Memory-guided perception is shaped by dynamic two-stage theta- and alpha-mediated retrieval

How does memory influence auditory perception, and what are the underlying mechanisms that drive these interactions? Most empirical investigations on the neural correlates of memory-guided perception have used static visual tasks creating a bias in the literature that contrasts with recent research highlighting the dynamic nature of memory retrieval. Here, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to track the retrieval of auditory associative memories in a cue-target paradigm. Participants (N=64) listened to real-world soundscapes (cue) that were either predictive of an upcoming target tone or nonpredictive. Three key results emerged: First, targets were detected faster when embedded in predictive than in nonpredictive soundscapes (memory-guided perceptual benefit). Second, changes in theta and alpha power differentiated soundscape contexts that were predictive from nonpredictive contexts at two distinct temporal intervals from cue onset (early - 950 ms peak for theta and alpha, and late - 1650 ms peak for alpha only). Third, early theta activity in the left anterior temporal lobe was correlated with memory-guided perceptual benefits. Together, these findings underscore the role of distinct neural processes at different time points during cued retrieval. By emphasizing temporal sensitivity and isolating cue-related activity, we reveal a two-stage retrieval mechanism that advances understanding of how memory influences auditory perception.