Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a New Coccidian Parasite from the Domestic Goat (Capra hircus) in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad), India

Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a New Coccidian Parasite from the Domestic Goat (Capra hircus) in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad), India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a New Coccidian Parasite from the Domestic Goat (Capra hircus) in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad), India Tejswini Sontakke, Ashwini Biradar, Dinesh Nalage, Vidya Pradhan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7902965/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species remains a significant protozoan disease affecting the health and productivity of small ruminants. During a faecal survey of domestic goats ( Capra hircus ) conducted in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad) District, Maharashtra, India (June 2013–May 2015), a new Eimeria species was identified and described. A total of 3,004 faecal samples were examined, and the prevalence of the new species was 10.6%. The oocysts of Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. are subspherical to elongate, bilayered, and measure 23.0 × 20.5 µm (range: 19.0–27.0 × 17.0–24.0 µm) with an L/W ratio of 1.12. The oocysts possess a distinct micropyle (2.0–4.0 µm wide) and micropylar cap (1.0–2.0 µm high × 2.0–4.0 µm wide), but lack an oocystic residuum; two or more polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 10.5 × 7.5 µm, with a prominent Stieda body and a few scattered granules forming the sporocystic residuum. Sporulation occurs within 60–90 hours at 24–26°C. The new species differs from Eimeria crandallis and Eimeria hirci by its subspherical shape, smaller micropyle and micropylar cap, and prominent Stieda body. This discovery adds to the known diversity of caprine coccidia and contributes to the understanding of host-specific Eimeria fauna in the semi-arid region of Maharashtra, India. Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. Capra hircus Coccidiosis Morphological characterization Protozoan parasite Apicomplexa Dharashiv Maharashtra Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The livestock sector in India plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and the national economy, with goats ( Capra hircus ) representing one of the most economically important small ruminants(Chadda et al., 2024 ; Kumar et al., 2021 ; Thomas et al., 2023 ). Goats are highly adaptable to diverse climatic conditions and contribute significantly to meat, milk, and fiber production(Dubeuf et al., 2004 ; Ramachandran & Sejian, 2022 ; Simões et al., 2021 ; Thakur et al., 2025 ). However, gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly coccidiosis, remains one of the major constraints affecting goat productivity and survival, especially in semi-arid regions of Maharashtra(Sontakke et al., 2021 , 2023 ; Sontakke & Nalage, 2021 ). Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Phylum Apicomplexa, Family Eimeriidae), is a globally prevalent enteric disease of ruminants(Fang et al., 2023 ; Liu et al., 2024 ; Macedo et al., 2019 ; Mohamaden et al., 2018 ; Reshi et al., 2024 ). It is characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, anemia, and, in severe cases, mortality, particularly among young animals(Ali et al., 2025 ; Ayana et al., 2022 ; Mohammed et al., 2021 ; Paul et al., 2020 ). The disease is transmitted via the ingestion of sporulated oocysts, which undergo development and replication within the intestinal epithelium, leading to cellular destruction and intestinal lesions(Ali et al., 2025 ; Burrell et al., 2020 ). More than 16 valid Eimeria species have been described from goats worldwide(Levine, 1988 ; Smith & Sherman, 2009 ). While most species are host-specific, their morphological diversity and overlapping features often complicate accurate identification. Previous studies in India have reported several Eimeria species from domestic goats, including E. arloingi , E. ninakohlyakimovae , E. christenseni , E. hirci , and E. crandallis (Kaur et al., 2018 ; Sontakke et al., 2015 ). Despite extensive taxonomic efforts, the Eimeria fauna in Indian goats remains incompletely characterized, particularly in the Dharashiv region, which supports a large population of small ruminants under mixed farming systems. Accurate identification of Eimeria species is essential for understanding host–parasite interactions, disease epidemiology, and the development of effective control measures. Traditional morphological identification, though fundamental, must be supported by detailed morphometric descriptions, photomicrography, and comparative analysis with previously described species to establish new taxonomic entities. The present study describes a new species of Eimeria , designated Eimeria akrurensis n. sp., recovered from the feces of domestic goats in Dharashiv District, Maharashtra, India. The species is characterized by distinct morphological features that differentiate it from closely related species such as E. crandallis and E. hirci . This study adds to the growing knowledge of the biodiversity and host specificity of coccidian parasites in Indian goats. Materials and Methods Study Area The present investigation was carried out between July 2013 and June 2015 in the Dharashiv District of Maharashtra, India (Fig. 1 ) (18.20°N, 76.18°E). The region is characterized by a semi-arid climate with distinct summer, monsoon, and winter seasons. Goat rearing in this area is practiced mainly under semi-intensive and extensive management systems, which facilitate parasite transmission through contaminated feed and water sources. Sample Collection A total of 3,004 fecal samples were collected from domestic goats ( Capra hircus ) across various villages, fields, and slaughterhouses in Dharashiv District. Sampling sites were selected to represent diverse husbandry practices and ecological conditions. Fresh fecal samples (approximately 5–10 g each) were collected directly from the rectum or freshly voided droppings using sterilized gloves. Each sample was placed in a separately labeled polyethylene bag, stored in an icebox at 4°C, and transported to the laboratory within 24 hours. Samples were analyzed within four to five days of collection to preserve oocyst viability(Sontakke et al., 2015 ). Parasitological Examination Each fecal sample was examined individually for the presence of Eimeria oocysts using the saturated salt flotation technique (specific gravity 1.18). The fecal material was homogenized in distilled water, filtered through a 250 µm sieve, and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The resulting sediment was resuspended in saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, gently mixed, and examined microscopically for oocysts. Positive samples were transferred into 2.5% potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) solution for sporulation. Sporulation and Preservation Sporulation was induced in Eimeria oocysts by incubating the potassium dichromate suspensions at 24–26°C with adequate aeration. The sporulation process was monitored daily under a compound microscope until > 90% of oocysts were sporulated, typically within 60–90 hours. Fully sporulated oocysts were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 4°C for detailed examination and photography(Sontakke et al., 2015 ). Morphometric Analysis Morphological and morphometric characterization of the oocysts and sporocysts was conducted using a compound light microscope equipped with a calibrated ocular micrometer. Measurements were recorded for oocyst length (L), width (W), wall thickness, and structural features such as micropyle, micropylar cap, oocystic residuum, polar granules, Stieda body, and sporocystic residuum. Photomicrographs were taken using a Sony Cyber-shot DSC-WX200 (18.1 MP) digital camera under 100× oil immersion and 10× eyepiece magnification. Morphometric data were based on 20–30 randomly selected oocysts to ensure representativeness. Oocysts were approximately 100 days old when measured and photographed. Illustrations and composite line drawings were prepared by freehand sketches to highlight diagnostic features. Species Identification Species identification followed the keys and criteria of Coudert (1992), with comparisons made to standard descriptions of Eimeria species infecting goats and sheep (Chevalier, 1966 ; Honess, 1942 ). Diagnostic parameters included oocyst shape, size, wall characteristics, presence or absence of micropyle and micropylar cap, oocystic residuum, polar granules, sporocyst shape, and Stieda body morphology. The new species was designated Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. based on unique combinations of morphological characters that distinguished it from all previously known Eimeria species described in Capra hircus . Results and Description of the New Species Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Taxonomic Summary Host : Capra hircus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Family Bovidae) Locality : Dharashiv District, Maharashtra, India (18.20° N, 76.18° E) Prevalence : 10.6% (247 positive samples out of 2,473 examined) Type Material : Oocysts obtained from feces of naturally infected goats; photomicrographs and slides of type material deposited at the Department of Zoology, M.P.H. Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Malegaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India. Etymology : The species name akrurensis refers to the locality “Akrur,” an area within Dharashiv District where the first isolates were obtained. Site of Infection : Unknown; oocysts recovered from fecal samples. Prepatent and Patent Periods: Unknown. Endogenous Stages: Not observed. Description (Based on 30 Sporulated Oocysts) Oocyst: Sub-spherical to elongate, measuring 23.0 × 20.5 µm (range: 19.0–27.0 × 17.0–24.0 µm); mean L/W ratio 1.12 (1.1–1.2). The oocyst wall is bilayered, smooth, approximately 1.5 µm thick; the outer layer (≈ 1.0 µm) yellowish and resistant, inner layer thin (≈ 0.5 µm) and transparent. A distinct micropyle is present, 2.0–4.0 µm wide, with a low micropylar cap measuring 1.0–2.0 µm high × 2.0–4.0 µm wide. The oocystic residuum is absent, while two to eight polar granules are present. Oocysts sporulate within 60–90 hours at 24–26°C. Sporocysts: Ovoid to slightly elongate, 10.5 × 7.5 µm (range: 9.0–12.0 × 6.0–9.0 µm) with an average L/W ratio of 1.4. The sporocyst wall is single-layered (~ 0.4 µm thick) and smooth. A distinct, prominent Stieda body is present, whereas the sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies are absent. The sporocystic residuum consists of a few scattered granules. Sporozoites: Four in number, elongate to comma-shaped, each containing one anterior refractile body (1.6–2.0 µm) and two posterior refractile bodies (2.4–4.0 × 2.2–3.2 µm). The nucleus is slightly posterior to the midpoint of the body. Differential Diagnosis Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. differs from all previously described Eimeria species in goats by its unique combination of morphological characters (Table 1 ). It most closely resembles E. crandallis (Honess, 1942 ) and E. hirci (Chevalier, 1966 ) in possessing a micropyle with a micropylar cap and absence of oocystic residuum. Table 1 Comparative Morphometric Summary Characteristic E. crandallis (Honess, 1942 ) E. hirci (Chevalier, 1966 ) E. akrurensis n. sp. (Present study) Oocyst shape Ellipsoidal or ovoid Ellipsoidal or ovoid Sub-spherical to rounded Oocyst size (µm) 22.0–33.0 × 18.0–26.0 17.0–28.0 × 13.0–23.0 19.0–27.0 × 17.0–24.0 Micropyle Present (2.0–5.0 µm) Present (3.0–5.0 µm) Prominent (2.0–4.0 µm) Micropylar cap 1.0–5.0 × 2.0–8.0 µm 1.0–3.0 × 4.0–7.0 µm 1.0–2.0 × 2.0–4.0 µm Oocystic residuum Absent Absent Absent Polar granules One or more One or more Two to eight Sporocyst shape Elongate or ovoid Elongate or ovoid Ovoid Sporocyst size (µm) 10.0–15.0 × 4.0–8.0 9.0–14.0 × 6.0–9.0 9.0–12.0 × 6.0–9.0 Stieda body Absent or weak Small Prominent Sporocystic residuum Few granules Scattered granules Few scattered granules Sporozoite shape Ovoid Elongate Ovoid to comma-shaped Sporulation time (h) 72–90 48–72 60–90 However, it differs from E. crandallis in having smaller oocysts (mean 23.0 × 20.5 µm vs. 27–33 × 18–26 µm) and a prominent Stieda body (absent or indistinct in E. crandallis ). From E. hirci , it differs in its subspherical shape, smaller micropylar cap, and distinctly ovoid sporocysts with compact sporocystic granules. These distinguishing features, combined with consistent morphometry and host specificity, justify its designation as a new species (Fig. 2 & 3 ). Discussion The present study documents and describes a new coccidian species, Eimeria akrurensis n. sp., from the domestic goat ( Capra hircus ) in Dharashiv District, Maharashtra, India. The findings extend the known diversity of Eimeria species infecting Indian caprines and provide detailed morphological evidence supporting the distinctiveness of this taxon. Species of Eimeria are obligate intracellular parasites that exhibit strict host specificity and distinct morphological characteristics. In goats, more than sixteen valid species have been described globally(Levine, 1988 ; Smith & Sherman, 2009 ), though considerable overlap in oocyst dimensions and structures often complicates taxonomic differentiation. In India, systematic parasitological surveys remain limited, with prior work largely confined to the regions of Beed, Aurangabad, and Dharashiv(Sontakke et al., 2015 ). The identification of E. akrurensis n. sp. thus represents a significant addition to the regional coccidian fauna. Taxonomic Justification Comparative morphometric analysis reveals that E. akrurensis n. sp. is morphologically distinct from closely related species such as E. crandallis and E. hirci . The new species possesses subspherical oocysts with a relatively smaller micropylar cap and a more prominent Stieda body — traits absent or weakly developed in the aforementioned species. The ovoid sporocyst and compact sporocystic residuum further distinguish it from E. crandallis , where sporocysts are typically elongated and granules dispersed. Although the oocyst dimensions of E. akrurensis fall within the general range of known caprine Eimeria species, the consistent combination of structural features — including bilayered walls, multiple polar granules, and a clearly defined Stieda body — confirms its taxonomic uniqueness. Morphometric stability observed across 30 oocysts also suggests that these variations are not artefactual or host-induced. Ecological and Epidemiological Significance The 10.6% prevalence of E. akrurensis n. sp. among examined goats indicates that this species may be a common but previously overlooked component of the regional Eimeria fauna. The semi-arid environment of Dharashiv, characterized by high temperatures, limited vegetation, and intermittent rainfall, provides optimal conditions for oocyst sporulation and survival. Such environmental stability, coupled with intensive and semi-intensive rearing systems, facilitates recurrent infection cycles. Given that coccidiosis causes substantial economic losses in small ruminant farming, the identification of new Eimeria species can have direct implications for disease management. Knowledge of species diversity enhances diagnostic accuracy, allowing for improved detection of pathogenic species and the development of region-specific control measures. Host Specificity and Evolutionary Context The presence of Eimeria akrurensis exclusively in goats and not in sympatric sheep populations supports its host specificity. Previous studies have shown that caprine and ovine Eimeria species rarely cross-infect, despite similar ecological niches(Ali et al., 2025 ; Chartier & Paraud, 2012 ). This strong host–parasite association reflects co-evolutionary adaptation, wherein parasite morphology and life-cycle dynamics evolve in response to host intestinal physiology and immune responses. Future Perspectives While the current study relies on classical morphological taxonomy, molecular characterization (e.g., 18S rRNA or COI gene sequencing) is essential to corroborate species delineation and infer phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Integrative taxonomy combining morphological, molecular, and ecological data will provide a more robust framework for understanding Eimeria diversity and evolution. Additionally, further studies exploring the pathogenic potential, life cycle stages, and seasonal variation in infection intensity will help assess the clinical relevance of E. akrurensis n. sp. in goat populations of the Deccan plateau. Conclusion The discovery of Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. enriches the known diversity of Eimeria species infecting goats in India and highlights the need for continued surveillance and taxonomic refinement in small ruminant coccidia. The species’ unique morphological traits — particularly its subspherical oocysts, smaller micropylar cap, and prominent Stieda body — clearly distinguish it from previously described taxa. These findings underscore the ecological complexity of Eimeria infections in Indian livestock and provide a valuable reference for future parasitological and molecular investigations. Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate Not Applicable Consent for Publication Not Applicable Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interest Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript Author Contribution T.S., A.B., D. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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10:52:53","extension":"html","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":84613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7902965/v1/173140829b6a58be961cd01a.html"},{"id":95225228,"identity":"d87269e2-83ca-4859-b024-962e0387856e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:24:43","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap showing study area Dharashiv District (\u003cstrong\u003ePreviously Osmanabad District\u003c/strong\u003e), Maharashtra, India.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7902965/v1/ca017d22469764031809714e.png"},{"id":95105580,"identity":"5ab661e6-6e0c-4d0a-8331-5c6f52e4d867","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 10:52:53","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":208915,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnsporulated oocysts of \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. from goat.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7902965/v1/bf5faedd290bfce0cba2c3cc.png"},{"id":95105578,"identity":"7f263fe1-500b-4729-9e3a-47b5fe57f7ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 10:52:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":311644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSporulated oocysts of \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. from goat (a. Micropyalar cap; b. Micropyle; c. polar granule; d. Steida body e. sprocyst residuum f. small refractile globule g. Large refractile globule; scale bar = 10 µm).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7902965/v1/ff473e803cb5098c9b0f5487.jpeg"},{"id":95230494,"identity":"8c8f783e-e859-4b17-987d-f976d80a321d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:37:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1538708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7902965/v1/8bf472ab-8c5d-40c0-bd4c-fa16394a2f43.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a New Coccidian Parasite from the Domestic Goat (Capra hircus) in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad), India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe livestock sector in India plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and the national economy, with goats (\u003cem\u003eCapra hircus\u003c/em\u003e) representing one of the most economically important small ruminants(Chadda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Thomas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Goats are highly adaptable to diverse climatic conditions and contribute significantly to meat, milk, and fiber production(Dubeuf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Ramachandran \u0026amp; Sejian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sim\u0026otilde;es et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Thakur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). However, gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly coccidiosis, remains one of the major constraints affecting goat productivity and survival, especially in semi-arid regions of Maharashtra(Sontakke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sontakke \u0026amp; Nalage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e Schneider, 1875 (Phylum Apicomplexa, Family Eimeriidae), is a globally prevalent enteric disease of ruminants(Fang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Macedo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mohamaden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Reshi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It is characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, anemia, and, in severe cases, mortality, particularly among young animals(Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Ayana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Paul et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The disease is transmitted via the ingestion of sporulated oocysts, which undergo development and replication within the intestinal epithelium, leading to cellular destruction and intestinal lesions(Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Burrell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 16 valid \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species have been described from goats worldwide(Levine, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Smith \u0026amp; Sherman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). While most species are host-specific, their morphological diversity and overlapping features often complicate accurate identification. Previous studies in India have reported several \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species from domestic goats, including \u003cem\u003eE. arloingi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. ninakohlyakimovae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. christenseni\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. hirci\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e(Kaur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Sontakke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Despite extensive taxonomic efforts, the \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e fauna in Indian goats remains incompletely characterized, particularly in the Dharashiv region, which supports a large population of small ruminants under mixed farming systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccurate identification of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species is essential for understanding host\u0026ndash;parasite interactions, disease epidemiology, and the development of effective control measures. Traditional morphological identification, though fundamental, must be supported by detailed morphometric descriptions, photomicrography, and comparative analysis with previously described species to establish new taxonomic entities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study describes a new species of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e, designated \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp., recovered from the feces of domestic goats in Dharashiv District, Maharashtra, India. The species is characterized by distinct morphological features that differentiate it from closely related species such as \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. hirci\u003c/em\u003e. This study adds to the growing knowledge of the biodiversity and host specificity of coccidian parasites in Indian goats.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present investigation was carried out between July 2013 and June 2015 in the Dharashiv District of Maharashtra, India (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (18.20\u0026deg;N, 76.18\u0026deg;E). The region is characterized by a semi-arid climate with distinct summer, monsoon, and winter seasons. Goat rearing in this area is practiced mainly under semi-intensive and extensive management systems, which facilitate parasite transmission through contaminated feed and water sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 3,004 fecal samples were collected from domestic goats (\u003cem\u003eCapra hircus\u003c/em\u003e) across various villages, fields, and slaughterhouses in Dharashiv District. Sampling sites were selected to represent diverse husbandry practices and ecological conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFresh fecal samples (approximately 5\u0026ndash;10 g each) were collected directly from the rectum or freshly voided droppings using sterilized gloves. Each sample was placed in a separately labeled polyethylene bag, stored in an icebox at 4\u0026deg;C, and transported to the laboratory within 24 hours. Samples were analyzed within four to five days of collection to preserve oocyst viability(Sontakke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParasitological Examination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach fecal sample was examined individually for the presence of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e oocysts using the saturated salt flotation technique (specific gravity 1.18). The fecal material was homogenized in distilled water, filtered through a 250 \u0026micro;m sieve, and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The resulting sediment was resuspended in saturated sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, gently mixed, and examined microscopically for oocysts. Positive samples were transferred into 2.5% potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) solution for sporulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSporulation and Preservation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSporulation was induced in \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e oocysts by incubating the potassium dichromate suspensions at 24\u0026ndash;26\u0026deg;C with adequate aeration. The sporulation process was monitored daily under a compound microscope until \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;90% of oocysts were sporulated, typically within 60\u0026ndash;90 hours. Fully sporulated oocysts were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 4\u0026deg;C for detailed examination and photography(Sontakke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMorphometric Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMorphological and morphometric characterization of the oocysts and sporocysts was conducted using a compound light microscope equipped with a calibrated ocular micrometer. Measurements were recorded for oocyst length (L), width (W), wall thickness, and structural features such as micropyle, micropylar cap, oocystic residuum, polar granules, Stieda body, and sporocystic residuum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhotomicrographs were taken using a Sony Cyber-shot DSC-WX200 (18.1 MP) digital camera under 100\u0026times; oil immersion and 10\u0026times; eyepiece magnification. Morphometric data were based on 20\u0026ndash;30 randomly selected oocysts to ensure representativeness. Oocysts were approximately 100 days old when measured and photographed. Illustrations and composite line drawings were prepared by freehand sketches to highlight diagnostic features.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpecies Identification\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies identification followed the keys and criteria of Coudert (1992), with comparisons made to standard descriptions of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species infecting goats and sheep (Chevalier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e; Honess, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e). Diagnostic parameters included oocyst shape, size, wall characteristics, presence or absence of micropyle and micropylar cap, oocystic residuum, polar granules, sporocyst shape, and Stieda body morphology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe new species was designated \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. based on unique combinations of morphological characters that distinguished it from all previously known \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species described in \u003cem\u003eCapra hircus\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Description of the New Species","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003en. sp.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTaxonomic Summary\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHost : \u003cem\u003eCapra hircus\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1758) (Family Bovidae)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocality : Dharashiv District, Maharashtra, India (18.20\u0026deg; N, 76.18\u0026deg; E)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevalence : 10.6% (247 positive samples out of 2,473 examined)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eType Material : Oocysts obtained from feces of naturally infected goats; photomicrographs and slides of type\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ematerial deposited at the Department of Zoology, M.P.H. Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Malegaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEtymology : The species name \u003cem\u003eakrurensis\u003c/em\u003e refers to the locality \u0026ldquo;Akrur,\u0026rdquo; an area within Dharashiv District\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhere the first isolates were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite of Infection : Unknown; oocysts recovered from fecal samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrepatent and Patent Periods: Unknown.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndogenous Stages: Not observed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDescription (Based on 30 Sporulated Oocysts)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOocyst:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub-spherical to elongate, measuring 23.0 \u0026times; 20.5 \u0026micro;m (range: 19.0\u0026ndash;27.0 \u0026times; 17.0\u0026ndash;24.0 \u0026micro;m); mean L/W ratio 1.12 (1.1\u0026ndash;1.2). The oocyst wall is bilayered, smooth, approximately 1.5 \u0026micro;m thick; the outer layer (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;1.0 \u0026micro;m) yellowish and resistant, inner layer thin (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.5 \u0026micro;m) and transparent. A distinct micropyle is present, 2.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026micro;m wide, with a low micropylar cap measuring 1.0\u0026ndash;2.0 \u0026micro;m high \u0026times; 2.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026micro;m wide. The oocystic residuum is absent, while two to eight polar granules are present. Oocysts sporulate within 60\u0026ndash;90 hours at 24\u0026ndash;26\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSporocysts:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvoid to slightly elongate, 10.5 \u0026times; 7.5 \u0026micro;m (range: 9.0\u0026ndash;12.0 \u0026times; 6.0\u0026ndash;9.0 \u0026micro;m) with an average L/W ratio of 1.4. The sporocyst wall is single-layered (~\u0026thinsp;0.4 \u0026micro;m thick) and smooth. A distinct, prominent Stieda body is present, whereas the sub-Stieda and para-Stieda bodies are absent. The sporocystic residuum consists of a few scattered granules.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSporozoites:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFour in number, elongate to comma-shaped, each containing one anterior refractile body (1.6\u0026ndash;2.0 \u0026micro;m) and two posterior refractile bodies (2.4\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026times; 2.2\u0026ndash;3.2 \u0026micro;m). The nucleus is slightly posterior to the midpoint of the body.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDifferential Diagnosis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. differs from all previously described \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species in goats by its unique combination of morphological characters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). It most closely resembles \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e (Honess, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eE. hirci\u003c/em\u003e (Chevalier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e) in possessing a micropyle with a micropylar cap and absence of oocystic residuum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative Morphometric Summary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e (Honess, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. hirci\u003c/em\u003e (Chevalier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. akrurensis n. sp.\u003c/em\u003e (Present study)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOocyst shape\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEllipsoidal or ovoid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEllipsoidal or ovoid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub-spherical to rounded\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOocyst size (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u0026ndash;33.0 \u0026times; 18.0\u0026ndash;26.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026ndash;28.0 \u0026times; 13.0\u0026ndash;23.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026ndash;27.0 \u0026times; 17.0\u0026ndash;24.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicropyle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePresent (2.0\u0026ndash;5.0 \u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePresent (3.0\u0026ndash;5.0 \u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProminent (2.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMicropylar cap\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026ndash;5.0 \u0026times; 2.0\u0026ndash;8.0 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026times; 4.0\u0026ndash;7.0 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026ndash;2.0 \u0026times; 2.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOocystic residuum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolar granules\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne or more\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne or more\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo to eight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSporocyst shape\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElongate or ovoid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElongate or ovoid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvoid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSporocyst size (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026ndash;15.0 \u0026times; 4.0\u0026ndash;8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026ndash;14.0 \u0026times; 6.0\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026ndash;12.0 \u0026times; 6.0\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStieda body\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsent or weak\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProminent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSporocystic residuum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFew granules\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScattered granules\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFew scattered granules\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSporozoite shape\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvoid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElongate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOvoid to comma-shaped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSporulation time (h)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u0026ndash;72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, it differs from \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e in having smaller oocysts (mean 23.0 \u0026times; 20.5 \u0026micro;m vs. 27\u0026ndash;33 \u0026times; 18\u0026ndash;26 \u0026micro;m) and a prominent Stieda body (absent or indistinct in \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e). From \u003cem\u003eE. hirci\u003c/em\u003e, it differs in its subspherical shape, smaller micropylar cap, and distinctly ovoid sporocysts with compact sporocystic granules.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese distinguishing features, combined with consistent morphometry and host specificity, justify its designation as a new species (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2 \u0026amp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study documents and describes a new coccidian species, \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp., from the domestic goat (\u003cem\u003eCapra hircus\u003c/em\u003e) in Dharashiv District, Maharashtra, India. The findings extend the known diversity of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species infecting Indian caprines and provide detailed morphological evidence supporting the distinctiveness of this taxon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e are obligate intracellular parasites that exhibit strict host specificity and distinct morphological characteristics. In goats, more than sixteen valid species have been described globally(Levine, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Smith \u0026amp; Sherman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), though considerable overlap in oocyst dimensions and structures often complicates taxonomic differentiation. In India, systematic parasitological surveys remain limited, with prior work largely confined to the regions of Beed, Aurangabad, and Dharashiv(Sontakke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The identification of \u003cem\u003eE. akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. thus represents a significant addition to the regional coccidian fauna.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTaxonomic Justification\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative morphometric analysis reveals that \u003cem\u003eE. akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. is morphologically distinct from closely related species such as \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. hirci\u003c/em\u003e. The new species possesses subspherical oocysts with a relatively smaller micropylar cap and a more prominent Stieda body \u0026mdash; traits absent or weakly developed in the aforementioned species. The ovoid sporocyst and compact sporocystic residuum further distinguish it from \u003cem\u003eE. crandallis\u003c/em\u003e, where sporocysts are typically elongated and granules dispersed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the oocyst dimensions of \u003cem\u003eE. akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e fall within the general range of known caprine \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species, the consistent combination of structural features \u0026mdash; including bilayered walls, multiple polar granules, and a clearly defined Stieda body \u0026mdash; confirms its taxonomic uniqueness. Morphometric stability observed across 30 oocysts also suggests that these variations are not artefactual or host-induced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEcological and Epidemiological Significance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 10.6% prevalence of \u003cem\u003eE. akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. among examined goats indicates that this species may be a common but previously overlooked component of the regional \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e fauna. The semi-arid environment of Dharashiv, characterized by high temperatures, limited vegetation, and intermittent rainfall, provides optimal conditions for oocyst sporulation and survival. Such environmental stability, coupled with intensive and semi-intensive rearing systems, facilitates recurrent infection cycles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven that coccidiosis causes substantial economic losses in small ruminant farming, the identification of new \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species can have direct implications for disease management. Knowledge of species diversity enhances diagnostic accuracy, allowing for improved detection of pathogenic species and the development of region-specific control measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHost Specificity and Evolutionary Context\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e exclusively in goats and not in sympatric sheep populations supports its host specificity. Previous studies have shown that caprine and ovine \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species rarely cross-infect, despite similar ecological niches(Ali et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Chartier \u0026amp; Paraud, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). This strong host\u0026ndash;parasite association reflects co-evolutionary adaptation, wherein parasite morphology and life-cycle dynamics evolve in response to host intestinal physiology and immune responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFuture Perspectives\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the current study relies on classical morphological taxonomy, molecular characterization (e.g., 18S rRNA or COI gene sequencing) is essential to corroborate species delineation and infer phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Integrative taxonomy combining morphological, molecular, and ecological data will provide a more robust framework for understanding \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e diversity and evolution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, further studies exploring the pathogenic potential, life cycle stages, and seasonal variation in infection intensity will help assess the clinical relevance of \u003cem\u003eE. akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. in goat populations of the Deccan plateau.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe discovery of \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. enriches the known diversity of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species infecting goats in India and highlights the need for continued surveillance and taxonomic refinement in small ruminant coccidia. The species\u0026rsquo; unique morphological traits \u0026mdash; particularly its subspherical oocysts, smaller micropylar cap, and prominent Stieda body \u0026mdash; clearly distinguish it from previously described taxa. These findings underscore the ecological complexity of \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e infections in Indian livestock and provide a valuable reference for future parasitological and molecular investigations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eT.S., A.B., D. N. and V.P. wrote the main manuscript text and all authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors have contributed equally to this work and share equal authorship rights.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAli, E. A., Ghafar, A., Angeles-Hernandez, J. C., Yaseen, M., Gauci, C. G., Beveridge, I., Baxendell, S., \u0026amp; Jabbar, A. (2025). Global prevalence of Eimeria species in goats: A systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Veterinary Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, 1537171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1537171\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAyana, D., Temesgen, K., Kumsa, B., \u0026amp; Alkadir, G. (2022). Dry Season Eimeria Infection in Dairy Cattle and Sheep in and Around Adama and Bishoftu Towns, Oromia, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eVeterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e, 235\u0026ndash;245. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S377017\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurrell, A., Tomley, F. M., Vaughan, S., \u0026amp; Marugan-Hernandez, V. (2020). Life cycle stages, specific organelles and invasion mechanisms of Eimeria species. \u003cem\u003eParasitology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e147\u003c/em\u003e(3), 263\u0026ndash;278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182019001562\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChadda, A., Singh, J., Sharma, R. K., Gupta, R. K., \u0026amp; Kansal, S. K. (2024). 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Behavioral adaptations of Gaddi Goats: Validation of seasonal resource utilization in transhumant pastoralism of the North-western Himalayan region. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Veterinary Behavior\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e79\u003c/em\u003e, 25\u0026ndash;34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2025.02.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomas, M., Gopalakrishnan, R., Venkattachalapathy, T., \u0026amp; Thazhathuveetil, A. (2023). Linkage disequilibrium and effective population size in Indian goat breeds. \u003cem\u003eSmall Ruminant Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e226\u003c/em\u003e, 107037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107037\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"systematic-parasitology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Systematic Parasitology](https://www.springer.com/journal/11230)","snPcode":"11230","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11230/3","title":"Systematic Parasitology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Eimeria akrurensis n. sp., Capra hircus, Coccidiosis, Morphological characterization, Protozoan parasite, Apicomplexa, Dharashiv, Maharashtra","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7902965/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7902965/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCoccidiosis caused by \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species remains a significant protozoan disease affecting the health and productivity of small ruminants. During a faecal survey of domestic goats (\u003cem\u003eCapra hircus\u003c/em\u003e) conducted in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad) District, Maharashtra, India (June 2013\u0026ndash;May 2015), a new \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e species was identified and described. A total of 3,004 faecal samples were examined, and the prevalence of the new species was 10.6%. The oocysts of \u003cem\u003eEimeria akrurensis\u003c/em\u003e n. sp. are subspherical to elongate, bilayered, and measure 23.0 \u0026times; 20.5 \u0026micro;m (range: 19.0\u0026ndash;27.0 \u0026times; 17.0\u0026ndash;24.0 \u0026micro;m) with an L/W ratio of 1.12. The oocysts possess a distinct micropyle (2.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026micro;m wide) and micropylar cap (1.0\u0026ndash;2.0 \u0026micro;m high \u0026times; 2.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026micro;m wide), but lack an oocystic residuum; two or more polar granules are present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 10.5 \u0026times; 7.5 \u0026micro;m, with a prominent Stieda body and a few scattered granules forming the sporocystic residuum. Sporulation occurs within 60\u0026ndash;90 hours at 24\u0026ndash;26\u0026deg;C. The new species differs from \u003cem\u003eEimeria crandallis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEimeria hirci\u003c/em\u003e by its subspherical shape, smaller micropyle and micropylar cap, and prominent Stieda body. This discovery adds to the known diversity of caprine coccidia and contributes to the understanding of host-specific \u003cem\u003eEimeria\u003c/em\u003e fauna in the semi-arid region of Maharashtra, India.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Eimeria akrurensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a New Coccidian Parasite from the Domestic Goat (Capra hircus) in Dharashiv (Previously Osmanabad), India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-04 10:52:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7902965/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-22T21:15:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T09:36:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"51817091218918264848488271812235801041","date":"2025-10-28T21:09:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"122465864496344703188384570133543833594","date":"2025-10-21T22:12:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T21:08:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T02:54:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T02:54:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Systematic Parasitology","date":"2025-10-20T07:06:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"systematic-parasitology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Systematic Parasitology](https://www.springer.com/journal/11230)","snPcode":"11230","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11230/3","title":"Systematic Parasitology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"47ed4558-a5b1-4693-8798-59f5d9683dff","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-31T21:53:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-04 10:52:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7902965","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7902965","identity":"rs-7902965","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}