Impact of Living Arrangements on Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use among Kazakhstan University Students

Impact of Living Arrangements on Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use among Kazakhstan University Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Impact of Living Arrangements on Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use among Kazakhstan University Students Aigerim Mynbayeva, Svetlana Stelmakh, Gulnara Satkangulova, Liliya Sarkisyan, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856920/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Kazakhstan is a large Central Asian country of the former Soviet republic with a population of 19 million, the majority being Muslim with moderate religious practices. Despite considerable economic growth, most university students remain pressed to address higher education and living costs. This cross-sectional study of 2,065 students examined living conditions and its association with burnout, loneliness and substance use. Female students, and those using harmful substances, were more likely to report burnout and loneliness. Gender status did not differentiate student substance use. However, students who live on or off campus evidence more substance use including alcohol binge drinking. Regardless of gender status and living conditions, religious students reported less substance use. Study findings contribute to usable information for promoting university student psychological well-being through policy and prevention practices associated with substance use over time and across locations in the country. Kazakh university students burnout loneliness substance use Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Kazakhstan, a Central Asian country of the former Soviet republic, has been experiencing impressive economic growth with upper middle-income economy status according to the World Bank [ 1 ]. However, such growth has been accompanied by inequalities among much of the country’s 19 million people who are vulnerable to slow economic growth, job and income loss, the need for better housing, rising prices for goods and services, as well as increased demand for services to address mental health and harmful substance use [ 2 – 4 ]. More than half of Kazakh university students have not benefited from national prosperity and continue to face challenges associated with addressing education and living expenses with limited resources and work opportunities. In response, government and universities have implemented programs such as scholarships, grants, and low interest loans to promote opportunities of higher education [ 5 – 9 ]. Student Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use Burnout and loneliness are common psychological problems among university students [ 10 – 19 ]. Burnout is most often associated with excessive academic workload; and loneliness resulting from reduced contact with family members and living conditions [ 20 , 21 ]. In Kazakhstan, community, friends and family are significant support factors for youth and young adults; and when absent like being away for higher education [ 22 , 23 ], depressive symptoms including burnout and loneliness are possible outcome conditions [ 11 , 18 , 24 ]. Substance use is gaining attention as a problem among Kazakh university students [ 12 , 25 , 26 ]. However, there is a dearth of information about possible causal factors such as the impact of living conditions on student health and well-being. We hypothesize university student place of residence is significantly associated with conditions of burnout, loneliness and substance use. Method The Qualtrics software platform was used for this online survey. Survey respondents were asked to provide information about their place of university study, gender, age, and religiosity (i.e., secular or non-secular). Standardized data collection instruments, translated from English to Russian and Kazakh languages and back translated to English, were the 10-item Short Burnout Measure (SBM) [ 27 ], and the De Jong Gierveld 6-Item Short Loneliness Scale (SLS) to gauge emotional, social, and general loneliness [ 28 – 29 ]. Cronbach’s Alpha scores for these scales are SBM = 0.911, and SLS = 0.753. Questions about last month use of tobacco, alcohol including binge drinking (i.e., four or more drinks for women, or five or more drinks for men during an occasion), pain relievers and sedatives were adapted from Isralowitz et al. [ 30 ]. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 29. Stepwise multiple regression, Pearson’s chi-squared test for dichotomous variables, the Mann-Whitney test, t test, as well as one and two-way ANOVA for continuous variables were used for the data analysis. Participants A total of 2,065 Kazakh university students responded to the online survey, 71.0% female and 29.0% male. Among the survey respondents, 77.9% reported being religious and 22.1% secular. Living conditions during the academic year show 54.0% of the students living with their parents or relatives, and 46.0% on campus or in an off-campus apartment. The survey was conducted over 5 months ending in January 2023. Respondents were from the following Kazakh institutions of higher education: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KNU - Almaty), Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University (EKSU - Ust-Kamenogorsk), and A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University (KSU - Kostanay). Russian and Kazakh languages are equally used in the country. By decision of the university, the survey was conducted in Kazakh language at KNU, and in Russian at EKSU and KSU. Permission to conduct the survey with anonymous responses was received from KNU, EKSU and KSU Institutional Research Committees. The survey was conducted online and anonymously using the Qualtrics platform. Informed consent was contained in the introductory part of the questionnaire. In case of refusal to participate in the survey (negative response to the invitation to participate), an automatic exit from the online survey system occurred with the inability to continue working. The start of the survey means respondent informed consent. Table 1 provides survey respondent background characteristics. Table 1. Demographic characteristics Total (n=2065) Male (n=599) Female (n=1466) t test or χ 2 test: p value Age, Mean (SD) Median 18.6 (3.2) 18.0 18.5 (3.1) 18.0 18.6 (3.2) 18.0 .240 Religiosity, % (n) Secular Non-secular 22.1 (453) 77.9 (1596) 24.5 (146) 75.5 (450) 21.1 (307) 78.9 (1146) .107 University, % (n) Kazakh National University East Kazakhstan State University Kostanay State University 50.4 (1041) 37.4 (772) 12.2 (252) 54.9 (329) 34.6 (207) 10.5 (63) 48.6 (712) 38.5 (565) 12.9 (189) .001 [Table 1 here] Results Burnout T-test showed higher scores among female (t(1712) = 7.087; p < .001) and secular students (t(1704) = 3.288; p < .001). However, SMB responses were not found associated with living conditions. Loneliness Mann-Whitney test showed female students with a higher level of social (U = 220295.0, p = .002) and general (i.e., social and emotional) loneliness (U = 215500.0, p = .002) than their male counterparts. No significant difference was found for loneliness level based on religiosity (i.e., secular or religious) status. However, respondents who live on or off-campus reported more social loneliness than those living with parents/relatives (U = 279040.5, p = .049). One way ANOVA showed burnout significantly associated with emotional (F(3,1501) = 185.200, p < .001), social (F(3,1505) = 47.869, p < .001) and general (F(6,1490) = 75.287, p < .001) loneliness (See Fig. 1 ). [Figure 1 here] Substance Use Last month use of any substance was reported by 18.9% of the students, particularly those secular (χ 2 (1,N = 1687) = 23.379; p < .001), and living on or off-campus (χ 2 (1,N = 1689) = 19.118; p < .001). Student last month substance use rates were tobacco – 8.6%, alcohol − 11.2% including binge drinking − 4.7%, pain relievers – 7.1%, and sedatives – 2.5%. Student responses associated with last month substance use did not evidence a significant difference based on gender status. Regardless of gender and religiosity, students who reported last month any substance use and binge drinking had a higher level of burnout (t(1625) = 7.587, p < .001; t(1703) = 3.900, p < .001) as well as social and general loneliness (U = 147342.0, p = .002; U = 145710.0, p = .004). The two-way ANOVA revealed significant interaction between living condition and current alcohol use associated with burnout (F(1,1684) = 8.370; p = .004) (See Fig. 2 ). [Figure 2 here] Overall, stepwise regression analysis shows burnout significantly associated with general loneliness (β = .451; p < .001), last month any substance use (β = .135; p < .001), gender (i.e., female) (β = .146; p < .001), last month increase of alcohol use (β = .079; p = .001), secular status (β = .071; p = .003) and living on/or campus (β = .049; p = .037). The proportion of variation (i.e., Adjusted R 2 ) for burnout, predicted by these independent factors is 0.281. Additional independent variables such as age, binge drinking and university location do not significantly increase the proportion of explained variance. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of living arrangements on student burnout, loneliness and substance use among Kazakh university students. Regardless of living conditions and religiosity, female students reported more burnout (p < .001) as well as social (p = .002) and general (p = .002) loneliness. Other studies do not provide an unequivocal understanding about the association of gender status and burnout [ 12 , 31 – 33 ]. However, present findings about loneliness tend to be like other studies pointing to the condition being more common among men than women [ 34 – 36 ]. The important role of family structure and women in Kazakh society may be contributing factors associated with this outcome [ 37 ]; however, further research is needed to determine its impact on burnout, loneliness and substance use among young adults including those who remain at home or leave for academic study or other reasons. . About 18.9% of the respondents reported last month alcohol use; and among all alcohol users there was 4.7% binge drinking. This rate is significantly lower than consumption rates reported for U.S., European and Russian college students [ 38 – 42 , 52 ]. This lower rate of alcohol use among Kazakh students may be attributed to the influence of family, religion and/or peer culture toward alcohol consumption. Despite the comparatively low rate of substance use, present findings are consistent with those of other studies about the impact of student living arrangements and substance use [ 43 – 47 ] that show students, especially females, living on or off campus have significantly higher rates of substance use. Present study results show living with parents/relatives tends to be a preventive factor associated with burnout, loneliness [ 48 – 51 ] and substance use [ 44 , 52 ]. Also, religiosity is a possible protective factor associated with psychological well-being (i.e., burnout and loneliness) and substance use. However, caution should be exercised about generalizing this finding. Based on recent studies of post-Soviet countries, student religiosity tends to be declarative in nature and not associated with psycho-emotional well-being, resilience, and substance use [ 14 , 53 – 54 ]. For Kazakhstan universities, like others, the challenge is to gather useful information about student psychological well-being based on uniform methods of data collection and analysis; and apply such findings to policy and programs associated with curriculum development, student education and prevention initiatives directed to needs and problems. Such efforts are important for individuals, families and the future of Kazakhstan. Limitations This study is limited by its cross-sectional design and convenience sample of university students. Furthermore, present findings are limited to students who had internet access that weakens the generalizability of the findings. Additional research should be conducted over time and across locations in the country to monitor shifting patterns of burnout, loneliness and substance use based on living conditions, gender, university location and other factors. Such information should prove to be useful in promoting the future of Kazakhstan – its growth and prosperity through a healthy living environment. Declarations Acknowledgment The co-authors of this paper acknowledge the support and cooperation of the Kazakh university students who participated in the survey. Data availability statement The data used in our analysis is available based on a reasonable request from the corresponding author. Author contribution statement R.I. and A.R. conceptualized and designed the study. A.M., S.S., G.S. and L.S. translated and adapted study instruments on Kazakh language. A.M., S.S., G.S. and L.S. conducted data collection and administering study. A.R. and A.M. conducted the statistical analyses. R.I. and A.R. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. A.M., S.S., G.S. and L.S. reviewed the draft and provided critical feedback. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Financial support This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Institutional Review Board Statement The need for ethical approval was waived off by the IRB of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University and Akhmet Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University because of the anonymous data collection and reporting procedures used. Further details are available from the corresponding author regarding the approvals received from the participating universities involved. Informed Consent Statement Informed consent was obtained from all the participants involved in the study. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5856920","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":410514607,"identity":"6ab0d5d2-83d1-4800-be42-6157708fea80","order_by":0,"name":"Aigerim Mynbayeva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Farabi Kazakh National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aigerim","middleName":"","lastName":"Mynbayeva","suffix":""},{"id":410514608,"identity":"000d2ce3-a6f1-4765-9862-f0899e168ba8","order_by":1,"name":"Svetlana Stelmakh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Svetlana","middleName":"","lastName":"Stelmakh","suffix":""},{"id":410514609,"identity":"ac6dcd32-3ffd-4da9-b069-54f01ba0d566","order_by":2,"name":"Gulnara Satkangulova","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akhmet Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gulnara","middleName":"","lastName":"Satkangulova","suffix":""},{"id":410514610,"identity":"3d51da64-e664-42ff-90bc-2e6fda2a039e","order_by":3,"name":"Liliya Sarkisyan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Akhmet Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liliya","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarkisyan","suffix":""},{"id":410514611,"identity":"aa101416-9bad-4878-b6aa-aa2484e14b03","order_by":4,"name":"Alexander Reznik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ben Gurion University of the Negev","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexander","middleName":"","lastName":"Reznik","suffix":""},{"id":410514612,"identity":"9b7c36a4-597b-46f5-82a9-4316e00effbd","order_by":5,"name":"Richard Isralowitz","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+2YGNiDFLGcAFeDhI6TF4DBEizFcCxtBLQcgWhI3wEQIaznO/OzBzz3W6dv51xgw/KhhkCGoxb6Zzdyw51l67s4ZbwwYe44R4TA7Zh42CZ4Dh3M33DhjwMDbQIQWY6AWyT8HDqcbALUw/iVGi2EzD5s00JYEg/M9BsxE2WJwmM1MWuZAuuHOGWwFh2WOSRCh5fzhZ5JvDljLm/Mf3vjwTY2NPT8hLQggkcBwAEgSr4GBgf8AKapHwSgYBaNgJAEACgQ3pcTf5tUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ben Gurion University of the Negev","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Richard","middleName":"","lastName":"Isralowitz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-18 21:08:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856920/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856920/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75472828,"identity":"a1685bb2-0be6-4fe5-8717-98c5fca98d8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-05 03:20:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBurnout by level of general loneliness\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5856920/v1/fa615e24e4a9f865ad7635c9.png"},{"id":75472656,"identity":"ed2aa204-69be-40aa-b098-aad9e80f138e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-05 03:12:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBurnout score by living condition and last month alcohol use\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5856920/v1/04f905ce5ecce05b89326439.png"},{"id":75553645,"identity":"24d1b64c-1e8a-4eec-898a-09ac28fd2d46","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-05 19:39:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":522915,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5856920/v1/1aed7136-08cc-47a1-8182-d7296ec97a7b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eImpact of Living Arrangements on Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use among Kazakhstan University Students \u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eKazakhstan, a Central Asian country of the former Soviet republic, has been experiencing impressive economic growth with upper middle-income economy status according to the World Bank [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. However, such growth has been accompanied by inequalities among much of the country’s 19\u0026nbsp;million people who are vulnerable to slow economic growth, job and income loss, the need for better housing, rising prices for goods and services, as well as increased demand for services to address mental health and harmful substance use [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than half of Kazakh university students have not benefited from national prosperity and continue to face challenges associated with addressing education and living expenses with limited resources and work opportunities. In response, government and universities have implemented programs such as scholarships, grants, and low interest loans to promote opportunities of higher education [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudent Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBurnout and loneliness are common psychological problems among university students [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Burnout is most often associated with excessive academic workload; and loneliness resulting from reduced contact with family members and living conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. In Kazakhstan, community, friends and family are significant support factors for youth and young adults; and when absent like being away for higher education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], depressive symptoms including burnout and loneliness are possible outcome conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Substance use is gaining attention as a problem among Kazakh university students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is a dearth of information about possible causal factors such as the impact of living conditions on student health and well-being. We hypothesize university student place of residence is significantly associated with conditions of burnout, loneliness and substance use.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Qualtrics software platform was used for this online survey. Survey respondents were asked to provide information about their place of university study, gender, age, and religiosity (i.e., secular or non-secular). Standardized data collection instruments, translated from English to Russian and Kazakh languages and back translated to English, were the 10-item Short Burnout Measure (SBM) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and the De Jong Gierveld 6-Item Short Loneliness Scale (SLS) to gauge emotional, social, and general loneliness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Cronbach’s Alpha scores for these scales are SBM = 0.911, and SLS = 0.753. Questions about last month use of tobacco, alcohol including binge drinking (i.e., four or more drinks for women, or five or more drinks for men during an occasion), pain relievers and sedatives were adapted from Isralowitz et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 29. Stepwise multiple regression, Pearson’s chi-squared test for dichotomous variables, the Mann-Whitney test, t test, as well as one and two-way ANOVA for continuous variables were used for the data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eParticipants\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 2,065 Kazakh university students responded to the online survey, 71.0% female and 29.0% male. Among the survey respondents, 77.9% reported being religious and 22.1% secular. Living conditions during the academic year show 54.0% of the students living with their parents or relatives, and 46.0% on campus or in an off-campus apartment. The survey was conducted over 5 months ending in January 2023. Respondents were from the following Kazakh institutions of higher education: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KNU - Almaty), Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University (EKSU - Ust-Kamenogorsk), and A. Baitursynov Kostanay State University (KSU - Kostanay). Russian and Kazakh languages are equally used in the country. By decision of the university, the survey was conducted in Kazakh language at KNU, and in Russian at EKSU and KSU. Permission to conduct the survey with anonymous responses was received from KNU, EKSU and KSU Institutional Research Committees. The survey was conducted online and anonymously using the Qualtrics platform. Informed consent was contained in the introductory part of the questionnaire. In case of refusal to participate in the survey (negative response to the invitation to participate), an automatic exit from the online survey system occurred with the inability to continue working. The start of the survey means respondent informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides survey respondent background characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=2065)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=599)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.3044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=1466)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.4143%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test or \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003etest: \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.3044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.4143%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligiosity, % (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-secular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 22.1 \u0026nbsp; (453)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.9 (1596)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5 (146)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;75.5 (450)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.3044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;21.1 (307)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;78.9 (1146)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.4143%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity, % (n)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKazakh National\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast Kazakhstan State\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; University\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKostanay State\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; University\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4 (1041)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.4 (772)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2 (252)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9 (329)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6 (207)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.3044%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6 (712)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5 (565)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9 (189)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.4143%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBurnout\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eT-test showed higher scores among female (t(1712)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.087; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and secular students (t(1704)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.288; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). However, SMB responses were not found associated with living conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLoneliness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney test showed female students with a higher level of social (U\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;220295.0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002) and general (i.e., social and emotional) loneliness (U\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;215500.0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002) than their male counterparts. No significant difference was found for loneliness level based on religiosity (i.e., secular or religious) status. However, respondents who live on or off-campus reported more social loneliness than those living with parents/relatives (U\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;279040.5, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.049). One way ANOVA showed burnout significantly associated with emotional (F(3,1501)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;185.200, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), social (F(3,1505)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47.869, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and general (F(6,1490)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75.287, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) loneliness (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSubstance Use\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLast month use of any substance was reported by 18.9% of the students, particularly those secular (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(1,N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1687)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.379; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), and living on or off-campus (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(1,N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1689)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.118; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Student last month substance use rates were tobacco \u0026ndash; 8.6%, alcohol \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11.2% including binge drinking \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.7%, pain relievers \u0026ndash; 7.1%, and sedatives \u0026ndash; 2.5%. Student responses associated with last month substance use did not evidence a significant difference based on gender status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegardless of gender and religiosity, students who reported last month any substance use and binge drinking had a higher level of burnout (t(1625)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.587, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; t(1703)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.900, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) as well as social and general loneliness (U\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;147342.0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002; U\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;145710.0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004). The two-way ANOVA revealed significant interaction between living condition and current alcohol use associated with burnout (F(1,1684)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.370; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004) (See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, stepwise regression analysis shows burnout significantly associated with general loneliness (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.451; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), last month any substance use (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.135; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), gender (i.e., female) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.146; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), last month increase of alcohol use (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.079; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.001), secular status (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.071; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003) and living on/or campus (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.049; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.037). The proportion of variation (i.e., Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) for burnout, predicted by these independent factors is 0.281. Additional independent variables such as age, binge drinking and university location do not significantly increase the proportion of explained variance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of living arrangements on student burnout, loneliness and substance use among Kazakh university students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegardless of living conditions and religiosity, female students reported more burnout (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) as well as social (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002) and general (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002) loneliness. Other studies do not provide an unequivocal understanding about the association of gender status and burnout [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. However, present findings about loneliness tend to be like other studies pointing to the condition being more common among men than women [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The important role of family structure and women in Kazakh society may be contributing factors associated with this outcome [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]; however, further research is needed to determine its impact on burnout, loneliness and substance use among young adults including those who remain at home or leave for academic study or other reasons. .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout 18.9% of the respondents reported last month alcohol use; and among all alcohol users there was 4.7% binge drinking. This rate is significantly lower than consumption rates reported for U.S., European and Russian college students [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39 CR40 CR41\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. This lower rate of alcohol use among Kazakh students may be attributed to the influence of family, religion and/or peer culture toward alcohol consumption. Despite the comparatively low rate of substance use, present findings are consistent with those of other studies about the impact of student living arrangements and substance use [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44 CR45 CR46\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e] that show students, especially females, living on or off campus have significantly higher rates of substance use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent study results show living with parents/relatives tends to be a preventive factor associated with burnout, loneliness [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR49 CR50\" citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e] and substance use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, religiosity is a possible protective factor associated with psychological well-being (i.e., burnout and loneliness) and substance use. However, caution should be exercised about generalizing this finding. Based on recent studies of post-Soviet countries, student religiosity tends to be declarative in nature and not associated with psycho-emotional well-being, resilience, and substance use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Kazakhstan universities, like others, the challenge is to gather useful information about student psychological well-being based on uniform methods of data collection and analysis; and apply such findings to policy and programs associated with curriculum development, student education and prevention initiatives directed to needs and problems. Such efforts are important for individuals, families and the future of Kazakhstan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is limited by its cross-sectional design and convenience sample of university students. Furthermore, present findings are limited to students who had internet access that weakens the generalizability of the findings. Additional research should be conducted over time and across locations in the country to monitor shifting patterns of burnout, loneliness and substance use based on living conditions, gender, university location and other factors. Such information should prove to be useful in promoting the future of Kazakhstan \u0026ndash; its growth and prosperity through a healthy living environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe co-authors of this paper acknowledge the support and cooperation of the Kazakh university students who participated in the survey.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in our analysis is available based on a reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR.I. and A.R. conceptualized and designed the study. A.M., S.S., G.S. and L.S. translated and adapted study instruments on Kazakh language. A.M., S.S., G.S. and L.S. conducted data collection and administering study. \u0026nbsp;A.R. and A.M. conducted the statistical analyses. R.I. and A.R. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. A.M., S.S., G.S. and L.S. reviewed the draft and provided critical feedback. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe need for ethical approval was waived off by the IRB of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University and Akhmet Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University because of the anonymous data collection and reporting procedures used. Further details are available from the corresponding author regarding the approvals received from the participating universities involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all the participants involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Bank.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe World Bank in Kazakhstan. 2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan/overview#:~:text=Economic%20growth% 20is%20expected%20to,spending%20and%20private%20sector%20borrowing.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgaidarov A, Izvorski IV, Rahardja S. 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Alcohol Drugs. 2017l;78(4):571-9. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2017.78.571.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDiBello AM, Benz MB, Miller MB, Merrill JE, Carey KB. Examining residence status as a risk factor for health risk behaviors among college students. J. Am. Coll. Health. 2018;66(3):187-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2017.1406945.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eForster BL, Reuter PR. Do college students\u0026rsquo; living arrangements affect their health behaviors and academic performance? J. Am. Coll. Health. 2024;72(4):1078-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2066978.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWard BW, Gryczynski J. Social learning theory and the effects of living arrangement on heavy alcohol use: Results from a national study of college students. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70(3):364-72. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2009.70.364.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJackson ER, Shanafelt TD, Hasan O, Satele DV, Dyrbye LN. 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Public Health. 2022;19(21):13954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113954.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eReznik A, Isralowitz R, Gritsenko V, Khalepo O, Kovaleva Y. Russian Federation university student alcohol use: Smolensk City\u0026mdash;a case example. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse. 2019;18(4):549-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1417188.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKonstantinov V, Gritsenko V, Zinurova R, Kulesh E, Osipenko I, Reznik A, Isralowitz R. COVID 19 fear impact among Russian \u0026ldquo;helping profession\u0026rdquo; students. Psych. 2021;3(2):163-70. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/psych3020014.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKleinot MC, Rogers RW. Identifying effective components of alcohol misuse prevention programs. J. Stud Alcohol. 1982;43(7):802-11. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1982.43.802.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Kazakh university students, burnout, loneliness, substance use","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856920/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856920/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eKazakhstan is a large Central Asian country of the former Soviet republic with a population of 19\u0026nbsp;million, the majority being Muslim with moderate religious practices. Despite considerable economic growth, most university students remain pressed to address higher education and living costs. This cross-sectional study of 2,065 students examined living conditions and its association with burnout, loneliness and substance use. Female students, and those using harmful substances, were more likely to report burnout and loneliness. Gender status did not differentiate student substance use. However, students who live on or off campus evidence more substance use including alcohol binge drinking. Regardless of gender status and living conditions, religious students reported less substance use. Study findings contribute to usable information for promoting university student psychological well-being through policy and prevention practices associated with substance use over time and across locations in the country.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Living Arrangements on Burnout, Loneliness and Substance Use among Kazakhstan University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-05 03:12:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856920/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-26T15:01:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"20257022764206177333124018977352985064","date":"2025-02-22T05:05:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-20T09:23:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"40985762439878038554072665397922017099","date":"2025-02-20T06:47:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-13T09:11:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"282429230809678030565575401130802726266","date":"2025-02-07T06:47:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-02-06T03:19:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-02-05T14:02:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-02-03T11:58:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Psychology","date":"2025-01-18T21:00:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8741657f-d218-47b4-8d34-ef32eacd5a20","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-08T06:24:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-05 03:12:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5856920","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5856920","identity":"rs-5856920","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}