Probing relaxed myosin states in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by second harmonic-generation microscopy

ABSTRACT This study explores the use of polarized second-harmonic generation (pSHG) to investigate myosin conformation in the relaxed state, differentiating between the actin-available, disordered (ON) state and the energy-conserving, ordered (OFF) state. By shifting the ON/OFF equilibrium using both physical and chemical manipulations, we demonstrate the sensitivity of pSHG in quantifying the ON/OFF ratio in skeletal and cardiac tissues. Comparisons with X-ray diffraction measurements further validate our findings. Applying this approach to a sarcomeric mutation associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, we show that R403Q/MYH7-mutated minipig ventricle tissue exhibits a higher ON fraction compared to controls. This difference is abolished under high concentrations of a myosin activator (2-deoxyATP) and an inhibitor (Mavacamten), indicating structural similarity between R403Q and controls in these two states. ATPase assays reveal increased resting ATPase activity in R403Q samples, which persists even in the presence of 2-deoxyATP, suggesting that the elevated energy consumption in the R403Q mutation is driven by both a population shift toward the ON state and enhanced myosin ATPase activity per motor head.