Beyond the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: An Enhanced Three-Dimensional Model Unveiling the Multidimensional Cosmos of Stars

Beyond the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: An Enhanced Three-Dimensional Model Unveiling the Multidimensional Cosmos of Stars | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Beyond the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: An Enhanced Three-Dimensional Model Unveiling the Multidimensional Cosmos of Stars Rohan Kumar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4931376/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Despite its utility in identifying patterns in celestial objects, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is not supported in dim or small stars; it struggles to provide insights into certain celestial objects such as brown dwarfs. The purpose of this experiment is to create an improved version of the diagram with a three-dimensional model that includes a third z-axis to accurately predict and chart the life cycles of all stars regardless of size. The values of the stars’ absolute magnitude and color indices were used to chart the surface gravity and metallicity, variables that were chosen due to their ease of collection and their likeliness to be within the range of values being assessed. To obtain the values for the model, data points from the database GAIA DR2 were utilized via the TAP protocol to query the SQL database. The data was transferred into a local CSV file to facilitate data manipulation. The data could be read and interpreted, as dim stars would likely have higher values of these variables, making it easier to include them in the diagram. The Pandas DataFrames tool on Python 3 was used to organize and manage the data efficiently. Matplotlib Graphs visualized the relationships between different stellar attributes by developing a linear regression line and an algorithm and creating scatter plots and sky maps (Figure 11) to explore trends, hence designing three–dimensional diagrams. It was determined that the surface gravity diagram had a higher efficacy than metallicity due to their standard deviations of 0.4641441715272741 and 0.786577627976148, respectively. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4931376","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":360511696,"identity":"5c3ebeb7-bf12-462c-9397-94cd6e3a1657","order_by":0,"name":"Rohan Kumar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA90lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHiA+AGF+ZjCwAVKMjQeI1cI4m6EgDUQ3kKLlw2EwC68W8/beg58LzhyO5p99gLG5wOC83dr2w0BbamyicWmROXMuWXrGjcO5M84lMDbPMLidvO1MIlDLsbTcBhxaJCRyDKR5PhzObTjDwP6YB6jF7ABQC2PDYXxajH+DtMw/w8DYzGNwLtns/EOCWsykeYAO2wDRcsDO7AYhW3jOmFnznEnP3XiGsRHol+QEsxtAWxLw+YW9x/g2zzHr3HlnmA82F/yxszc7n/7wwYcaG5xakAAjWE0imEwgrBwB7ElRPApGwSgYBSMDAABMeGYHasLJOgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rohan","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-18 00:38:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4931376/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4931376/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75691115,"identity":"598fee63-7c34-473d-8afd-6afa08c145b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-07 07:17:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1296297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BeyondtheHertzsprungRussellDiagramUnveilingtheMultidimensionalCosmosofStars15.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4931376/v1_covered_7285b68c-039a-4d86-8702-1dfc75c438e9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Beyond the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: An Enhanced Three-Dimensional Model Unveiling the Multidimensional Cosmos of Stars","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4931376/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4931376/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Despite its utility in identifying patterns in celestial objects, the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is not supported in dim or small stars; it struggles to provide insights into certain celestial objects such as brown dwarfs. 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