Evaluation of the Biological and Antiviral Activities of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach Extracts

This study investigated phenolics, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antiviral activities against HRSV and HSV-1 in ethanol (SEE) and aqueous extracts (SEW) obtained through Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE: ethanol extract, UAW: aqueous extract) from A. bisporus. Quercetin was the most prominent phenolic among 21 standards. Total phenolic content ranged from 9.56±0.06 to 13.84±0.11 mg GAEs/g, and the total flavonoid content ranged from 0.08±0.07 to 0.73±0.03 mg REs/g. SEE extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity, except for FRAP and metal chelating activity (DPPH: 20.29±1.69 mg TEs/g, ABTS: 48.33±3.03 mg TEs/g, CUPRAC: 54.35±1.24 mg TEs/g, Phosphomolybdate: 1.44±0.06 mg TEs/g). The highest FRAP-reducing activity was in UAE extract (33.95±0.04 mg TEs/g), while SEW extract displayed the highest metal chelating activity (29.55±0.04 mg EDTAE/g). Ethanol extracts demonstrated higher enzyme inhibition activity. The highest AChE, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitions were in SEE extract at 2.56±0.02 mg GALAEs/g extract, 1.03±0.00 mg ACEs/g extract, and 51.97±0.80 mg KAEs/g extract, respectively. The highest BChE and α-amylase inhibition activities were found in UAE extract at 6.34±0.08 mg GALAEs/g and 0.29±0.00 mmol ACEs/g, respectively. Extracts showed anti-HRSV activity, with the highest efficacy observed in the SEW extract (SI=135.90). Anti-HSV-1 activity was detected only in the UAW extract (SI=85.86).