Mosquito arboviral vectors at zoonotic interfaces in border provinces in Thailand

Mosquito arboviral vectors at zoonotic interfaces in border provinces in Thailand | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mosquito arboviral vectors at zoonotic interfaces in border provinces in Thailand Rebecca Brown, Thipruethai Phanitchat, Penprapa Penjan, Apichaya Jakkosung, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9267335/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Thailand is a biodiversity hotspot with high risk for spillover of zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses. Mosquito vectors of endemic Flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV), are well characterized yet rapid climate change, land-use shifts, and urbanization necessitate current surveillance, especially where humans and animals overlap. Methods Seven interfaces: houses (n = 9), temples (n = 2), dumpsites (n = 6), orchards (n = 8), forest edges (n = 9), forest interior (n = 9) and bat caves (n = 2) were sampled in dry and wet seasons of 2024 to determine mosquito species presence and abundance in four districts; Pong Nam Ron (PNR) and Soi Dao (SD) in Chanthaburi province, Mae Fah Luang (MFL) and Wiang Kaen (WK) in Chiang Rai province. Snapshot sampling deployed 2–3 daily replicates of multiple trap types (Light traps, Biogents Pro traps, Gravid Aedes traps, and Prokopack aspiration) for 48 hours per interface. Mosquito presence/absence and abundance across interfaces and seasons was assessed with GLMMs, with Tukey post-hoc tests. Rarefied diversity indices were calculated for host-seeking communities at interfaces. Results Overall, dumpsites had the highest burden of arboviral vector species. Culex gelidus (45.6%, n = 6,195) and Culex vishnui (24.6%, n = 3,348) were the two most abundant vectors and were most prominent at dumpsites. Aedes albopictus (9.0%, n = 1,014) was the third top vector, found across all interfaces with high abundances in forests in all districts and at the MFL dumpsite. Host seeking communities at dumpsites were consistently low in diversity as were forest interiors in PNR and WK. Conclusions This is the first investigation of arboviral vector ecology in Thailand to include dumpsites. These sites support high populations of mosquito vectors that feed day and night, and attract animal species presenting a zoonotic risk to workers and neighbouring farmland communities. Forest sites were also high-risk settings owing to Ae. albopictus predominance. Further investigation into its potential as a bridge vector and role in sylvatic transmission is required. Longitudinal monitoring of rural interfaces is recommended to inform vector control and One Health preparedness. mosquito vector zoonotic arboviral interfaces Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Background Thailand is entirely within a recognized biodiversity hotspot and shares borders with several countries: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Malaysia [ 1 ]. This makes it high priority for investigations into zoonotic viral pathogens with the potential to spillover from wildlife reservoirs to humans. Several transmission pathways exist that could result in spillover: direct contact (in excreta, aerosol, saliva, blood and through the environment) or via an intermediate host (a secondary animal or invertebrate vector) [ 2 ]. Known important mosquito-borne viruses exist in Thailand with moderate to significant human pathogenicity, namely dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV), transmitted by Aedes spp. vectors; and Japanese encephalitis (JEV), Tembusu (TMUV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses, transmitted by Culex spp. [ 3 ]. Animal reservoirs for these known arboviruses can be multiple and diverse, for example pigs and horses (JEV), birds (WNV and JEV), ducks, geese, pigeons and sparrows (TMUV) and monkeys (ZIKV) [ 3 ]. Chikungunya and dengue are human reservoir viruses although their origin is sylvatic, however evidence of neutralizing antibodies in wild macaques raises the question if zoonotic transmission could contribute to human infections [ 4 ]. The recognised DENV, JEV, TMUV, WNV and ZIKV viruses belong to the genus Flavivirus, a group with a history of epidemics and ability to spread with ease to new geographies [ 5 ]. The group has attention for its suitability for novel emergences and less well-known zoonotic flaviviruses posing a global threat [ 5 , 6 ]. With climate change altering vector and reservoir host ecologies, the surveillance of established, new and emergent zoonotic arboviruses is a critical need for public health. Although arboviruses are a significant public health challenge in Thailand, there are few up-to-date investigations describing vector compositions and ecologies to identify key areas of risk or surveillance for known and novel zoonotic arboviruses. As in many countries, surveillance is reactive, in response to human arboviral outbreaks [ 7 ]. Often these are directed at known focal vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (DENV) and overlook lesser known potentially important or emerging vector species [ 7 ]. In Thailand, investigations into unique environments such as zoos [ 8 ], islands[ 9 ] or areas of land use change[ 10 ] exist, and those on specific environments such as rubber plantations [ 11 ], forest and village settings [ 12 ]. The last comprehensive publication on mosquito composition in 2008 sampled populations in Central Thailand over a habitat degradation gradient from forest-agriculture-urban focussing on known vector-borne diseases [ 13 ]. As it stands, recent studies sampling habitats for arboviral risk are distinctly lacking, particularly those examined through a zoonotic lens. Environments used daily by humans that overlap with animals or vectors, called interfaces, are crucial for identifying spillover events. This study aimed to fill the gap in arboviral research by examining mosquito composition at human-animal interfaces. The specific aim was to understand the risk of zoonotic arboviral transmission through characterization of mosquito populations and the identification of vectors and their relative abundances at different interfaces. Methods Study site description Two districts in each of two disparate provinces in Thailand (Fig. 1) were selected due to presence of wildlife, neighbouring international borders, and diversity in social and cultural human behaviours. Pong Nam Ron (PNR) and Soi Dao (SD) districts in Chanthaburi province borders Cambodia to the east, and to the west, a mountainous forest national park and wildlife sanctuary areas. Chanthaburi is famous for fruit production, mainly longan, durian, rambutan and mangosteen. Water pools are often adjacent for irrigation. Here, human-elephant conflict is problematic with armed guards protecting routes to villages from the forest. In Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang district (MFL) borders Myanmar to the west and Wiang Kaen (WK) borders Lao People’s Democratic Republic to the east. Study sites in MFL are located along the eastern foothills of Doi Tung mountain where pine and mixed woodland make up the forest areas, interspersed with ornamental flower growing, macadamia and coffee plantations. The WK site is located at a mountain village, Ban Huai Kook near the Lao border. It is a small community of 100 families, where several generations live under one roof. There is mixed housing, as in MFL and Chanthaburi, concrete homes or wooden structured with thatched or corrugated iron roofing. There is a strong farming culture where families grow rubber, corn, spring onions, banana and lychee for sustenance. Both provinces experience dry-cool, dry-hot and wet seasons with the north suffering from flooding and landslides in monsoon season. For this reason, wet season collections in Chiang Rai could not be conducted subsequently to Chanthaburi collections in August (Table S1) and were postponed to November as the site was inaccessible. Seven interfaces with human-animal overlap were selected: houses, temples, dumpsites, orchards, forest edges, forest interior and bat caves (Fig. 2). Interfaces were identified by Google maps and ground-truthed on arrival to determine suitability for mosquito trapping based on access. Interfaces from the two Chanthaburi districts (PNR and SD) were combined and reported as Chanthaburi (CTH), while Chiang Rai districts (MFL and WK) were analysed separately due to distinct geography and ecology. In each location (CTH, MFL, WK), 2–3 sampling points per interface were selected (Table S1). Sampling points were spaced ≥100 m apart to ensure independence, except at dumpsites (70–80 m) due to the lack of structures to hang traps. Sites within the same area were assigned a shared site code (e.g. C-HO1). Dry and wet season sites were generally consistent, except for forest edge and interior 2 and orchard 2 sites in MFL, which were relocated in the wet season due to high ant abundance. Data collections CDC Light traps (LT) and Biogents Pro traps (PRO) were used to collect host-seeking mosquitoes. Traps were baited with 2 kg dry ice in the evening; PRO traps received an additional 1 kg in the morning to attract diurnal species and were supplemented with BG lure (ammonia, lactic acid, caproic acid). Gravid Aedes traps (GAT) containing leaf litter-infused water were used for ovipositing mosquitoes, with sticky inserts to capture adults. Resting mosquitoes were collected using 10-minute Prokopack aspirations (PK) outdoors (ground vegetation, tree holes and crevices up to chest height) and indoors (houses, temples, bat caves) where permitted. At each sampling point (Table S1), a group of one PRO, one LT and one GAT was set up before dusk (16:00 – 18:00) on evening one. In the dry season, at one group per interface, the PRO trap was substituted with one LT due to a limited number of PROs. Traps were spaced ~20 m apart. The following mornings (06:00–08:00), LTs were collected, PROs rebaited, and PK performed. On the second evening, traps were reset, and GAT inserts replaced if required. Sampling continued for ~48 hours before trap removal. Specimens were transported on dry ice to the field laboratory for processing. Mosquito identification and storage Collections were processed individually. Specimens were sorted under a dissecting microscope, sexed, and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using morphological keys [14–19]. Female feeding status was recorded. Each specimen was assigned a unique identification code. Females were stored individually in RNAlater or pooled (≤10 per tube), incubated overnight at 4°C, then stored at −20°C or on dry ice before shipment to Khon Kaen University for molecular screening. Data analysis Female mosquito abundance Data were analysed in R (v4.4.2). Unsuccessful trapping events (e.g. battery failure or interference) were removed; the number of successful collections is shown in Table 1. Mean mosquito abundances per trapping event were analysed using Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) fitted with the glmmTMB package. Data were subset by trap type to represent host-seeking (PRO, LT), resting (PK), and oviposition (GAT) behaviours. Catch count was modelled as the response variable, with district, interface, and season as fixed effects and site (Table S1) as a random effect. A negative binomial distribution was used to account for overdispersion. Effects of explanatory variables were tested by backward elimination using analysis of deviance. Significant predictors were used to estimate mean abundances across interfaces and seasons (ggeffects). Model fit was assessed using DHARMa. Group differences were evaluated using Tukey post hoc tests (multcomp), and figures were produced with ggplot2. Table 1 . Mosquitoes caught by different trapping methods at interfaces in Pong Nam Ron/Soi Dao (Chanthaburi), Mae Fah Luang and Wiang Kaen (Chiang Rai) study districts. Females (f) and males (m) are presented alongside the number of trap replicates (repl.). District Interface PRO trap LT trap GAT trap Prokopack-Indoors Prokopack-Outdoors Total f m repl. f m repl. f m repl. f m repl. f m repl. Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao House 224 45 12 73 1 12 34 1 13 32 53 12 15 9 6 487 Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao Temple 116 9 7 141 3 10 11 0 10 35 74 8 6 7 10 402 Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao Dumpsite 3977 3 10 1156 7 9 2 0 12 0 0 12 5145 Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao Orchard 420 7 10 188 4 10 16 0 11 3 19 13 657 Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao Forest edge 81 3 9 70 9 11 32 0 12 20 3 14 218 Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao Forest interior 69 32 8 269 17 11 13 0 12 62 35 15 497 Pong Nam Ron & Soi Dao Bat cave 3 0 3 1 1 4 8 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 2 13 Mae Fah Luang House 98 7 10 83 2 11 6 0 12 10 6 18 12 7 18 231 Mae Fah Luang Dumpsite 3491 3 8 1190 16 14 4 0 12 40 17 18 4761 Mae Fah Luang Orchard 78 1 8 320 0 8 0 0 8 1 2 12 402 Mae Fah Luang Forest edge 300 4 8 166 3 8 8 0 8 13 2 12 496 Mae Fah Luang Forest interior 161 12 7 45 6 6 2 0 8 12 7 12 245 Wiang Kaen House 23 0 10 36 9 14 8 0 12 6 7 17 3 6 17 98 Wiang Kaen Orchard 34 1 8 76 4 9 7 3 8 4 1 11 130 Wiang Kaen Forest edge 29 0 10 32 3 13 6 0 12 18 7 18 95 Wiang Kaen Forest interior 97 3 10 66 7 14 11 6 13 16 7 18 213 Wiang Kaen Bat cave 4 0 4 5 0 4 0 0 4 2 0 4 1 1 2 13 Presence and abundance of arboviral vectors Presence/absence and count data for major female arboviral vectors captured in PRO and LT were analysed to estimate host-seeking probability and mean abundance as measures of exposure across interfaces. GLMMs with a binomial distribution were fitted for presence/absence of Ae. albopictus , Cx. gelidus , Cx. quinquefasciatus , Cx. tritaeniorhynchus , and Cx. vishnui , with district, interface, and season as fixed effects. Abundance models used negative binomial GLMMs with site (Table S1) as a random effect. Model fit was assessed using DHARMa, and ggeffects was used to generate predicted probabilities and mean abundances. Group differences were assessed using Tukey post hoc tests. Bat caves were excluded from analyses of Cx. gelidus , Cx. tritaeniorhynchus , and Cx. vishnui due to zero captures. Wiang Kaen was also excluded from Cx. gelidus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus analyses because these species were absent. Female species diversity at study interfaces The iNEXT package in R was used to analyse the diversity of female mosquito species in different districts at the interface level. Only females that could be identified to species level were included to measure Shannon diversity index and Simpsons diversity index for each population found at different interfaces. The Shannon diversity index ( H ): measures species diversity by considering richness (number of different species) and evenness (abundance of different species) with a focus on rare species where R is total richness and p i is the proportion of R of the i th species. The Simpson’s diversity index ( D ): measures the probability of two individuals being from the same species with a focus on evenness and dominant species where n i is the number of individuals in species i and N is the total number of species in the sample. To account for differences in sample size between interfaces, iNEXT computes diversity estimates for rarefied and extrapolated samples. Estimates were extrapolated to a specified endpoint of 750 for the PNR, MFL and WK samples. Results Mosquito composition A total of 14,108 (96.4%, n = 13,601 female and 3.6%, n = 502 male) mosquitoes were sampled and processed over the study period from seven interfaces in the study districts (Table 1). Only 0.04% (n = 5) individuals could not be assigned a sex. The full catch were generated from 124 PRO, 168 LT, 171 GAT, 63 PK-IN and 210 PK-OUT collections. In the dry season, 1,767 mosquito specimens were caught (83.2%, n = 1,470 females and 17.1%, n = 296 males (n = 1 unknown sex)) and in the wet season 12,341 (98.3%, n = 12,131 females and 1.7%, n = 206 males (n = 4 unknown sex)) were caught. The overall catch from CTH was 7,423 (dry 14.1%: wet 85.9%), from MFL 6,136 (dry 7.9%: wet 92.1%) and from WK 549 (dry 43.2%: wet 56.8%). The highest counts were from dumpsites in CTH and MFL and lowest were found inside the CTH and WK bat caves (Table 1). Mosquitoes representing nine genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres , Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia, Toxorhynchites, Tripteroides and Uranotaenia were collected (Table S2). Culex was the most common genus, comprising 77.4% (n = 10,530) of the catch, followed by Aedes 9.0% (n = 1,229) and Mansonia 8.8% (n = 1,200). The Anopheles genus, containing important malaria vectors, comprised only 1.2% (n = 161) of the total catch identifiable to genus. Overall, 51 different species and 6 subgroups (lowest possible taxonomic class using key) were detected. In both CTH and MFL, the interface where the highest number of different species or subgroups were caught was from orchard sites (22 and 18 respectively, Table S2). In WK, the highest were from the forest edge (16). The number of different species or subgroups in dumpsites was similar or more than those found in the forest interior. Very few species were caught in both CTH and WK bat caves (2 and 3 species respectively). The total catch of arboviral vectors were 72.5% (n = 5379) in CTH, 92.0% (n = 5643) in MFL and 46.0% (n = 252) in WK. Dumpsites had the highest burden of vector species (Table 2). Culex gelidus (45.6%, n = 6,195) and Cx. vishnui (24.6%, n = 3,348), vectors of JEV and TMUV, were the most abundant vectors. Both were most prominent in dumpsites. The vector of DENV and CHIKV, Ae. albopictus , was the third most common species, distributed across all interfaces with highest counts from the forest interior in all districts sampled, and at the dumpsite in MFL. Other notable known viral vectors were Cx. quinquefasciatus , vector of JEV and ZIKA (3.3%, n = 451) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, vector of JEV and TMUV, (1.2%, n = 167) detected in high counts at the dumpsite in MFL and CTH respectively. Few Ae. aegypti , vector of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKA (0.6%, n = 83) were found overall with the largest catches from around homes in CTH. Table 2. Female arboviral vector species collected at study interfaces in Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai provinces during the dry and wet seasons of 2024. Ae. = Aedes (Stegomyia), Cx. = Culex (Culex). District, Province Interface Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus Cx. fusco- cephala Cx. gelidus Cx. quinque- fasciatus Cx. tritaenio-rhynchus Cx. vishnui Cx. pseudo-vishnui Total Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao districts, Chanthaburi House 61 28 1 115 54 8 65 0 332 Temple 4 41 1 31 53 3 95 0 228 Dumpsite 1 70 2 2630 9 83 1132 0 3927 Orchard 1 86 0 177 22 12 215 1 514 Forest edge 2 75 1 0 5 0 39 0 122 Forest interior 1 204 0 0 3 5 31 0 244 Bat cave 0 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 12 Mae Fah Luang district, Chiang Rai House 2 7 1 40 63 1 50 0 164 Dumpsite 6 105 6 2711 115 11 1606 0 4560 Orchard 0 5 0 214 58 42 4 2 325 Forest edge 5 66 0 247 6 2 98 0 424 Forest interior 0 103 1 30 25 0 11 0 170 Wiang Kaen district, Chiang Rai House 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Orchard 0 53 0 0 19 0 0 0 72 Forest edge 0 24 0 0 6 0 2 0 32 Forest interior 0 117 0 0 10 0 0 0 127 Bat cave 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Total 83 1014 13 6195 451 167 3348 3 11274 Blood fed status Blood-fed females were more common in the dry season (n = 43) than wet season (n = 21). Most were Cx. quinquefasciatus from houses and temples (Table 3). The lowest catches of blood-feds were from orchards and the forest interior (both n = 2) and none were found in the bat cave. Table 3. Blood-fed (BF) and semi-gravid (SG) female mosquitoes collected at study interfaces in Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai provinces during the dry and wet seasons of 2024. Genus and species Status House Temple Dumpsite Orchard Forest edge Forest interior Total Culex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus BF 15 14 0 2 3 0 34 Aedes (Ste.) aegypti BF 7 1 2 0 0 0 10 Culex (Cux.) vishnui BF 2 0 4 0 1 0 7 Aedes (Ste.) albopictus BF 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 Armigeres (Arm.) subalbatus BF 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Culex (Cux.) gelidus BF 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Culex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus SG 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Aedes spp. BF 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Anopheles (Cel.) minimus BF 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Culex (Cux.) gelidus SG 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Culex (Cux.) hutchinsoni BF 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Mansonia (Mnd.) annulata BF 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Total 30 17 10 2 6 2 67 Female mosquito abundances at study interfaces Female host seeking abundance was dependent on district (χ 2 = 10.5, df = 2, p < 0.01), interface (χ 2 = 26.0, df = 6, p < 0.001), season (χ 2 = 44.5, df = 1, p 0.05). PRO and LT performed the same regardless of interface because no interaction effect between interface and trap was detected (χ 2 = 11.6, df = 6, p > 0.05). A higher abundance of host seeking females was found at dumpsites than in houses, orchards, forest edges, forest interior, bat caves (p < 0.001) or temple sites (p < 0.01). More females were host seeking at orchards (p < 0.01) and forest interior (p < 0.05) than in bat caves (Fig. 3). Higher mean catches of host seeking females were found at CTH (p < 0.001) and MFL (p 0.05). Higher host seeking abundances were detected in the wet vs the dry season (p 0.05), interface (χ 2 = 12.0, df =6, p > 0.05) or season (χ 2 = 0.3, df =1, p > 0.05) (Fig. S1 & S2). Females caught in oviposition traps varied with district (χ 2 = 8.7, df = 2, p < 0.05), season (χ 2 = 6.5, df = 1, p 0.05). Higher abundances were detected in the wet vs the dry season (p < 0.01, Fig. S3). Gravid trap catches in WK were lower than CTH (p 0.05). Presence and abundance of arboviral vectors at study interfaces The abundance of all arboviral vector species examined differed with interface and season (Table 4). For Cx. quinquefasciatus , Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui their abundances also differed with district sampled (Table 4). A higher abundance of Ae. albopictus were found host seeking in the dumpsite, orchard, forest edge and forest interior than around houses (p < 0.001), in the forest interior than the temple, bat cave (p < 0.01), forest edge or orchard (p < 0.05, Fig. 4A). Higher abundances of Cx. gelidus were trapped in the dumpsite than around houses, temples, forest edge, forest interior (p < 0.001) and in orchards than the forest interior (p < 0.01, Fig. 4B). More Cx. quinquefasciatus were found in the orchard than forest edge (p < 0.05, Fig. 4C) and a higher abundance were detected in MFL than WK (p < 0.001) or PNR (p < 0.01). More Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were trapped in the dumpsite than the forest edge (p < 0.01) or around houses (p < 0.05), and in the orchard than the forest edge (p < 0.05, Fig. 4D). Higher abundances of Cx. vishnui were trapped at the dumpsite than in house, temple, orchard, forest edge and forest interior sites (p < 0.001, Fig. 4E). Significantly more were caught in CTH and MFL than in WK (p < 0.001). There was a higher abundance of Ae. albopictus (p < 0.01), Cx. gelidus (p < 0.001), Cx. quinquefasciatus (p < 0.05), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (p < 0.05) and Cx. vishnui (p < 0.001) in the wet season compared to the dry season. Table 4. Interface, district and seasonal influence on presence and abundance of key arboviral vector species using analysis of deviance for GLMMs. Arboviral vector Response variable Interface Season District Ae. albopictus Presence/ absence Dev=36.1, Df=6, p < 0.001 Dev=5.7, Df=1, p 0.05 Abundance Dev=56.0, Df=6, p < 0.001 Dev 2 =9.7, Df=1, p 0.05 Cx. gelidus Presence/ absence Dev 2 =37.4, Df=5, p < 0.001 Dev=89.2, Df=1, p 0.05 Abundance Dev=47.4, Df=5, p < 0.001 Dev=88.4, Df=1, p 0.05 Cx. quinquefasciatus Presence/ absence Dev=8.7, Df=6, p > 0.05 Dev=0.1, Df=1, p > 0.05 Dev=8.5, Df=2, p < 0.01 Abundance Dev=14.7, Df=6, p < 0.05 Dev=4.1, Df=1, p < 0.05 Dev=17.5, Df=2, p < 0.001 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Presence/ absence Dev=16.6, Df=5, p < 0.01 Dev=5.3, Df=1, p < 0.05 Dev=13.1, Df=1, p < 0.001 Abundance Dev=18.8, Df=5, p < 0.01 Dev=4.7, Df=1, p 0.05 Cx. vishnui Presence/ absence Dev=27.3, Df=5, p < 0.001 Dev=10.6, Df=1, p < 0.01 Dev=64.5, Df=2, p < 0.001 Abundance Dev=71.0, Df=5, p < 0.001 Dev=45.1, Df=1, p < 0.001 Dev=72.6, Df=2, p < 0.001 The presence of all arboviral vector species examined differed with interface and season, except for Cx. quinquefasciatus (Table 4). Further, the detection of Cx. quinquefasciatus , Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui differed between districts but this was not true for other vectors (Table 4). There was a higher chance of detecting Ae. albopictus at the dumpsite, forest interior (p < 0.001), orchard (p < 0.01) and forest edge (p < 0.05) than at houses (Fig. 5). Culex vishnui was more likely to be present at dumpsites than at houses or forest edges (p < 0.001), forest interior (p < 0.01) or in orchard and temple sites (p < 0.05, Fig. 5). The probability of detecting this vector was higher in CTH than in MFL (p < 0.05), and in both CTH and MFL than WK (p < 0.001). Culex gelidus was more likely to be host seeking at the dumpsite than the forest edge (p < 0.001) or forest interior (p < 0.01), and in orchards than the forest edge (p < 0.01) (Fig. 5). There was a higher chance of Cx. quinquefasciatus presence in MFL than WK (p 0.05). Culex tritaeniorhynchus were more likely to be detected in CTH than MFL (p < 0.001), and in the dumpsite than at forest edge but this was not significant (p = 0.08) (Fig. 5). There was an increased probability of detecting Ae. albopictus (p < 0.05), Cx. gelidus (p < 0.001), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (p < 0.05) and Cx. vishnui (p 0.05). Female species diversity at study interfaces The most diverse mosquito communities were found in temple sites at CTH, house and forest interior sites in MFL and at the forest edge in WK (Fig. 6). The least diverse communities were found inside bat caves for CTH and WK and at the dumpsite (for MFL). The diversity measures derived for the dumpsite in CTH were also low, together with the forest interior sites. In WK, forest interior and house sites had similarly low diversity indices. Discussion This study provides updated evidence of arboviral vector exposure across key human–animal interfaces in Thailand. The outcome was to highlight important risk areas for arboviral transmission, collect blood fed specimens for iDNA to identify reservoir hosts and generate an evidence base for guiding further surveillance or control measures. To our knowledge, this is the first broad investigation into zoonotic arboviral vectors in rural interfaces to include dumpsites. Several studies, including in Thailand, have drawn inferences between the presence of solid waste around households and larval indices relating to dengue transmission [ 14 – 18 ]. This is due to the plastic containers in household waste that collect rainwater and provide suitable breeding habitats for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus . As yet, however, there is a lack of reporting on mosquito composition at larger district-level dumpsites, including data on species other than Aedes spp. Despite that Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai are far from one another, commonalities were found. High abundances of host seeking females were detected, in the dry as well as the wet season, which included high proportions of known arboviral vectors. Notable were the high abundances of host seeking Cx. gelidus , Cx. vishnui, Ae. albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus at dumpsites vs. around homes and in other interfaces. Aside from the infinite opportunities for breeding in discarded containers at dumpsites, other factors contributing to high mosquito densities may be at play. Firstly, containers tend to be small and collect little insect diversity of larval predators increasing mosquito survival rate and density [ 19 ]. Further, access to abundant sugars can support long adult life spans, as shown with banana, sweet potato and condensed milk residue to mimic sweet food waste in the lab [ 16 ]. Although assumptions cannot be made about the Culex spp. in our collections, it is important to note that Bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics has shown to decrease the development time of Cx. quinquefasciatus but not Ae. Aegypti or Ae. albopictus [ 20 ]. Furthermore, the Culex spp. we detected in high numbers have similar breeding preferences, utilizing groundwater habitats such as ditches, footprints and rice fields, that are readily available near the dumpsite areas, with Cx. gelidus and Cx. quinquefasciatus also able to breed in containers [ 21 ]. Therefore, suitable breeding sites, food sources and a lack of larval predation may have contributed to high mosquito abundances found at dumpsites. Culex gelidus and Cx. vishnui are well known in Thailand for transmitting JEV (circulating in pigs and aredid birds), with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus as the principal vector [ 21 ]. These species can also transmit the neurotrophic avian TMBU virus that causes significant losses in the poultry industry [ 22 ]. TMBU has been detected in avian farm workers, but it is unknown if mammals present severe neurological outcomes like infected birds. All are zoophilic, preferring to feed on livestock such as cows and pigs but in their absence will feed on humans and birds [ 3 , 21 ]. In our study, an observation was that aside from places of high human activity and dwellings like houses and temples, a substantial number of blood fed females were collected from dumpsites. This denoted an availability of hosts to support the blood fed females found. Several potential hosts were observed in the daytime collections: cattle, dogs, wild birds, rodents, frogs and humans, and together with nocturnal hosts, present several pathways for viruses to circulate between species at these sites. Molecular analysis to identify the host species of these bloodmeals and explore the possibility of animal reservoirs involved in arboviral transmission is ongoing. Aedes albopictus , considered a secondary vector of DENV and CHIKV in Thailand to Ae. aegypti , opportunistically feeds on mammals but prefers humans [ 23 ]. Its activity peaks at dawn and dusk which is when people are present at waste sites. Apart from government officials and garbage dump managers, people from nearby communities are attracted to sort through garbage to collect plastic bottles or other items to sell. Generally, people avoid these sites at night thus vectors like Ae. albopictus that are active in the day pose the highest risk for arboviral transmission to humans. Dumpsites are areas that are in a constant ecological flux, with new material arriving daily, attracting people and animals from different locations. Solid waste sites attract high numbers of murine rodents due to the availability of abundant food sources and are indicated as places where different species (including humans) can interact, facilitating the spread of disease [ 24 ]. Known zoonotic diseases from rodents alone are hantavirus, leptospirosis and gastrohelminth parasites [ 24 ], with little investigation of infections circulating in other animals at dumpsites. As well as rodents, garbage pickers come into contact with reptiles and flies, and eat in the working day without proper sanitation to wash hands [ 25 ]. Surveys note the use of basic PPE such as long-sleeved clothing, hats, gloves and shoes however none mention using topical insect repellants for protection against mosquito bites [ 25 ]. Waste at dumpsites is managed over time, compacted in set areas and vegetation is allowed to recover. This creates fringe environments where wildlife are bitten by mosquitoes which subsequently bite humans over a small scale, posing risk of zoonotic arboviral spillover. Further study of the effect of these changing environments on mosquito vectors and infections could guide waste or wildlife management of the site, tailored towards reducing risk of vector-borne transmission. A limitation of the study was the snapshot sampling approach where up to seven interfaces in each location were studied in a short time frame. The advantage of this was a wide coverage of sites, allowing exploration of compositions across different interfaces at a single time point. However, lacking is detail on how vector populations fluctuate in species presence and abundance throughout the year. To build on the findings here, we recommend longitudinal survey of interfaces, like dumpsites, where significant proportions of vector species were detected to understand population dynamics at these sites. The consistent low mosquito diversity found in dumpsites is characteristic of a degraded natural environment where select species can flourish. When the environment supports predominant species that are also vectors, these become risky systems if an infection is introduced. Thus, longitudinal surveys would review abundances and provide an opportunity to investigate arboviral infections to determine if and/or how risk varies throughout the year. This would allow for detailed recommendations to be made to accurately warn personnel and implement control measures at high-risk periods. The distribution of Ae. albopictus across all interfaces in each district is a significant finding to bring to discussion. Its flexible feeding behaviour on humans, wild and domestic animals, in addition to its ability to breed in both natural, e.g. treeholes, bamboo stumps, and man-made containers make it a robust and prolific species in all habitats. Its widespread presence and history of maintaining sylvatic and urban arboviral cycles [ 26 ], makes it a high-risk species as a bridge vector and mediator of zoonotic transmission between animals and humans. Several studies provide evidence of Ae. albopictus transmitting DENV and CHIKV in Thailand [ 26 ], however further investigation into its infection status in areas away from homes is required for a comprehensive picture of the disease ecology of this vector. Our study points to the risk of arboviral transmission from high vector burden in areas away from home, including dumpsites, orchards, forest edges and forest interiors, that people visit for work or recreation and are not targets of government vector control interventions. Thongsripong et al 2013, surveyed urban and rural settlements, rice fields, forest edges and interior in Thailand and found high abundances of Ae. albopictus in rural and fragmented forest habitats, Cx. vishnui in rice fields and forest fringes, and Cx. gelidus in suburban settlements and rice fields. In line with their findings, we found that Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefaciatus were more common in human settlement areas. Current control including breeding site reduction and insecticide spraying will contribute to reduction of these household vectors, however those biting away from the home present an ongoing challenge for control. Personal protective measures such as topical repellants and insecticide treated clothing are appropriate for non-domestic vectors but relies on community education and individual compliance. There is opportunity for outdoor spatial repellants, outdoor residual spray, space spraying, mass trapping, attractive toxic sugar baits and zooprophylaxy [ 27 ] in places such as dumpsites or agricultural areas where people work. Conclusions To conclude, this study is the most up-to-date assessment of mosquito communities at a range of human-animal interfaces in Thailand. We highlight previously undocumented, large, district-level dumpsites as important for zoonotic arbovirus transmission and emerging infectious diseases due to the high vector abundances (consistent throughout the dry and wet seasons), the range of wild and domestic animal hosts and presence of humans working with little mosquito protection. Further directed study is required to investigate the role of Ae. albopictus as a bridge vector of zoonotic arboviruses between sylvatic forest cycles and in rural settlement areas. Longitudinal surveys are recommended to understand mosquito population and pathogen dynamics in human-animal interfaces throughout the year to guide interventions with evidence base. Abbreviations PNR = Pong Nam Ron district SD = Soi Dao district CTH = Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao districts in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand MFL = Mae Fah Luang district in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand WK = Wiang Kaen district in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand PRO = Biogents Pro Trap LT = CDC Light Trap GAT = Gravid Aedes Trap PK-IN = Prokopack aspiration indoors PK-OUT = Prokopack aspiration outdoors BF = Blood-fed female mosquito SG = Semi-gravid female mosquito GLMM = Generalised Linear Mixed Model ANOVA = Analysis of Variance CHIKV = Chikungunya virus DENV = Dengue virus JEV = Japanese encephalitis virus TMUV = Tembusu virus WNV = West Nile virus Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their utmost gratitude to the rural communities and Thai government disease control teams in Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai provinces: Penprapa Penjan (Aim), Maneerat Sukjan (Pop), Nontaphop Kaniganon (P'Ton), Pramote Metta (P'Mote), Phusida Lainutchapong (Namprik), Rachen Buvpli (P'Rachain), Apichaya Jakkosung (Tong), Serm Intharungsee (P’Serm), Amphol Ngernyen (), Yutthaphong Asaiyat, Chawalit Lupchalam, Kamontip Tawong (Mon), field assistant Phoonfun Phoonsawat (Bank) from Mahidol University, Bangkok and Mahidol MSc students Viriya Unchaleevilawan (Py) and Rattanalak Jittungdee (Max) who carried out fieldwork and identification of mosquito specimens. The following government departments were integral in permitting land access for carrying out invertebrate collections: Por Subdistrict Administrative Organisation, Tha Kham Subdistrict Municipality, the Doi Tung Development Project, Mae Fah Luang Subdistrict Administrative Organisation and the Huai Khrai Subdistrict Municipality. Further thanks are directed toward Ms Sasithorn Chaiphonngam, Fieldwork Manager, and to the Virology lab of Professor Chamsai Pientong at Khon Kaen University, particularly Thawaree Nukpook (Boom), Jittraporn Kitwetchakun (Emma) and Sittichoke Ketkaeo (Ton), for their help with securing consumables and logistics. The authors would also like to acknowledge Yudthana Samung and Songpol Eiamsamang from the Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine at Mahidol University for providing training and assistance in mosquito identification. Funding This work was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2023 research and innovation programme: PANDASIA ‘Pandemic Literacy and Viral Zoonotic Spillover Risk at the Frontline of Disease Emergence in Southeast Asia to Improve Pandemic Preparedness’ (Grant Agreement No. 101095444). Further research costs were supported by the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). The internal funding scheme at NMBU (project number 1211130114), financed the international stay at Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Availability of data and materials Mosquito data presented and the Rmarkdown script used to perform the analysis in this publication has been uploaded as supplementary information ‘Additional file 5: Dataset S1. Mosquito data 2024 for analysis’, and ‘Additional file 6: R script S1. Rmd script for data analysis and chart presentation’. Authors’ contributions RB: Design, fieldwork, analysis and writing. TP: Fieldwork and writing. PP: Fieldwork and writing. AJ: Fieldwork and writing. WR: Fieldwork and writing. SP: Design and writing. CP: Design and writing. HJO: Design, fieldwork and writing. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author details (optional) References Conservation International. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. 2025. Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet. Mol. Biol. Brazilian Journal of Genetics; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2020-0355 Raksakoon C, Potiwat R. Current arboviral threats and their potential vectors in Thailand. Pathogens. MDPI AG; 2021. p. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010080 Tongthainan D, Mongkol N, Jiamsomboon K, Suthisawat S, Sanyathitiseree P, Sukmak M, et al. Seroprevalence of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya Viruses in Wild Monkeys in Thailand. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 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Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network. 2025. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.TableS1.Collectionsites.docx Additionalfile2.TableS2.Femalespeciesdetected.xlsx Additionalfile7.RmdscriptS1.Dataanalysis.rmd Additionalfile6.DatasetS1.Mosquitodata2024.xlsx Additionalfile4.FigureS2.Indoorfemaleresting.jpg Additionalfile3.FigureS1.Outdoorfemaleresting.jpg Additionalfile5.FigureS3.Femaleovipositing.jpg SupplementaryinformationLegends.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 12 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 31 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 30 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9267335","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":625452448,"identity":"d9cbb252-ea3e-49a7-96ec-4948a7d5b914","order_by":0,"name":"Rebecca Brown","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjYwZT//8MEHIC4f0VoMJNiSDRBc4rTwmEmAGAS1mLf3HntcUXE4z1y6wazya46dDBsD88NHN/BokTlzLt3wzJnDxZZzDqTdlt2WDLSUzdg4B48WCYkcM8nGttuJDQcSjt2W3MYM1MLDJo1Xi/wbmJbEtmLJbfVEaAH6Gqxlw41kNsaP2w4ToYUnL92w4cz/xJk9x5ilGbcd52FjJuQX9rPHHjZUpCX2s/d//PhzW7U9P3vzw8f4tKAAZh4wSaxyEGD8QYrqUTAKRsEoGDEAAGKGSB5uQEURAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rebecca","middleName":"","lastName":"Brown","suffix":""},{"id":625452449,"identity":"fe9f942c-3542-4981-b69c-26aacf445e9f","order_by":1,"name":"Thipruethai Phanitchat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mahidol University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thipruethai","middleName":"","lastName":"Phanitchat","suffix":""},{"id":625452450,"identity":"91acb4f5-0438-4c8c-8a63-f4f684d19818","order_by":2,"name":"Penprapa Penjan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Penprapa","middleName":"","lastName":"Penjan","suffix":""},{"id":625452451,"identity":"c742f47f-eb90-4d84-a3fe-886a38f2ba60","order_by":3,"name":"Apichaya Jakkosung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Apichaya","middleName":"","lastName":"Jakkosung","suffix":""},{"id":625452452,"identity":"2adcfe6a-0e6c-4eb5-83ff-34f6cdd2f103","order_by":4,"name":"Wannapa Ritthison","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ministry of Public Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wannapa","middleName":"","lastName":"Ritthison","suffix":""},{"id":625452453,"identity":"f827c21b-3f35-49db-b2ba-89d069534947","order_by":5,"name":"Supranee Phanthanawiboon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khon Kaen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Supranee","middleName":"","lastName":"Phanthanawiboon","suffix":""},{"id":625452454,"identity":"8f1354a0-57e8-46b4-8531-d44b44e72a94","order_by":6,"name":"Chamsai Pientong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khon Kaen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chamsai","middleName":"","lastName":"Pientong","suffix":""},{"id":625452455,"identity":"921fd1fd-8b2c-4a2b-abf6-c8f6417b7980","order_by":7,"name":"Hans J. 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Study districts Mae Fa Luang and Wiang Kaen in Chiang Rai (right top) and Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao in Chanthaburi (right bottom).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/acdbabf625dbb01c4cf5fce2.jpeg"},{"id":107487442,"identity":"f54eb223-9d9d-49b2-a162-be1ed4318fef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:41:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1357773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample images of interfaces important for human-wildlife overlap selected for investigation into mosquito population composition. These were houses (A,E), dumpsites (B), forest edges (C), temples (D), orchards (F), forest interior (G) and bat caves (H).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/cb6d79ad132131c10cc4d67d.png"},{"id":107488399,"identity":"3dc91f38-e8b1-49ec-9342-1cae3fc7be55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:44:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":259215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean female mosquito host seeking abundances from Light trap and Pro trap collections at study interfaces in Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao districts combined (Chanthaburi province), Mae Fah Luang district (Chiang Rai province) and Wiang Kaen district (Chiang Rai province). Mean values derived from negative binomial GLMM predictions of female abundance ~ interface + district + season + (1 | site). Error bars are 95% Confidence Intervals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/ef5bfee8caa31d9358a5eb1a.jpeg"},{"id":107868251,"identity":"996d3e6c-946b-433d-91d6-41081941364d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:09:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":473426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDaily mean number of host seeking female mosquitoes at study interfaces in Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao (Chanthaburi), Mae Fah Luang (Chiang Rai) and Wiang Kaen (Chiang Rai) districts, A) \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, B) \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC) Cx.quinqefaciatus, \u003c/em\u003eD) \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e and E) \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui.\u003c/em\u003e Mean values derived from negative binomial GLMM predictions of female arboviral vector abundance ~ interface + district + season. Error bars are 95% Confidence Intervals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/163a3cb1cabe6381d77e3529.jpeg"},{"id":107449142,"identity":"804e54a0-50c8-4f06-864d-c46267e1e50b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-21 15:03:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":501103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDaily mean probability of detecting arboviral vectors at study interfaces in Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao (Chanthaburi), Mae Fah Luang (Chiang Rai) and Wiang Kaen (Chiang Rai) districts. Mean values derived from binomial GLMM predictions of female presence/absence ~ interface + district + season. Error bars are 95% Confidence Intervals.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/471d0074927ad5bf908646ec.jpeg"},{"id":107449143,"identity":"fb5264ab-cdbb-4b47-8685-05ff0a24b32e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-21 15:03:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":395180,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eShannon and Simpson’s diversity estimates for rarefied and extrapolated mosquito samples from study interfaces in Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao (Chanthaburi), Mae Fah Luang (Chiang Rai) and Wiang Kaen (Chiang Rai) districts.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/714b2a84d344552c8beec645.jpeg"},{"id":108808379,"identity":"98c2a6e9-cf8a-4a46-9526-99ee4b34d4aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 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15:03:24","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile2.TableS2.Femalespeciesdetected.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/5ef6034be7c62bb77a7d6d38.xlsx"},{"id":107449139,"identity":"62c7a914-2334-4e2a-aae5-386e27ff9baa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-21 15:03:24","extension":"rmd","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":77620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile7.RmdscriptS1.Dataanalysis.rmd","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/cf975ee65b15b76a6b58e80e.rmd"},{"id":107868305,"identity":"baf3ea32-3b06-46c1-a16a-b31bc722d825","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 07:09:54","extension":"xlsx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":540397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile6.DatasetS1.Mosquitodata2024.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/adb69679733510b555b9ead8.xlsx"},{"id":107489428,"identity":"dae5f96f-6793-465e-a4c1-d437b82482c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:47:38","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":733952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile4.FigureS2.Indoorfemaleresting.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/048bd25686a8d0947e32a9a5.jpg"},{"id":108803002,"identity":"6884f6c8-2cdd-4dce-968a-c3b9ac0206b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 14:30:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":852963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile3.FigureS1.Outdoorfemaleresting.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/1ddbf833c45fcb00a38d89f3.jpg"},{"id":107449145,"identity":"22f02761-4c16-4fb9-88da-483d6191be4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-21 15:03:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":850295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile5.FigureS3.Femaleovipositing.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/2465110271e7bb3b98801691.jpg"},{"id":107449144,"identity":"f5888f39-8d58-4737-bb23-4ac736f15906","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-21 15:03:24","extension":"docx","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryinformationLegends.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9267335/v1/1d4198597f60fb9e6fd402cf.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mosquito arboviral vectors at zoonotic interfaces in border provinces in Thailand","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThailand is entirely within a recognized biodiversity hotspot and shares borders with several countries: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This makes it high priority for investigations into zoonotic viral pathogens with the potential to spillover from wildlife reservoirs to humans. Several transmission pathways exist that could result in spillover: direct contact (in excreta, aerosol, saliva, blood and through the environment) or via an intermediate host (a secondary animal or invertebrate vector) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnown important mosquito-borne viruses exist in Thailand with moderate to significant human pathogenicity, namely dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and Zika (ZIKV), transmitted by \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e spp. vectors; and Japanese encephalitis (JEV), Tembusu (TMUV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses, transmitted by \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e spp. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Animal reservoirs for these known arboviruses can be multiple and diverse, for example pigs and horses (JEV), birds (WNV and JEV), ducks, geese, pigeons and sparrows (TMUV) and monkeys (ZIKV) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Chikungunya and dengue are human reservoir viruses although their origin is sylvatic, however evidence of neutralizing antibodies in wild macaques raises the question if zoonotic transmission could contribute to human infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The recognised DENV, JEV, TMUV, WNV and ZIKV viruses belong to the genus Flavivirus, a group with a history of epidemics and ability to spread with ease to new geographies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The group has attention for its suitability for novel emergences and less well-known zoonotic flaviviruses posing a global threat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. With climate change altering vector and reservoir host ecologies, the surveillance of established, new and emergent zoonotic arboviruses is a critical need for public health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough arboviruses are a significant public health challenge in Thailand, there are few up-to-date investigations describing vector compositions and ecologies to identify key areas of risk or surveillance for known and novel zoonotic arboviruses. As in many countries, surveillance is reactive, in response to human arboviral outbreaks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Often these are directed at known focal vectors such as \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e (DENV) and overlook lesser known potentially important or emerging vector species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In Thailand, investigations into unique environments such as zoos [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], islands[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] or areas of land use change[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] exist, and those on specific environments such as rubber plantations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], forest and village settings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The last comprehensive publication on mosquito composition in 2008 sampled populations in Central Thailand over a habitat degradation gradient from forest-agriculture-urban focussing on known vector-borne diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. As it stands, recent studies sampling habitats for arboviral risk are distinctly lacking, particularly those examined through a zoonotic lens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironments used daily by humans that overlap with animals or vectors, called interfaces, are crucial for identifying spillover events. This study aimed to fill the gap in arboviral research by examining mosquito composition at human-animal interfaces. The specific aim was to understand the risk of zoonotic arboviral transmission through characterization of mosquito populations and the identification of vectors and their relative abundances at different interfaces.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy site description\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo districts in each of two disparate provinces in Thailand (Fig. 1) were selected due to presence of wildlife, neighbouring international borders, and diversity in social and cultural human behaviours. Pong Nam Ron (PNR) and Soi Dao (SD) districts in Chanthaburi province borders Cambodia to the east, and to the west, a mountainous forest national park and wildlife sanctuary areas. Chanthaburi is famous for fruit production, mainly longan, durian, rambutan and mangosteen. Water pools are often adjacent for irrigation. Here, human-elephant conflict is problematic with armed guards protecting routes to villages from the forest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang district (MFL) borders Myanmar to the west and Wiang Kaen (WK) borders Lao People\u0026rsquo;s Democratic Republic to the east. Study sites in MFL are located along the eastern foothills of Doi Tung mountain where pine and mixed woodland make up the forest areas, interspersed with ornamental flower growing, macadamia and coffee plantations. The WK site is located at a mountain village, Ban Huai Kook near the Lao border. It is a small community of 100 families, where several generations live under one roof. There is mixed housing, as in MFL and Chanthaburi, concrete homes or wooden structured with thatched or corrugated iron roofing. There is a strong farming culture where families grow rubber, corn, spring onions, banana and lychee for sustenance. Both provinces experience dry-cool, dry-hot and wet seasons with the north suffering from flooding and landslides in monsoon season. For this reason, wet season collections in Chiang Rai could not be conducted subsequently to Chanthaburi collections in August (Table S1) and were postponed to November as the site was inaccessible.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeven interfaces with human-animal overlap were selected: houses, temples, dumpsites, orchards, forest edges, forest interior and bat caves (Fig. 2). Interfaces were identified by Google maps and ground-truthed on arrival to determine suitability for mosquito trapping based on access. Interfaces from the two Chanthaburi districts (PNR and SD) were combined and reported as Chanthaburi (CTH), while Chiang Rai districts (MFL and WK) were analysed separately due to distinct geography and ecology. In each location (CTH, MFL, WK), 2\u0026ndash;3 sampling points per interface were selected (Table S1). Sampling points were spaced \u0026ge;100 m apart to ensure independence, except at dumpsites (70\u0026ndash;80 m) due to the lack of structures to hang traps. Sites within the same area were assigned a shared site code (e.g. C-HO1). Dry and wet season sites were generally consistent, except for forest edge and interior 2 and orchard 2 sites in MFL, which were relocated in the wet season due to high ant abundance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCDC Light traps (LT) and Biogents Pro traps (PRO) were used to collect host-seeking mosquitoes. Traps were baited with 2 kg dry ice in the evening; PRO traps received an additional 1 kg in the morning to attract diurnal species and were supplemented with BG lure (ammonia, lactic acid, caproic acid). Gravid Aedes traps (GAT) containing leaf litter-infused water were used for ovipositing mosquitoes, with sticky inserts to capture adults. Resting mosquitoes were collected using 10-minute Prokopack aspirations (PK) outdoors (ground vegetation, tree holes and crevices up to chest height) and indoors (houses, temples, bat caves) where permitted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt each sampling point (Table S1), a group of one PRO, one LT and one GAT was set up before dusk (16:00 \u0026ndash; 18:00) on evening one. In the dry season, at one group per interface, the PRO trap was substituted with one LT due to a limited number of PROs. Traps were spaced ~20 m apart. The following mornings (06:00\u0026ndash;08:00), LTs were collected, PROs rebaited, and PK performed. On the second evening, traps were reset, and GAT inserts replaced if required. Sampling continued for ~48 hours before trap removal. Specimens were transported on dry ice to the field laboratory for processing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMosquito identification and storage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCollections were processed individually. Specimens were sorted under a dissecting microscope, sexed, and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using morphological keys [14\u0026ndash;19]. Female feeding status was recorded. Each specimen was assigned a unique identification code. Females were stored individually in RNAlater or pooled (\u0026le;10 per tube), incubated overnight at 4\u0026deg;C, then stored at \u0026minus;20\u0026deg;C or on dry ice before shipment to Khon Kaen University for molecular screening.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale mosquito abundance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analysed in R (v4.4.2). Unsuccessful trapping events (e.g. battery failure or interference) were removed; the number of successful collections is shown in Table 1. Mean mosquito abundances per trapping event were analysed using Generalised Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) fitted with the glmmTMB package. Data were subset by trap type to represent host-seeking (PRO, LT), resting (PK), and oviposition (GAT) behaviours. Catch count was modelled as the response variable, with district, interface, and season as fixed effects and site (Table S1) as a random effect. A negative binomial distribution was used to account for overdispersion. Effects of explanatory variables were tested by backward elimination using analysis of deviance. Significant predictors were used to estimate mean abundances across interfaces and seasons (ggeffects). Model fit was assessed using DHARMa. Group differences were evaluated using Tukey post hoc tests (multcomp), and figures were produced with ggplot2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Mosquitoes caught by different trapping methods at interfaces in Pong Nam Ron/Soi Dao (Chanthaburi), Mae Fah Luang and Wiang Kaen (Chiang Rai) study districts. Females (f) and males (m) are presented alongside the number of trap replicates (repl.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1005\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterface\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePRO trap\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLT trap\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGAT trap\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProkopack-Indoors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProkopack-Outdoors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erepl.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erepl.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erepl.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erepl.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erepl.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDumpsite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest edge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePong Nam Ron \u0026amp; Soi Dao\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBat cave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMae Fah Luang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMae Fah Luang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDumpsite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMae Fah Luang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMae Fah Luang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest edge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMae Fah Luang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWiang Kaen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWiang Kaen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWiang Kaen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest edge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWiang Kaen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWiang Kaen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBat cave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresence and abundance of arboviral vectors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePresence/absence and count data for major female arboviral vectors captured in PRO and LT were analysed to estimate host-seeking probability and mean abundance as measures of exposure across interfaces. GLMMs with a binomial distribution were fitted for presence/absence of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e, with district, interface, and season as fixed effects. Abundance models used negative binomial GLMMs with site (Table S1) as a random effect. Model fit was assessed using DHARMa, and ggeffects was used to generate predicted probabilities and mean abundances. Group differences were assessed using Tukey post hoc tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBat caves were excluded from analyses of \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e due to zero captures. Wiang Kaen was also excluded from \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e analyses because these species were absent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale species diversity at study interfaces\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe iNEXT package in R was used to analyse the diversity of female mosquito species in different districts at the interface level. Only females that could be identified to species level were included to measure Shannon diversity index and Simpsons diversity index for each population found at different interfaces. The Shannon diversity index (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1776783360.png\" width=\"265\" height=\"118\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emeasures species diversity by considering richness (number of different species) and evenness (abundance of different species) with a focus on rare species where \u003cem\u003eR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis total richness and \u003cem\u003ep\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the proportion of \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e of the \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003eth species. The Simpson\u0026rsquo;s diversity index (\u003cem\u003eD\u003c/em\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1776783373.png\" width=\"286\" height=\"115\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emeasures the probability of two individuals being from the same species with a focus on evenness and dominant species where \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e is the number of individuals in species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e is the total number of species in the sample. To account for differences in sample size between interfaces, iNEXT computes diversity estimates for rarefied and extrapolated samples. Estimates were extrapolated to a specified endpoint of 750 for the PNR, MFL and WK samples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMosquito composition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 14,108 (96.4%, n = 13,601 female and 3.6%, n = 502 male) mosquitoes were sampled and processed over the study period from seven interfaces in the study districts (Table 1). Only 0.04% (n = 5) individuals could not be assigned a sex. The full catch were generated from 124 PRO, 168 LT, 171 GAT, 63 PK-IN and 210 PK-OUT collections. In the dry season, 1,767 mosquito specimens were caught (83.2%, n = 1,470 females and 17.1%, n = 296 males (n = 1 unknown sex)) and in the wet season 12,341 (98.3%, n = 12,131 females and 1.7%, n = 206 males (n = 4 unknown sex)) were caught. The overall catch from CTH was 7,423 (dry 14.1%: wet 85.9%), from MFL 6,136 (dry 7.9%: wet 92.1%) and from WK 549 (dry 43.2%: wet 56.8%). The highest counts were from dumpsites in CTH and MFL and lowest were found inside the CTH and WK bat caves (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMosquitoes representing nine genera: \u003cem\u003eAedes, Anopheles, Armigeres\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Coquillettidia, Culex, Mansonia,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eToxorhynchites,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eTripteroides\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Uranotaenia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere collected (Table S2). \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e was the most common genus, comprising 77.4% (n = 10,530) of the catch, followed by \u003cem\u003eAedes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e9.0% (n = 1,229) and \u003cem\u003eMansonia\u003c/em\u003e 8.8% (n = 1,200). The \u003cem\u003eAnopheles\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egenus, containing important malaria vectors, comprised only 1.2% (n = 161) of the total catch identifiable to genus. Overall, 51 different species and 6 subgroups (lowest possible taxonomic class using key) were\u0026nbsp;detected. In both CTH and MFL, the interface where the highest number of different species or subgroups were caught was from orchard sites (22 and 18 respectively, Table S2). In WK, the highest were from the forest edge (16). The number of different species or subgroups in dumpsites was similar or more than those found in the forest interior. Very few species were caught in both CTH and WK bat caves (2 and 3 species respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total catch of arboviral vectors were 72.5% (n = 5379) in CTH, 92.0% (n = 5643) in MFL and 46.0% (n = 252) in WK. Dumpsites had the highest burden of vector species (Table 2). \u003cem\u003eCulex gelidus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(45.6%, n = 6,195) and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e (24.6%, n = 3,348), vectors of JEV and TMUV, were the most abundant vectors. Both were most prominent in dumpsites. The vector of DENV and CHIKV, \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, was the third most common species, distributed across all interfaces with highest counts from the forest interior in all districts sampled, and at the dumpsite in MFL. Other notable known viral vectors were \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, vector of JEV and ZIKA (3.3%, n = 451) and \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evector of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJEV and TMUV, (1.2%, n = 167) detected in high counts at the dumpsite in MFL and CTH respectively. Few \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, vector of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKA (0.6%, n = 83) were found overall with the largest catches from around homes in CTH. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr clear=\"all\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Female arboviral vector species collected at study interfaces in Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai provinces during the dry and wet seasons of 2024. \u003cem\u003eAe. = Aedes (Stegomyia), Cx. = Culex (Culex).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\" width=\"930\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict, Province\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterface\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. fusco-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ecephala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. quinque-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003efasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. tritaenio-rhynchus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. pseudo-vishnui\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePong Nam Ron and Soi Dao districts, Chanthaburi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDumpsite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3927\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest edge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBat cave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMae Fah Luang district, Chiang Rai\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDumpsite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest edge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWiang Kaen district, Chiang Rai\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrchard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest edge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest interior\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBat cave\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6195\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e451\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e167\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3348\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11274\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlood fed status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood-fed females were more common in the dry season (n = 43) than wet season (n = 21). \u0026nbsp;Most were \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e from houses and temples (Table 3). The lowest catches of blood-feds were from orchards and the forest interior (both n = 2) and none were found in the bat cave.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Blood-fed (BF) and semi-gravid (SG) female mosquitoes collected at study interfaces in Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai provinces during the dry and wet seasons of 2024.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"691\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus and species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHouse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemple\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDumpsite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrchard\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForest edge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForest interior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes (Ste.) aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex (Cux.) vishnui\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes (Ste.) albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArmigeres (Arm.) subalbatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex (Cux.) gelidus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnopheles (Cel.) minimus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex (Cux.) gelidus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCulex (Cux.) hutchinsoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMansonia (Mnd.) annulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd nowrap=\"\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale mosquito abundances at study interfaces\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale host seeking abundance was dependent on district (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 10.5, df = 2, p \u0026lt; 0.01), interface (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 26.0, df = 6, p \u0026lt; 0.001), season (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 44.5, df = 1, p \u0026lt; 0.001) but not trap type (PRO or LT) (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 2.1, Df = 1, p \u0026gt; 0.05). PRO and LT performed the same regardless of interface because no interaction effect between interface and trap was detected (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 11.6, df = 6, p \u0026gt; 0.05). A higher abundance of host seeking females was found at dumpsites than in houses, orchards, forest edges, forest interior, bat caves (p \u0026lt; 0.001) or temple sites (p \u0026lt; 0.01). More females were host seeking at orchards (p \u0026lt; 0.01) and forest interior (p \u0026lt; 0.05) than in bat caves (Fig. 3). Higher mean catches of host seeking females were found at CTH (p \u0026lt; 0.001) and MFL (p \u0026lt; 0.05) than WK, and similar abundances were found in CTH vs MFL (p \u0026gt; 0.05). Higher host seeking abundances were detected in the wet vs the dry season (p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no difference in the abundance of resting females across district (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 1.2, df =2, p \u0026gt; 0.05), interface (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 12.0, df =6, p \u0026gt; 0.05) or season (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.3, df =1, p \u0026gt; 0.05) (Fig. S1 \u0026amp; S2). Females caught in oviposition traps varied with district (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 8.7, df = 2, p \u0026lt; 0.05), season (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 6.5, df = 1, p \u0026lt; 0.05) but not interface (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 4.6, df = 6, p \u0026gt; 0.05). Higher abundances were detected in the wet vs the dry season (p \u0026lt; 0.01, Fig. S3). Gravid trap catches in WK were lower than CTH (p \u0026lt; 0.05), but similar abundances were found between CTH vs MFL and MFL vs WK (p \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresence and abundance of arboviral vectors at study interfaces\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe abundance of all arboviral vector species examined differed with interface and season (Table 4). For \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003etheir abundances also differed with district sampled (Table 4). A higher abundance of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e were found host seeking in the dumpsite, orchard, forest edge and forest interior than around houses (p \u0026lt; 0.001), in the forest interior than the temple, bat cave (p \u0026lt; 0.01), forest edge or orchard (p \u0026lt; 0.05, Fig. 4A). Higher abundances of \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e were trapped in the dumpsite than around houses, temples, forest edge, forest interior (p \u0026lt; 0.001) and in orchards than the forest interior (p \u0026lt; 0.01, Fig. 4B). More \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e were found in the orchard than forest edge (p \u0026lt; 0.05, Fig. 4C) and a higher abundance were detected in MFL than WK (p \u0026lt; 0.001) or PNR (p \u0026lt; 0.01). More \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e were trapped in the dumpsite than the forest edge (p \u0026lt; 0.01) or around houses (p \u0026lt; 0.05), and in the orchard than the forest edge (p \u0026lt; 0.05, Fig. 4D). Higher abundances of \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e were trapped at the dumpsite than in house, temple, orchard, forest edge and forest interior sites (p \u0026lt; 0.001, Fig. 4E). Significantly more were caught in CTH and MFL than in WK (p \u0026lt; 0.001). There was a higher abundance of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(p \u0026lt; 0.01), \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(p \u0026lt; 0.001), \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(p \u0026lt; 0.05), \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(p \u0026lt; 0.05) and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(p \u0026lt; 0.001) in the wet season compared to the dry season.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Interface, district and seasonal influence on presence and abundance of key arboviral vector species using analysis of deviance for GLMMs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArboviral vector\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponse variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterface\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeason\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence/ absence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=36.1,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=6, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=5.7,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=2.7,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=2, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=56.0,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=6, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=9.7, Df=1, p \u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=5.0,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=2, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence/ absence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=37.4,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=5, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=89.2,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=0.4,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=47.4,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=5, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=88.4,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=1.9,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence/ absence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=8.7,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=6, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=0.1,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=8.5,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=2, p \u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=14.7,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=6, p \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=4.1,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=17.5,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=2, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence/ absence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=16.6,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=5, p \u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=5.3,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=13.1,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=18.8,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=5, p \u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=4.7,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=0.3,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026gt; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 167px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence/ absence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=27.3,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=5, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=10.6,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=64.5,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=2, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=71.0,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=5, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=45.1,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=1, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDev=72.6,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf=2, p \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of all arboviral vector species examined differed with interface and season, except for \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e (Table 4). Further, the detection of \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e differed between districts but this was not true for other vectors (Table 4).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThere was a higher chance of detecting \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e at the dumpsite, forest interior (p \u0026lt; 0.001), orchard (p \u0026lt; 0.01) and forest edge (p \u0026lt; 0.05) than at houses (Fig. 5). \u003cem\u003eCulex vishnui\u003c/em\u003e was more likely to be present at dumpsites than at houses or forest edges (p \u0026lt; 0.001), forest interior (p \u0026lt; 0.01) or in orchard and temple sites (p \u0026lt; 0.05, Fig. 5). The probability of detecting this vector was higher in CTH than in MFL (p \u0026lt; 0.05), and in both CTH and MFL than WK (p \u0026lt; 0.001). \u003cem\u003eCulex gelidus\u003c/em\u003e was more likely to be host seeking at the dumpsite than the forest edge (p \u0026lt; 0.001) or forest interior (p \u0026lt; 0.01), and in orchards than the forest edge (p \u0026lt; 0.01) (Fig. 5). There was a higher chance of \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e presence in MFL than WK (p \u0026lt; 0.05) but not between CTH or MFL and WK (p \u0026gt; 0.05). \u003cem\u003eCulex tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e were more likely to be detected in CTH than MFL (p \u0026lt; 0.001), and in the dumpsite than at forest edge but this was not significant (p = 0.08) (Fig. 5). There was an increased probability of detecting \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e (p \u0026lt; 0.05), \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e (p \u0026lt; 0.001), \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e (p \u0026lt; 0.05) and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e (p \u0026lt; 0.01) in the wet season compared to the dry season. This seasonal effect was not found for \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e (p \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale species diversity at study interfaces\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most diverse mosquito communities were found in temple sites at CTH, house and forest interior sites in MFL and at the forest edge in WK (Fig. 6). The least diverse communities were found inside bat caves for CTH and WK and at the dumpsite (for MFL). The diversity measures derived for the dumpsite in CTH were also low, together with the forest interior sites. In WK, forest interior and house sites had similarly low diversity indices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides updated evidence of arboviral vector exposure across key human\u0026ndash;animal interfaces in Thailand. The outcome was to highlight important risk areas for arboviral transmission, collect blood fed specimens for iDNA to identify reservoir hosts and generate an evidence base for guiding further surveillance or control measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first broad investigation into zoonotic arboviral vectors in rural interfaces to include dumpsites. Several studies, including in Thailand, have drawn inferences between the presence of solid waste around households and larval indices relating to dengue transmission [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This is due to the plastic containers in household waste that collect rainwater and provide suitable breeding habitats for \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e. As yet, however, there is a lack of reporting on mosquito composition at larger district-level dumpsites, including data on species other than \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e spp. Despite that Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai are far from one another, commonalities were found. High abundances of host seeking females were detected, in the dry as well as the wet season, which included high proportions of known arboviral vectors. Notable were the high abundances of host seeking \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui, Ae. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e at dumpsites vs. around homes and in other interfaces. Aside from the infinite opportunities for breeding in discarded containers at dumpsites, other factors contributing to high mosquito densities may be at play. Firstly, containers tend to be small and collect little insect diversity of larval predators increasing mosquito survival rate and density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Further, access to abundant sugars can support long adult life spans, as shown with banana, sweet potato and condensed milk residue to mimic sweet food waste in the lab [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Although assumptions cannot be made about the \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e spp. in our collections, it is important to note that Bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics has shown to decrease the development time of \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e but not \u003cem\u003eAe. Aegypti or Ae. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the \u003cem\u003eCulex\u003c/em\u003e spp. we detected in high numbers have similar breeding preferences, utilizing groundwater habitats such as ditches, footprints and rice fields, that are readily available near the dumpsite areas, with \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefasciatus\u003c/em\u003e also able to breed in containers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, suitable breeding sites, food sources and a lack of larval predation may have contributed to high mosquito abundances found at dumpsites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCulex gelidus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e are well known in Thailand for transmitting JEV (circulating in pigs and aredid birds), with \u003cem\u003eCx. tritaeniorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e as the principal vector [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. These species can also transmit the neurotrophic avian TMBU virus that causes significant losses in the poultry industry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. TMBU has been detected in avian farm workers, but it is unknown if mammals present severe neurological outcomes like infected birds. All are zoophilic, preferring to feed on livestock such as cows and pigs but in their absence will feed on humans and birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, an observation was that aside from places of high human activity and dwellings like houses and temples, a substantial number of blood fed females were collected from dumpsites. This denoted an availability of hosts to support the blood fed females found. Several potential hosts were observed in the daytime collections: cattle, dogs, wild birds, rodents, frogs and humans, and together with nocturnal hosts, present several pathways for viruses to circulate between species at these sites. Molecular analysis to identify the host species of these bloodmeals and explore the possibility of animal reservoirs involved in arboviral transmission is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e, considered a secondary vector of DENV and CHIKV in Thailand to \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, opportunistically feeds on mammals but prefers humans [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Its activity peaks at dawn and dusk which is when people are present at waste sites. Apart from government officials and garbage dump managers, people from nearby communities are attracted to sort through garbage to collect plastic bottles or other items to sell. Generally, people avoid these sites at night thus vectors like \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e that are active in the day pose the highest risk for arboviral transmission to humans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDumpsites are areas that are in a constant ecological flux, with new material arriving daily, attracting people and animals from different locations. Solid waste sites attract high numbers of murine rodents due to the availability of abundant food sources and are indicated as places where different species (including humans) can interact, facilitating the spread of disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Known zoonotic diseases from rodents alone are hantavirus, leptospirosis and gastrohelminth parasites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], with little investigation of infections circulating in other animals at dumpsites. As well as rodents, garbage pickers come into contact with reptiles and flies, and eat in the working day without proper sanitation to wash hands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Surveys note the use of basic PPE such as long-sleeved clothing, hats, gloves and shoes however none mention using topical insect repellants for protection against mosquito bites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Waste at dumpsites is managed over time, compacted in set areas and vegetation is allowed to recover. This creates fringe environments where wildlife are bitten by mosquitoes which subsequently bite humans over a small scale, posing risk of zoonotic arboviral spillover. Further study of the effect of these changing environments on mosquito vectors and infections could guide waste or wildlife management of the site, tailored towards reducing risk of vector-borne transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA limitation of the study was the snapshot sampling approach where up to seven interfaces in each location were studied in a short time frame. The advantage of this was a wide coverage of sites, allowing exploration of compositions across different interfaces at a single time point. However, lacking is detail on how vector populations fluctuate in species presence and abundance throughout the year. To build on the findings here, we recommend longitudinal survey of interfaces, like dumpsites, where significant proportions of vector species were detected to understand population dynamics at these sites. The consistent low mosquito diversity found in dumpsites is characteristic of a degraded natural environment where select species can flourish. When the environment supports predominant species that are also vectors, these become risky systems if an infection is introduced. Thus, longitudinal surveys would review abundances and provide an opportunity to investigate arboviral infections to determine if and/or how risk varies throughout the year. This would allow for detailed recommendations to be made to accurately warn personnel and implement control measures at high-risk periods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e across all interfaces in each district is a significant finding to bring to discussion. Its flexible feeding behaviour on humans, wild and domestic animals, in addition to its ability to breed in both natural, e.g. treeholes, bamboo stumps, and man-made containers make it a robust and prolific species in all habitats. Its widespread presence and history of maintaining sylvatic and urban arboviral cycles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], makes it a high-risk species as a bridge vector and mediator of zoonotic transmission between animals and humans. Several studies provide evidence of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e transmitting DENV and CHIKV in Thailand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], however further investigation into its infection status in areas away from homes is required for a comprehensive picture of the disease ecology of this vector.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study points to the risk of arboviral transmission from high vector burden in areas away from home, including dumpsites, orchards, forest edges and forest interiors, that people visit for work or recreation and are not targets of government vector control interventions. Thongsripong et al 2013, surveyed urban and rural settlements, rice fields, forest edges and interior in Thailand and found high abundances of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e in rural and fragmented forest habitats, \u003cem\u003eCx. vishnui\u003c/em\u003e in rice fields and forest fringes, and \u003cem\u003eCx. gelidus\u003c/em\u003e in suburban settlements and rice fields. In line with their findings, we found that \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCx. quinquefaciatus\u003c/em\u003e were more common in human settlement areas. Current control including breeding site reduction and insecticide spraying will contribute to reduction of these household vectors, however those biting away from the home present an ongoing challenge for control. Personal protective measures such as topical repellants and insecticide treated clothing are appropriate for non-domestic vectors but relies on community education and individual compliance. There is opportunity for outdoor spatial repellants, outdoor residual spray, space spraying, mass trapping, attractive toxic sugar baits and zooprophylaxy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] in places such as dumpsites or agricultural areas where people work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo conclude, this study is the most up-to-date assessment of mosquito communities at a range of human-animal interfaces in Thailand. We highlight previously undocumented, large, district-level dumpsites as important for zoonotic arbovirus transmission and emerging infectious diseases due to the high vector abundances (consistent throughout the dry and wet seasons), the range of wild and domestic animal hosts and presence of humans working with little mosquito protection. Further directed study is required to investigate the role of \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e as a bridge vector of zoonotic arboviruses between sylvatic forest cycles and in rural settlement areas. Longitudinal surveys are recommended to understand mosquito population and pathogen dynamics in human-animal interfaces throughout the year to guide interventions with evidence base.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePNR = Pong Nam Ron district\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD = Soi Dao district\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCTH = Pong Nam Ron and Soi Dao districts in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMFL = Mae Fah Luang district in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWK = Wiang Kaen district in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRO = Biogents Pro Trap\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLT = CDC Light Trap\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGAT = Gravid Aedes Trap\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePK-IN = Prokopack aspiration indoors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePK-OUT = Prokopack aspiration outdoors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBF = Blood-fed female mosquito\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSG = Semi-gravid female mosquito\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGLMM = Generalised Linear Mixed Model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANOVA = Analysis of Variance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHIKV = Chikungunya virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDENV = Dengue virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJEV = Japanese encephalitis virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTMUV = Tembusu virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWNV = West Nile virus\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express their utmost gratitude to the rural communities and Thai government disease control teams in Chanthaburi and Chiang Rai provinces:\u0026nbsp;Penprapa Penjan (Aim), Maneerat Sukjan (Pop), Nontaphop Kaniganon (P\u0026apos;Ton), Pramote Metta (P\u0026apos;Mote), Phusida Lainutchapong (Namprik), Rachen Buvpli (P\u0026apos;Rachain),\u0026nbsp;Apichaya Jakkosung (Tong), Serm Intharungsee (P\u0026rsquo;Serm), Amphol Ngernyen (), Yutthaphong Asaiyat, Chawalit Lupchalam, Kamontip Tawong (Mon),\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;field assistant Phoonfun Phoonsawat (Bank) from Mahidol University, Bangkok and Mahidol MSc students Viriya Unchaleevilawan (Py) and Rattanalak Jittungdee (Max) who carried out fieldwork and identification of mosquito specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following government departments were integral in permitting land access for carrying out invertebrate collections:\u0026nbsp;Por Subdistrict Administrative Organisation, Tha Kham Subdistrict Municipality, the Doi Tung Development Project, Mae Fah Luang Subdistrict Administrative Organisation and the Huai Khrai Subdistrict Municipality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther thanks are directed toward Ms Sasithorn Chaiphonngam, Fieldwork Manager, and to the Virology lab of Professor Chamsai Pientong at Khon Kaen University, particularly Thawaree Nukpook (Boom), Jittraporn Kitwetchakun (Emma) and Sittichoke Ketkaeo (Ton), for their help with securing consumables and logistics. The authors would also like to acknowledge Yudthana Samung and Songpol Eiamsamang from the Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine at Mahidol University for providing training and assistance in mosquito identification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was funded by the European Union\u0026rsquo;s Horizon 2023 research and innovation programme: PANDASIA \u0026lsquo;Pandemic Literacy and Viral Zoonotic Spillover Risk at the Frontline of Disease Emergence in Southeast Asia to Improve Pandemic Preparedness\u0026rsquo; (Grant Agreement No. 101095444). Further research costs were supported by the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). The internal funding scheme at NMBU (project number 1211130114), financed the international stay at Khon Kaen University, Thailand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMosquito data presented and the Rmarkdown script used to perform the analysis in this publication has been uploaded as supplementary information \u0026lsquo;Additional file 5: Dataset S1. Mosquito data 2024 for analysis\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;Additional file 6: R script S1. Rmd script for data analysis and chart presentation\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRB: Design, fieldwork, analysis and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTP: Fieldwork and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePP: Fieldwork and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAJ: Fieldwork and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWR: Fieldwork and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSP: Design and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCP: Design and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHJO: Design, fieldwork and writing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details (optional)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConservation International. 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Eman Research Publishing LLC; 2024;8:1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.25163/angiotherapy.889850\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbeyewickreme W, Wickremasinghe AR, Karunatilake K, Sommerfeld J, Axel K. Community mobilization and household level waste management for dengue vector control in Gampaha district of Sri Lanka; an intervention study. Pathog Glob Health. Maney Publishing; 2013;106:479\u0026ndash;87. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773212Y.0000000060\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDieng H, Satho T, Meli NKKB, Abang F, Nolasco-Hipolito C, Hakim H, et al. Occurrence of sweet refuse at disposal sites: rainwater retention capacity and potential breeding opportunities for Aedes aegypti. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Springer Verlag; 2018;25:13833\u0026ndash;43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1078-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuwannapong N, Tipayamongkholgul M, Bhumiratana A, Poolthin S. Effect of community participation on household environment to mitigate dengue transmission in Thailand. Trop. Biomed. 2014. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThongkham J, Kanrew K, Wongkumthi C, Intasan N, Saita S, Vittaporn S, et al. Health beliefs and housing environmental factors affecting dengue prevention and Aedes larvae in rural northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study. Discover Social Science and Health. Springer Nature; 2025;5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44155-025-00260-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaquart PO, Froehlich Y, Boyer S. Plastic pollution and infectious diseases. Lancet Planet. Health. Elsevier B.V.; 2022. p. e842\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00198-X\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuval P, Antonelli P, Aschan-Leygonie C, Valiente Moro C. Impact of Human Activities on Disease-Spreading Mosquitoes in Urban Areas. Journal of Urban Health. Springer; 2023. p. 591\u0026ndash;611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-023-00732-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRattanarithikul R, Harbach R, Harrison B, Panthusiri P, Jones J, Coleman R. Illustrated keys to the mosquitoes of Thailand II. Genera Culex and Lutzia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2005;36:1\u0026ndash;95. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamel R, Vargas REM, Rajonhson DM, Yamanaka A, Jaroenpool J, Wichit S, et al. Identification of the Tembusu virus in mosquitoes in Northern Thailand. Viruses. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2023;15. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071447\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePonlawat A, Harrington LC. Blood Feeding Patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand [Internet]. J. Med. Entomol. 2005. https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/42/5/844/863877\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManeepairoj N, Lekcharoen P, Chaisiri K, Sripiboon S. Murine-related helminthiasis: a public health concern at solid waste sites around forest- adjacent communities in Thailand. Front Vet Sci. Frontiers Media SA; 2024;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1463046\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThirarattanasunthon P, Siriwong W, Borjan M, Robson M. Sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, and potential health risks of scavengers in open municipal dump sites in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand [Internet]. J Health Res —. 2012. http://www.jhr.cphs.chula.ac.th\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhebwa A, Hii J, Neoh KB, Chareonviriyaphap T. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) ecology, biology, behaviour, and implications on arbovirus transmission in Thailand: Review. One Health. Elsevier B.V.; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100555\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrack L, Macdonald M. Outdoor biting by malaria vectors: What can we do to reduce it? Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network. 2025. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"parv","sideBox":"Learn more about [Parasites \u0026 Vectors](http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13071/3","title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","twitterHandle":"@bugbittentweets","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"mosquito, vector, zoonotic, arboviral, interfaces","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9267335/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9267335/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThailand is a biodiversity hotspot with high risk for spillover of zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses. Mosquito vectors of endemic Flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV), are well characterized yet rapid climate change, land-use shifts, and urbanization necessitate current surveillance, especially where humans and animals overlap.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeven interfaces: houses (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9), temples (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), dumpsites (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6), orchards (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), forest edges (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9), forest interior (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) and bat caves (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2) were sampled in dry and wet seasons of 2024 to determine mosquito species presence and abundance in four districts; Pong Nam Ron (PNR) and Soi Dao (SD) in Chanthaburi province, Mae Fah Luang (MFL) and Wiang Kaen (WK) in Chiang Rai province. Snapshot sampling deployed 2\u0026ndash;3 daily replicates of multiple trap types (Light traps, Biogents Pro traps, Gravid Aedes traps, and Prokopack aspiration) for 48 hours per interface. Mosquito presence/absence and abundance across interfaces and seasons was assessed with GLMMs, with Tukey post-hoc tests. Rarefied diversity indices were calculated for host-seeking communities at interfaces.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, dumpsites had the highest burden of arboviral vector species. \u003cem\u003eCulex gelidus\u003c/em\u003e (45.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6,195) and \u003cem\u003eCulex vishnui\u003c/em\u003e (24.6%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,348) were the two most abundant vectors and were most prominent at dumpsites. \u003cem\u003eAedes albopictus\u003c/em\u003e (9.0%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,014) was the third top vector, found across all interfaces with high abundances in forests in all districts and at the MFL dumpsite. Host seeking communities at dumpsites were consistently low in diversity as were forest interiors in PNR and WK.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is the first investigation of arboviral vector ecology in Thailand to include dumpsites. These sites support high populations of mosquito vectors that feed day and night, and attract animal species presenting a zoonotic risk to workers and neighbouring farmland communities. Forest sites were also high-risk settings owing to \u003cem\u003eAe. albopictus\u003c/em\u003e predominance. Further investigation into its potential as a bridge vector and role in sylvatic transmission is required. Longitudinal monitoring of rural interfaces is recommended to inform vector control and One Health preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mosquito arboviral vectors at zoonotic interfaces in border provinces in Thailand","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-21 15:03:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9267335/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78452166853264451612004615347988202681","date":"2026-05-12T13:16:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-10T20:15:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"89667988908072288124242641976573712504","date":"2026-04-23T11:14:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-13T13:48:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T11:23:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T08:43:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","date":"2026-03-30T12:59:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"parasites-and-vectors","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"parv","sideBox":"Learn more about [Parasites \u0026 Vectors](http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13071/3","title":"Parasites \u0026 Vectors","twitterHandle":"@bugbittentweets","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"85bacff9-22be-42d5-8528-fdbb9b98e479","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 21st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78452166853264451612004615347988202681","date":"2026-05-12T13:16:14+00:00","index":34,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-10T20:15:41+00:00","index":29,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-21T15:03:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-21 15:03:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9267335","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9267335","identity":"rs-9267335","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}