Effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the growth, yield, quality and storage behaviour of Strawberry cv. Chandler under the Northeast region of India

Effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the growth, yield, quality and storage behaviour of Strawberry cv. 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Chandler under the Northeast region of India Alok Singh, Ng Piloo, Alok Kumar Gupta, Ajay Kumar, Sanasam Angousana, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9558237/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Strawberry ( Fragaria annanasa Dutch.) is a prominent fruit with a distinct fragrance, colour, and texture, as well as a high nutritional values and economical importance. It has gained prominence as a fruit of global importance. The effect of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid help to regulate growth and enhance the berries quality and extend the shelf life. The field experiment was carried out with nine treatments and three replications of GA 3 and NAA, viz. , 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm with control in a randomized block design (RBD). Vegetative growth attributes (plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, runners per plant), flowering attributes (first flower, flowers per plant), yield and physical parameters (fruit set, fruits per plant, fruit weight, and yield) and bio-chemical attributes (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total soluble solid/titratable acidity ratio, ascorbic acid, total sugar and anthocyanin content) were evaluated. Sensory quality, physiological loss in weight and decay loss were also analysed for determination of storage quality during 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after harvesting at 25 ± 2°C and 85 ± 5% relative humidity. GA 3 significantly improved growth, yield, and quality while also extending shelf life; 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid lowered titratable acidity, and higher-dose GA 3 raised runner per plant and anthocyanin content. The results revealed that among various treatments, GA 3 at the rate of 75 ppm significantly improved the qualitative as well as quantitative traits along with storage qualities. Ascorbic acid Anthocyanin Gibberellic acid 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid Storage quality Strawberry Shelf life Figures Figure 1 Introduction Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is an herbaceous perennial fruit crop that belongs to the Rosaceae family. It is one of the most delicious, nutritious, perishable, luscious, soft, and attractive berries among fruit crops (Chakraborty et al. 2023 ). It is a monoecious octaploid hybrid (2n = 8x = 56) between, Fragaria chiloensis Duch. and Fragaria virginiana Duch. (Liu et al. 2020 ). This fruit crop can be cultivated under protected condition (Sharma and Sharma, 2004 ), open fields (Chakraborty et al. 2024 ) and also in soilless growing substrates (Rathod et al. 2021 a). Strawberry is a non-climacteric fruit, known for its rapid softening, short shelf life after harvest and quick deterioration. Strawberries are an excellent source of vitamins, containing a good amount of vitamin A (60 IU) and vitamin C (30–120 mg/100g) (Parmar et al. 2021 ). They are also high in minerals such as manganese, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and iron, as well as ellagic acid, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neurodegenerative, and anti-cancer properties (Patel et al. 2022 ). It is propagated through runners and is red in colour due to the presence of anthocyanin, pelarogonidin, 3-monoglucoside, and traces of cyanide (Srivastav et al. 2018 ). The use of plant growth regulators modifies both the physical and biochemical properties of the fruits. Growth regulators such as auxin and gibberellin are used in strawberry in order to increase fruit size, improve fruit set, promote growth, and yields (Rathod et al. 2021 b). Among them, auxins are applied to promote receptacle enlargement, enhance fruit size growth, and delay fruit ripening, while gibberellins inhibit the ripening process (Bisht et al. 2018 ). Gibberellin treatment accelerates vegetative development and flower development, elongates the main stem internode, increases runner formation, promotes stolon formation, increases leaf area, and increases petiole length. It also reduces the rosette habit and delays blossom initiation in strawberry (Fagherazzi et al. 2016 ). Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) significantly enhances plant height, the number of flowers, fruit set percentage, fruit count, as well as fruit size, weight, overall quality also extends the shelf life by minimum cumulative physiological loss in weight and higher vitamin C retention (Rathod et al. 2021 a; Trejo et al.2023). Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), a synthetic auxin, facilitates cell elongation and division, vascular tissue differentiation, root initiation, and apical dominance. Additionally, it plays a role in leaf senescence, leaf and fruit abscission, enhances fruit set, prevents fruit drop, and promotes the flower sex ratio and improving the total sugar content, ascorbic acid levels, and titratable acidity percentage (Rathod et al. 2021 a). The North eastern states of India have the potential to cultivate strawberries this region offers numerous opportunities for successful strawberry farming due to its mild and favourable climate. However, no research has been conducted to determine the effect of these plant growth regulators on physical, physiological, bio-chemical as well as storage attributes of strawberry cultivar Chandler under the Northeast region of India. Therefore, this study aims to explore the application of plant growth regulators, specifically NAA and GA 3 , to enhance sustainable yields and extend the storage period of the strawberry. Materials and Methods Experimental site and Treatment Details The present experiment was conducted at the Experimental Field (24°48'52.4"N and 93°53'23.1"E), College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur. The field was properly prepared by repeated ploughing with the help of a power tiller, and a well-rotted farm was integrated into the soil and applied recommended doses of fertilizers and during the third week of September, disease-free, healthy runners of strawberry cv. Chandler were procured from Central Farm, Lamphelpat, Central Agriculture University, Imphal, Manipur and were dipped in carbendazim (2.0 g l − 1 water) for 10.0 min. to prevent fungal diseases before planting. The treated runners were planted at 180 cm length and 90 cm wide raised beds at 30 cm × 30 cm spacing. There were eighteen (18) plants per bed. Each bed was considered as a unit of one replication. Black polythene mulch was used as a bedding material in the raised beds of strawberries. Foliar plant growth regulator treatments consisted of 25 ppm GA 3 , 50 ppm GA 3 , 75 ppm GA 3 , 100 ppm GA 3 , 25 ppm NAA, 50 ppm NAA, 75 ppm NAA, 100 ppm NAA and only water (control) were sprayed to the strawberry plants at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. Other cultural practices like irrigation, weeding and management of pest and diseases were carried out as and when required. Plant Growth, Flowering, Fruiting and Quality Attributes Five plants in each bed were randomly selected and tagged for recording the plant growth, flowering and fruiting parameters. The plant growth parameters were noted 120 days after planting. The leaf area was measured using a leaf area meter (Leaf Area Metre 211, Systronics). The TSS of strawberries was measured using a digital refractometer (ATAGO Co., PAL-1, Tokyo, Japan). The biochemical properties of fruits were determined according to the method described by AOAC ( 2006 ). Anthocyanin pigmentation was measured in (spectrophotometer 166, Systronics) absorbance units/g of fresh fruit at 530 nm and expressed in mg per 100g as per the method described by Ranganna ( 2007 ). Storage Attributes Post-harvest storage studies were carried out up to 4 days after harvestings of fruits to assess the effect of preharvest treatment on shelf life and quality of strawberries. Sixty (60) fruits with similar maturity, size, shape, and no damage were chosen for the experiment and separated into three groups as replicates. They were packaged in transparent plastic boxes and stored at ambient conditions (26 ± 2°C and 80 ± 5% RH). The TSS and TA were analysed day to day during the storage period. The physiological loss in weight (PLW) in percentage was determined as the variation between the initial weight and the weight at the moment of measurement. Fruit decay percentage was calculated by counting the number of fruits with visible mould lesions on the surface (Gonçalves et al. 2010 ). Statistical Analysis The statistical data obtained from the field experiments were analyzed in randomised block design (RBD) with nine treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice. The storage studies of strawberries were designed in factorial completely randomised design (CRD) with three replication and analysed with the help of analysis of variance to test the significance at 5.0% level of significance with the help of R studio. Results and Discussion Plant Growth and Flowering Attributes The exogenous application of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid significantly affected the growth and flowering of strawberries (Table 1 ). The maximum plant height (35.63 cm), plant spread (32.23 cm) number of leaves (39.80), and leaf area (23.27 cm 2 ) were recorded from plants treated with 75 ppm GA 3 . All these parameters were noted minimum in control plants. Gibberellins known to stimulate the cell division and cell elongation processes. Exogenous application of gibberellins also reported to be increased the endogenous auxin synthesis in the plant system (Liu et al.2022; Gulzar et al. 2025 ). Gibberellic acid promotes shoot development by down regulating the growth suppressor DELLA proteins (Davière and Achard, 2016 ). The increase in leaf number and leaf area with the application of gibberellic acid might be linked to the increased cell division and cell elongation of the epidermal and parenchyma cells that present in sub-apical meristems. Further, gibberellic acid is reported to be helped in the expansion of leaf area (Ritonga et al.2023). Similar type of findings was also reported in strawberry (Rathod et al.2021a). The maximum number of runners (12.40) were produced by the plants treated with 100 ppm GA 3 . More number of leaves and larger leaf area in GA 3 treated plants were responsible for synthesis of more photosynthates and that promoted the production of more runners (Rathod et al.2021a). Further, differentiation of axillary buds following gibberellic acid treatment might also be responsible for production of more runners per plant (Black, 2004 ). The plants received foliar application of 100 ppm GA 3 resulted earliest flowering within 109 days after planting. Application of gibberellic acid reported to be reduced the required for flower emergence in strawberry (Paroussi et al. 2002 ). The number of flowers per plant found maximum (29.87) in the plants treated with 75 ppm GA 3 . The increase in the number of flowers with the application of gibberellin might be related to the rapid growth of inflorescence that increased the number of blooms per plant (Paroussi et al. 2002 ). Similar findings were also reported earlier in strawberry (Rathod et al.2021a). Table 1 Effect of plant growth regulators on plant growth and flowering of strawberry cv. Chandler Treatments Plant height (cm) Plant Spread (cm) Leaves per plant Leaf area (cm 2 ) Runners per plant Flowers per plant Days taken to first flowering (Days) 25 ppm GA 3 30.17 b 28.97 a 36.60 bc 20.76 b 9.47 c 28.60 c 111.27 e 50 ppm GA 3 32.47 ab 30.82 a 36.80 bc 20.88 b 11.20 b 28.93 bc 111.53 e 75 ppm GA 3 35.63 a 32.23 a 39.80 a 23.27 a 12.17 a 29.87 a 112.00 de 100 ppm GA 3 34.73 ab 32.21 a 38.80 ab 21.15 b 12.40 a 29.47 ab 109.00 e 25 ppm NAA 20.43 c 24.30 b 38.40 ab 21.48 b 7.60 d 28.40 c 114.80 cd 50 ppm NAA 21.77 c 23.83 b 38.20 ab 19.13 c 6.87 de 27.47 d 116.67 c 75 ppm NAA 20.23 c 22.33 b 35.47 cd 19.31 c 6.50 e 27.27 d 117.53 c 100 ppm NAA 19.74 c 21.93 b 34.00 d 19.25 c 6.40 e 26.93 d 122.13 b Control (Water Spray) 14.80d 21.18 b 30.40 e 13.62 d 7.67 d 22.27 e 127.33 a S. Ed (±) 2.15 1.92 0.97 0.60 0.44 0.27 1.35 CD 0.05 4.55 4.07 2.07 1.26 0.94 0.57 2.87 Mean with the same letter within column are not significant by DMRT test at p < 0.05, S. Ed (±), Standard Error of Difference Fruiting Attributes The maximum fruit set percentage (84.38%), number of fruits per plant (25.31) per plant, fruit weight (12.61 g), yield per plant (312.17g) and yield per hectare (34.72 tons) were found in the plants treated with 75 ppm GA 3 (Table 2 ). The increase fruit set owing to the gibberellin’s treatment might be related to the rapid growth of inflorescence, which might also increase the fruit set (Paroussi et al.2002). Inflorescence development might had led to enhance flower production and thereby increased the number of flowers that were acquired with the spray of gibberellic acid (Rathod et al.2021a). Application of GA 3 increased the number of fruits per plant, weight, and yield by accelerating the translocation and mobilization of stored photosynthates or their metabolites from source to sink (Sekhar et al.2016). Therefore, photosynthate partitioning across competing sink fruits on the same inflorescence may be determined by the sink strength and sink dominance of each fruit (Hidaka et al.2019). Increase in number of fruits, fruit weight and yield of strawberry with the application of gibberellic acid were also reported earlier in the cultivar Winter Dawn (Rathod et al.2021a). Table 2 Effect of plant growth regulators on fruiting of strawberry cv. Chandler Treatments Fruit set (%) Fruits per plant Fruit weight (g) Fruit yield Per plant (g) Per ha (ton) 25 ppm GA 3 82.99 ab 23.84 bc 12.19 ab 284.03 b 31.59 b 50 ppm GA 3 83.19 ab 24.17 b 12.13 ab 286.67 ab 31.88 b 75 ppm GA 3 84.38 a 25.31 a 12.61 a 312.17 a 34.72 a 100 ppm GA 3 83.26 ab 24.64 ab 12.24 ab 295.01 ab 32.81 ab 25 ppm NAA 80.98 bc 23.11 c 12.51 a 283.02 b 31.48 b 50 ppm NAA 80.58 bc 22.24 d 12.39 ab 269.44 bc 29.97 bc 75 ppm NAA 79.73 c 21.84 d 11.72 ab 250.76 cd 27.89 cd 100 ppm NAA 79.21 c 21.44 d 11.29 b 236.26 d 26.28 d Control (Water Spray) 73.96 d 16.57 e 8.59 c 137.71 e 15.33 e S. Ed (±) 1.17 0.36 0.49 11.91 1.32 CD 0.05 2.48 0.77 1.03 25.26 2.81 Mean with the same letter within column are not significant by DMRT test at p < 0.05, S. Ed (±), Standard Error of Difference Fruit Quality Attributes The exogenous application of plant growth regulators had a significant effect on fruit quality of strawberry (Table 3 ). The findings reflected that foliar application of 75 ppm GA 3 resulted maximum TSS (14.15 ° B) in strawberry fruits. Total soluble solids levels might be raised due to increase in volatile compounds and hydrolysis of starch (Basak et al.2022). The lowest titratable acidity (1.01%) was noted in the fruits from the plants treated with 75 ppm NAA. The reduction in titratable acidity could be related to the conversion of larger quantities of organic acids and photosynthates into sugars during the fruit ripening stage in GA 3 treated plants (Mastuane et al.2016). The fruits with the highest ascorbic acid content (64.37 mg/100 g) were harvested from the plants treated with 75 ppm GA 3 . The improvement in the ascorbic acid content of strawberry in GA 3 treated plants might be due to increase the activities of enzymes responsible for ascorbic acid biosynthesis or by downregulating the activity of the ascorbate oxidase (Netam and Sharma, 2014 ). Higher ascorbic acid with the application of gibberellic acid has also been reported in cape gooseberry (Kumar et al.2017). The maximum reducing sugar (5.08%) and total sugar (7.69%) were recorded in the fruits from the plants treated with 75 ppm GA 3 . Gibberellins application is known to enhance the activities of αamylase and invertage (Pérez and Gomez, 2000 ). Higher activity of these enzymes converted the starchy polysaccharides of strawberry fruits into simple sugars and resulting in higher total sugar content in GA 3 treated plants (Tripathi and Shukla 2007 ). However, the non-reducing sugar (2.96%) was found maximum in the fruits from the 100 ppm GA 3 treated plants. Higher metabolic changes in the fruits might responsible for enhanced non-reducing sugar content in 100 ppm GA 3 treated plants (Paikra et al.2018). The highest anthocyanin content (35.41 mg/100g) of fruits was recorded in the plants treated with 100 ppm GA 3 . Increased anthocyanin content with the application of gibberellic acid was also reported in grape fruit (Zhou et al.2024). Table 3 Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit quality of strawberry cv. Chandler Treatments TSS (°B) Titratable acidity (%) Ascorbic acid (mg 100 g − 1 ) Reducing sugar (%) Non-reducing sugar (%) Total sugar (%) Anthocyanin (mg 100 g − 1 ) 25 ppm GA 3 12.98c 1.35a 61.03c 4.78b 2.45c 7.37c 28.80bcd 50 ppm GA 3 13.70b 1.28b 62.77b 4.64bc 2.74abc 7.52bc 30.44b 75 ppm GA 3 14.15a 1.26b 64.37a 5.08a 2.81ab 8.04a 31.60b 100 ppm GA 3 13.00c 1.36a 61.15c 4.57bc 2.96a 7.69b 35.41a 25 ppm NAA 12.60d 1.05de 60.42c 4.44cd 2.80ab 7.38c 26.26cd 50 ppm NAA 12.10e 1.07cd 59.78c 4.41cd 2.64bc 7.19d 28.10bcd 75 ppm NAA 11.70g 1.01e 59.81c 4.30d 2.44c 6.89e 29.32bc 100 ppm NAA 11.82f 1.11c 59.75c 4.43cd 2.42c 7.02e 28.77bcd Control (Water Spray) 8.85h 1.38a 51.88d 3.98e 2.03d 6.12f 25.33d S. Ed (±) 0.06 0.02 0.63 0.11 0.14 0.08 1.56 CD 0.05 0.12 0.05 1.33 0.24 0.29 0.17 3.30 Mean with the same letter within column are not significant by DMRT test at p < 0.05, S. Ed (±), Standard Error of Difference Storage Attributes It is evident from the Fig. 1 that physiological loss in weight (A) and fruit decay (B) were increased steadily upto second day of storage, then a rapid increase of these parameters was noted in ambient storage. Fruits harvested from the plants treated with 75 ppm GA 3 resulted least changes in both physiological loss in weight and decay upto end of storage period. The most rapid loss of physiological weight and decay of fruits were recorded in fruits from the control plants. The reduction in physiological weight loss and decay with the pre-harvest application of GA 3 could be attributed to its capacity to retain more water, countering the effects of evaporation. Gibberellic acid is known to act as an anti-aging and anti-respiration agent and supress the catabolic processes of ripening related changes and resulting in minimum loss in physiological weight (Zhang et al.2018). Strawberry is a highly perishable fruit. Under ambient condition, decay rate of strawberry is reported to be 15.20 per cent on just one day after harvest and the rate might went up to 99.40 per cent within storage period of four days (Rahman et al.2016). Fruit decay of strawberry sis primarily caused due to pathogens like Botrytis , Mucor , Colletotrichum , Penicillium and many others (Feliziani and Romanazzi, 2016 ). Gibberellic acid might have a substantial impact on the structural integrity of the fruit's cuticular layer and pores present in the fruit skin that prevented the entry of such decay causing pathogens in strawberry (Aghdam et al.2018). The results demonstrated in Fig. 1indicated a progressive increase in total soluble solid (C) during the storage period, while acidity content (D) of the fruits decreased steadily. Maximum TSS was recorded in the fruits that were harvested from the plants received foliar application of 75 ppm GA 3 during storage. The increase in TSS might be due to activation of enzymes such as α-amylase and β-amylase that hydrolyzed the starch and raised the TSS level. The least changes in acidity content in 75 ppm GA 3 treated strawberries indicating slower rate of ripening related changes such as respiration (Rahman et al.2016). Conclusion This study revealed that foliar application of 75 ppm GA 3 was beneficial for improvement of growth, maximizing the yield and enhancement of fruit quality. Additionally, this foliar treatment is also helpful during ambient storage of strawberries. Declarations Author Contribution Alok Singh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Experimentation, Formal Analysis, Writing Original Draft; Ngangbam Piloo: Mentoring, Validation, Supervision; Ajay Kumar: Review and editing, Validation; Alok Kumar Gupta: Formal Analysis, Writing; Sanasam Angousana: Review and editing, Software, Validation; Alok Kumar: Data collection, Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, for providing us the facility to collect the data and Advisor, for their support throughout the investigation. References Aghdam MS, Jannatizadeh A, Luo Z, Paliyath G (2018) Ensuring sufficient intracellular ATP supplying and friendly extracellular ATP signaling attenuates stresses, delays senescence and maintains quality in horticultural crops during postharvest life. Trends Food Sci Technol 76:67–81 AOAC (2006) Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. 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Sci Hortic 338:113619 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 04 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 May, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 May, 2026 First submitted to journal 28 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9558237","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":633888830,"identity":"efdfde81-3d56-4f36-bcb1-b2a2e1a0870d","order_by":0,"name":"Alok Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdgZmIAnGB4CEhAxhLcwwLWxsCSAtPKRo4TEA8Qlr4W9mPmz4c4d1Yv/8ns+vbtRY8DCwHz66AZ8WicNsycm8Z9ITZxzj3WadcwzoMJ60tBt4rTnMY3yYse1wYgNQi3EOG1CLBI8ZXi3yQC0HfwK1zD/G88w45x8RWgyAWhJ4gVo2HONhfpzbRoQWQ6BfjHnb0o03HkszY87tk+BhI+QXuePNhyV/tlnLzjt8+PHnnG91cvzsh4/h9z4SYJMAk8QqBwHmD6SoHgWjYBSMgpEDALnkRGnjRRHeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alok","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":633888835,"identity":"169d21bf-185b-4e2c-a669-b62fe2bf767b","order_by":1,"name":"Ng Piloo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Central Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ng","middleName":"","lastName":"Piloo","suffix":""},{"id":633888840,"identity":"423ae56e-4af8-453f-95a9-9c024d42e275","order_by":2,"name":"Alok Kumar Gupta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alok","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Gupta","suffix":""},{"id":633888845,"identity":"086303ea-e489-4319-a95e-715a33b26b4c","order_by":3,"name":"Ajay Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ajay","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":633888847,"identity":"9457cb23-fae0-4106-9d90-8ba5c9da801f","order_by":4,"name":"Sanasam Angousana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sanasam","middleName":"","lastName":"Angousana","suffix":""},{"id":633888849,"identity":"7ac1b43f-15d3-4000-a839-9906f4e67ad1","order_by":5,"name":"Alok Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alok","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-28 21:08:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9558237/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9558237/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109001455,"identity":"f1318b46-9ba0-46b9-b314-e8bcbc1a26c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-11 15:01:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":167535,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStorage behaviour of strawberry cv. Chandler upto fourth day of ambient storage. A: Changes in physiological loss in weight, B: Decay, C: Total Soluble Solid, D: Titratable acidity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9558237/v1/6188d862196b96ad71d76100.png"},{"id":109001458,"identity":"4bab26d7-51fd-4fc5-b23d-85b407f7b241","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-11 15:01:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":541486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9558237/v1/9963f3ef-c3a6-4e99-a9b4-881ed84998d6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the growth, yield, quality and storage behaviour of Strawberry cv. Chandler under the Northeast region of India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eStrawberry (\u003cem\u003eFragaria \u0026times; ananassa\u003c/em\u003e Duch.) is an herbaceous perennial fruit crop that belongs to the Rosaceae family. It is one of the most delicious, nutritious, perishable, luscious, soft, and attractive berries among fruit crops (Chakraborty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It is a monoecious octaploid hybrid (2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56) between, \u003cem\u003eFragaria chiloensis\u003c/em\u003e Duch. and \u003cem\u003eFragaria virginiana\u003c/em\u003e Duch. (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This fruit crop can be cultivated under protected condition (Sharma and Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), open fields (Chakraborty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and also in soilless growing substrates (Rathod et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003ea). Strawberry is a non-climacteric fruit, known for its rapid softening, short shelf life after harvest and quick deterioration. Strawberries are an excellent source of vitamins, containing a good amount of vitamin A (60 IU) and vitamin C (30\u0026ndash;120 mg/100g) (Parmar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). They are also high in minerals such as manganese, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and iron, as well as ellagic acid, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neurodegenerative, and anti-cancer properties (Patel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is propagated through runners and is red in colour due to the presence of anthocyanin, pelarogonidin, 3-monoglucoside, and traces of cyanide (Srivastav et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The use of plant growth regulators modifies both the physical and biochemical properties of the fruits. Growth regulators such as auxin and gibberellin are used in strawberry in order to increase fruit size, improve fruit set, promote growth, and yields (Rathod et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003eb). Among them, auxins are applied to promote receptacle enlargement, enhance fruit size growth, and delay fruit ripening, while gibberellins inhibit the ripening process (Bisht et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGibberellin treatment accelerates vegetative development and flower development, elongates the main stem internode, increases runner formation, promotes stolon formation, increases leaf area, and increases petiole length. It also reduces the rosette habit and delays blossom initiation in strawberry (Fagherazzi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Gibberellic acid (GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) significantly enhances plant height, the number of flowers, fruit set percentage, fruit count, as well as fruit size, weight, overall quality also extends the shelf life by minimum cumulative physiological loss in weight and higher vitamin C retention (Rathod et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003ea; Trejo et al.2023). Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), a synthetic auxin, facilitates cell elongation and division, vascular tissue differentiation, root initiation, and apical dominance. Additionally, it plays a role in leaf senescence, leaf and fruit abscission, enhances fruit set, prevents fruit drop, and promotes the flower sex ratio and improving the total sugar content, ascorbic acid levels, and titratable acidity percentage (Rathod et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003ea). The North eastern states of India have the potential to cultivate strawberries this region offers numerous opportunities for successful strawberry farming due to its mild and favourable climate. However, no research has been conducted to determine the effect of these plant growth regulators on physical, physiological, bio-chemical as well as storage attributes of strawberry cultivar Chandler under the Northeast region of India. Therefore, this study aims to explore the application of plant growth regulators, specifically NAA and GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, to enhance sustainable yields and extend the storage period of the strawberry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental site and Treatment Details\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present experiment was conducted at the Experimental Field (24\u0026deg;48'52.4\"N and 93\u0026deg;53'23.1\"E), College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur. The field was properly prepared by repeated ploughing with the help of a power tiller, and a well-rotted farm was integrated into the soil and applied recommended doses of fertilizers and during the third week of September, disease-free, healthy runners of strawberry cv. Chandler were procured from Central Farm, Lamphelpat, Central Agriculture University, Imphal, Manipur and were dipped in carbendazim (2.0 g l\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e water) for 10.0 min. to prevent fungal diseases before planting. The treated runners were planted at 180 cm length and 90 cm wide raised beds at 30 cm \u0026times; 30 cm spacing. There were eighteen (18) plants per bed. Each bed was considered as a unit of one replication. Black polythene mulch was used as a bedding material in the raised beds of strawberries. Foliar plant growth regulator treatments consisted of 25 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 50 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 25 ppm NAA, 50 ppm NAA, 75 ppm NAA, 100 ppm NAA and only water (control) were sprayed to the strawberry plants at 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. Other cultural practices like irrigation, weeding and management of pest and diseases were carried out as and when required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePlant Growth, Flowering, Fruiting and Quality Attributes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive plants in each bed were randomly selected and tagged for recording the plant growth, flowering and fruiting parameters. The plant growth parameters were noted 120 days after planting. The leaf area was measured using a leaf area meter (Leaf Area Metre 211, Systronics). The TSS of strawberries was measured using a digital refractometer (ATAGO Co., PAL-1, Tokyo, Japan). The biochemical properties of fruits were determined according to the method described by AOAC (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Anthocyanin pigmentation was measured in (spectrophotometer 166, Systronics) absorbance units/g of fresh fruit at 530 nm and expressed in mg per 100g as per the method described by Ranganna (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStorage Attributes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePost-harvest storage studies were carried out up to 4 days after harvestings of fruits to assess the effect of preharvest treatment on shelf life and quality of strawberries. Sixty (60) fruits with similar maturity, size, shape, and no damage were chosen for the experiment and separated into three groups as replicates. They were packaged in transparent plastic boxes and stored at ambient conditions (26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C and 80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% RH). The TSS and TA were analysed day to day during the storage period. The physiological loss in weight (PLW) in percentage was determined as the variation between the initial weight and the weight at the moment of measurement. Fruit decay percentage was calculated by counting the number of fruits with visible mould lesions on the surface (Gon\u0026ccedil;alves et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical data obtained from the field experiments were analyzed in randomised block design (RBD) with nine treatments and each treatment was replicated thrice. The storage studies of strawberries were designed in factorial completely randomised design (CRD) with three replication and analysed with the help of analysis of variance to test the significance at 5.0% level of significance with the help of R studio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant Growth and Flowering Attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe exogenous application of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid significantly affected the growth and flowering of strawberries (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum plant height (35.63 cm), plant spread (32.23 cm) number of leaves (39.80), and leaf area (23.27 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) were recorded from plants treated with 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. All these parameters were noted minimum in control plants. Gibberellins known to stimulate the cell division and cell elongation processes. Exogenous application of gibberellins also reported to be increased the endogenous auxin synthesis in the plant system (Liu et al.2022; Gulzar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Gibberellic acid promotes shoot development by down regulating the growth suppressor DELLA proteins (Davi\u0026egrave;re and Achard, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The increase in leaf number and leaf area with the application of gibberellic acid might be linked to the increased cell division and cell elongation of the epidermal and parenchyma cells that present in sub-apical meristems. Further, gibberellic acid is reported to be helped in the expansion of leaf area (Ritonga et al.2023). Similar type of findings was also reported in strawberry (Rathod et al.2021a). The maximum number of runners (12.40) were produced by the plants treated with 100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. More number of leaves and larger leaf area in GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated plants were responsible for synthesis of more photosynthates and that promoted the production of more runners (Rathod et al.2021a). Further, differentiation of axillary buds following gibberellic acid treatment might also be responsible for production of more runners per plant (Black, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The plants received foliar application of 100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e resulted earliest flowering within 109 days after planting. Application of gibberellic acid reported to be reduced the required for flower emergence in strawberry (Paroussi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). The number of flowers per plant found maximum (29.87) in the plants treated with 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The increase in the number of flowers with the application of gibberellin might be related to the rapid growth of inflorescence that increased the number of blooms per plant (Paroussi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Similar findings were also reported earlier in strawberry (Rathod et al.2021a).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of plant growth regulators on plant growth and flowering of strawberry cv. Chandler\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant Spread (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves per plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRunners per plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlowers per plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays taken to first flowering (Days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.60\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.76\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.47\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.60\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.27\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.47\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.80\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.93\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.53\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.80\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.00\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.73\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.80\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.47\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.43\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.40\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.40\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.80\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.77\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.20\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.47\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.67\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.47\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.31\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.27\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.74\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.93\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.25\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.93\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (Water Spray)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.80d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.40\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.62\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Ed (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean with the same letter within column are not significant by DMRT test at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, S. Ed (\u0026plusmn;), Standard Error of Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFruiting Attributes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe maximum fruit set percentage (84.38%), number of fruits per plant (25.31) per plant, fruit weight (12.61 g), yield per plant (312.17g) and yield per hectare (34.72 tons) were found in the plants treated with 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The increase fruit set owing to the gibberellin\u0026rsquo;s treatment might be related to the rapid growth of inflorescence, which might also increase the fruit set (Paroussi et al.2002). Inflorescence development might had led to enhance flower production and thereby increased the number of flowers that were acquired with the spray of gibberellic acid (Rathod et al.2021a). Application of GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e increased the number of fruits per plant, weight, and yield by accelerating the translocation and mobilization of stored photosynthates or their metabolites from source to sink (Sekhar et al.2016). Therefore, photosynthate partitioning across competing sink fruits on the same inflorescence may be determined by the sink strength and sink dominance of each fruit (Hidaka et al.2019). Increase in number of fruits, fruit weight and yield of strawberry with the application of gibberellic acid were also reported earlier in the cultivar Winter Dawn (Rathod et al.2021a).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of plant growth regulators on fruiting of strawberry cv. Chandler\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit set (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruits per plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer plant (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer ha (ton)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.99\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.84\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.19\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.59\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.19\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286.67\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.88\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.38\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.26\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.64\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.24\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.81\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.98\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.11\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.58\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.24\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.39\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269.44\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.97\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.73\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.84\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.72\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250.76\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.89\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.21\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.44\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.28\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (Water Spray)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.96\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.71\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.33\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Ed (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean with the same letter within column are not significant by DMRT test at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, S. Ed (\u0026plusmn;), Standard Error of Difference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFruit Quality Attributes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe exogenous application of plant growth regulators had a significant effect on fruit quality of strawberry (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The findings reflected that foliar application of 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e resulted maximum TSS (14.15 \u0026deg; B) in strawberry fruits. Total soluble solids levels might be raised due to increase in volatile compounds and hydrolysis of starch (Basak et al.2022). The lowest titratable acidity (1.01%) was noted in the fruits from the plants treated with 75 ppm NAA. The reduction in titratable acidity could be related to the conversion of larger quantities of organic acids and photosynthates into sugars during the fruit ripening stage in GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated plants (Mastuane et al.2016). The fruits with the highest ascorbic acid content (64.37 mg/100 g) were harvested from the plants treated with 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The improvement in the ascorbic acid content of strawberry in GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated plants might be due to increase the activities of enzymes responsible for ascorbic acid biosynthesis or by downregulating the activity of the ascorbate oxidase (Netam and Sharma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Higher ascorbic acid with the application of gibberellic acid has also been reported in cape gooseberry (Kumar et al.2017). The maximum reducing sugar (5.08%) and total sugar (7.69%) were recorded in the fruits from the plants treated with 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Gibberellins application is known to enhance the activities of αamylase and invertage (P\u0026eacute;rez and Gomez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Higher activity of these enzymes converted the starchy polysaccharides of strawberry fruits into simple sugars and resulting in higher total sugar content in GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated plants (Tripathi and Shukla \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). However, the non-reducing sugar (2.96%) was found maximum in the fruits from the 100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated plants. Higher metabolic changes in the fruits might responsible for enhanced non-reducing sugar content in 100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated plants (Paikra et al.2018). The highest anthocyanin content (35.41 mg/100g) of fruits was recorded in the plants treated with 100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Increased anthocyanin content with the application of gibberellic acid was also reported in grape fruit (Zhou et al.2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of plant growth regulators on fruit quality of strawberry cv. Chandler\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026deg;B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTitratable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eacidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg 100 g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReducing sugar (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-reducing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esugar (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esugar (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg 100 g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.98c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.03c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.80bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.70b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.77b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.52bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.44b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.37a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.08a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.60b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.00c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.41a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.60d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.42c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.38c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.26cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.78c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.70g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.81c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.32bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 ppm NAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.82f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.75c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.77bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl (Water Spray)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.85h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.88d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.33d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Ed (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean with the same letter within column are not significant by DMRT test at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, S. Ed (\u0026plusmn;), Standard Error of Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStorage Attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is evident from the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e that physiological loss in weight (A) and fruit decay (B) were increased steadily upto second day of storage, then a rapid increase of these parameters was noted in ambient storage. Fruits harvested from the plants treated with 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e resulted least changes in both physiological loss in weight and decay upto end of storage period. The most rapid loss of physiological weight and decay of fruits were recorded in fruits from the control plants. The reduction in physiological weight loss and decay with the pre-harvest application of GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e could be attributed to its capacity to retain more water, countering the effects of evaporation. Gibberellic acid is known to act as an anti-aging and anti-respiration agent and supress the catabolic processes of ripening related changes and resulting in minimum loss in physiological weight (Zhang et al.2018). Strawberry is a highly perishable fruit. Under ambient condition, decay rate of strawberry is reported to be 15.20 per cent on just one day after harvest and the rate might went up to 99.40 per cent within storage period of four days (Rahman et al.2016). Fruit decay of strawberry sis primarily caused due to pathogens like \u003cem\u003eBotrytis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMucor\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eColletotrichum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e and many others (Feliziani and Romanazzi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Gibberellic acid might have a substantial impact on the structural integrity of the fruit's cuticular layer and pores present in the fruit skin that prevented the entry of such decay causing pathogens in strawberry (Aghdam et al.2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1indicated a progressive increase in total soluble solid (C) during the storage period, while acidity content (D) of the fruits decreased steadily. Maximum TSS was recorded in the fruits that were harvested from the plants received foliar application of 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e during storage. The increase in TSS might be due to activation of enzymes such as α-amylase and β-amylase that hydrolyzed the starch and raised the TSS level. The least changes in acidity content in 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treated strawberries indicating slower rate of ripening related changes such as respiration (Rahman et al.2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that foliar application of 75 ppm GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was beneficial for improvement of growth, maximizing the yield and enhancement of fruit quality. Additionally, this foliar treatment is also helpful during ambient storage of strawberries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlok Singh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Experimentation, Formal Analysis, Writing Original Draft; Ngangbam Piloo: Mentoring, Validation, Supervision; Ajay Kumar: Review and editing, Validation; Alok Kumar Gupta: Formal Analysis, Writing; Sanasam Angousana: Review and editing, Software, Validation; Alok Kumar: Data collection,\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur, for providing us the facility to collect the data and Advisor, for their support throughout the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAghdam MS, Jannatizadeh A, Luo Z, Paliyath G (2018) Ensuring sufficient intracellular ATP supplying and friendly extracellular ATP signaling attenuates stresses, delays senescence and maintains quality in horticultural crops during postharvest life. 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Sci Hortic 338:113619\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"applied-fruit-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Applied Fruit Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Ascorbic acid, Anthocyanin, Gibberellic acid, 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Storage quality, Strawberry, Shelf life","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9558237/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9558237/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eStrawberry (\u003cem\u003eFragaria annanasa\u003c/em\u003e Dutch.) is a prominent fruit with a distinct fragrance, colour, and texture, as well as a high nutritional values and economical importance. It has gained prominence as a fruit of global importance. The effect of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid help to regulate growth and enhance the berries quality and extend the shelf life. The field experiment was carried out with nine treatments and three replications of GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and NAA, \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm with control in a randomized block design (RBD). Vegetative growth attributes (plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, runners per plant), flowering attributes (first flower, flowers per plant), yield and physical parameters (fruit set, fruits per plant, fruit weight, and yield) and bio-chemical attributes (total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total soluble solid/titratable acidity ratio, ascorbic acid, total sugar and anthocyanin content) were evaluated. Sensory quality, physiological loss in weight and decay loss were also analysed for determination of storage quality during 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after harvesting at 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C and 85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity. GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e significantly improved growth, yield, and quality while also extending shelf life; 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid lowered titratable acidity, and higher-dose GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e raised runner per plant and anthocyanin content. The results revealed that among various treatments, GA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at the rate of 75 ppm significantly improved the qualitative as well as quantitative traits along with storage qualities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid on the growth, yield, quality and storage behaviour of Strawberry cv. Chandler under the Northeast region of India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-11 15:01:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9558237/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-04T06:30:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T13:54:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T13:54:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Applied Fruit Science","date":"2026-04-28T20:50:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"applied-fruit-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Applied Fruit Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"89e441d4-f9b5-403f-b377-a99e7e6b45b2","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 11th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"3","date":"2026-05-04T06:30:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T13:54:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T13:54:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T15:01:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-11 15:01:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9558237","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9558237","identity":"rs-9558237","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}