A parametric pushover curve and fragility model for retrofitted masonry buildings

A parametric pushover curve and fragility model for retrofitted masonry buildings | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A parametric pushover curve and fragility model for retrofitted masonry buildings Neja Fazarinc, Matjaž Dolšek This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6195077/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The European building stock is outdated and seismically vulnerable, particularly in earthquake-prone regions such as Slovenia. Masonry buildings, which make up approximately 65% of Slovenia’s building stock, are especially at risk. To better understand how retrofitting can reduce seismic vulnerability, this study introduces a parametric pushover curve (PPC) and fragility model for retrofitted masonry buildings. The PPC model relies on a set of parameters for both existing and retrofitted masonry buildings, providing a tri-linear pushover curve. It can be used to plan retrofitting measures such as mortar grouting/repointing, jacketing, or reinforced jacketing combined with vertical ties. While relatively general, its accuracy depends on the level of detail in assessing the model’s input parameters. In this study, the proposed model was implemented using limited knowledge about the building structure, relying only on building-by-building data from the public real estate register, with the remaining parameters inferred from construction practices in Slovenia. This approach enabled the assessment of seismic retrofitting impacts on several thousand masonry buildings. The estimated parametric pushover curves indicate that retrofitted buildings exhibit greater seismic resistance, as reflected in damage-state peak ground acceleration values, with improvements varying by retrofit method and construction period. Repointing/grouting and jacketing provide moderate enhancements, while reinforced concrete jacketing and vertical ties offer the most significant improvements, particularly in preventing collapse-level damage states. Additionally, the model enables the definition of fragility curves at the building class level, including estimates of the standard deviation of the logarithmic values of damage-state peak ground accelerations. A slight decrease in this standard deviation was observed in retrofitted buildings, particularly in multi-storey structures. parametric pushover curve model masonry buildings building retrofitting seismic fragility model building stock Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor revisions needed 15 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6195077","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":429230308,"identity":"7abe2d33-00e7-4eef-b8f1-85759eb04ae3","order_by":0,"name":"Neja Fazarinc","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ljubljana Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering: Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za gradbenistvo in geodezijo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neja","middleName":"","lastName":"Fazarinc","suffix":""},{"id":429230309,"identity":"51516d4d-f0e0-47c0-9efa-5c74a6a0df18","order_by":1,"name":"Matjaž Dolšek","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-5135","institution":"University of Ljubljana Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering: Univerza v Ljubljani Fakulteta za gradbenistvo in geodezijo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matjaž","middleName":"","lastName":"Dolšek","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-10 11:35:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6195077/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6195077/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-025-02254-2","type":"published","date":"2025-08-05T15:57:16+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88814223,"identity":"fd8c895e-819f-458c-8b76-4edb799c2ad3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-11 16:08:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1962675,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"renamed35d79.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6195077/v1_covered_869ed562-d839-4ce6-9637-2039bcc34972.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"A parametric pushover curve and fragility model for retrofitted masonry buildings","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bulletin-of-earthquake-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"beee","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/10518)","snPcode":"10518","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10518/3","title":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"parametric pushover curve model, masonry buildings, building retrofitting, seismic fragility model, building stock","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6195077/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6195077/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe European building stock is outdated and seismically vulnerable, particularly in earthquake-prone regions such as Slovenia. Masonry buildings, which make up approximately 65% of Slovenia\u0026rsquo;s building stock, are especially at risk. To better understand how retrofitting can reduce seismic vulnerability, this study introduces a parametric pushover curve (PPC) and fragility model for retrofitted masonry buildings. The PPC model relies on a set of parameters for both existing and retrofitted masonry buildings, providing a tri-linear pushover curve. It can be used to plan retrofitting measures such as mortar grouting/repointing, jacketing, or reinforced jacketing combined with vertical ties. While relatively general, its accuracy depends on the level of detail in assessing the model\u0026rsquo;s input parameters. In this study, the proposed model was implemented using limited knowledge about the building structure, relying only on building-by-building data from the public real estate register, with the remaining parameters inferred from construction practices in Slovenia. This approach enabled the assessment of seismic retrofitting impacts on several thousand masonry buildings. The estimated parametric pushover curves indicate that retrofitted buildings exhibit greater seismic resistance, as reflected in damage-state peak ground acceleration values, with improvements varying by retrofit method and construction period. Repointing/grouting and jacketing provide moderate enhancements, while reinforced concrete jacketing and vertical ties offer the most significant improvements, particularly in preventing collapse-level damage states. Additionally, the model enables the definition of fragility curves at the building class level, including estimates of the standard deviation of the logarithmic values of damage-state peak ground accelerations. 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