Mapping the Scholarly Landscape of Self-Compassion and Mental Health (2010–2025): A Bibliometric Analysis

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We conducted a bibliometric analysis using relevant Scopus-indexed literature from inception through July 2025. We specifically focused on articles from 2010 to 2025. In our search strategy, we employed the terms “self-compassion” OR “self compassion” AND “mental health”. We retrieved a total of 2,437 documents, revealing a significant increase in publication output over the past decade, peaking between 2020 and 2024. The most prolific authors during this period included Paul Gilbert and Yasuhiro Kotera, with 41 publications each. The United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and China emerged as the leading countries in terms of research output. Keyword analysis highlighted recurring themes around mindfulness, resilience, depression, and emotional regulation. Influential articles by MacBeth & Gumley (2012) and Gilbert & Procter ( 2006 ) demonstrated foundational impact with over 1,200 citations each. The field of self-compassion and mental health research is expanding rapidly and is characterised by strong theoretical foundations, growing global interest, and interdisciplinary relevance. Our bibliometric analysis suggests that future research may benefit from adopting a combination of research designs, including more cross-cultural validations to enhance the empirical understanding and practical application of self-compassion across diverse clinical and sociodemographic populations and settings. Psychology Educational Psychology self-compassion and mental health publication trends and scholarly Mapping VOSViewer Bibliometrix R Package and Biblioshiny bibliometric analysis Scopus Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Introduction Bibliometric analysis is an important quantitative method for synthesising large volumes of peer-reviewed journal literature. It offers insights into the productivity of authors, countries, and institutions, as well as co-authorship patterns and conceptual linkages through keywords and co-occurrence (Donthu et al., 2021 ; Öztürk et al., 2024 ; Passas, 2024 ). Extensive research has been conducted and published on the construct of self-compassion (Germer & Neff, 2013 ; Neff, 2009a , 2011 , 2023a ; Neff et al., 2007a ; Yarnell et al., 2015 , 2019 ), highlighting its importance in promoting mental health and well-being. For example, it impacts psychological and emotional well-being across diverse populations (Bluth & Blanton, 2015 ; Rehman et al., 2024 ). A growing body of empirical research consistently demonstrates that self-compassion plays a key role in enhancing mental health and psychological well-being among various groups, including university students, healthcare professionals, and informal caregivers, especially through Internet/Web-based interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic (M. Aledeh et al., 2024 , 2025a ; M. Aledeh & Habib Adam, 2020 ; S. Aledeh et al., 2024 ; Kotera, Aledeh, et al., 2022 ; Kotera, Edwards, et al., 2022 ; Kotera, Green, et al., 2021; Kotera, Maybury, et al., 2022 ; Kotera, Ting, et al., 2021). Swami et al. ( 2021 ), MacBeth & Gumley (2012), and Kotera et al. (2020) have published comprehensive work on self-compassion, including a bibliometric study (Swami et al., 2021 ), which contributes to its applications, theoretical foundations, deeper understanding, and growth within the academic literature. Earlier studies have primarily focused on the broader implications of self-compassion for physical, emotional, and psychological functioning, including its role in mitigating stress, anxiety, and depression across diverse populations (Cowand et al., 2024 ; Fong & Loi, 2016 ; Han & Kim, 2023a ; Homan & Sirois, 2017 ; Hughes et al., 2021 ; Muris et al., 2022a ). However, a critical gap remains because no prior bibliometric studies have specifically targeted the intersection of self-compassion and mental health, explicitly using search terms such as “self-compassion AND mental health.” To address this gap, we conducted an exploratory investigation into how self-compassion has been integrated into mental healthcare programmes and published in peer-reviewed journals. Utilising the Scopus database, a premier platform for indexing peer-reviewed publications, we performed multiple searches at various time points to capture the evolving trends in this domain. For instance, we started observing the publication trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims In this study, we aim to systematically map and evaluate the global research landscape on self-compassion and mental health, highlighting and analysing publication trends, intellectual structures, thematic developments, and collaborative networks retrieved from the Scopus database within this interdisciplinary field. While literature reviews continue to play important roles in academic research to study the general state of research, bibliometric analyses have recently become popular in the exploration and analysis of a large body of literature in many research fields (Donthu et al., 2021 ; Kraus et al., 2024 ; Linnenluecke et al., 2020 ; Öztürk et al., 2024 ). The rationale for conducting this bibliometric analysis arises from several convergent empirical, epistemic, and contextual developments within the scholarly landscape of psychological science (Giamellaro et al., 2025 ; Olabiyi et al., 2025 ). The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, for instance has acted as a catalyst in accelerating research on psychological resilience, emotional regulation, and adaptive coping mechanisms, among which self-compassion has emerged as a salient construct of theoretical and clinical significance (Demetriou et al., 2023 ; Matos et al., 2022 ; Nguyen & Le, 2021 ; Polizzi et al., 2023 ). As populations worldwide grappled with unprecedented levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation (Bonati et al., 2022 ; Hammoudi Halat et al., 2023 ; Robb et al., 2020 ), researchers increasingly turned their attention to self-compassion as a protective psychological resource capable of mitigating adverse mental health outcomes (Austin et al., 2023 ; Crego et al., 2022 ). This shift in scholarly focus is empirically substantiated by a marked proliferation in the volume of publications (Dodson & Heng, 2022 ; Neff, 2023b ). An initial systematic search conducted in September 2023 yielded 1,385 published peer-reviewed documents and grey literature, indexed in Scopus, related to self-compassion and mental health. This baseline assessment established a robust foundation for monitoring bibliometric trends in scholarly output in this rapidly evolving field (Kyriakides, 2002 ; Tijssen & Winnink, 2016 ). Following this initial retrieval, a marked acceleration in publication activity was observed on the 1st of January 2024. A retrospective analysis of bibliometric trends (W. Zhou et al., 2020 ), revealed a pronounced surge in scholarly interest in self-compassion during the last quarter of 2023, which continued into the subsequent year. In response to this trend, systematic tracking of publication volume was formally initiated in March 2024. At that time, 1,679 relevant documents were identified, indicating a substantial and growing body of research. Subsequent longitudinal searches revealed a consistent upward trajectory in scholarly output with 1,800 documents by July 2024, 1,887 documents by August 2024, 2,041 by September 29 2024, and 2,054 by October 3, 2024. By December 31, 2024, the cumulative total reached 2,158 publications, a 55% increase from the baseline established in late 2023. This rapid increase reflects an exponential growth pattern characteristic of emerging research domains (Bornmann et al., 2021 ; Z. Yang et al., 2024 ). The surge highlights not only growing academic interest but also the development of self-compassion as a key theme in modern mental health discussions (Han & Kim, 2023b ). This upward trend continued into 2025. A follow-up search on the 30th of June 2025, retrieved 2,426 documents, showing a significant increase of 272 publications over roughly six months, averaging more than 45 articles per month. A later search on the 4th of July 2025 confirmed this figure remained at 2,426, indicating a brief plateau. However, by 12 July 2025, the number of published documents had risen to 2,437, emphasising the dynamic and ongoing growth of research in self-compassion and mental health (Pank et al., 2025 ; Tiwari et al., 2020 , 2025 ). The rapid expansion of the literature reflects a growing consensus (Smela et al., 2023 ), that self-compassion functions as a transdiagnostic protective factor that fosters emotional resilience, reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety, and enhances overall psychological well-being (Beshai et al., 2022 ; Dan et al., 2023 ; MacBeth & Gumley, 2012a ; McArthur et al., 2017 ; Mona & Angela, 2018 ; Neff, 2009a ). Its relevance has been particularly pronounced in high-stress contexts, including public health crises, caregiving environments, and clinical populations (C. Lathren, 2023 ; Li et al., 2024 ). Given this momentum, despite this growing interest (Zakamulin & Giner, 2020 ), there exists a critical need for an update of a systematic and data-driven synthesis that maps the intellectual structure (Arsalan et al., 2025 ), thematic evolution, and interdisciplinary integration of research at the intersection of self-compassion and mental health (Armaou et al., 2024 ; H. Zhou & Amaral, 2025 ). In this present study, updated literature relevant to the topic is identified. Although there is growing interest in self-compassion and mental health (Crego et al., 2022 ; Lee et al., 2021 ), there remains a need for a comprehensive bibliometric evaluation of the literature to map intellectual structures, track thematic developments (Hosseini et al., 2021 ; Tai et al., 2013 ), and identify research gaps. Therefore, a detailed bibliometric analysis of the global literature on self-compassion and mental health was conducted, utilising data retrieved from the Scopus database. This bibliometric thus serves not only as a descriptive account of publication trends but also as an analytical tool to inform researchers, practitioners, stakeholders, and policymakers navigating the evolving landscape of self-compassion and mental health promotion in the post-pandemic era (D.-H. R. Zhou & Kwok, 2023 ). Research Questions This bibliometric analysis was specifically guided by the following questions: (i) What are the publication trends over time in the literature? (ii) Who are the most prolific and influential authors in the field of self-compassion and mental health? (iii) Which journals and publication outlets most frequently disseminate research on self-compassion and mental health? (iv) Which countries and institutions contribute most significantly to the literature on self-compassion and mental health? (v) What are the most frequently occurring and co-occurring keywords in the literature, and what thematic clusters do they reveal? (vi) Which documents have received the highest citation impact, and what conceptual or empirical contributions have they made to the field? Materials and methods Data source and search strategy We selected the Scopus database as our primary data source for its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature in health sciences, psychology, and social sciences. We used a structured search to perform the search and identification of published documents indexed in the Scopus database. We used the query (“self-compassion” OR “self compassion” AND “mental health”. We searched without language or document type restrictions to ensure comprehensive coverage. TITLE-ABS-KEY ( self-compassion OR self AND compassion AND mental AND health ). The exported data from Scopus was uploaded in CSV format to VOSViewer and Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny for the analysis and visualisation (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Arruda et al., 2022 ). All the results we retrieved from inception through July 2025 were included. Data export and preprocessing The search yielded 2,437 documents. The full metadata was exported in CSV format, including fields such as title, authors, year, source title, abstract, author affiliations, keywords, document type, and citation count. We exported and analysed data for bibliometric indicators, including annual publication trends, document types, citation counts, author productivity, country affiliations, and keyword frequency (Nakagawa et al., 2019 ; Wu et al., 2025 ). We completed our search on the 12th of July 2025. Although our search captured publications from 1975, we mainly focused on publications from 2010 to July 12 2025. However, our search captured the most recent publications. Results Network visualisation of co-authorship Our search in the Scopus database identified 2,437 documents. We used VOSViewer and Bibliometrix in R. In VOSViewer, 8,960 authors were identified as having contributed to 2,437 documents. In creating our map, we set the minimum number of documents per author to 3 and the minimum number of citations per author to 2. As a result, 330 authors met the thresholds. For each of these authors, the total strength of co-authorship links with one another was calculated. The five top results identified were documents by Gilbert et al., Kotera et al., Ferreira et al., Pinto-Gouveia et al., and Cunha et al., which had the highest number of document citations and total link strength. However, some of the 330 items in our network are not directly connected. The largest set of connected items in our network consists of 111 items. Interestingly, results from the network visualisation show key authors who have collaborated. See Figs. 1a,b,-5 Network visualisation of co-occurrence using all keywords 8,771 keywords were identified altogether. We then used the default minimum number of occurrences of keywords by setting it at 5. 1,385 keywords met the threshold. For each of the 1,385 keywords, the total strength of co-occurrence links with other keywords was computed (Arruda et al., 2022 ). For the computation, we selected only 1000 keywords with the greatest total link strength. See Figs. 6 and 7. Citation of documents We set the minimum number of citations of documents to 5. Of the 2,437 documents, 1,310 met the threshold. For each of the 1,310 documents, the number of citation links was computed by selecting only the documents with the largest number of links, of which only 1000 documents were included. Because some of the 1000 items (documents) in our network are not connected, 764 of the documents turned out to be the largest set of connected items (Abbasi et al., 2011 ; Arruda et al., 2022 ). When the cursor was placed on any of the key contributing authors, for instance, on Gilbert et al., and Macbeth, all authors who are linked with them became highlighted from the background (Arruda et al., 2022 ). See Figs. 7, 8, and 9. Citation – authors We set the minimum number of documents for an author at 3, with the minimum number of citations per author at 1. Of all the 8,960 authors, 330 met the threshold (Arruda et al., 2022 ). For each of the 330 authors, the total strength of co-authorship links with other authors was computed. The authors with the greatest total link strength were also computed. 297 documents turned out to be the largest set of connected items. See Figs. 7, 8, and 9. Citations by organisations 6745 organisations were included in the search. We set the minimum number of documents of an organisation at 3, with the minimum number of citations per author at 1. Of all 6,745 organisations, 106 met the threshold (Arruda et al., 2022 ; Clarivate, 2025 ; Scopus, 2025 ). For each of the 106 organisations, the total strength of co-authorship links with other organisations was computed, and 69 organisations turned out to be the largest set connected (Abbasi et al., 2011 ; Arruda et al., 2022 ). See Figs. 7, 8, and 9 . Citation by country or territory 121 countries were included in this analysis. We set the minimum number of documents per country at 3 and the minimum number of citations to 1. Of the 121 countries, only 64 met the threshold. For each of the 64 countries that met the threshold, the total strength of links between countries was computed. The countries with the greatest total link strength were also computed, and 64 items (countries) turned out to be the largest set connected (Abbasi et al., 2011 ; Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Arruda et al., 2022 ; Martinho et al., 2022 ; Scopus, 2025 ). See Figs. 9, 10a,b,c,d,e,f. Co-citation of cited references There were 116,209 cited references altogether. We left the minimum number of citations for cited references at the default mode, which is 20. Of the 116209 cited references, only 130 met the threshold. For each of these 130 cited references, the total strength of links with other cited references was calculated. The cited references with the greatest total link strength were selected (Abbasi et al., 2011 ; Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Arruda et al., 2022 , 2022 ; Martinho et al., 2022 ). See Figs. 10b and 10d. Publication Type Our analysis of publication types (Schneider et al., 2022 ), revealed that original research articles constituted the majority (n = 2,048), accounting for 84.1%, followed by review articles (n = 194), book chapters (n = 71), conference proceedings (n = 32), and books (n = 29) (Scopus, 2025 ). This distribution reflects both the empirical depth and conceptual breadth of this field (S. Yang & Han, 2015 ). Considering the disciplinary growth, most publications were found within medicine (n = 1,262) and psychology (n = 1,092), followed by contributions from the social sciences (n = 511), nursing (n = 288), and the arts and humanities (n = 128) (Scopus, 2025 ). These figures suggest the interdisciplinary relevance of self-compassion as an established construct intersecting clinical, psychosocial, and philosophical domains (Barnard & Curry, 2011 ; Neff, 2009b , 2023b ; Neff et al., 2007b ). See Fig. 10c. Keywords of co-occurrence The analysis of keyword co-occurrences revealed high frequency of terms such as “human” (n = 1,452), “humans” (n = 1,112), “mental health” (n = 1,041), “female” (n = 1,028), and “adult” (n = 927), including a primary focus on adult mental health and human-centred psychological enquiry (Scopus, 2025 ). See Figs. 11and 12. Linguistic analysis In our data, linguistic analysis showed a strong dominance of English language publications (n = 2,380), 97.7%, with limited representation from Spanish (n = 20), Chinese (n = 15), Persian (n = 9), and Portuguese (n = 7). This highlights a persistent Anglophone bias (Huang et al., 2025a ; Song et al., 2010 ) in the dissemination of self-compassion research (Scopus, 2025 ). Access typologies We examined the access types of all the documents that we identified and exported. 1,159 documents were published as open access, i.e., freely available to the public without restrictions (Scopus, 2025 ). 816 were found as green access, i.e., self-archived versions in institutional and subject repositories (Scopus, 2025 ). 615 were identified as gold access, i.e., publisher-provided open access under a licence. 254 were found to be hybrid gold, i.e., subscription journals with select open access articles (Scopus, 2025 ). Finally, we identified 103 as bronze access, i.e., free-to-read versions, but lacking a clear reuse licence (Carbon et al., 2019 ; Open Access Network, 2025 ; Piwowar et al., 2018 ). Although this diverse access distribution suggests a strong inclination towards open science practices, variations in licencing and permanence exist (Ng et al., 2024 ; Zečević et al., 2021 ). Discussion The results of our bibliometric analysis underscore the exponential growth and interdisciplinary expansion of self-compassion research over the past decade, with a pronounced acceleration observed between 2020 and 2024. The initial surge identified between 2021 and 2023 (see Fig. 1.2) appears to coincide with a broader trend in mental health research, where self-compassion is increasingly being explored as a resilience-building and protective psychological mechanism (M. Aledeh et al., 2024 , 2025a ; S. Aledeh et al., 2024 ; Eghbali et al., 2022 ; Kotera, Aledeh, et al., 2022 ; Neff, 2023b ). The dominance of original empirical research (84.1%) suggests a rapidly growing field grounded in diverse methodologies and empirical rigour (Park et al., 2024 ; Zolfagharian et al., 2019 ). The presence of a significant number of review articles and book chapters further reflects efforts to synthesise and consolidate theoretical and applied knowledge in the field (Chigbu et al., 2023 ; Kunisch et al., 2023 ). Growing scholarly attention to self-compassion in mental health research The literature on self-compassion and mental health has experienced a significant and sustained growth. The results of this bibliometric analysis underscore the exponential growth (Nakagawa et al., 2019 ) and interdisciplinary expansion of self-compassion research over the past decade (Centeno & Fernandez, 2020 ), with a pronounced acceleration observed between 2020 and July 2025. The temporal analysis of publications between 2016 and 2025 reveals a pronounced and steady growth in scholarly output related to self-compassion and mental health (M. Aledeh et al., 2024 , 2025a ; S. Aledeh et al., 2024 ; Stutts, 2022 ). From only 67 publications in 2016, the number rose sharply to 411 by 2024, reflecting nearly a sixfold increase over the decade (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Arruda et al., 2022 ; Scopus, 2025 ). This trend is consistent with the rising global emphasis on non-pharmacological and psychosocial approaches in mental healthcare (Otu et al., 2020 ; Pinho et al., 2024 ; Varela et al., 2023 ). The spike in publications, particularly after 2020, may also reflect a broader societal shift towards self-care and emotional resilience in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its psychological aftermath (Manchia et al., 2022 ; Schäfer et al., 2022 ). Document type distribution and knowledge dissemination A review of the most cited articles demonstrated that the field has been significantly influenced by seminal works that link self-compassion to psychological well-being, mindfulness, and compassion-focused therapy (CFT). Notably, MacBeth and Gumley’s 2012 meta-analysis (1,308 citations) underscored the inverse relationship between self-compassion and psychopathology, laying a strong empirical foundation (MacBeth & Gumley, 2012b ). Kristin Neff’s ( 2011 ) work further solidified self-compassion as a distinct and measurable construct, differentiating it from self-esteem and emphasising its positive correlation with mental health (Neff, 2011 ). Paul Gilbert’s extensive contributions to compassion-focused therapy, for example, have been pivotal in operationalising self-compassion as a therapeutic mechanism (Gilbert, 2014 , 2020 ; Gilbert & Procter, 2006 ). These influential articles are predominantly published in high-impact psychology and psychotherapy journals, affirming their academic rigour and clinical relevance (BPS Journal, 2025 ; Dienstag, 2008 ). Emerging themes and interdisciplinary engagement The dataset is largely composed of peer-reviewed journal articles (Jiao et al., 2023 ; Walters, 2020 ), including a strong empirical orientation within the field (Moorhead et al., 2025 ). The presence of review articles, albeit fewer in number, highlights an attempt at synthesising existing knowledge and shaping theoretical frameworks (Luft et al., 2022 ). This balance between original research and theoretical integration is indicative of an evolving field that is both empirically grounded and conceptually evolving (Cash, 2018 ; Rahimi & Khatooni, 2024 ). The exploration of the preliminary keywords suggests frequent associations between self-compassion and constructs (see Fig. 3.7., word cloud) such as mindfulness, resilience, stress, depression, burnout, and emotional regulation (Conversano, 2020 ; Li et al., 2024 ; Rehman et al., 2024 ). This aligns with broader movements in positive psychology, clinical psychology, and mental health education (Crego et al., 2022 ; Kotera & Ting, 2021 ; Schutte & Malouff, 2025 ). The interdisciplinary nature of the field is further evidenced by the diverse range of journals spanning clinical psychology, education, healthcare, and social sciences that publish research on this topic (Knappe, 2023 ; Rozensky et al., 2014 ; Turpin & Coleman, 2010 ). Shifting paradigms in mental health promotion The growing scholarly focus on self-compassion indicates a paradigm shift in mental health promotion (Mey et al., 2023 ; Tiwari et al., 2020 ; Walton et al., 2025 ). The shift moves from pathologising mental illness to strengthening protective psychological resources (Sweeney et al., 2018 ). Self-compassion is increasingly recognised as a resilience-enhancing factor that promotes emotional regulation, self-soothing, and adaptive coping (C. Lathren, 2023 ; C. R. Lathren et al., 2021 ; Li et al., 2024 ). Additionally, including self-compassion in therapeutic protocols (Wilson et al., 2019 ), educational interventions (Othman et al., 2022 ), and community mental health programmes (Wakelin et al., 2022 ) demonstrates its relevance across clinical and non-clinical populations, age groups, and cultural settings (Kotera et al., 2024 ; Poudel et al., 2025 ; Swami et al., 2025 ; Yotsidi et al., 2023 ). Furthermore, self-compassion is cost-effective and can be accessed online, especially as part of online mental health classes (Kotera, Edwards, et al., 2022 ). The cross-disciplinary engagement (Brodin & Avery, 2020 ), particularly from medicine, psychology, nursing, and social sciences (Ding et al., 2020 ; Sy et al., 2024 ), indicates that self-compassion is being investigated not only within therapeutic contexts but also as a construct relevant to healthcare delivery, social care, social well-being, and human development (M. Aledeh et al., 2024 ; Crego et al., 2022 ; Kotera, Green, et al., 2022; Kotera & Ting, 2021 ; Malenfant et al., 2022 ; Super et al., 2024 ). This aligns with emerging research frameworks that position self-compassion at the intersection of clinical practice, public health, and psychosocial education (Ferrari et al., 2019 ; Finlay-Jones et al., 2023 ; Wiedermann et al., 2023 ). The high frequency of demographic and thematic keywords (Chen & Xiao, 2016 ; Dissanayake et al., 2022 ), such as “mental health”, “female”, and “adult”, reinforces the conclusion that self-compassion research has primarily focused on adult populations and gender-based dimensions of psychological vulnerability (Helminen et al., 2023 ; Musabiq et al., 2024 ). However, the limited representation of terms related to youth, ageing, or cross-cultural diversity suggests potential gaps in the literature (Snyder, 2019 ), warranting further exploration. The linguistic analysis reveals the predominance of English-language publications (Huang et al., 2025b ; Stockemer & Wigginton, 2019 ), which may signal a linguistic and geographic skewness in the literature (Skopec et al., 2020 ). For example, as seen from our data, there is a lack of production, publication, and dissemination of scholarly works on self-compassion and mental health in LMICs (M. Aledeh et al., 2025b ; S. Aledeh et al., 2024 ). While this may reflect global trends in academic publishing (Stockemer & Wigginton, 2019 ), it also highlights the importance of inclusive research practices and knowledge production in non-English-speaking contexts (Arenas-Castro et al., 2024 ; Hyland, 2016 ). In terms of publication access, the substantial share of open-access and green-access publications reflects a positive movement towards greater transparency, equity, and accessibility in research dissemination (Rane et al., 2024 ; Umbach, 2024 ). However, the variability in licencing, for instance, bronze and hybrid gold access, may still limit the utility and reusability of certain studies, particularly in low-resource academic settings, experienced in many Low-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) (Newton, 2020 ; Tocco et al., 2025 ). Limitations The field of self-compassion and mental health research is expanding rapidly (Forster & Mitchell, 2024 ) and is characterised by strong theoretical foundations (Anthes & Dreisoerner, 2024 ), increasing global interest (Cavallaro & Rivera, 2025 ), and interdisciplinary relevance (Conversano et al., 2020 ; Muris et al., 2022b ). In this bibliometric study, we offer insights for future research, policy, and practice (Cao et al., 2025 ; Scott et al., 2019 ). Despite the valuable contributions from this bibliometric analysis, some methodological limitations should be acknowledged. Firstly, although we chose to limit our literature search solely to the Scopus database because of its comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed academic content (Baas et al., 2020 ; Burnham, 2006 ), we may have unintentionally excluded relevant publications available in other established databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (Chadegani et al., 2013 ; Falagas et al., 2008 ). Secondly, in the analysis, we did not employ cross-database search tools like Publish or Perish or Rayyan, which could aid triangulation and reduce retrieval bias (Bramer et al., 2018 ; Tran et al., 2024 ). Lastly, there are limitations related to bibliometric software, such as reliance on author keywords instead of indexed terms, which may have restricted the scope and depth of the analysis further (Lim et al., 2024 ; Tomaszewski, 2023 ). Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Research Endeavour We emphasise opportunities for increased engagement from underrepresented regions. The bibliometric profile of self-compassion and mental health research shows both quantitative growth and qualitative diversification. The current trend highlights the need for more culturally sensitive, demographically inclusive, and methodologically varied research agendas. Researchers, clinicians, educators, and policymakers may benefit from incorporating self-compassion frameworks into mental healthcare strategies, stress reduction, and preventive mental health initiatives, especially during the post-pandemic recovery period (Garcia et al., 2022 ). Future studies may benefit from adopting mixed-methods designs, longitudinal approaches, and more cross-cultural validations to enhance the scientific understanding and practical application of self-compassion across diverse populations and settings. Declarations Compliance with Ethical Standards Conflicts of interest All authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest. Experiment Participants. This is a bibliometric analysis of published peer-reviewed articles and therefore has no experiment participants involved; otherwise, we would have conducted the research in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Additionally, all authors have made sure that this commentary was conducted with a high level of inclusion, respect, and acknowledgement of diversity. All authors have made sure that there was avoidance of plagiarism, bias, and exclusive (sexist, racist, homophobic) language. Informed consent is Not Applicable because it was based on a brief literature review only, and no experiment participants were included in the study. 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06:43:59","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":312186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/00af0d4fdbaf1831ac9629a5.html"},{"id":96147255,"identity":"d49887f2-90bb-4c0a-bdef-fe6ec70d80d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:43:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea: Documents by year\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch and publication trends in self-compassion and mental health: A bibliometric analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTITLE-ABS-KEY ( self-compassion OR self AND compassion AND mental AND health )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb: Documents by year\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/9e719eea90ecd840b8839ad4.png"},{"id":96251475,"identity":"871fac9a-6b9b-4f84-83e5-261f03be2de3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:45","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDocuments per year per source\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/5b81037212e4039842479577.png"},{"id":96251662,"identity":"a94760f6-0932-4fce-bc44-1d588746c94d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDocuments by subject area\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/946b6599063cd32a47ed390e.png"},{"id":96147259,"identity":"5cdf8429-d919-4076-9097-32ed1723f455","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:43:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDocuments by author\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/5c5f8d51efe67f8aeaf61f17.png"},{"id":96249398,"identity":"4aee3a46-2b6d-405a-8e72-6beb08b6f0f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:33:21","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":221116,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNetwork visualisation of co-authorship\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/930d9f798a0ea89b00f10b92.png"},{"id":96147264,"identity":"3393a828-fe71-472b-b089-f25f81a368e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:43:58","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":107551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDocuments by affiliation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/2383906205b7b9d8a9ee9977.png"},{"id":96250358,"identity":"8eab4707-9119-4590-95d3-6adf8a253fbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:38:12","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74491,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDocuments by country or territory\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/cd6fe4e5a32c2fca6bd29612.png"},{"id":96147268,"identity":"d811ae5e-af40-42d1-9a4a-261033fdd10b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:43:59","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":231549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor, documents, citations, and total link strength\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/acfe4595279cf460e7148eeb.png"},{"id":96147271,"identity":"72c71e60-0452-4ec6-886f-8ec28f526b5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:43:59","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":241970,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCountry, documents, citations, and total link strength\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/e65969439944706146453d2e.png"},{"id":96147269,"identity":"427a68c0-e2a9-4180-b5d8-3573709fc56e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-18 06:43:59","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1393715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea: Citations by organisations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb: Citations by organisations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ec: Three-Field Plot (Biblioshiny)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ed: Documents by type\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ee: Co-citation of cited references\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ef: Co-citation of cited references\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/84d44cba0fc3296f5f663da2.png"},{"id":96251680,"identity":"24f23d71-3960-44bb-a1bc-7884fed0ea1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:39:54","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":478887,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWord cloud of the Keywords of co-occurrence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/26ea59c8812f0aef65059ea0.png"},{"id":96250381,"identity":"f992a766-4349-42f3-8b9e-f10280764db0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:38:14","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":748083,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNetwork visualisation of keywords\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/7bef75e30caac978a7f8d3d2.png"},{"id":96362899,"identity":"73664a09-357f-4742-b305-ccb711ef1870","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:02:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4769893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8125005/v1/020c8714-816d-4540-bfbb-738a29d2b85c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMapping the Scholarly Landscape of Self-Compassion and Mental Health (2010–2025): A Bibliometric Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBibliometric analysis is an important quantitative method for synthesising large volumes of peer-reviewed journal literature. It offers insights into the productivity of authors, countries, and institutions, as well as co-authorship patterns and conceptual linkages through keywords and co-occurrence (Donthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Passas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Extensive research has been conducted and published on the construct of self-compassion (Germer \u0026amp; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e; Neff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007a\u003c/span\u003e; Yarnell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR162\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR161\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), highlighting its importance in promoting mental health and well-being. For example, it impacts psychological and emotional well-being across diverse populations (Bluth \u0026amp; Blanton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Rehman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A growing body of empirical research consistently demonstrates that self-compassion plays a key role in enhancing mental health and psychological well-being among various groups, including university students, healthcare professionals, and informal caregivers, especially through Internet/Web-based interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic (M. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025a\u003c/span\u003e; M. Aledeh \u0026amp; Habib Adam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; S. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera, Aledeh, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera, Edwards, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera, Green, et al., 2021; Kotera, Maybury, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera, Ting, et al., 2021). Swami et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR139\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), MacBeth \u0026amp; Gumley (2012), and Kotera et al. (2020) have published comprehensive work on self-compassion, including a bibliometric study (Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR139\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), which contributes to its applications, theoretical foundations, deeper understanding, and growth within the academic literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarlier studies have primarily focused on the broader implications of self-compassion for physical, emotional, and psychological functioning, including its role in mitigating stress, anxiety, and depression across diverse populations (Cowand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Fong \u0026amp; Loi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Han \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e; Homan \u0026amp; Sirois, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Hughes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Muris et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e). However, a critical gap remains because no prior bibliometric studies have specifically targeted the intersection of self-compassion and mental health, explicitly using search terms such as \u0026ldquo;self-compassion AND mental health.\u0026rdquo; To address this gap, we conducted an exploratory investigation into how self-compassion has been integrated into mental healthcare programmes and published in peer-reviewed journals. Utilising the Scopus database, a premier platform for indexing peer-reviewed publications, we performed multiple searches at various time points to capture the evolving trends in this domain. For instance, we started observing the publication trends during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAims\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aim to systematically map and evaluate the global research landscape on self-compassion and mental health, highlighting and analysing publication trends, intellectual structures, thematic developments, and collaborative networks retrieved from the Scopus database within this interdisciplinary field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile literature reviews continue to play important roles in academic research to study the general state of research, bibliometric analyses have recently become popular in the exploration and analysis of a large body of literature in many research fields (Donthu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kraus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Linnenluecke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The rationale for conducting this bibliometric analysis arises from several convergent empirical, epistemic, and contextual developments within the scholarly landscape of psychological science (Giamellaro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Olabiyi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, for instance has acted as a catalyst in accelerating research on psychological resilience, emotional regulation, and adaptive coping mechanisms, among which self-compassion has emerged as a salient construct of theoretical and clinical significance (Demetriou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Matos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Nguyen \u0026amp; Le, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Polizzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs populations worldwide grappled with unprecedented levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation (Bonati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Hammoudi Halat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Robb et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR125\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), researchers increasingly turned their attention to self-compassion as a protective psychological resource capable of mitigating adverse mental health outcomes (Austin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Crego et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This shift in scholarly focus is empirically substantiated by a marked proliferation in the volume of publications (Dodson \u0026amp; Heng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). An initial systematic search conducted in September 2023 yielded 1,385 published peer-reviewed documents and grey literature, indexed in Scopus, related to self-compassion and mental health. This baseline assessment established a robust foundation for monitoring bibliometric trends in scholarly output in this rapidly evolving field (Kyriakides, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Tijssen \u0026amp; Winnink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR144\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Following this initial retrieval, a marked acceleration in publication activity was observed on the 1st of January 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA retrospective analysis of bibliometric trends (W. Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR168\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), revealed a pronounced surge in scholarly interest in self-compassion during the last quarter of 2023, which continued into the subsequent year. In response to this trend, systematic tracking of publication volume was formally initiated in March 2024. At that time, 1,679 relevant documents were identified, indicating a substantial and growing body of research. Subsequent longitudinal searches revealed a consistent upward trajectory in scholarly output with 1,800 documents by July 2024, 1,887 documents by August 2024, 2,041 by September 29 2024, and 2,054 by October 3, 2024. By December 31, 2024, the cumulative total reached 2,158 publications, a 55% increase from the baseline established in late 2023. This rapid increase reflects an exponential growth pattern characteristic of emerging research domains (Bornmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Z. Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe surge highlights not only growing academic interest but also the development of self-compassion as a key theme in modern mental health discussions (Han \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). This upward trend continued into 2025. A follow-up search on the 30th of June 2025, retrieved 2,426 documents, showing a significant increase of 272 publications over roughly six months, averaging more than 45 articles per month. A later search on the 4th of July 2025 confirmed this figure remained at 2,426, indicating a brief plateau. However, by 12 July 2025, the number of published documents had risen to 2,437, emphasising the dynamic and ongoing growth of research in self-compassion and mental health (Pank et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Tiwari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR145\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR146\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rapid expansion of the literature reflects a growing consensus (Smela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR133\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), that self-compassion functions as a transdiagnostic protective factor that fosters emotional resilience, reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety, and enhances overall psychological well-being (Beshai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Dan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; MacBeth \u0026amp; Gumley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012a\u003c/span\u003e; McArthur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mona \u0026amp; Angela, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009a\u003c/span\u003e). Its relevance has been particularly pronounced in high-stress contexts, including public health crises, caregiving environments, and clinical populations (C. Lathren, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Given this momentum, despite this growing interest (Zakamulin \u0026amp; Giner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR164\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), there exists a critical need for an update of a systematic and data-driven synthesis that maps the intellectual structure (Arsalan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), thematic evolution, and interdisciplinary integration of research at the intersection of self-compassion and mental health (Armaou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; H. Zhou \u0026amp; Amaral, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR167\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this present study, updated literature relevant to the topic is identified. Although there is growing interest in self-compassion and mental health (Crego et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), there remains a need for a comprehensive bibliometric evaluation of the literature to map intellectual structures, track thematic developments (Hosseini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR143\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), and identify research gaps. Therefore, a detailed bibliometric analysis of the global literature on self-compassion and mental health was conducted, utilising data retrieved from the Scopus database. This bibliometric thus serves not only as a descriptive account of publication trends but also as an analytical tool to inform researchers, practitioners, stakeholders, and policymakers navigating the evolving landscape of self-compassion and mental health promotion in the post-pandemic era (D.-H. R. Zhou \u0026amp; Kwok, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR166\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis bibliometric analysis was specifically guided by the following questions: (i) What are the publication trends over time in the literature? (ii) Who are the most prolific and influential authors in the field of self-compassion and mental health? (iii) Which journals and publication outlets most frequently disseminate research on self-compassion and mental health? (iv) Which countries and institutions contribute most significantly to the literature on self-compassion and mental health? (v) What are the most frequently occurring and co-occurring keywords in the literature, and what thematic clusters do they reveal? (vi) Which documents have received the highest citation impact, and what conceptual or empirical contributions have they made to the field?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData source and search strategy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe selected the Scopus database as our primary data source for its extensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature in health sciences, psychology, and social sciences. We used a structured search to perform the search and identification of published documents indexed in the Scopus database. We used the query (\u0026ldquo;self-compassion\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;self compassion\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;mental health\u0026rdquo;. We searched without language or document type restrictions to ensure comprehensive coverage. TITLE-ABS-KEY ( self-compassion OR self AND compassion AND mental AND health ). The exported data from Scopus was uploaded in CSV format to VOSViewer and Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny for the analysis and visualisation (Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). All the results we retrieved from inception through July 2025 were included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData export and preprocessing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe search yielded 2,437 documents. The full metadata was exported in CSV format, including fields such as title, authors, year, source title, abstract, author affiliations, keywords, document type, and citation count. We exported and analysed data for bibliometric indicators, including annual publication trends, document types, citation counts, author productivity, country affiliations, and keyword frequency (Nakagawa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR158\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). We completed our search on the 12th of July 2025. Although our search captured publications from 1975, we mainly focused on publications from 2010 to July 12 2025. However, our search captured the most recent publications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eNetwork visualisation of co-authorship\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur search in the Scopus database identified 2,437 documents. We used VOSViewer and Bibliometrix in R. In VOSViewer, 8,960 authors were identified as having contributed to 2,437 documents. In creating our map, we set the minimum number of documents per author to 3 and the minimum number of citations per author to 2. As a result, 330 authors met the thresholds. For each of these authors, the total strength of co-authorship links with one another was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe five top results identified were documents by Gilbert et al., Kotera et al., Ferreira et al., Pinto-Gouveia et al., and Cunha et al., which had the highest number of document citations and total link strength. However, some of the 330 items in our network are not directly connected. The largest set of connected items in our network consists of 111 items. Interestingly, results from the network visualisation show key authors who have collaborated. \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;1a,b,-5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eNetwork visualisation of co-occurrence using all keywords\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8,771 keywords were identified altogether. We then used the default minimum number of occurrences of keywords by setting it at 5. 1,385 keywords met the threshold. For each of the 1,385 keywords, the total strength of co-occurrence links with other keywords was computed (Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). For the computation, we selected only 1000 keywords with the greatest total link strength. \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;6 and 7.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCitation of documents\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe set the minimum number of citations of documents to 5. Of the 2,437 documents, 1,310 met the threshold. For each of the 1,310 documents, the number of citation links was computed by selecting only the documents with the largest number of links, of which only 1000 documents were included. Because some of the 1000 items (documents) in our network are not connected, 764 of the documents turned out to be the largest set of connected items (Abbasi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). When the cursor was placed on any of the key contributing authors, for instance, on Gilbert et al., and Macbeth, all authors who are linked with them became highlighted from the background (Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;7, 8, and 9.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCitation \u0026ndash; authors\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe set the minimum number of documents for an author at 3, with the minimum number of citations per author at 1. Of all the 8,960 authors, 330 met the threshold (Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). For each of the 330 authors, the total strength of co-authorship links with other authors was computed. The authors with the greatest total link strength were also computed. 297 documents turned out to be the largest set of connected items. \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;7, 8, and 9.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCitations by organisations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e6745 organisations were included in the search. We set the minimum number of documents of an organisation at 3, with the minimum number of citations per author at 1. Of all 6,745 organisations, 106 met the threshold (Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Clarivate, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). For each of the 106 organisations, the total strength of co-authorship links with other organisations was computed, and 69 organisations turned out to be the largest set connected (Abbasi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;7, 8, and 9\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCitation by country or territory\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e121 countries were included in this analysis. We set the minimum number of documents per country at 3 and the minimum number of citations to 1. Of the 121 countries, only 64 met the threshold. For each of the 64 countries that met the threshold, the total strength of links between countries was computed. The countries with the greatest total link strength were also computed, and 64 items (countries) turned out to be the largest set connected (Abbasi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Martinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;9, 10a,b,c,d,e,f.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCo-citation of cited references\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were 116,209 cited references altogether. We left the minimum number of citations for cited references at the default mode, which is 20. Of the 116209 cited references, only 130 met the threshold. For each of these 130 cited references, the total strength of links with other cited references was calculated. The cited references with the greatest total link strength were selected (Abbasi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Martinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;10b and 10d.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePublication Type\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur analysis of publication types (Schneider et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR128\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), revealed that original research articles constituted the majority (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,048), accounting for 84.1%, followed by review articles (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;194), book chapters (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71), conference proceedings (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32), and books (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29) (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This distribution reflects both the empirical depth and conceptual breadth of this field (S. Yang \u0026amp; Han, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR159\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Considering the disciplinary growth, most publications were found within medicine (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,262) and psychology (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,092), followed by contributions from the social sciences (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;511), nursing (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;288), and the arts and humanities (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;128) (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These figures suggest the interdisciplinary relevance of self-compassion as an established construct intersecting clinical, psychosocial, and philosophical domains (Barnard \u0026amp; Curry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e; Neff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007b\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eSee Fig.\u0026nbsp;10c.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKeywords of co-occurrence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of keyword co-occurrences revealed high frequency of terms such as \u0026ldquo;human\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,452), \u0026ldquo;humans\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,112), \u0026ldquo;mental health\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,041), \u0026ldquo;female\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,028), and \u0026ldquo;adult\u0026rdquo; (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;927), including a primary focus on adult mental health and human-centred psychological enquiry (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eSee Figs.\u0026nbsp;11and 12.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLinguistic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our data, linguistic analysis showed a strong dominance of English language publications (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,380), 97.7%, with limited representation from Spanish (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20), Chinese (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15), Persian (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9), and Portuguese (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7). This highlights a persistent Anglophone bias (Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025a\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR135\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) in the dissemination of self-compassion research (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAccess typologies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe examined the access types of all the documents that we identified and exported. 1,159 documents were published as open access, i.e., freely available to the public without restrictions (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). 816 were found as green access, i.e., self-archived versions in institutional and subject repositories (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). 615 were identified as gold access, i.e., publisher-provided open access under a licence. 254 were found to be hybrid gold, i.e., subscription journals with select open access articles (Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, we identified 103 as bronze access, i.e., free-to-read versions, but lacking a clear reuse licence (Carbon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Open Access Network, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Piwowar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR119\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although this diverse access distribution suggests a strong inclination towards open science practices, variations in licencing and permanence exist (Ng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zečević et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR165\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of our bibliometric analysis underscore the exponential growth and interdisciplinary expansion of self-compassion research over the past decade, with a pronounced acceleration observed between 2020 and 2024. The initial surge identified between 2021 and 2023 (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;1.2) appears to coincide with a broader trend in mental health research, where self-compassion is increasingly being explored as a resilience-building and protective psychological mechanism (M. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025a\u003c/span\u003e; S. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Eghbali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera, Aledeh, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). The dominance of original empirical research (84.1%) suggests a rapidly growing field grounded in diverse methodologies and empirical rigour (Park et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zolfagharian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR169\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of a significant number of review articles and book chapters further reflects efforts to synthesise and consolidate theoretical and applied knowledge in the field (Chigbu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kunisch et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGrowing scholarly attention to self-compassion in mental health research\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe literature on self-compassion and mental health has experienced a significant and sustained growth. The results of this bibliometric analysis underscore the exponential growth (Nakagawa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and interdisciplinary expansion of self-compassion research over the past decade (Centeno \u0026amp; Fernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), with a pronounced acceleration observed between 2020 and July 2025. The temporal analysis of publications between 2016 and 2025 reveals a pronounced and steady growth in scholarly output related to self-compassion and mental health (M. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025a\u003c/span\u003e; S. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Stutts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR137\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). From only 67 publications in 2016, the number rose sharply to 411 by 2024, reflecting nearly a sixfold increase over the decade (Aria \u0026amp; Cuccurullo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Arruda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Scopus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This trend is consistent with the rising global emphasis on non-pharmacological and psychosocial approaches in mental healthcare (Otu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Varela et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR152\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The spike in publications, particularly after 2020, may also reflect a broader societal shift towards self-care and emotional resilience in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its psychological aftermath (Manchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Schäfer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDocument type distribution and knowledge dissemination\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA review of the most cited articles demonstrated that the field has been significantly influenced by seminal works that link self-compassion to psychological well-being, mindfulness, and compassion-focused therapy (CFT). Notably, MacBeth and Gumley’s 2012 meta-analysis (1,308 citations) underscored the inverse relationship between self-compassion and psychopathology, laying a strong empirical foundation (MacBeth \u0026amp; Gumley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012b\u003c/span\u003e). Kristin Neff’s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) work further solidified self-compassion as a distinct and measurable construct, differentiating it from self-esteem and emphasising its positive correlation with mental health (Neff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Paul Gilbert’s extensive contributions to compassion-focused therapy, for example, have been pivotal in operationalising self-compassion as a therapeutic mechanism (Gilbert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Gilbert \u0026amp; Procter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). These influential articles are predominantly published in high-impact psychology and psychotherapy journals, affirming their academic rigour and clinical relevance (BPS Journal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Dienstag, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEmerging themes and interdisciplinary engagement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset is largely composed of peer-reviewed journal articles (Jiao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Walters, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR154\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), including a strong empirical orientation within the field (Moorhead et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of review articles, albeit fewer in number, highlights an attempt at synthesising existing knowledge and shaping theoretical frameworks (Luft et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This balance between original research and theoretical integration is indicative of an evolving field that is both empirically grounded and conceptually evolving (Cash, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rahimi \u0026amp; Khatooni, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The exploration of the preliminary keywords suggests frequent associations between self-compassion and constructs (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.7., word cloud) such as mindfulness, resilience, stress, depression, burnout, and emotional regulation (Conversano, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Rehman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This aligns with broader movements in positive psychology, clinical psychology, and mental health education (Crego et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera \u0026amp; Ting, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Schutte \u0026amp; Malouff, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR129\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The interdisciplinary nature of the field is further evidenced by the diverse range of journals spanning clinical psychology, education, healthcare, and social sciences that publish research on this topic (Knappe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Rozensky et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Turpin \u0026amp; Coleman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR150\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eShifting paradigms in mental health promotion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe growing scholarly focus on self-compassion indicates a paradigm shift in mental health promotion (Mey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Tiwari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR145\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Walton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR155\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The shift moves from pathologising mental illness to strengthening protective psychological resources (Sweeney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR141\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Self-compassion is increasingly recognised as a resilience-enhancing factor that promotes emotional regulation, self-soothing, and adaptive coping (C. Lathren, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; C. R. Lathren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, including self-compassion in therapeutic protocols (Wilson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR157\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), educational interventions (Othman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and community mental health programmes (Wakelin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR153\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrates its relevance across clinical and non-clinical populations, age groups, and cultural settings (Kotera et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Poudel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Swami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR140\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Yotsidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR163\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, self-compassion is cost-effective and can be accessed online, especially as part of online mental health classes (Kotera, Edwards, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cross-disciplinary engagement (Brodin \u0026amp; Avery, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), particularly from medicine, psychology, nursing, and social sciences (Ding et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR142\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), indicates that self-compassion is being investigated not only within therapeutic contexts but also as a construct relevant to healthcare delivery, social care, social well-being, and human development (M. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Crego et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kotera, Green, et al., 2022; Kotera \u0026amp; Ting, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Malenfant et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Super et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR138\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This aligns with emerging research frameworks that position self-compassion at the intersection of clinical practice, public health, and psychosocial education (Ferrari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Finlay-Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Wiedermann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR156\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe high frequency of demographic and thematic keywords (Chen \u0026amp; Xiao, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Dissanayake et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), such as “mental health”, “female”, and “adult”, reinforces the conclusion that self-compassion research has primarily focused on adult populations and gender-based dimensions of psychological vulnerability (Helminen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Musabiq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, the limited representation of terms related to youth, ageing, or cross-cultural diversity suggests potential gaps in the literature (Snyder, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR134\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), warranting further exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe linguistic analysis reveals the predominance of English-language publications (Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025b\u003c/span\u003e; Stockemer \u0026amp; Wigginton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR136\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), which may signal a linguistic and geographic skewness in the literature (Skopec et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR132\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). For example, as seen from our data, there is a lack of production, publication, and dissemination of scholarly works on self-compassion and mental health in LMICs (M. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025b\u003c/span\u003e; S. Aledeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). While this may reflect global trends in academic publishing (Stockemer \u0026amp; Wigginton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR136\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), it also highlights the importance of inclusive research practices and knowledge production in non-English-speaking contexts (Arenas-Castro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Hyland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of publication access, the substantial share of open-access and green-access publications reflects a positive movement towards greater transparency, equity, and accessibility in research dissemination (Rane et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Umbach, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR151\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, the variability in licencing, for instance, bronze and hybrid gold access, may still limit the utility and reusability of certain studies, particularly in low-resource academic settings, experienced in many Low-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) (Newton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tocco et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR147\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field of self-compassion and mental health research is expanding rapidly (Forster \u0026amp; Mitchell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and is characterised by strong theoretical foundations (Anthes \u0026amp; Dreisoerner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), increasing global interest (Cavallaro \u0026amp; Rivera, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), and interdisciplinary relevance (Conversano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Muris et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e). In this bibliometric study, we offer insights for future research, policy, and practice (Cao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Scott et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR131\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the valuable contributions from this bibliometric analysis, some methodological limitations should be acknowledged. Firstly, although we chose to limit our literature search solely to the Scopus database because of its comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed academic content (Baas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Burnham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), we may have unintentionally excluded relevant publications available in other established databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (Chadegani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Falagas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Secondly, in the analysis, we did not employ cross-database search tools like Publish or Perish or Rayyan, which could aid triangulation and reduce retrieval bias (Bramer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Tran et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Lastly, there are limitations related to bibliometric software, such as reliance on author keywords instead of indexed terms, which may have restricted the scope and depth of the analysis further (Lim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Tomaszewski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR148\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Research Endeavour","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe emphasise opportunities for increased engagement from underrepresented regions. The bibliometric profile of self-compassion and mental health research shows both quantitative growth and qualitative diversification. The current trend highlights the need for more culturally sensitive, demographically inclusive, and methodologically varied research agendas. Researchers, clinicians, educators, and policymakers may benefit from incorporating self-compassion frameworks into mental healthcare strategies, stress reduction, and preventive mental health initiatives, especially during the post-pandemic recovery period (Garcia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Future studies may benefit from adopting mixed-methods designs, longitudinal approaches, and more cross-cultural validations to enhance the scientific understanding and practical application of self-compassion across diverse populations and settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment Participants.\u003c/strong\u003e This is a bibliometric analysis of published peer-reviewed articles and therefore has no experiment participants involved; otherwise, we would have conducted the research in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, all authors have made sure that this commentary was conducted with a high level of inclusion, respect, and acknowledgement of diversity. All authors have made sure that there was avoidance of plagiarism, bias, and exclusive (sexist, racist, homophobic) language.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e is Not Applicable because it was based on a brief literature review only, and no experiment participants were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Access\u003c/strong\u003e This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provided a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN/A.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbasi, A., Altmann, J., \u0026amp; Hossain, L. 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Studying transitions: Past, present, and future. \u003cem\u003eResearch Policy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e(9), 103788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.04.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"self-compassion and mental health, publication trends and scholarly Mapping, VOSViewer, Bibliometrix R Package and Biblioshiny, bibliometric analysis, Scopus","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8125005/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8125005/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe aimed to map the global research landscape on self-compassion and mental health by analysing publications retrieved from the Scopus database with a focus on publication trends, prolific authors, leading journals, geographic distribution, and thematic developments. We conducted a bibliometric analysis using relevant Scopus-indexed literature from inception through July 2025. We specifically focused on articles from 2010 to 2025. In our search strategy, we employed the terms \u0026ldquo;self-compassion\u0026rdquo; OR \u0026ldquo;self compassion\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;mental health\u0026rdquo;. We retrieved a total of 2,437 documents, revealing a significant increase in publication output over the past decade, peaking between 2020 and 2024. The most prolific authors during this period included Paul Gilbert and Yasuhiro Kotera, with 41 publications each. The United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and China emerged as the leading countries in terms of research output. Keyword analysis highlighted recurring themes around mindfulness, resilience, depression, and emotional regulation. Influential articles by MacBeth \u0026amp; Gumley (2012) and Gilbert \u0026amp; Procter (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated foundational impact with over 1,200 citations each. The field of self-compassion and mental health research is expanding rapidly and is characterised by strong theoretical foundations, growing global interest, and interdisciplinary relevance. Our bibliometric analysis suggests that future research may benefit from adopting a combination of research designs, including more cross-cultural validations to enhance the empirical understanding and practical application of self-compassion across diverse clinical and sociodemographic populations and settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mapping the Scholarly Landscape of Self-Compassion and Mental Health (2010–2025): A Bibliometric Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 06:43:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8125005/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"af498f7f-66d9-457c-8d38-9e0e1077521c","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":58055616,"name":"Psychology"},{"id":58055617,"name":"Educational Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-18T06:43:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 06:43:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8125005","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8125005","identity":"rs-8125005","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}