ± 0.014 a T (day) 14.892 ± 0.352 ab 15.631 ± 0.302 a 14.705 ± 0.354 b 14.334 ± 0.227 b DT 3.486 ± 0.214a 3.671 ± 0.198a 3.474 ± 0.192a 3.484 ± 0.194a In Fig. 4 , age-stage-specific survival rate ( S xj ) of P. persimilis as affected by sublethal concentrations of Kane mite (males and females) appeared almost simultaneously in all treatments and no difference was observed. Also, the length of immature and egg period was almost the same in all treatments. In general, based on this graph, no difference was observed between treatments in terms of the emergence and length of each growth period, except for the life span of females in the LC 30 concentration. The age-specific survival rate of P. persimilis exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in the Fig. 5 . In the different studied treatments, the changes in age-specific fertility and age-specific fertility of the developmental stage of P. persimilis are the same. Oviposition begins when females reach adult and increases with a similar trend until it reaches its peak. Then, by increasing age, the values of these parameters decrease. The growth trend of the predatory mite population can be seen in the Fig. 6. The graph shows any significant difference between the growth process of the entire population of P. persimilis in different studied treatments, and the highest speed of this process with a slight difference from the rest of the treatments is related to the control treatment, which seems to be different from other treatments but this difference is not significant. Fig 6. Growth trends of the total population of Phytoseiulus persimilis exposed to sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite Maternal exposure of A. swirskii to sublethal concentrations The results of the sublethal effects of Kane mite on the length of different developmental periods of A. swirskii are seen in the Table 7 . In treated A. swirskii , the length of male and female and immature period, oviposition day were affected by sublethal concentrations, but the rest of the parameters were not affected and no significant difference was observed between control and sublethal concentrations treatments. This investigation showed that increasing the studied concentration reduces the life span of adults and the length of the oviposition day, which indicates the creation of unfavorable conditions for the growth and development of individuals in the population (Table 7 ). Table 7 Mean (± SE) duration (no. days) of Amblyseius swirskii life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite®. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows) (F 1 ). Different life stages (day) Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 Egg (♀+♂) 2.090 ± 0.070 a 2.230 ± 0.090 b 2.050 ± 0.060 a 2.150 ± 0.070 a Larve (♀+♂) 1.540 ± 0.080 a 1.510 ± 0.080 a 1.670 ± 0.080 a 1.450 ± 0.080 b Protonymph (♀+♂) 1.400 ± 0.070 b 1.450 ± 0.080 b 1.480 ± 0.080 ab 1.670 ± 0.080 a Deutonymph (♀+♂) 1.340 ± 0.070 ab 1.220 ± 0.070 b 1.460 ± 0.090 a 1.340 ± 0.080 ab Pre-adult (♀+♂) 6.390 ± 0.170 a 6.370 ± 0.160 a 6.680 ± 0.140 a 6.470 ± 0.150 a APOP * 2.380 ± 0.120 a 2.222 ± 0.177 a 2.580 ± 0.150 a 2.590 ± 0.170 a TPOP ** 8.790 ± 0.290 a 8.518 ± 0.322 a 9.270 ± 0.270 a 9.070 ± 0.280 a Adult Female 20.090 ± 1.100 a 20.930 ± 0.230 a 19.520 ± 0.170 a 18.960 ± 0.180 b Adult Male 14.730 ± 0.180 a 14.570 ± 0.170 a 14.640 ± 0.170 a 14.090 ± 0.160 b Oviposition days 16.480 ± 0.320 a 15.853 ± 0.250 ab 15.500 ± 0.300 b 13.890 ± 0.280 c Fecundity (no. eggs) 27.07 ± 0.6a 26.93 ± 0.65a 26.92 ± 0.51a 23.11 ± 0.5b *APOP: Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period (from eculosion to first oviposition) **TPOP: Total Pre-Ovipositional Period (from egg to first oviposition) The growth parameters of the population of A. swirskii exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown at Table 8 . Based on the presented results, the GRR decreased in the Kane mite, and its lowest value was observed in the LC 30 concentration. Parameter of T in Kane mite decreased with increasing concentration. Based on this, sublethal concentrations of Kane mite have a negative effect on the gross reproduction rate of this predator and the most negative effect was observed by LC 30 concentration (Table 8 ). Table 8 Mean (± SE) life table parameters for Amblyseius swirskii following maternal exposure to LC 10 , LC 20 , and LC 30 concentrations of a Kane mite® Means were separated with a paired bootstrap test ( P < 0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows). Parameters Treatment Control LC 10 LC 20 LC 30 GRR (offspring) 23.160 ± 1.791 a 20.410 ± 1.722 a 20.210 ± 1.910 a 17.830 ± 1.468 a R 0 (offspring) 16.354 ± 1.947 a 15.804 ± 1.988 a 15.555 ± 2.002 a 14.996 ± 1.722 a r (day − 1 ) 0.181 ± 0.009 a 0.185 ± 0.010 a 0.172 ± 0.009 a 0.176 ± 0.009 a λ (day − 1 ) 1.199 ± 0.011 a 1.204 ± 0.012 a 1.188 ± 0.011 a 1.193 ± 0.011 a T (day) 15.371 ± 0.334 b 14.855 ± 0.339 b 15.890 ± 0.278 a 14.996 ± 0.259 ab DT 3.812 ± 0.213a 3.730 ± 0.222a 4.013 ± 0.232a 3.919 ± 0.223a Figure 7 illustrates the effects of sublethal concentrations of Kane mite on the age-stage-specific survival rate of A. swirskii . In these graphs, males and females appeared almost simultaneously in all treatments and no difference was observed. But the length of adult period in treated mites with LC 30 concentration has decreased significantly compared to the control. Also, the length of immature and egg period was almost the same in all treatments. In general, based on this graph, no difference was observed between treatments in terms of the emergence and length of each growth period, except for male and female individuals in LC 30 treatment. The age-specific survival rate of A. swirskii treated by sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in Fig. 8 . In the different studied treatments, the changes in age-specific fecundity ( m x ) and age-stage-specific fecundity ( f xj ) of the predatory mite are the same. Oviposition begins when females reach adult and increases with a similar trend until reaching its peak. Then, with increasing age, the values of these parameters decrease. There is no significant difference between the growth process of the entire population of A. swirskii in the different treatments, and the maximum speed of this process is given in LC 30 treatment with a slight difference with the other treatments. Discussion It is always important to find a pesticide that is effective on the pest and is safe or less dangerous to its natural enemies (Gentz et al. 2010 ; Tudi et al. 2021 ; Havasi et al. 2021 ). While assessments related to direct (mortality) and indirect effects (sublethal) of pesticides on natural enemies are important. the indirect or delayed effects of pesticides provide information on the long-term sustainability and overall success of a biological control program when attempting to integrate the use of pesticides with natural enemies (Cloyd 2012 ). This study provides the population parameters and demographic data related to offspring in treated TSSM and two predators with sublethal concentrations of Kane mite. We found that Kane mite had significant effect on the TSSM and two predators. The findings are in agreement with Alinejad et al. ( 2014 ), reporting that total development time of both sexes in predatory mite enhanced with an increase in concentration. The oviposition period and total fecundity decreased in dose-dependent manner. The intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) and finite rate of increase ( k ) significantly descended with concentration enhancing from LC 10 to LC 30 , compared with the control. The net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) ranged between 2.76 and 7.37 offspring. Kavousi and Talebi ( 2003 ), investigated side effects of Heptenophos, Malathion and Primiphos-methyl on P. persimilis . The results showed that Pirimiphos-methyl can be used 10 days before the release of P. persimilis to control the two-spotted mite. Heptenophos did not have negative effects on fecundity of P. persimilis but rather caused a higher rate of fecundity in comparison with the control. The mortality found in the Heptenophos test was not significantly different from the control. In this research, the negative effects of the Kane mite on the TSSM and predators were recorded. Sublethal effects of Fenpyroximate and Pyridaben on Neoseiulus womersleyi and P. persimilis were recorded by Park et al. ( 2011 ). Exposure both acaricides reduced the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), When the total effects of two acaricides on N. womersleyi and P. persimilis were considered. Fenpyroximate was found to be the most compatible acaricide for the augmentative release of N. womersleyi after treatment, in this study, Kane mite did not have a negative effect on R 0 in P. persimilis . Sublethal effects of Spiromesifen on life table parameters of TSSM and N. californicus have done by Rajaee et al. ( 2022 ), According to the results, adult longevity, oviposition days, fecundity, and life table parameters ( r m , R 0 , and T ) exhibited significant negative impacts at LC 20 concentration compared to the control. Meanwhile, significant effects of the LC 20 concentration were found on most parameters of the life table (longevity, fecundity, oviposition days) of N. californicus . Also, spiromesifen had significant negative effects on the population parameters except for the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) in N. californicus. In this study, the Kane mite had a significant effect on Longevity and oviposition days period, but did not have a negative effect on population parameters ( r m , R 0 , and GRR ). Sublethal effects of Diflovidazin on life table parameters of TSSM were reported by Havasi et al ( 2018 ) the results indicated significant reduction in female’s duration of maturation, oviposition period, and total fecundity by increasing examined concentration. The highest and lowest values of net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) were obtained 48.88 and 31.14 offspring/individual in control and LC 20 concentration, respectively. The maximum value of intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) was 0.234 day − 1 that obtained in control treatment, while the minimum value was 0.216 day − 1 obtained in LC 20 concentration. Finite rate of increase ( λ ) had not significantly descended with concentration enhancing from LC 5 to LC 20 concentration compared with the control, it was consistent with the above results. Three sublethal concentrations (LC 5 , LC 15 , and LC 25 ) of Envidor®speed (Abamectin and Spirodiclofen mixture, 24% SC, Bayer co.) on the biological parameters of the predatory mite A. swirskii was assessed by Mousavi et al. ( 2023 ). Increasing the sublethal concentration has a significant effect on some life table parameters. The total life span of treated males and females had a decreasing trend. Oviposition days of the predatory mite had the most differences between the LC 15 and LC 25 treatments compared to LC 5 and control. Consistent with the above results, lifespan female and male and oviposition days period decreased. Total fecundity is also affected by the acaricide treatment. The net reproductive rates ( R 0 ), as well as the gross reproductive rate (GRR), were all significantly reduced with increasing the acaricide concentration. Control treatment had the maximum value, and the LC 25 concentration had the lowest value of R 0 and GRR . On the contrary, the intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) and finite rate of increase ( λ ) showed no significant differences with increasing concentration of acaricide from the control to LC 25 treatments, but in this study, population growth parameters did not change. Sublethal effects of Abamectin and Fenpyroximate on population growth parameters, life table parameters, and predation of the predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae ( P. plumifer ) were investigated by Hamedi ( 2022 ). Gross reproductive rate ( GRR ), the intrinsic rate of birth ( b ), the intrinsic rate of death ( d ), mean generation time ( T ), survivorship ( L x ), life expectancy ( e x ), and prey consumption were affected in comparison with control. However, in this study, population growth parameters ( r m , R 0 , and GRR ) of the two predators were not affected. Effect of sublethal concentrations of Hexythiazox at LC 10 , LC 20 , and LC 30 on the development and reproduction parameters of A. swirskii was investigated by Havasi et al ( 2021 ). Hexythiazox (at LC 20 and LC 30 value) reduced the oviposition period (9.68, 8.06 days), total life span (22.37, 20.88 days), and total fecundity (50.97, 46.21 eggs/female) compared to the control but did not affect those parameters of A. swirskii . The intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not significantly different at tested concentrations, but the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ), gross reproductive rate ( GRR ), and mean generation time ( T ) reduced significantly. In this study, lifespan female and male and oviposition days also decreased, but population growth parameters except T did not change. In study by Marcic ( 2007 ), Total fecundity/fertility significantly decreased as concentrations of spirodiclofen on T. urticae increased. Viable eggs were laid by females treated with 6, 12 and 24 mg/l of Spirodiclofen, and total fertility was reduced by 42, 84 and 97%, respectively. Compared with control, the gross fecundity/fertility of the treated females was significantly reduced throughout the trial, except in females treated with 6 mg/l. All concentrations caused a significant reduction in the net fecundity/fertility throughout the trial. The females treated with 12 mg/l had significantly reduction in net reproductive rate ( R 0 = 6.45), compared to females treated with 6 mg/l ( R 0 = 23.35) and untreated females ( R 0 = 28.92); there was no significant difference between the last two treatments. The intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ) and finite rate of increase ( λ ) were significantly reduced in treated females ( r m = 0.141, λ = 1.156 and r m = 0.214, λ = 1.232; 12 and 6 mg/l, respectively), compared to control ( r m = 0.251, λ = 1.276). The reduction was significantly greater in females treated with the highest concentration. As a result of the lowered r m , the doubling time in treated females was significantly extended. It is consistent with the above results. Sublethal effects of Chlorfenapyr on the life table parameters of TSSM were assessed by Bozhgani et al ( 2018 ), the egg incubation, protonymph, as well as deutonymph durations of both sexes were significantly reduced as a consequence of treatment with LC 20 and LC 30 of Chlorfenapyr. In addition, that oviposition period in LC 10 lasted 9.62 days, which was closer to the control (9.73 days); while it significantly decreased with increasing the concentration from LC 20 to LC 30 . Furthermore, LC 20 and LC 30 treatments decreased the fecundity of females by 55.5% and 61.6%, respectively. The values of both intrinsic ( r ) and finite rates of increase ( λ ) at LC 20 and LC 30 were significantly inferior to other experimental treatments, it is consistent with the above results. Alinejad et al. (2018), evaluated the sublethal effects of Fenazaquin (Pride®) on life table parameters of the subsequent generation of the TSSM. The total developmental period of both sexes increased with increasing concentration from LC 10 to LC 30 . Fenazaquin treatments gradually reduced the longevity and total life span in both sexes and this reduction increased with increasing concentration. All reproductive periods declined in a concentration-dependent manner. Or data indicated a significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ), the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) and the finite rate of increase of the mites treated with LC 20 and LC 30 concentrations, it is consistent with the above results. Lethal and side effects of Spirodiclofen and Spiromesifen on the TSSM, and its predatory mite, N. californicus was investigated by Sarbaz et al. ( 2017 ), results showed that the mortality of mites significantly increased with increasing acaricide concentrations. Generally, both acaricides, especially Spiromesifen, proved to be highly toxic to eggs, moderately to adult females, and slightly to predatory female mites. After seven days of treatment, mortality in mites caused by Spirodiclofen and Spiromesifen were 86.6% and 70%, and after two weeks, were 46.6% and 51.6%, respectively. After two weeks of treatment, acaricides had gained efficient control against TSSM and did not have a significant negative effect on the population of N. californicus , it is consistent with the above results. Conclusion In conclusion, our research was the first step to explore the sublethal effect of Kane mite on T. urticae and its two predators, P. persimilis and A. swirskii with respect to both sexes based on two-sex theory. The effects of different sublethal concentration on TSSM indicated significant reduction in female’s duration of maturation, oviposition period, and total fecundity by increasing concentration of Kane mite. The highest and lowest values of the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) on TSSM were obtained in control and LC 30 concentration, respectively. The maximum value of intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) on TSSM was obtained in control treatment. The highest and lowest rate of growth and development were observed in the control treatment and LC 30 concentration, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that Kane mite effectively controls of TSSM. It could be concluded that sublethal concentrations of Kane mite cannot significantly reduce population growth and life table parameters of two predators. The results demonstrated that Kane mite with predators could be incorporated in integrated management programs of TSSM. Declarations Ethics declarations This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Contributions E.R. conceived this research; E.R., SH.A. and M.F. performed data collection, analysis, and interpretation; E.R., SH.A., and SH.M. participated in the experiment; E.R., SH.A., M.F. and SH.M. wrote the paper and all authors revised, read, and approved the final manuscript. Supplementary information Additional supplementary material can be found in the online version of this manuscript. Availability of data and materials The corresponding author can provide the data supporting the findings of this study upon reasonable request. Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Funding The research presented in this study did not receive any financial support or funding. References Abou Jawdah Y, Ezzeddine N, Fardoun A, Kharroubi S, Sobh H, Atamian H S, Parker B (2024) Biological Control of Three Major Cucumber and Pepper Pests: Whiteflies, Thrips, and Spider Mites, in High Plastic Tunnels Using Two Local Phytoseiid Mites. Plants. 13(6): 889-899. Alinejad M, Kheradmand K, Fathipour Y (2014) Sublethal effects of fenazaquin on life table parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology. 64: 361-373. 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Zhao S, Zhao Q, Dai X, Lv B, Wang R, Yin Zh, Zhang F, Liu Y, Su L, Chen H, Zheng L, Li H, Xie L, Zhai Y (2023) Control of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae , on strawberry by integrating with cyetpyrafen and Phytoseiulus persimilis . CABI Agric Biosci 4, 54 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00196-w. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5691220","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":398854814,"identity":"f7011842-b8c1-47bf-80bc-6a39508efad4","order_by":0,"name":"Elham Rezaei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Urmia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elham","middleName":"","lastName":"Rezaei","suffix":""},{"id":398854815,"identity":"f16d4a18-28b0-4125-8d91-275f185853ca","order_by":1,"name":"Shahram Aramideh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQjFw3CAh/EBmEGKFmYDkrQwALWwSeBTCAfysxsYP1fUbJPhO957rJp3zzYZ/gbmhx/waTG4c4BZ8syx2zySZ86l3eZ5dptH4gCbMV7rDCQSGCQb2G7zGNzIMbvNc+A20FMMZvgdNiOB+WfDP6CW+2/MikFa5A+wf8PvmRsJbJKNbSBbeMyYQVoMDvDgt8XgRmKbZWMfyC85xpJzgFoMD/MU4/WL/Izkwzcbvt225zt+xvDDmwO37eWOt2/EG2IMDIwNaALM+NWPglEwCkbBKCACAADo5Uphwl3SygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Urmia University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahram","middleName":"","lastName":"Aramideh","suffix":""},{"id":398854816,"identity":"59bb8145-bd9e-4038-a167-232ef43e9ac7","order_by":2,"name":"Shahram Mirfakhraie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Urmia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahram","middleName":"","lastName":"Mirfakhraie","suffix":""},{"id":398854817,"identity":"d9df0600-67ca-4d90-97d1-6f4ee924e881","order_by":3,"name":"Maryam Forouzan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Urmia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maryam","middleName":"","lastName":"Forouzan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-21 20:07:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5691220/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5691220/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73379743,"identity":"33b95642-2df0-4143-acd7-630d898e58e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 10:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAge-stage-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae \u003c/em\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/be9bc58aa74cb6e8b2c87d12.png"},{"id":73379746,"identity":"1c0562a9-a862-4df1-913c-52f5a454ced3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 10:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAge-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), age-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/cc85af59509c4ae73a6cf4d4.png"},{"id":73379744,"identity":"a31d29df-25f6-4ab6-8c39-81bdb522b31a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 10:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig 4. Age-stage-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis \u003c/em\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/871ec5dba8485b4a18fbc01b.png"},{"id":73379895,"identity":"e1228781-c434-4e27-b1c9-32cf9caeb321","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 11:05:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig 5. Age-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), age-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis \u003c/em\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/21f3c9dce0b19deb6bf38fbe.png"},{"id":73380917,"identity":"1cdd8847-c05a-48b0-86ba-d60caea6c047","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 11:21:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig 6. Growth trends of the total population of \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis \u003c/em\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/39bea9e4b45c087a0279601a.png"},{"id":73379752,"identity":"50d2e239-991e-4d53-8135-53b3fdab3a95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 10:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig 7. Age-stage-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/fc5839f474be83d36153d108.png"},{"id":73380736,"identity":"e5e1ae39-4c79-4e90-9360-8dfbed98e700","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 11:13:03","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35625,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig 8. Age-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), age-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/52302095b39e3ba4de630be4.png"},{"id":73379754,"identity":"1725c565-0654-4ef4-92da-155794456474","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-09 10:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig 9. Growth trends of the total population of \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eexposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/a39dc2431af595b9c9e88f96.png"},{"id":82004820,"identity":"f9273f70-a61e-4851-ae29-fa739dfc5940","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-05 21:37:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1461117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5691220/v1/0e26249e-7949-4ba8-be9a-819cf76a95b9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Sublethal effects of Kane mite® on life table of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest on a large number of host plants (Cobanoglu and Kandiltas 2019; Yin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It feeds on parenchyma tissue of leaves resulting a significant yield loss in many horticultural, ornamental, and agronomic crops (Mondal and Ara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Kulkarni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), The TSSM populations develop easily in different environmental conditions (Parmagnani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Chemical control is the most efficient method to control this mite (Lietti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Ricupero et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Spider mites, more specifically TSSM, develop resistance against acaricides, owing to high fecundity, fast development and arrhenotokous reproduction (Van Leeuwen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Acequinosyl (Kane mite) compound made in Japan is an oral acaricide that treats all motile stages of mites. Acequinosyl has an effect on the mitochondria of cells and enables the electron transport system. One of the important features of Kane mite is that it is harmless to predatory mites, beneficial and non-target insects. Therefore, it is completely compatible with pest management programs (Ardeshir et al. 2019). In addition to new pesticides, biological control is also considered as a promising strategy for suppressing pest populations. However, in circumstances in which different pest species exist, application of polyphagous natural enemies could be noticed as a reliable option for regulating population density of co-existing organisms (Asadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, using the acaricides with predators mite has been suggested to be the most effective management strategy for TSSM (Zhao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, successful biological control of TSSM can be achieved through the compatibility of predators with current pesticides used in targeted agricultural systems (Sarbaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Several species of phytoseiid mites are specialists and feed mainly on tetranychid mites, but others are generalists and can feed on different types of preys (mites and insects such as thrips and whiteflies) and plant pollens (McMurtry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Calvo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The predatory mite, \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\u003c/em\u003e Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has become an important factor in the integrated management programs of the mites with its high reproductive power, short growth period and ability to feed on all life stages of the mite (Moghadasi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). The specialized predator of TSSM, \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e, is a native of the Mediterranean area and has been used worldwide to control TSSM on several crops (Pozzebon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Other important mite predator, \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an omnivorous mite that feeds on many species of small arthropods as well as pollen grains (McMurtry et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Nemati \u0026amp; Riahi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It can be introduced as a biological control agent against whiteflies, thrips, spider mites, eriophyid mites and other pests on vegetable crops in greenhouses (Messelink et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Hoogerbrugge et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Abou Jawdah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Use of pesticides cannot be eliminated in a short period of time in perennial crops and toxicological studies that only evaluate the lethal effects may underestimate the negative effects of pesticides on natural enemies, and hence, sublethal effects should be assessed to estimate the total effect of pesticide application (Hamedi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering that chemical and biological methods are very important in controlling TSSM, in the present research, in order to prevent the development of resistance and minimize dangerous damage on the natural enemy, the sublethal effects of Kane mite on the TSSM and its predators \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e in laboratory conditions were investigated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeds of cucumber (\u003cem\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. 'Nagin') were planted in plastic pots (15 cm diam x 9 cm ht) filled by coco peat and perlite (1:1) in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. Seeds were germinated, and plants grown, under climate-controlled conditions of 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u0026deg;C, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, and a 16: 8 (L: D) photoperiod. All plants used in experiments were at the 4\u0026ndash;5 leaf growth stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTSSM\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA colony of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e was established from material collected from cucumber plants in a greenhouse in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran, and maintained in screen cages (90 x 90 x 150 cm) under the same physical conditions as the plants. Infested plants (10 pots per cage) were periodically replaced with healthy ones as they began to show symptoms of heavy mite damage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePredatory mite\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColonies of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e were established from material obtained from Hegmatane Company, Hamedan, Iran. Rearing arenas were constructed from 15 \u0026times; 20 cm rectangles of clear plastic sheeting resting on water-soaked foam in plastic containers (25 \u0026times; 25 \u0026times; 40 cm). Strips of tissue paper saturated with water were laid along the edges of each plastic sheet to prevent escapes (McMurtry and Scriven \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e). The predatory mites were provisioned daily with a mixture of immature life stages of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e from the greenhouse colony. Both colonies were maintained in a climate-controlled chamber set to 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH, and a 16: 8 (L: D) photoperiod (=\u0026thinsp;standard experimental conditions).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcaricide\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKene mite acaricide (Acequinocyl 15% w/v SC) manufactured by Agrokensho Company of Japan and imported by Bazarganan Kala Company was used in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTSSM toxicity assay\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA series of preliminary tests of concentration-response bioassay was conducted on protonymphs of TSSM in order to obtain the highest (80) and lowest (20%) lethal concentration of Kane mite. Then three concentrations between two concentrations (416.00, 624.50, 833.00, 1041.50 and 1250.00 ppm) were selected and with distilled water as control in the main test were used. For this aim, adult females were selected from the population and placed on Petri dishes containing cucumber leaf discs (5 cm in diameter) and soaked cotton to establish a synchronous mite culture. Serial concentrations of the Kane mite were sprayed on the Petri dishes (6 cm in diameter) containing twenty similar-age protonymphs (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24 h old) by using a sprayed in a Potter spray tower Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The Petri dishes were kept in the growth chamber maintained at 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C of temperature, 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D) (=\u0026thinsp;standard experimental conditions). Four replications were conducted for each concentration and protonymphs mortality was recorded after 24 h. Confidence limits and slope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE were calculated from probit analysis using SPSS. LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e values were selected as sub lethal concentration for demographic experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic experiment with TSSM\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sublethal effects of three concentrations (LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e) of the Kane mite on the protonymph and progeny of TSSM were evaluated as the effects on life table parameters (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50 mites per treatment). Sublethal concentrations suspended in distilled water were applied to cucumber leaf discs (6 cm in diameter, placed on moistened cotton in petri dishes) by using a spray in a Potter spray tower Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. After 24 h, each remaining protonymph was carefully transferred to a fresh cucumber leaf disc and reared under similar conditions. Life span and fecundity of each individual were recorded daily until death and the leaves on each petri dish replaced with fresh ones. At the time of peak laying, about 80 eggs for each treatment were collected as F1 generation for further observation. The development of F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e generation eggs was observed and recorded daily. Period length, oviposition and mortality were recorded daily. Leaf disc was kept moist and replaced as necessary, usually every third or fourth day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDemographic experiment with predatory mites\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sublethal effects of three concentrations (LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e) of the Kane mite on the predators were evaluated as the effects on life table parameters. Sublethal concentrations and distilled water as control were applied to cucumber leaf discs contain TSSM, (5 cm in diameter, placed on moistened cotton in Petri dishes) by using a spray in a Potter spray tower (Burkard Scientific, Uxbridge, UK), delivering a volume of 0.7 ml at a pressure of 3.9 kPa/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Afterwards, thirty same-aged (24 h old) adult predatory mites (male and female) were released on the treated leaf discs for each concentration and control using a fine soft pointed brush. To evaluate the sublethal effect of Kane mite on the offspring, 50 eggs of predator were transferred into the leaf discs. All saved eggs were checked daily and development time and survival of them were recorded. After their incubation, females and males were coupled from stock colony for mating. Each predatory mite was feed with 10 immature stages of TSSM daily. The fecundity of females was recorded daily and population parameters were calculated considering both sexes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data of concentration-response bioassay were subjected to probit analysis using the SPSS software (SPSS Ver. 22), after using Abbott's formula for correction of natural mortality (Abbott 1925). The demographic parameters of the TSSM and the predators mite, \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e were analyzed using Age-stage-specific two-sex life table theory and using TWO-SEX MSChart statistical software (Chi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e). Analysis of the population growth trend with Timming MSChart statistical software (Chi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e). The bootstrap technique calculated the standard errors of all population parameters with 100,000 replicates. To analyze the differences among treatments, we used the paired bootstrap test at a 5% significance level based on the confidence interval of differences. The bootstrap method and paired bootstrap test are also included in the computer program TWOSEX\u0026ndash;MSChart (Chi and Yang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). All graphs were drawn using the program Sigma plot (Ver. 12).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eToxicity of Kane mite to TSSM\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concentration-response bioassay values of Kane mite on the protonymph stage (first instar) of TSSM are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of Kane mite on the protonymph stage was calculated as 1120.90 ppm (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLethal concentration of Kane mite\u0026reg; on \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e protonymphs in laboratory bioassays 24 h after exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CL*)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CL*)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CL*)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(95% CL*)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercepts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlope\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(df)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359.308\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(145.67-494.59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e530.985\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(314.10-660.71)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e703.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(522.78-851.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1120.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(919.15-1708.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\pm\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.500 (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*Confidence limit\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic experiment with TSSM\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe biological parameters of the first generation of TSSM population exposed to the sublethal concentrations (LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e) and control treatment are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The biological parameters of the first generation were significantly affected by the sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite. The maximum and minimum life span and the fertility of adult female are related to the control and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, respectively. The fecundity of female adult that exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite were significantly different. The life span and fecundity of female mites in control treatment were higher than the other concentrations, especially LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) duration (no. days) of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following exposure of protonymphs to LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations of a Kane mite\u0026reg; (F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e). Means were separated with paired bootstrap test (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent life stages and Fecundity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental time (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult female (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult male (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity (egg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOviposition days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParental exposure to sublethal concentrations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe different developmental periods of TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The lowest average length of the egg, larva, first instar nymph (protonymph), second instar nymph (deutonymph) and pre-adult period is related to the control, which is significantly different from other treatments, and the maximum average length of the periods was calculated in LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. Exposure to different sublethal concentrations of Kane mite increased the length of the egg and immature periods of TSSM. The length of the adult female mite had the lowest value in the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, which was significantly different from the control and other concentrations. The TPOP (Total Pre-Ovipositional Period) had a significant difference in treatments and highest of which was observed in the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. Among the treatments, significant differences were observed in APOP (Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period). All sublethal concentrations increased the duration of immature growth periods of this pest. This problem can increase the period of time that these stages are exposed to natural enemies, and as a result, it can increase the efficiency of biological control programs. In addition, reducing the fertility rate will also have a significant effect in preventing the increase in population density in the long term (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) duration (no. days) of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u0026reg;. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows) (F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent life stages (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.440\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.530\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.740\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarve (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.700\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.700\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.370\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtonymph (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.560\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.040\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.170\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeutonymph (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.650\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.970\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.030\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.040\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-adult (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.120\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.110\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.680\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.140\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.330\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.130\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPOP\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.473\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.096\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.509\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.098\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.866\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.107\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.104\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPOP\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.578\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.134\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.125\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.555\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.213\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.818\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.181\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.490\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.180\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.150\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Male\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.130\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.150\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.800\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.190\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.370\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.210\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOviposition days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.210\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.210\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.200\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.680\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.200\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity (no. eggs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*APOP: Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period (from Incubation to first oviposition)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e**TPOP: Total Pre-Ovipositional Period (from egg to first oviposition)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population growth parameters of TSSM exposed to the sublethal concentrations of Kane mite and control are seen in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The growth parameters of the TSSM population, including \u003cem\u003er, GRR\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e, were significantly affected in the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration compared to the control. The control treatment had the highest net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e), and finite rate of increase (λ) values, followed by sublethal concentrations exposures. TSSM had the longest mean generation time (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e) in LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatment, and the shortest in the control and LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e treatments. In this regard, the most negative effects were observed in the concentration of LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e and then in the concentration of LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Mean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) life table parameters for \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e following exposure of protonymphs to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u0026reg;. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e (offspring)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.310\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.884\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.911\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.800\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.940\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.720\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.702\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (offspring)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.388\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.066\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.722\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.101\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.451\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.993\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.271\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.782\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e (day \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e (day \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.219\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.208\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.176\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.155\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.465\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.190\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.908\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.164\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.273\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.246\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.669\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.209\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.487\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.927\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.653\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.113\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.267\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.171\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.785\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.194\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stage differentiation and survivorship curves of the F1 generation of TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The age-specific survival rate of the TSSM at the time of entering the female mite stage at LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e and control treatments was reported as 0.63, 0.54, 0.54 and 0.67, respectively. A decrease in the survival rate of the adult stage was observed in the sublethal concentration of the Kane mite compared to the control, and the value of this parameter decreased by exposing sublethal concentrations and reached its lowest level at the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. Also, the length of the immature period and eggs in the sublethal treatments has increased compared to the control, which causes the life cycle to be longer and the number of generations to decrease. Females mite appeared in the control on the sixth day, while in the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatment on the ninth day (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003el\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), age-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of the TSSM exposed to sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Based on the obtained results, the survival rate, the age-specific fecundity and the age-stage specific fecundity rate in the studied treatments have decreased significantly compared to the control. The highest fertility rate was recorded for control and LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. Sublethal concentration treatments (LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e) cause adverse effects and delay the start of oviposition in compared to the control. In LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatment, the highest age-specific gross reproductive rate and age-specific net reproduction of adult were 1.96 and 1.49, respectively. In the control treatment, the highest age-specific gross reproductive rate and age-specific net reproduction were 2.96 and 1.98, respectively. Also result showed that the treatment with sublethal Kane mite caused adverse effects on the adult stage of the TSSM and delayed the start of oviposition in compared to the control. The adult TSSM whose parents were affected by the Kane mite entered the reproductive stage with delay (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMaternal exposure of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eto sublethal concentrations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe length of different developmental periods of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The length of the egg period and protonymph that treated with sublethal concentrations of Kane mite increased, and in adult female the length of the oviposition period decreased. This study showed that by increasing concentration increases the length of the immature growth period and the adult longevity decreased, which indicates the creation of unfavorable conditions for the growth and development in the population of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) duration (no. days) of \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\u003c/em\u003e life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u0026reg;. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows) (F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent life stages (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarve (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.580\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.640\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.520\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.560\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.090 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtonymph (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.460\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.780\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeutonymph (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.090 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.370\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-adult (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.590\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.780\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.130 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.660\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.150 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPOP\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.857\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.140 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.185\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.191 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.166 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.416\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.101 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPOP\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.428\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.301 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.290 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.296\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.311 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.083\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.197 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.820\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.850\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.900 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.700\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.120\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Male\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.620\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.770\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.620\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.140 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOviposition days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.860\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.330 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.111\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.280 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.185\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.269 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.791\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.303 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity (no. eggs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*APOP: Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period (from eculosion to first oviposition)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e**TPOP: Total Pre-Ovipositional Period (from egg to first oviposition)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population growth parameters of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e influence treatments are seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The control treatment had the highest net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e), and finite rate of increase (λ) values, followed by the sublethal concentrations of Kane mite exposure. \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e had the longest mean generation time (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e) in the LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatments, and the shortest occurred in the control treatment. Based on this, it can be said that sublethal concentrations of Kane mite have a negative effect on the population growth parameters of this predator. The most negative effect was observed by the sublethal concentration of LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e value (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) life table parameters for \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\u003c/em\u003e following maternal exposure to LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations of a Kane mite\u0026reg;. Means were separated with a paired bootstrap test (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e (offspring)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.590\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.134\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.200\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.093\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.890\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.134\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.293\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (offspring)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.319\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.353\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.130\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.396\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.800\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.339\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.311\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.466\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e (day \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.188\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e (day \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.219\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.013\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.207\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.220\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.013\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.220\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.014\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.892\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.352\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.631\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.302\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.705\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.354\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.334\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.227\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.486\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.214a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.671\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.198a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.474\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.192a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.484\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.194a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, age-stage-specific survival rate (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e as affected by sublethal concentrations of Kane mite (males and females) appeared almost simultaneously in all treatments and no difference was observed. Also, the length of immature and egg period was almost the same in all treatments. In general, based on this graph, no difference was observed between treatments in terms of the emergence and length of each growth period, except for the life span of females in the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age-specific survival rate of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. In the different studied treatments, the changes in age-specific fertility and age-specific fertility of the developmental stage of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e are the same. Oviposition begins when females reach adult and increases with a similar trend until it reaches its peak. Then, by increasing age, the values of these parameters decrease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth trend of the predatory mite population can be seen in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;6. The graph shows any significant difference between the growth process of the entire population of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e in different studied treatments, and the highest speed of this process with a slight difference from the rest of the treatments is related to the control treatment, which seems to be different from other treatments but this difference is not significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Fig 6. Growth trends of the total population of \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\u003c/em\u003e exposed to sublethal concentrations of the Kane mite\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMaternal exposure of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eto sublethal concentrations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the sublethal effects of Kane mite on the length of different developmental periods of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e are seen in the Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. In treated \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e, the length of male and female and immature period, oviposition day were affected by sublethal concentrations, but the rest of the parameters were not affected and no significant difference was observed between control and sublethal concentrations treatments. This investigation showed that increasing the studied concentration reduces the life span of adults and the length of the oviposition day, which indicates the creation of unfavorable conditions for the growth and development of individuals in the population (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) duration (no. days) of \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e life stages and lifetime fecundity (no. eggs / female) following parental exposure to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite\u0026reg;. Means were separated with paired bootstrap test (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows) (F\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent life stages (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.230\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.090 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.150\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarve (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.540\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.670\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtonymph (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.480\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.670\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeutonymph (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.340\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.220\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.460\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.090 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.340\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.080 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-adult (♀+♂)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.390\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.370\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.680\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.140 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.470\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.150 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPOP\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.380\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.120 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.222\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.177 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.580\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.150 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.590\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPOP\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.790\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.290 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.518\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.322 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.270 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.070\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.280 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.100 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.930\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.230 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.520\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.960\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult Male\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.730\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.180 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.570\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.640\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.170 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.160 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOviposition days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.480\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.320\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.853\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.250 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.300 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.890\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.280 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity (no. eggs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*APOP: Adult Pre-Ovipositional Period (from eculosion to first oviposition)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e**TPOP: Total Pre-Ovipositional Period (from egg to first oviposition)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth parameters of the population of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e exposed to sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown at Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. Based on the presented results, the \u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e decreased in the Kane mite, and its lowest value was observed in the LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. Parameter of \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e in Kane mite decreased with increasing concentration. Based on this, sublethal concentrations of Kane mite have a negative effect on the gross reproduction rate of this predator and the most negative effect was observed by LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE) life table parameters for \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e following maternal exposure to LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations of a Kane mite\u0026reg; Means were separated with a paired bootstrap test (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and standard errors by bootstrap with 100,000 samples. Values bearing different letters were significantly different among treatments (within rows).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e (offspring)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.791 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.410\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.722 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.210\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.910 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.830\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.468\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (offspring)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.354\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.947 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.804\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.988 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.555\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.002 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.996\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.722 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e (day \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.176\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.009\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e (day \u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.199\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.204\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.012 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.188\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.193\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.011 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.371\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.334 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.855\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.339 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.890\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.278 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.996\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.259\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.812\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.213a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.730\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.222a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.013\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.232a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.919\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.223a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the effects of sublethal concentrations of Kane mite on the age-stage-specific survival rate of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e. In these graphs, males and females appeared almost simultaneously in all treatments and no difference was observed. But the length of adult period in treated mites with LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration has decreased significantly compared to the control. Also, the length of immature and egg period was almost the same in all treatments. In general, based on this graph, no difference was observed between treatments in terms of the emergence and length of each growth period, except for male and female individuals in LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age-specific survival rate of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e treated by sublethal concentrations of Kane mite are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. In the different studied treatments, the changes in age-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and age-stage-specific fecundity (\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003exj\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of the predatory mite are the same. Oviposition begins when females reach adult and increases with a similar trend until reaching its peak. Then, with increasing age, the values of these parameters decrease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is no significant difference between the growth process of the entire population of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e in the different treatments, and the maximum speed of this process is given in LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatment with a slight difference with the other treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is always important to find a pesticide that is effective on the pest and is safe or less dangerous to its natural enemies (Gentz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Tudi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Havasi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). While assessments related to direct (mortality) and indirect effects (sublethal) of pesticides on natural enemies are important. the indirect or delayed effects of pesticides provide information on the long-term sustainability and overall success of a biological control program when attempting to integrate the use of pesticides with natural enemies (Cloyd \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). This study provides the population parameters and demographic data related to offspring in treated TSSM and two predators with sublethal concentrations of Kane mite. We found that Kane mite had significant effect on the TSSM and two predators. The findings are in agreement with Alinejad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), reporting that total development time of both sexes in predatory mite enhanced with an increase in concentration. The oviposition period and total fecundity decreased in dose-dependent manner. The intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) and finite rate of increase (\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e) significantly descended with concentration enhancing from LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e to LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e, compared with the control. The net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) ranged between 2.76 and 7.37 offspring. Kavousi and Talebi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), investigated side effects of Heptenophos, Malathion and Primiphos-methyl on \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e. The results showed that Pirimiphos-methyl can be used 10 days before the release of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e to control the two-spotted mite. Heptenophos did not have negative effects on fecundity of \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e but rather caused a higher rate of fecundity in comparison with the control. The mortality found in the Heptenophos test was not significantly different from the control. In this research, the negative effects of the Kane mite on the TSSM and predators were recorded. Sublethal effects of Fenpyroximate and Pyridaben on \u003cem\u003eNeoseiulus womersleyi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e were recorded by Park et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Exposure both acaricides reduced the net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), When the total effects of two acaricides on \u003cem\u003eN. womersleyi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e were considered. Fenpyroximate was found to be the most compatible acaricide for the augmentative release of \u003cem\u003eN. womersleyi\u003c/em\u003e after treatment, in this study, Kane mite did not have a negative effect on \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e in \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e. Sublethal effects of Spiromesifen on life table parameters of TSSM and \u003cem\u003eN. californicus\u003c/em\u003e have done by Rajaee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), According to the results, adult longevity, oviposition days, fecundity, and life table parameters (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e) exhibited significant negative impacts at LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e concentration compared to the control. Meanwhile, significant effects of the LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e concentration were found on most parameters of the life table (longevity, fecundity, oviposition days) of \u003cem\u003eN. californicus\u003c/em\u003e. Also, spiromesifen had significant negative effects on the population parameters except for the net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) in \u003cem\u003eN. californicus.\u003c/em\u003e In this study, the Kane mite had a significant effect on Longevity and oviposition days period, but did not have a negative effect on population parameters (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e). Sublethal effects of Diflovidazin on life table parameters of TSSM were reported by Havasi et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) the results indicated significant reduction in female\u0026rsquo;s duration of maturation, oviposition period, and total fecundity by increasing examined concentration. The highest and lowest values of net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) were obtained 48.88 and 31.14 offspring/individual in control and LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, respectively. The maximum value of intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) was 0.234 day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e that obtained in control treatment, while the minimum value was 0.216 day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e obtained in LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e concentration. Finite rate of increase (\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e) had not significantly descended with concentration enhancing from LC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e to LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e concentration compared with the control, it was consistent with the above results. Three sublethal concentrations (LC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e, and LC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e) of Envidor\u0026reg;speed (Abamectin and Spirodiclofen mixture, 24% SC, Bayer co.) on the biological parameters of the predatory mite \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e was assessed by Mousavi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Increasing the sublethal concentration has a significant effect on some life table parameters. The total life span of treated males and females had a decreasing trend. Oviposition days of the predatory mite had the most differences between the LC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e treatments compared to LC\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e and control. Consistent with the above results, lifespan female and male and oviposition days period decreased. Total fecundity is also affected by the acaricide treatment. The net reproductive rates (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), as well as the gross reproductive rate (GRR), were all significantly reduced with increasing the acaricide concentration. Control treatment had the maximum value, and the LC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e concentration had the lowest value of \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e. On the contrary, the intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) and finite rate of increase (\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e) showed no significant differences with increasing concentration of acaricide from the control to LC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e treatments, but in this study, population growth parameters did not change. Sublethal effects of Abamectin and Fenpyroximate on population growth parameters, life table parameters, and predation of the predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae (\u003cem\u003eP. plumifer\u003c/em\u003e) were investigated by Hamedi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Gross reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e), the intrinsic rate of birth (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e), the intrinsic rate of death (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e), mean generation time (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e), survivorship (\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), life expectancy (\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), and prey consumption were affected in comparison with control. However, in this study, population growth parameters (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e) of the two predators were not affected. Effect of sublethal concentrations of Hexythiazox at LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e on the development and reproduction parameters of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e was investigated by Havasi et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Hexythiazox (at LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e value) reduced the oviposition period (9.68, 8.06 days), total life span (22.37, 20.88 days), and total fecundity (50.97, 46.21 eggs/female) compared to the control but did not affect those parameters of \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e. The intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) and finite rate of increase (λ) were not significantly different at tested concentrations, but the net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), gross reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eGRR\u003c/em\u003e), and mean generation time (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e) reduced significantly. In this study, lifespan female and male and oviposition days also decreased, but population growth parameters except T did not change. In study by Marcic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), Total fecundity/fertility significantly decreased as concentrations of spirodiclofen on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e increased. Viable eggs were laid by females treated with 6, 12 and 24 mg/l of Spirodiclofen, and total fertility was reduced by 42, 84 and 97%, respectively. Compared with control, the gross fecundity/fertility of the treated females was significantly reduced throughout the trial, except in females treated with 6 mg/l. All concentrations caused a significant reduction in the net fecundity/fertility throughout the trial. The females treated with 12 mg/l had significantly reduction in net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.45), compared to females treated with 6 mg/l (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.35) and untreated females (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28.92); there was no significant difference between the last two treatments. The intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and finite rate of increase (\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e) were significantly reduced in treated females (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.141, \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.156 and \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.214, \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.232; 12 and 6 mg/l, respectively), compared to control (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.251, \u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.276). The reduction was significantly greater in females treated with the highest concentration. As a result of the lowered \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, the doubling time in treated females was significantly extended. It is consistent with the above results. Sublethal effects of Chlorfenapyr on the life table parameters of TSSM were assessed by Bozhgani et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), the egg incubation, protonymph, as well as deutonymph durations of both sexes were significantly reduced as a consequence of treatment with LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e of Chlorfenapyr. In addition, that oviposition period in LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e lasted 9.62 days, which was closer to the control (9.73 days); while it significantly decreased with increasing the concentration from LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e to LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e. Furthermore, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e treatments decreased the fecundity of females by 55.5% and 61.6%, respectively. The values of both intrinsic (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) and finite rates of increase (\u003cem\u003eλ\u003c/em\u003e) at LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e were significantly inferior to other experimental treatments, it is consistent with the above results. Alinejad et al. (2018), evaluated the sublethal effects of Fenazaquin (Pride\u0026reg;) on life table parameters of the subsequent generation of the TSSM. The total developmental period of both sexes increased with increasing concentration from LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e to LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e. Fenazaquin treatments gradually reduced the longevity and total life span in both sexes and this reduction increased with increasing concentration. All reproductive periods declined in a concentration-dependent manner. Or data indicated a significant reduction in the intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), the net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and the finite rate of increase of the mites treated with LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations, it is consistent with the above results. Lethal and side effects of Spirodiclofen and Spiromesifen on the TSSM, and its predatory mite, \u003cem\u003eN. californicus\u003c/em\u003e was investigated by Sarbaz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), results showed that the mortality of mites significantly increased with increasing acaricide concentrations. Generally, both acaricides, especially Spiromesifen, proved to be highly toxic to eggs, moderately to adult females, and slightly to predatory female mites. After seven days of treatment, mortality in mites caused by Spirodiclofen and Spiromesifen were 86.6% and 70%, and after two weeks, were 46.6% and 51.6%, respectively. After two weeks of treatment, acaricides had gained efficient control against TSSM and did not have a significant negative effect on the population of \u003cem\u003eN. californicus\u003c/em\u003e, it is consistent with the above results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, our research was the first step to explore the sublethal effect of Kane mite on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e and its two predators, \u003cem\u003eP. persimilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. swirskii\u003c/em\u003e with respect to both sexes based on two-sex theory. The effects of different sublethal concentration on TSSM indicated significant reduction in female\u0026rsquo;s duration of maturation, oviposition period, and total fecundity by increasing concentration of Kane mite. The highest and lowest values of the net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) on TSSM were obtained in control and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, respectively. The maximum value of intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) on TSSM was obtained in control treatment. The highest and lowest rate of growth and development were observed in the control treatment and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that Kane mite effectively controls of TSSM. It could be concluded that sublethal concentrations of Kane mite cannot significantly reduce population growth and life table parameters of two predators. The results demonstrated that Kane mite with predators could be incorporated in integrated management programs of TSSM.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE.R. conceived this research; E.R., SH.A. and M.F. performed data collection, analysis, and interpretation; E.R., SH.A., and SH.M. participated in the experiment; E.R., SH.A., M.F. and SH.M. wrote the paper and all authors revised, read, and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary information \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional supplementary material can be found in the online version of this manuscript. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe corresponding author can provide the data supporting the findings of this study upon reasonable request. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research presented in this study did not receive any financial support or funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbou Jawdah Y, Ezzeddine N, Fardoun A, Kharroubi S, Sobh H, Atamian H S, Parker B (2024) Biological Control of Three Major Cucumber and Pepper Pests: Whiteflies, Thrips, and Spider Mites, in High Plastic Tunnels Using Two Local Phytoseiid Mites. 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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18(3): 1112.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Leeuwen T, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A, Dermauw W, Tirry L (2010) Acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two-spotted spider mite \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e and other important Acari: a review. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 40(8): 563-572.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYin WD, Hoffmann AA, Bai CM, Ma CS (2022) A conservative oviposition preference in spider mites for complex habitats as a preventive strategy for reducing predation risk. Entomologia Generalis. 42(3): 389\u0026ndash;401. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1282.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao S, Zhao Q, Dai X, Lv B, Wang R, Yin Zh, Zhang F, Liu Y, Su L, Chen H, Zheng L, Li H, Xie L, Zhai Y (2023) Control of two-spotted spider mite, \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e, on strawberry by integrating with cyetpyrafen and \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\u003c/em\u003e. CABI Agric Biosci 4, 54 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-023-00196-w.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Two-spotted spider mite, Acaricide, Predators, Life table, Biological control, Sublethal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5691220/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5691220/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn integrated pest management (IPM) approach that combines both chemical and biological methods offers the most effective and sustainable solution. The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a serious pest of many agricultural crops. In controlling the TSSM, the simultaneous use of natural enemies along with a low-risk acaricide on natural enemies and effective on the TSSM is very important. In this study, sublethal effects of Kane mite® including LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations were evaluated on biological parameters of TSSM and its two predators, \u003cem\u003ePhytoseiulus persimilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmblyseius swirskii\u003c/em\u003e Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The effects of different sublethal concentration on TSSM indicated significant reduction in female’s duration of maturation, oviposition period, and total fecundity by increasing concentration of Kane mite. The highest and lowest values of the net reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) on TSSM were obtained in control and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, respectively. The maximum value of intrinsic rate of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e) on TSSM was obtained in control treatment. Also, the highest and lowest rate of growth and development were observed in the control treatment and LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e concentration, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that Kane mite effectively controls of TSSM. It could be concluded that sublethal concentrations of Kane mite cannot significantly reduce population growth and life table parameters zof two predators. The results demonstrated that Kane mite with predators could be incorporated in integrated management programs of TSSM.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sublethal effects of Kane mite® on life table of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiiidae)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-09 10:56:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5691220/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3749b0ef-2395-4f89-8c30-df2d57ffa216","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-05T21:29:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-09 10:56:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5691220","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5691220","identity":"rs-5691220","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}