Structure formation of seams using high-entropic brazing filler metal MnCoNiCuGe5

Structure formation of seams using high-entropic brazing filler metal MnCoNiCuGe5 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Structure formation of seams using high-entropic brazing filler metal MnCoNiCuGe 5 Svitlana Maksymova, Petro Kovalchuk, Vitalii Voronov This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7260180/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study presents the results of investigations on the use of the high-entropy alloy MnCoNiCuGe₅ as a promising brazing filler metal for vacuum brazing of dissimilar materials. The selection of this alloy is based on its stable two-phase structure. The study provides data on the spreading behavior of the alloy on various base materials: nickel (Ni), corrosion-resistant steel 12Х18Н10Т, and the heat-resistant nickel-based superalloy IN718. Micro X-ray spectral analysis revealed that, after spreading on nickel and 12Х18Н10Т steel, a two-phase structure forms that is similar to the original structure of the filler alloy. It consists of a nickel-based solid solution and a germanium-enriched phase. When spreading on the IN718 superalloy, in addition to these phases, a third phase crystallizes, with a germanium concentration reaching up to 21.37%. A similar three-phase structure is also formed during brazing of the IN718 superalloy to 12Х18Н10Т steel. According to local micro X-ray spectral analysis, brazing with the high-entropy filler alloy results in the formation of a three-phase joint structure, whose morphology varies depending on the materials being joined. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of using high-entropy alloys as filler metals for brazing. However, it is important to consider that the structure of the solid solution may change depending on the chemical composition of the alloying elements present in the base materials. High-entropy alloy brazing filer metal vacuum brazing microstructure spreading Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1 Introduction The concept of multicomponent high-entropy alloys (HEAs) was first proposed by the authors [ 1 , 2 ] in 2004. These discoveries challenged the traditional approach to alloy design, which had been primarily based on one or two principal elements. HEAs can be regarded as solid solutions with simple crystal structures such as FCC, BCC, and HCP, or their combinations [ 3 ]. These materials are distinguished by their unique structures and outstanding performance characteristics, including high strength, wear resistance, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. The special atomic arrangement of HEAs imparts them with unique mechanical and physical properties that significantly surpass those of conventional alloys [ 1 – 7 ]. Among the various methods of joining materials, brazing occupies a key position. Brazing is a process of forming a joint through the creation of interatomic bonds at a temperature below the melting points of the base materials. During brazing, the molten filler metal wets the surface of the base materials, fills the gap between the components, and subsequently solidifies to form the joint [ 8 ]. It is well known that industrial filler metals are commonly used for brazing high-entropy alloys [ 9 – 13 ]. However, due to their advantageous physical and technological characteristics, high-entropy alloys themselves are also being explored as filler metals for joining a variety of materials [ 14 – 18 ]. Interesting results have been obtained when using the high-entropy CoCrFeNiCu alloy as a filler metal for brazing ceramics (SiC). It has been determined that chromium reacts with SiC, forming a reaction layer of Cr₂₃C₆. In addition, several solid solutions based on silicon and copper have been identified in the brazed seam. The mechanism of SiC/CoFeCrNiCu/SiC joint formation is illustrated in Fig. 1 . The authors note that the formation of a solid solution in the brazed seam improves the mechanical properties of the joints. In particular, the maximum shear strength of the brazed joints reached approximately 60 MPa, which exceeds the strength of SiC joints brazed with conventional AgCuTi filler metal (less than 20 MPa) [ 14 ]. The high-entropy CoCrFeNiCu alloy was also used as a filler metal for brazing ZrB₂-SiC ceramics with niobium [ 15 ]. Chromium borides with a jagged morphology were detected in the joint, enhancing the interfacial bonding between ZrB₂-SiC and Nb [ 15 ]. The presence of niobium in the brazed seam resulted in a composite microstructure comprising a soft FCC phase and a hard Laves phase, which significantly improved the joint strength. The high-entropy CoCrFeNiCu alloy was also used as a filler metal for brazing ZrB₂-SiC ceramics with niobium [ 15 ]. Chromium borides with a jagged morphology were detected in the joint, enhancing the interfacial bonding between ZrB₂-SiC and Nb [ 15 ]. The presence of niobium in the brazed seam resulted in a composite microstructure comprising a soft FCC phase and a hard Laves phase, which significantly improved the joint strength. When investigating the effect of brazing temperature on room-temperature shear strength, it was established that the maximum shear strength of 216 MPa was achieved at a brazing temperature of 1160°C with a holding time of 60 minutes. Under elevated temperatures (650°C), the shear strength remained at 94 MPa, confirming the successful application of the high-entropy alloy as a filler metal [ 15 ]. The addition of gallium as a depressant for the two-phase equimolar CoCrFeNi alloy (melting point 1346°C) allowed for a reduction in the liquidus temperature [ 17 ]. Experimental results showed that at a Ga atomic concentration of up to 16.66%, the liquidus temperature decreased to 1259°C. Micro-X-ray spectral analysis revealed that in the brazed joint of the nickel alloy Mar-M247 using the CoCrCuFeNiGa filler metal, two high-entropy FCC phases and intermetallic compounds enriched with Ni, Ti, and Ga were formed. The presence of intermetallic compounds in the seam increased the hardness of the brazed joint. Furthermore, a maximum shear strength of 388 ± 73 MPa was achieved at a brazing temperature of 1275°C, with a holding time of 30 minutes and a gap of 200 µm (determined by the foil thickness) [ 17 ]. The application of the high-entropy filler metal Fe₅Co₂₀Ni₂₀Mn₃₅Cu₂₀ for brazing the nickel alloy Alloy 600 at 1200°C with a holding time of 90 minutes provided a shear strength of 530 MPa [ 18 ]. Increasing the holding time to 120 minutes led to the formation of Cr₂Mn₃ and CrMn₃ intermetallic compounds, which deteriorated the mechanical properties of the brazed joint. Studies on the use of medium-entropy brazing alloys of the Ti-Zr-V-Nb-Cu-Ni-Mn system for brazing titanium aluminide (TiAl) confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of such alloys, indicating promising prospects for further research in this field [ 19 ]. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the base metal on the structure and chemical heterogeneity of the high-entropy MnCoNiCuGe filler metal during its spreading on various metals, as well as to study the formation of joint microstructures during vacuum brazing of nickel, corrosion-resistant steel, and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718. 2 Investigation methods and materials To obtain the experimental high-entropy alloy 35Mn20Cu20Ni20Co5Ge (at. %), metals with a purity of not less than 99.9% were used. The alloy was fabricated by argon arc melting using a tungsten non-consumable electrode on a water-cooled copper hearth in a high-purity argon atmosphere (DSTU 10157:2019). To ensure uniform distribution of alloying elements throughout the ingot volume, the alloy was remelted five times. The melting temperature of the high-entropy filler alloy ranges from 953.3 to 1100.6°C. As base materials for spreading experiments, plate samples of pure nickel with a diameter of 15 mm and samples of IN 718 alloy and corrosion-resistant steel 12Kh18N10T with dimensions 15×15×2 mm were used (Fig. 2 , Table 1 ). The filler metal was used in the as-cast state (sample mass: 0.03 g). Spreading and lap-joint brazing experiments were carried out in a vacuum furnace (SGV 2.4-2/15-I3) with radiation heating under a vacuum level of 1.33×10⁻³ Pa. The heating rate was 0.3–0.33°C/s, while cooling from 1050°C to 200°C was performed at a rate of 0.167–0.25°C/s. Temperature control during heating (brazing temperature Tp = 1120°C) was performed using a thermocouple fixed directly onto the sample, with a holding time of 1 hour and a temperature measurement accuracy of ± 5°C. Table 1 Chemical composition of materials Type of material Chemical composition, wt. % Reference Fe Ni Cr Nb Mo Ti Al Co Mn Cu Ge Si C IN 718 (ASTM B637) Bal. 50.00–55.00 17.00–21.00 4.75–5.50 2.80–3.30 0.65–1.15 0.20–0.80 to 1.00 to 0.35 to 0.30 - 0.35 to 0.08 [ 20 ] 12Kh18N10T Bal. 9.00–11.00 17.0–19.0 до 0.5 до 0.8 - - до 2.00 0.30 - to 0.80 to 0.12 [ 21 ] Ni (Н-0) to 0.002 Bal. - - - - - - - - - - to 0.005 [ 22 ] High-entropy alloy BFM - 19.86 - - - - - 19.95 33.54 21.51 6.15 - - - Lap-joint specimens (b = 2 mm) for metallographic studies were brazed with a gap of 50 µm, with the filler metal placed as small pieces adjacent to the gap. Metallographic examinations and micro X-ray spectral analyses of the experimental alloys were carried out on cast specimens with a polycrystalline structure (after melting), with all alloys cooled to room temperature at the same cooling rate. Standard metallographic procedures were used to prepare microsections, and their microstructures were examined using a Tescan Mira 3 LMU scanning electron microscope. The local elemental distribution in individual phases was determined by micro-X-ray spectral analysis using an Oxford Instruments X-Max 80 mm² energy-dispersive spectrometer. The microsections were studied without chemical etching in backscattered electron (BSE) mode. The spatial resolution of the measurements was up to 1 µm. To determine the spreading area, the ImageJ software was used, which provided high measurement accuracy with a margin of error of 2%. This software allowed not only precise numerical evaluation of the spreading area but also provided a convenient visual representation for further analysis. The microhardness of the filler metal in its initial state was measured using the Vickers method (HV) with a NOVOTEST TC-MKV-1M microhardness tester under a 25-gram load (holding time: 15 s), with a measurement error of 5%. 3 Results and Discussion Experimental studies have shown that, upon heating in vacuum, the filler metal melts and wets the base metal (Fig. 3 a, b, c). The experimental results showed that the smallest spreading area of the filler metal was observed on the pure nickel substrate (Table 2 ). Table 2 Spreading areas and wetting angles during spreading of MnCuNiCoGe₅ filler metal Type of material Spreading area, mm 2 Contact angle, grad. Brazing mode Temperature, °С Time exposure, с Ni 20.8 25°.29ˈ-27°.6ˈ 1120 60 12Kh18N10T 25.8 13°38ˈ-16°.11ˈ IN 718 32.4 6°8ˈ-10°.56ˈ On the corrosion-resistant steel substrate, the spreading area slightly increased, while the maximum spreading values were observed on the heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718. It should be noted that all experimental studies were conducted in a vacuum chamber within a single batch under identical heating conditions (temperature, process duration, and filler metal sample mass remained constant). The obtained data indicate the influence of the base metal composition on the spreading area of the filler metal. This is due to the interaction between the constituent elements of the filler metal and the base metal during heating in vacuum. It was established that a higher content of alloying elements in the base metal promotes better spreading of the filler metal and leads to a decrease in the contact angle formed between the filler metal and the base material (Table 2 ). Micro X-ray spectral analysis revealed that after spreading the MnCuNiCoGe₅ filler metal on nickel and corrosion-resistant steel substrates, a two-phase structure is formed (Fig. 4 b, 4 c), which is similar to the structure of the MnCuNiCoGe₅ alloy in its as-cast state [ 23 ] (Fig. 4 a). During the study of the phase composition and distribution of chemical elements during spreading on nickel, scanning electron microscopy in backscattered electron mode (BSE) was used. In this mode, the image contrast depends on the atomic number of the constituent elements, which determines the brightness of the phases [ 24 ]. The elements of the filler metal and base metal have close atomic numbers: Mn – 25, Cu – 29, Ni – 28, Co – 27, Ge – 32, which results in low contrast between the phases and complicates their visualization in electron microscopy studies. The results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis revealed that after the spreading of MnCoNiCuGe₅ filler metal on nickel, two phases are formed. The primary (darker) phase consists of dendrites of a solid solution based on the NiCoMnCu system, enriched with cobalt and containing a small amount of 5.03 at.% germanium (Fig. 4 b, Table 3 , spectrum 3). Table 3 Chemical composition of individual phases after spreading of the filler metal on Ni Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Mn Co Ni Cu Ge 1 22.48 10.48 31.00 27.72 8.32 2 22.37 11.66 30.92 26.71 8.34 3 21.45 25.61 31.84 16.07 5.03 4 0.00 0.00 100 0.00 0.00 The secondary phase is based on nickel, enriched with copper (26.71–27.72 at.%) and germanium (8.32–8.34 at.%) (Fig. 4 b, Table 3 , spectra 1, 2 — light gray areas). In this phase, the cobalt concentration decreases to 10.48–11.66 at.%, as cobalt is primarily concentrated in the dendrites of the solid solution after crystallization (25.61 at.%). It should be noted that the concentrations of nickel and manganese in both phases are approximately equal and fall within the margin of statistical error. The interface between the filler metal and nickel is poorly visualized (Fig. 4 b). During spreading on corrosion-resistant steel, the interface between the filler metal and the steel is better visualized, and penetration of the filler into the base metal is not observed (Fig. 4 c). According to micro-X-ray spectral data, two phases are also formed after crystallization of the filler metal. As in the previous case, the primary (darker) phase consists of dendrites of a solid solution based on the CoNiMnCu system, containing a small amount of germanium (7.53 at.%). Simultaneously, an increase in cobalt concentration is observed, while the copper content remains at 17.43 at.% (Fig. 4 c, Table 4 , spectrum 2). Due to diffusion of iron and chromium from the base metal, their concentrations in the filler metal slightly increase to 0–0.93 at.% and 0–0.2 at.% respectively. The secondary phase (light) consists of bright inclusions based on copper (32.16 at.%), containing an increased concentration of germanium (10.12 at.%) (Fig. 4 c, Table 4 , spectrum 2). The cobalt concentration in these inclusions decreases from 29.54 at.% to 11.98 at.%. Small amounts of iron (0.32 at.%) and chromium (0.17 at.%) were also detected. Table 4 Chemical composition of individual phases after spreading of the filler metal on stainless steel Spectrum No Chemical composition, wt. % Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge 1 0.00 0.00 0.17 22.03 0.32 11.98 23.22 32.16 10.12 2 0.00 0.00 0.21 21.55 0.93 29.54 22.82 17.43 7.53 3 0.43 0.38 17.95 1.35 71.13 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 During the spreading of the high-entropy filler metal MnCuNiCoGe 5 on the heat-resistant nickel-based alloy IN 718, a microstructure is formed that differs from the previous cases (Fig. 5 ). As seen from the electron image, a three-phase structure forms during spreading. Against the background of a light phase, another phase crystallizes, which has an increased concentration of Ge. According to micro-X-ray spectral analysis, after spreading, a solid solution based on the Co-Ni-Mn-Cu system containing 5.54 at.% Ge was identified in the filler. Additionally, a light phase based on the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co system with a germanium concentration of 9.43 at.% and a phase based on the Mn-Ni-Co-Cu system with a germanium concentration increased to 21.37 at.% were also detected (Fig. 5 , Table 5 , spectrum 1). Table 5 Chemical composition of individual phases after spreading the filler on IN 718 alloy Spectrum No Chemical composition, wt. % Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge Nb Mo 1 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.26 28.78 0.25 11.66 28.72 8.50 21.37 0.00 0.00 2 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.27 20.80 0.30 11.57 23.50 33.99 9.43 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.99 18.90 0.86 34.66 24.16 14.74 5.54 0.00 0.00 4 0.49 0.11 1.67 17.28 0.18 14.73 0.22 43.67 0.00 0.00 18.01 3.63 5 0.67 0.16 0.84 19.47 0.21 17.31 0.25 51.63 0.00 0.00 5.95 3.52 According to the binary phase diagrams (Fig. 6 ) of the Ni–Ge and Mn–Ge systems, intermetallic phases are formed [ 25 ]. According to the Ni–Ge phase diagram, the homogeneity range of the solid solution lies within 0–11.8% germanium. Exceeding the germanium concentration (more than 12 wt.%) leads to the formation of the ß-Ni₃Ge phase. Thus, during spreading on the IN 718 alloy, in addition to two solid solutions, a ß-phase (Ni₃Ge) is formed, in which the germanium concentration reaches 21.37%. Based on the analysis of micro-X-ray spectral data, dependencies of the concentration of alloying elements in the solid solution (Fig. 7 a) were constructed, depending on the type of base metal after spreading on nickel, stainless steel, and the heat-resistant IN 718 alloy. As seen from the graph, the concentration of germanium in the solid solution (matrix – the dark phase) remains almost unchanged. When the high-entropy filler metal MnCuNiCo5Ge spreads on nickel, the concentration of nickel in the droplet increases from 18.93–31.84%. It should be noted that during spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718, which contains 50.00–55.00% nickel, the nickel concentration in the filler metal also increases, but to a lesser extent. These structural formation features are due to the presence of a concentration gradient at the phase boundary [ 26 ], the crystallization of the filler metal under non-equilibrium conditions, which leads to mutual diffusion processes during heating, saturation of the filler metal with base metal elements, and the formation of a chemical composition of the filler metal that differs from its initial state. During crystallization of the phase based on the Ni-Mn(Cu,Co) system enriched with germanium, the latter’s concentration slightly increases (Fig. 7 b) after spreading on stainless steel compared to spreading on pure nickel. After spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718, two phases with increased germanium concentration form, consistent with the Ni–Ge phase diagram. Such structural and morphological features of the filler metal significantly affect its properties, which is confirmed by microhardness measurements after spreading and crystallization of the filler metal on the surface of the base metal (Fig. 8 a), as well as in the brazed joints (Fig. 8 b). Further experiments on vacuum high-temperature brazing of lap joints showed that the MnCuNiCo5Ge filler metal penetrates into the capillary gaps, forming complete fillets at the entrance and exit (Fig. 9 , a, b, c, d, e). Micro-X-ray spectral analysis of the brazed joints showed that during brazing of nickel with MnCuNiCoGe 5 filler metal, a two-phase structure is formed in the fillet region of the joint, consisting of a solid solution and a germanium-enriched phase (Fig. 10 , a, Table 6 ). Table 5 Chemical composition of individual phases in the fillet area of the brazed Ni + Ni joint (to Fig. 10 a) Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Mn Co Ni Cu Ge 1 25.00 7.74 30.99 23.42 12.84 2 23.22 26.03 31.68 14.61 4.47 3 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 The primary (dark) phase is characterized by an increased cobalt concentration of 26.03%, while the germanium content in this phase is 4.47%. According to the local micro-X-ray spectral analysis data, the germanium concentration in the primary phase during filler metal spreading is about 5.03%. These close values indicate that the structure of the filler metal drop after spreading and in the fillet area (after brazing) is similar. When brazing pure nickel, a single phase (solid solution) enriched in nickel is observed in the brazed seam (Fig. 8 , b, Table 6 ). Table 6 Chemical composition of the brazed seam in the Ni + Ni joint (to Fig. 10 , b) Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Mn Co Ni Cu Ge 1 20.35 9.91 50.54 14.42 4.77 2 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 3 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Elemental mapping results of the brazed sample are consistent with previous studies and confirm a homogeneous distribution of Ni, Mn, and Ge across the entire width of the brazed joint during nickel brazing (Fig. 11 a, b, c). A slight increase in Cu (d) content is observed in the central part of the joint, accompanied by a decrease in Co concentration. Mapping results also show that cobalt is unevenly distributed throughout the width of the brazed joint (Fig. 11 e). Such a homogeneous distribution of Co promotes the formation of a stable microstructure of the joint without signs of phase segregation or local increases (decreases) in concentrations that could negatively affect the service properties of the joint. Such a homogeneous distribution of Co promotes the formation of a stable microstructure of the joint without signs of phase segregation or local increases (decreases) in concentrations that could negatively affect the service properties of the joint. Micro-X-ray spectral studies of brazed joints of corrosion-resistant steel using the high-entropy filler metal MnCuNiCo5Ge showed that a two-phase structure also forms in the fillet (Fig. 12a; Table 7 ), whereas a three-phase microstructure is observed in the central zone of the brazed seam (Fig. 12b; Table 8 ). Table 7 Chemical composition of individual phases in the fillet area of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T + 12Kh18N10T (to Fig. 12a) Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge 1 0.38 0.00 0.18 30.89 0.63 9.91 29.04 9.41 19.57 2 0.21 0.00 0.12 25.81 0.74 9.43 23.01 27.83 12.85 3 0.11 0.00 0.43 23.09 1.78 30.91 22.67 15.56 5.44 4 0.41 0.21 18.03 1.28 71.12 0.00 8.95 0.00 0.00 5 0.35 0.39 18.09 1.17 71.22 0.00 8.79 0.00 0.00 Local micro-X-ray spectral analysis revealed that the concentration of germanium in the fillet area, where the volume of filler metal is significantly larger, contains two phases with different germanium contents: the dark phase contains 12.85%, and the gray phase 5.44%. According to their chemical composition, these phases are similar to the phases in the fillet area of the Ni + Ni brazed joint. At the fillet–brazed seam boundary, a phase with an increased germanium concentration of 19.57% was detected (Fig. 12a; Table 7 , spectrum 1). This phase was also found in the central zone of the brazed seam, where the germanium concentration increases up to 20.08% (Fig. 12b; Table 8 , spectrum 4). Table 8 Chemical composition of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T + 12Kh18N10T (to Fig. 12b) Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge 1 0.45 0.30 18.01 1.29 71.16 0.00 8.78 0.00 0.00 2 0.15 0.00 2.65 22.16 9.80 24.13 25.02 11.54 4.55 3 0.13 0.00 0.50 22.91 1.90 8.51 24.43 32.43 9.19 4 0.40 0.00 0.36 29.16 1.23 8.98 29.23 10.56 20.08 5 0.41 0.21 18.03 1.28 71.12 0.00 8.95 0.00 0.00 It should be noted that the fillet area contains a larger amount of filler metal, and diffusion processes are less pronounced there, which contributes to the preservation of the chemical composition and morphological features of the filler metal in the as-cast state. In brazing within a narrow gap, a significantly smaller amount of liquid filler metal is present, but diffusion processes are more active due to the concentration gradient between the filler metal’s alloying elements and the base metal, as well as the short diffusion paths. The obtained data correlate well with the mapping results of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T + 12Kh18N10T. In the central zone of the seam, individual isolated grains of inclusions with a high germanium content are visualized (Fig. 13 ). The results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis of the brazed joint made from the IN 718 alloy indicate a similarity in microstructure formation to that observed in brazed joints of 12Kh18N10T steel (Fig. 14 a). In the fillet area of the brazed joint made from IN 718 alloy, two phases are observed. As in the previous samples, one of them (the dark phase) contains 5.21% germanium (Fig. 14 a, Table 9 , Spectrum 4). In the second phase (the light phase), the germanium concentration increases to 16.55%. A notable feature is the presence of niobium in this phase, which diffuses from the base metal into the fillet metal (Fig. 14 a, Table 9 , Spectrum 3). Table 9 Chemical composition of the fillet area of the brazed joint IN 718 + IN 718 (corresponding to Fig. 14 a) Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge Nb Mo 1 0.54 0.14 0.83 19.71 0.20 16.97 0.30 51.82 0.00 0.00 6.14 3.34 2 0.23 0.08 2.91 11.12 0.19 9.42 0.00 26.49 0.00 0.00 48.17 1.39 3 0.06 0.37 0.06 0.30 26.23 0.29 10.83 24.47 19.81 16.55 1.03 0.00 4 0.00 0.14 0.00 1.19 21.27 1.12 32.86 23.16 15.05 5.21 0.00 0.00 5 0.53 0.17 0.84 19.93 0.18 17.41 0.00 52.08 0.00 0.00 5.54 3.32 It should be noted that cracks are observed in the central zone of the joint within the phase enriched with germanium and niobium (Fig. 14 c). Table 10 Chemical composition of the brazed joint of the IN 718 + IN 718 assembly (corresponding to Fig. 14 b) Spectrum no Chemical composition, wt. % Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Ge Nb Mo 1 0.00 0.47 0.30 0.76 29.52 0.48 9.37 28.19 9.65 19.88 1.38 0.00 2 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.66 24.77 0.76 8.21 24.00 32.87 7.90 0.29 0.30 3 0.17 0.14 0.18 3.62 21.86 3.37 22.18 26.72 14.84 5.48 1.07 0.38 4 0.08 0.16 0.19 4.56 20.51 4.00 24.05 27.02 12.84 4.55 1.18 0.84 5 0.44 0.15 0.92 19.62 0.21 17.06 0.20 51.63 0.00 0.00 5.93 3.82 6 0.49 0.17 0.89 19.55 0.24 16.92 0.18 51.86 0.00 0.00 5.83 3.87 The obtained results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of elements in the brazed seam. During the formation of the brazed joint structure, active mutual diffusion processes occur between the constituent elements of the filler metal and the base metal. These processes are influenced by the heating temperature, non-equilibrium crystallization conditions of the brazed seam metal, and the chemical composition of both the base metal and the filler metal, which causes the emergence of concentration gradients at the interface between the filler and the base metal. The concentration gradient at the filler/base metal interface is a key factor affecting diffusion processes and the formation of the brazed joint microstructure. These features can reduce the mechanical properties of the joint and provoke the formation of cracks. According to the studies, the germanium-enriched phase exhibits high hardness, ranging from 463 to 541 HV (Fig. 15 ). The obtained microhardness data correlate with the microstructural study results and confirm the increase in microhardness in a specific phase (Fig. 15 b), which crystallizes in the central zone of the seam during brazing of both materials: corrosion-resistant steel and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718. It should be noted that when brazing nickel, the microhardness of the seam is significantly lower, and according to micro-X-ray spectral analysis, such a phase is absent. Electron beam scanning results of the brazed specimen perpendicular to the seam confirm the heterogeneous distribution of germanium, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel across the seam width (Fig. 16 ). Analysis of the elemental distribution shows that the concentrations of these elements vary in different zones of the seam, indicating heterogeneity in the chemical composition and local changes in microstructure. Particularly notable is the increase in germanium content in the central zone of the seam, which contributes to crack formation in the phase enriched with this element. The obtained data confirm the complex interaction between the filler alloy elements and the base metal in the seam zone, which is an important factor when assessing the quality and reliability of brazed joints. 4 Conclusions Using scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray spectral analysis, the influence of the base metal and mutual diffusion processes on the formation of the structure of the high-entropy filler alloy MnCuNiCoGe 5 after spreading and vacuum brazing of pure nickel, corrosion-resistant steel, and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718 was established. It was experimentally determined that during spreading of the high-entropy filler alloy MnCuNiCoGe 5 on base metal substrates (nickel and corrosion-resistant steel), a two-phase structure forms. The primary phase is a solid solution based on the NiCoMnCu system, containing a small amount of germanium. The secondary (light) phase has an increased concentration of copper and germanium up to 10.12%. During spreading on the IN718 alloy, a third phase was found, in which the germanium concentration increases to 21.37% and crystallizes against the light phase background. These structural formation features are caused by the chemical composition of the base metal and mutual diffusion processes between the filler and base metal components at brazing temperature. The morphological features of brazed seams using the high-entropy filler alloy during vacuum brazing of three materials were established. It was shown that during brazing of nickel, a two-phase structure forms in the fillet area, similar to that obtained during spreading. A homogeneous elemental distribution with the formation of only one phase enriched with nickel (50.54%) was identified in the brazed seam. It was determined that when brazing corrosion-resistant steel and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718, three phases crystallize in the brazed seam: a solid solution (NiCoMnCu) and two germanium-enriched phases localized in the central zone of the seam. One of them contains a high germanium concentration near 20.08% and 1.38% niobium and is characterized by high microhardness of 463.6–541.8 HV, exceeding the matrix microhardness by 38–61.5%. The results prove that the use of the high-entropy filler alloy does not always ensure the formation of solid solutions in the brazed seam; the structure formation in brazed joints directly depends on the chemical composition of the materials being joined. Declarations Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Authors Contribution Svitlana Maksymova: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing original draft, Editing. Petro Kovalchuk: Investigation, Formal analysis, Processing of research results. Vitalii Voronov: Investigation, Writing original draft, Formal analysis. Funding This work was financially supported by the by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Follow the decision of the Department of Materials Science of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (grant number 0122U002197). Competing interests The authors declare that they have known no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Cantor B, Chang ITH, Knight P, Vincent AJB (2004) Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 375–377:213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257 Yeh JW, Chen SK, Lin SJ et al (2004) Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv Eng Mater 6(5):299–303 Hu S, Lei Y, Sun J, Fu W, Lin D, Song X, Cao J (2022) Application progress of high-entropy alloys in brazing field: A short review. J Adv Manuf Sci Technol 2(2):2022008. https://doi.org/10.51393/j.jamst.2022008 Wang X, Dong D, Yang X, Huang P, Shi K, Ma T, Zhu D, Liu L (2021) Microstructure and shear strength of brazing high entropy TiZrHfNbMo alloy and Si₃N₄ ceramics joints. Crystals 11(5):472. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050472 Lopes JG, Oliveira JP (2020) A short review on welding and joining of high entropy alloys. Metals 10(2):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020212 Barron PJ, Carruthers AW, Fellowes JW, Jones NG, Dawson H, Pickering EJ (2020) Towards V-based high-entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications. Scr Mater 176:12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.09.028 Shapiro AE (2021) High-entropy brazing alloys for joining refractory metals. In: The 8th International Brazing and Soldering Conference, Miami, USA, pp 32–37 Ermolaev GV, Kvasnitsky VV, Kvasnitsky VF, Maksymova SV et al (2015) Metal brazing Textbook. NUK, Mykolaiv Lin C, Shiue R-K, Wu S-K et al (2019) Infrared brazing of CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic high entropy alloy using nickel-based braze alloys. Entropy 21(3):283 Lei Y, Sun J, Hu S et al (2021) Investigation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy joint bonded with BNi2 interlayer. J Mater Process Technol 294:117144 Li H, Shen W, Chen W, Wang W, Liu G, Lu C, Zheng W, Ma Y, Yang J, Ding Z, Zou H, He Y (2021) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy joints brazed using a novel Ni-based filler. J Alloys Compd 860:157926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157926 Lin C, Shiue R-K, Wu S-K et al (2020) Brazing of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic alloys using 70Au-8Pd-22Ni filler foil. Gold Bull 53(2):101–109 Lei Y, Hu S, Song X et al (2021) Transient liquid phase bonding of cast Al₀.₃CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy using NiZr/Ni laminated foils. J Alloys Compd 871:159504 Wang G, Yang YL, He RJ et al (2020) A novel high entropy CoFeCrNiCu alloy filler to braze SiC ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 40(9):3391–3398 Wang G, Yang YL, Wang M, He R, Tan C, Cao W, Xu HF (2021) Brazing ZrB₂-SiC ceramics to Nb with a novel CoFeNiCrCu high entropy alloy. J Eur Ceram Soc 41(1):54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.08.050 Luo D, Xiao Y, Hardwick L et al (2021) High entropy alloys as filler metals for joining. Entropy 23(1):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/e23010078 Tillmann W, Ulitzka T, Wojarski L, Manka M, Ulitzka H, Wagstyl D (2020) Development of high entropy alloys for brazing applications. Weld World 64:201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00824-y Gao M, Schneiderman B, Gilbert SM, Yu Z (2019) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of nickel-base superalloy brazed joints using a MPCA filler. Metall Mater Trans A 50:5117–5127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05386-8 Feng H, Ren X, Xiong H et al (2025) Contact reaction brazing of TiAl alloy with Ti-Zr-V-Nb-Cu-Ni-Mn system high-entropy alloy filler metal. Weld World 69:1617–1624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01854-x Bibus Metals (2025) Inconel 718 (UNS N07718). https://www.bibusmetals.com.ua . Accessed 3 Mar 2025 Shishkov MM (2002) Marochnik staley i splavov: Spravochnik. Yugo-Vostok, Donetsk. (in Ukrainian) Database of Steels and Alloys (2025) http://www.splav-kharkov.com . Accessed 3 Mar Maksymova SV, Kovalchuk PV, Voronov VV, Karpets MV, Naumenko MP (2025) Еffect of Ge and In on the structure and thermodynamic characteristics of high-entropy MnCoNiCu alloys. V 69:1625–1633. Welding in the world https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01879-2 Tescan (2025) (n.d.) SEM for Materials Science – Tescan Mira. https://www.tescan.com/product/sem-for-materials-science-tescan-mira/ . Accessed 5 Mar Massalski TB (1990) Вinary Alloy Phase Diagrams, American Society for metals. Metals Park:ASM International: СD, Ohiо Maksymova SV (2023) Influence of Diffusion Processes on the Structure of Brazed Joints of Titanium Aluminides. Current Topics and Emerging Issues. Mater Sci 2:14–29. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cteims/v2/5554A Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7260180","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":500920792,"identity":"972b5032-c59b-4381-b886-e387606e4982","order_by":0,"name":"Svitlana Maksymova","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-5760","institution":"Institut elektrozvaruvanna imeni E O Patona Nacional'na akademia nauk Ukraini","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Svitlana","middleName":"","lastName":"Maksymova","suffix":""},{"id":500920793,"identity":"48de4a1e-245e-47ed-b4fd-17107bd44bc8","order_by":1,"name":"Petro Kovalchuk","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut elektrozvaruvanna imeni E O Patona Nacional'na akademia nauk Ukraini","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petro","middleName":"","lastName":"Kovalchuk","suffix":""},{"id":500920794,"identity":"b9ec6cee-4b54-41d9-9262-5c777be7b645","order_by":2,"name":"Vitalii Voronov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut elektrozvaruvanna imeni E O Patona Nacional'na akademia nauk Ukraini","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vitalii","middleName":"","lastName":"Voronov","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-31 09:01:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7260180/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7260180/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89684722,"identity":"c71c2117-8730-487c-bb36-997da53932dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:17:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":285526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of the microstructure evolution of the SiC/SiC brazed joint using the CoCrFeNiCu filler metal [14]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/f86a14e021033c1096a46ec4.png"},{"id":89684222,"identity":"ebcbcdc3-a9d0-4578-95c0-8dff21210c44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic illustration of the specimens prior to filler metal spreading tests\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/4ebed981dc496ed04a22eb55.png"},{"id":89684239,"identity":"b3a92aa1-97b3-4b1a-a442-7d8adef892cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:02","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpreading of the filler metal: Ni (a), corrosion-resistant steel 12Kh18N10T (b), and IN718 alloy (c)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/cc0d70ea678606bac3a5a489.png"},{"id":89685521,"identity":"cf699f57-b036-458f-9733-29d1858a35c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:25:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":317066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrostructure of MnCuNiCoGe₅filler metal after casting (a) and after spreading on base metal substrates: nickel (b); corrosion-resistant steel (c)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/15b7acf085fa005d599e2592.png"},{"id":89684715,"identity":"e77300d5-a7cd-4e04-a4b8-ab197b471165","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:17:02","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":352147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrostructure of MnCuNiCo5Ge filler after spreading on IN 718\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/dbeee9fa1190b5bcf47be7c3.png"},{"id":89684719,"identity":"a09102a9-956f-4654-b1af-39d8c256a79e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:17:03","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBinary phase diagram of the metallic Ni–Ge system [25]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/6403dffaf8bcd2c49b81416a.png"},{"id":89684707,"identity":"c30463cf-239d-4d02-8ca5-312168bdaef4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:17:02","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173082,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConcentration of chemical elements in the solid solution (a) and in individual phases after spreading of the filler metal (b) on nickel (1), stainless steel (2), and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718 (3, 4)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/b50f21887ee1835896c3ddcd.png"},{"id":89684247,"identity":"db31127d-5710-435a-9f08-96ac94dccc3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:03","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrohardness (a): of the BFM MnCuNiCoGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e in the initial (cast) state (0); nickel \u0026nbsp;and droplet of\u0026nbsp; BFM after spreading (1); stainless steel and droplet of\u0026nbsp; BFM after spreading (2); \u0026nbsp;heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718 and droplet of\u0026nbsp; BFM after spreading (3) \u0026nbsp;and microhardness of individual phases in the brazed joint (b): solid solution (ss) on the Ni (1); solid solution and germanium-enriched phase on the \u0026nbsp;stainless steel (2) and solid solution and germanium-enriched phase on the \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;alloy IN 718 (3)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/468587cb0f68a2df9c31c784.png"},{"id":89684213,"identity":"8e34443a-a33a-42ce-a726-44aeaeba9707","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:01","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":177240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAppearance of lap joint brazed samples: Ni+Ni (a)- fillet on the front side and (b) - fillet on the backside; 12Kh18N10T+12Kh18N10T (c) - fillet on the front side and (d) - fillet on the backside; IN 718+IN 718 (e) - fillet on the front side and (f) - fillet on the backside\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/346b115050ed7ac6a8769aa9.png"},{"id":89684238,"identity":"64f60dd3-23ba-4063-991a-3c9574889592","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:02","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":241904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrostructure of the fillet area (a) and the seam (b) in which the chemical composition of the brazed joint Ni+Ni was determined\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/5498b6e8691a81e3f12d7e98.png"},{"id":89684211,"identity":"774b4c03-146b-44f4-8249-1bb961dbb032","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":363330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of elemental mapping of the Ni+Ni brazed joint using the high-entropy BFM \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/3a84de664005242027b9799d.png"},{"id":89684249,"identity":"326a953e-c759-4ed6-ad89-45e37ff25b2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:03","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":225202,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrostructure of the fillet area (a) and the seam (b) of the brazed joint of 12Kh18N10T + 12Kh18N10T made with the MnCuNiCoGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e filler metal\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/79f060686e173c5f51e9aa08.png"},{"id":89684227,"identity":"f6ad075a-3d69-423c-9f4a-aeecba1f3bed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:02","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":390825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMapping results of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T + 12Kh18N10T\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/be505aa7bb4ce85f16def2ec.png"},{"id":89684264,"identity":"5feb6c42-0dfb-40bc-bf17-76bfe0c4ef13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":397842,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrostructure of the fillet area (a), brazed seam (b), and crack in the germanium-enriched phase (c) of the brazed joint made from IN 718 alloy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/64eb7ea829f40ac42c56006d.png"},{"id":89684708,"identity":"b7ac5843-dd08-4c2d-a17e-5613c6b3f8cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:17:02","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":205034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMicrohardness of the brazed joint of IN 718 in the central zone of the seam\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/4bfef49a9ff6029d09b561e0.png"},{"id":89684231,"identity":"0bb6ceb7-5ede-4c8f-8e79-eee3a168fa89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-22 15:09:02","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":162225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElectron image of the microstructure of the brazed joint (a) and elemental distribution (b-f) along the scanning line\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/45a29440ee8b01703ced2c54.png"},{"id":92029757,"identity":"0c46a79a-7d96-4888-b621-171f495602a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 20:23:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4730556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7260180/v1/dbe84a18-1889-4048-87c6-8c0f1e052138.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStructure formation of seams using high-entropic brazing filler metal MnCoNiCuGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe concept of multicomponent high-entropy alloys (HEAs) was first proposed by the authors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] in 2004. These discoveries challenged the traditional approach to alloy design, which had been primarily based on one or two principal elements. HEAs can be regarded as solid solutions with simple crystal structures such as FCC, BCC, and HCP, or their combinations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. These materials are distinguished by their unique structures and outstanding performance characteristics, including high strength, wear resistance, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. The special atomic arrangement of HEAs imparts them with unique mechanical and physical properties that significantly surpass those of conventional alloys [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the various methods of joining materials, brazing occupies a key position. Brazing is a process of forming a joint through the creation of interatomic bonds at a temperature below the melting points of the base materials. During brazing, the molten filler metal wets the surface of the base materials, fills the gap between the components, and subsequently solidifies to form the joint [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is well known that industrial filler metals are commonly used for brazing high-entropy alloys [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, due to their advantageous physical and technological characteristics, high-entropy alloys themselves are also being explored as filler metals for joining a variety of materials [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Interesting results have been obtained when using the high-entropy CoCrFeNiCu alloy as a filler metal for brazing ceramics (SiC). It has been determined that chromium reacts with SiC, forming a reaction layer of Cr₂₃C₆. In addition, several solid solutions based on silicon and copper have been identified in the brazed seam. The mechanism of SiC/CoFeCrNiCu/SiC joint formation is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors note that the formation of a solid solution in the brazed seam improves the mechanical properties of the joints. In particular, the maximum shear strength of the brazed joints reached approximately 60 MPa, which exceeds the strength of SiC joints brazed with conventional AgCuTi filler metal (less than 20 MPa) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe high-entropy CoCrFeNiCu alloy was also used as a filler metal for brazing ZrB₂-SiC ceramics with niobium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Chromium borides with a jagged morphology were detected in the joint, enhancing the interfacial bonding between ZrB₂-SiC and Nb [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of niobium in the brazed seam resulted in a composite microstructure comprising a soft FCC phase and a hard Laves phase, which significantly improved the joint strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe high-entropy CoCrFeNiCu alloy was also used as a filler metal for brazing ZrB₂-SiC ceramics with niobium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Chromium borides with a jagged morphology were detected in the joint, enhancing the interfacial bonding between ZrB₂-SiC and Nb [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of niobium in the brazed seam resulted in a composite microstructure comprising a soft FCC phase and a hard Laves phase, which significantly improved the joint strength. When investigating the effect of brazing temperature on room-temperature shear strength, it was established that the maximum shear strength of 216 MPa was achieved at a brazing temperature of 1160\u0026deg;C with a holding time of 60 minutes. Under elevated temperatures (650\u0026deg;C), the shear strength remained at 94 MPa, confirming the successful application of the high-entropy alloy as a filler metal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe addition of gallium as a depressant for the two-phase equimolar CoCrFeNi alloy (melting point 1346\u0026deg;C) allowed for a reduction in the liquidus temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Experimental results showed that at a Ga atomic concentration of up to 16.66%, the liquidus temperature decreased to 1259\u0026deg;C. Micro-X-ray spectral analysis revealed that in the brazed joint of the nickel alloy Mar-M247 using the CoCrCuFeNiGa filler metal, two high-entropy FCC phases and intermetallic compounds enriched with Ni, Ti, and Ga were formed. The presence of intermetallic compounds in the seam increased the hardness of the brazed joint. Furthermore, a maximum shear strength of 388\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73 MPa was achieved at a brazing temperature of 1275\u0026deg;C, with a holding time of 30 minutes and a gap of 200 \u0026micro;m (determined by the foil thickness) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe application of the high-entropy filler metal Fe₅Co₂₀Ni₂₀Mn₃₅Cu₂₀ for brazing the nickel alloy Alloy 600 at 1200\u0026deg;C with a holding time of 90 minutes provided a shear strength of 530 MPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Increasing the holding time to 120 minutes led to the formation of Cr₂Mn₃ and CrMn₃ intermetallic compounds, which deteriorated the mechanical properties of the brazed joint.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies on the use of medium-entropy brazing alloys of the Ti-Zr-V-Nb-Cu-Ni-Mn system for brazing titanium aluminide (TiAl) confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of such alloys, indicating promising prospects for further research in this field [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the base metal on the structure and chemical heterogeneity of the high-entropy MnCoNiCuGe filler metal during its spreading on various metals, as well as to study the formation of joint microstructures during vacuum brazing of nickel, corrosion-resistant steel, and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Investigation methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo obtain the experimental high-entropy alloy 35Mn20Cu20Ni20Co5Ge (at. %), metals with a purity of not less than 99.9% were used. The alloy was fabricated by argon arc melting using a tungsten non-consumable electrode on a water-cooled copper hearth in a high-purity argon atmosphere (DSTU 10157:2019). To ensure uniform distribution of alloying elements throughout the ingot volume, the alloy was remelted five times. The melting temperature of the high-entropy filler alloy ranges from 953.3 to 1100.6\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs base materials for spreading experiments, plate samples of pure nickel with a diameter of 15 mm and samples of IN 718 alloy and corrosion-resistant steel 12Kh18N10T with dimensions 15\u0026times;15\u0026times;2 mm were used (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe filler metal was used in the as-cast state (sample mass: 0.03 g). Spreading and lap-joint brazing experiments were carried out in a vacuum furnace (SGV 2.4-2/15-I3) with radiation heating under a vacuum level of 1.33\u0026times;10⁻\u0026sup3; Pa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe heating rate was 0.3\u0026ndash;0.33\u0026deg;C/s, while cooling from 1050\u0026deg;C to 200\u0026deg;C was performed at a rate of 0.167\u0026ndash;0.25\u0026deg;C/s. Temperature control during heating (brazing temperature Tp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1120\u0026deg;C) was performed using a thermocouple fixed directly onto the sample, with a holding time of 1 hour and a temperature measurement accuracy of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of materials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of material\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIN 718\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(ASTM B637)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026ndash;55.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026ndash;21.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.75\u0026ndash;5.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026ndash;3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026ndash;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026ndash;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto 0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12Kh18N10T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u0026ndash;11.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026ndash;19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto 0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi (Н-0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eto 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh-entropy alloy BFM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLap-joint specimens (b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2 mm) for metallographic studies were brazed with a gap of 50 \u0026micro;m, with the filler metal placed as small pieces adjacent to the gap.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetallographic examinations and micro X-ray spectral analyses of the experimental alloys were carried out on cast specimens with a polycrystalline structure (after melting), with all alloys cooled to room temperature at the same cooling rate. Standard metallographic procedures were used to prepare microsections, and their microstructures were examined using a Tescan Mira 3 LMU scanning electron microscope. The local elemental distribution in individual phases was determined by micro-X-ray spectral analysis using an Oxford Instruments X-Max 80 mm\u0026sup2; energy-dispersive spectrometer. The microsections were studied without chemical etching in backscattered electron (BSE) mode. The spatial resolution of the measurements was up to 1 \u0026micro;m.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the spreading area, the ImageJ software was used, which provided high measurement accuracy with a margin of error of 2%. This software allowed not only precise numerical evaluation of the spreading area but also provided a convenient visual representation for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe microhardness of the filler metal in its initial state was measured using the Vickers method (HV) with a NOVOTEST TC-MKV-1M microhardness tester under a 25-gram load (holding time: 15 s), with a measurement error of 5%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental studies have shown that, upon heating in vacuum, the filler metal melts and wets the base metal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea, b, c).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experimental results showed that the smallest spreading area of the filler metal was observed on the pure nickel substrate (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpreading areas and wetting angles during spreading of MnCuNiCoGe₅ filler metal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of material\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpreading area, mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContact angle, grad.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrazing mode\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature, \u0026deg;С\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime exposure, с\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026deg;.29ˈ-27\u0026deg;.6ˈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12Kh18N10T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u0026deg;38ˈ-16\u0026deg;.11ˈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIN 718\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u0026deg;8ˈ-10\u0026deg;.56ˈ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the corrosion-resistant steel substrate, the spreading area slightly increased, while the maximum spreading values were observed on the heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718. It should be noted that all experimental studies were conducted in a vacuum chamber within a single batch under identical heating conditions (temperature, process duration, and filler metal sample mass remained constant). The obtained data indicate the influence of the base metal composition on the spreading area of the filler metal. This is due to the interaction between the constituent elements of the filler metal and the base metal during heating in vacuum. It was established that a higher content of alloying elements in the base metal promotes better spreading of the filler metal and leads to a decrease in the contact angle formed between the filler metal and the base material (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicro X-ray spectral analysis revealed that after spreading the MnCuNiCoGe₅ filler metal on nickel and corrosion-resistant steel substrates, a two-phase structure is formed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec), which is similar to the structure of the MnCuNiCoGe₅ alloy in its as-cast state [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the study of the phase composition and distribution of chemical elements during spreading on nickel, scanning electron microscopy in backscattered electron mode (BSE) was used. In this mode, the image contrast depends on the atomic number of the constituent elements, which determines the brightness of the phases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The elements of the filler metal and base metal have close atomic numbers: Mn \u0026ndash; 25, Cu \u0026ndash; 29, Ni \u0026ndash; 28, Co \u0026ndash; 27, Ge \u0026ndash; 32, which results in low contrast between the phases and complicates their visualization in electron microscopy studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis revealed that after the spreading of MnCoNiCuGe₅ filler metal on nickel, two phases are formed. The primary (darker) phase consists of dendrites of a solid solution based on the NiCoMnCu system, enriched with cobalt and containing a small amount of 5.03 at.% germanium (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, spectrum 3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases after spreading of the filler metal on Ni\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe secondary phase is based on nickel, enriched with copper (26.71\u0026ndash;27.72 at.%) and germanium (8.32\u0026ndash;8.34 at.%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, spectra 1, 2 \u0026mdash; light gray areas). In this phase, the cobalt concentration decreases to 10.48\u0026ndash;11.66 at.%, as cobalt is primarily concentrated in the dendrites of the solid solution after crystallization (25.61 at.%). It should be noted that the concentrations of nickel and manganese in both phases are approximately equal and fall within the margin of statistical error. The interface between the filler metal and nickel is poorly visualized (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring spreading on corrosion-resistant steel, the interface between the filler metal and the steel is better visualized, and penetration of the filler into the base metal is not observed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec). According to micro-X-ray spectral data, two phases are also formed after crystallization of the filler metal. As in the previous case, the primary (darker) phase consists of dendrites of a solid solution based on the CoNiMnCu system, containing a small amount of germanium (7.53 at.%). Simultaneously, an increase in cobalt concentration is observed, while the copper content remains at 17.43 at.% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, spectrum 2). Due to diffusion of iron and chromium from the base metal, their concentrations in the filler metal slightly increase to 0\u0026ndash;0.93 at.% and 0\u0026ndash;0.2 at.% respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe secondary phase (light) consists of bright inclusions based on copper (32.16 at.%), containing an increased concentration of germanium (10.12 at.%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, spectrum 2). The cobalt concentration in these inclusions decreases from 29.54 at.% to 11.98 at.%. Small amounts of iron (0.32 at.%) and chromium (0.17 at.%) were also detected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases after spreading of the filler metal on stainless steel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the spreading of the high-entropy filler metal MnCuNiCoGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e on the heat-resistant nickel-based alloy IN 718, a microstructure is formed that differs from the previous cases (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs seen from the electron image, a three-phase structure forms during spreading. Against the background of a light phase, another phase crystallizes, which has an increased concentration of Ge. According to micro-X-ray spectral analysis, after spreading, a solid solution based on the Co-Ni-Mn-Cu system containing 5.54 at.% Ge was identified in the filler. Additionally, a light phase based on the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co system with a germanium concentration of 9.43 at.% and a phase based on the Mn-Ni-Co-Cu system with a germanium concentration increased to 21.37 at.% were also detected (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, spectrum 1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases after spreading the filler on IN 718 alloy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the binary phase diagrams (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) of the Ni\u0026ndash;Ge and Mn\u0026ndash;Ge systems, intermetallic phases are formed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Ni\u0026ndash;Ge phase diagram, the homogeneity range of the solid solution lies within 0\u0026ndash;11.8% germanium. Exceeding the germanium concentration (more than 12 wt.%) leads to the formation of the \u0026szlig;-Ni₃Ge phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, during spreading on the IN 718 alloy, in addition to two solid solutions, a \u0026szlig;-phase (Ni₃Ge) is formed, in which the germanium concentration reaches 21.37%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the analysis of micro-X-ray spectral data, dependencies of the concentration of alloying elements in the solid solution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea) were constructed, depending on the type of base metal after spreading on nickel, stainless steel, and the heat-resistant IN 718 alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs seen from the graph, the concentration of germanium in the solid solution (matrix \u0026ndash; the dark phase) remains almost unchanged. When the high-entropy filler metal MnCuNiCo5Ge spreads on nickel, the concentration of nickel in the droplet increases from 18.93\u0026ndash;31.84%. It should be noted that during spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718, which contains 50.00\u0026ndash;55.00% nickel, the nickel concentration in the filler metal also increases, but to a lesser extent. These structural formation features are due to the presence of a concentration gradient at the phase boundary [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], the crystallization of the filler metal under non-equilibrium conditions, which leads to mutual diffusion processes during heating, saturation of the filler metal with base metal elements, and the formation of a chemical composition of the filler metal that differs from its initial state.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring crystallization of the phase based on the Ni-Mn(Cu,Co) system enriched with germanium, the latter\u0026rsquo;s concentration slightly increases (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb) after spreading on stainless steel compared to spreading on pure nickel. After spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718, two phases with increased germanium concentration form, consistent with the Ni\u0026ndash;Ge phase diagram.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuch structural and morphological features of the filler metal significantly affect its properties, which is confirmed by microhardness measurements after spreading and crystallization of the filler metal on the surface of the base metal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea), as well as in the brazed joints (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther experiments on vacuum high-temperature brazing of lap joints showed that the MnCuNiCo5Ge filler metal penetrates into the capillary gaps, forming complete fillets at the entrance and exit (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, a, b, c, d, e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicro-X-ray spectral analysis of the brazed joints showed that during brazing of nickel with MnCuNiCoGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e filler metal, a two-phase structure is formed in the fillet region of the joint, consisting of a solid solution and a germanium-enriched phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, a, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the fillet area of the brazed Ni\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ni joint (to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary (dark) phase is characterized by an increased cobalt concentration of 26.03%, while the germanium content in this phase is 4.47%. According to the local micro-X-ray spectral analysis data, the germanium concentration in the primary phase during filler metal spreading is about 5.03%. These close values indicate that the structure of the filler metal drop after spreading and in the fillet area (after brazing) is similar. When brazing pure nickel, a single phase (solid solution) enriched in nickel is observed in the brazed seam (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, b, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the brazed seam in the Ni\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ni joint (to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, b)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElemental mapping results of the brazed sample are consistent with previous studies and confirm a homogeneous distribution of Ni, Mn, and Ge across the entire width of the brazed joint during nickel brazing (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003ea, b, c). A slight increase in Cu (d) content is observed in the central part of the joint, accompanied by a decrease in Co concentration. Mapping results also show that cobalt is unevenly distributed throughout the width of the brazed joint (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003ee).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuch a homogeneous distribution of Co promotes the formation of a stable microstructure of the joint without signs of phase segregation or local increases (decreases) in concentrations that could negatively affect the service properties of the joint.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuch a homogeneous distribution of Co promotes the formation of a stable microstructure of the joint without signs of phase segregation or local increases (decreases) in concentrations that could negatively affect the service properties of the joint.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicro-X-ray spectral studies of brazed joints of corrosion-resistant steel using the high-entropy filler metal MnCuNiCo5Ge showed that a two-phase structure also forms in the fillet (Fig.\u0026nbsp;12a; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), whereas a three-phase microstructure is observed in the central zone of the brazed seam (Fig.\u0026nbsp;12b; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the fillet area of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;12Kh18N10T (to Fig.\u0026nbsp;12a)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal micro-X-ray spectral analysis revealed that the concentration of germanium in the fillet area, where the volume of filler metal is significantly larger, contains two phases with different germanium contents: the dark phase contains 12.85%, and the gray phase 5.44%. According to their chemical composition, these phases are similar to the phases in the fillet area of the Ni\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ni brazed joint. At the fillet\u0026ndash;brazed seam boundary, a phase with an increased germanium concentration of 19.57% was detected (Fig.\u0026nbsp;12a; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, spectrum 1). This phase was also found in the central zone of the brazed seam, where the germanium concentration increases up to 20.08% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;12b; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, spectrum 4).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;12Kh18N10T (to Fig.\u0026nbsp;12b)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that the fillet area contains a larger amount of filler metal, and diffusion processes are less pronounced there, which contributes to the preservation of the chemical composition and morphological features of the filler metal in the as-cast state. In brazing within a narrow gap, a significantly smaller amount of liquid filler metal is present, but diffusion processes are more active due to the concentration gradient between the filler metal\u0026rsquo;s alloying elements and the base metal, as well as the short diffusion paths.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe obtained data correlate well with the mapping results of the brazed joint 12Kh18N10T\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;12Kh18N10T. In the central zone of the seam, individual isolated grains of inclusions with a high germanium content are visualized (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis of the brazed joint made from the IN 718 alloy indicate a similarity in microstructure formation to that observed in brazed joints of 12Kh18N10T steel (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the fillet area of the brazed joint made from IN 718 alloy, two phases are observed. As in the previous samples, one of them (the dark phase) contains 5.21% germanium (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003ea, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, Spectrum 4). In the second phase (the light phase), the germanium concentration increases to 16.55%. A notable feature is the presence of niobium in this phase, which diffuses from the base metal into the fillet metal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003ea, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, Spectrum 3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the fillet area of the brazed joint IN 718\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;IN 718 (corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003ea)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that cracks are observed in the central zone of the joint within the phase enriched with germanium and niobium (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the brazed joint of the IN 718\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;IN 718 assembly (corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003eb)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum no\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe obtained results indicate a heterogeneous distribution of elements in the brazed seam. During the formation of the brazed joint structure, active mutual diffusion processes occur between the constituent elements of the filler metal and the base metal. These processes are influenced by the heating temperature, non-equilibrium crystallization conditions of the brazed seam metal, and the chemical composition of both the base metal and the filler metal, which causes the emergence of concentration gradients at the interface between the filler and the base metal. The concentration gradient at the filler/base metal interface is a key factor affecting diffusion processes and the formation of the brazed joint microstructure. These features can reduce the mechanical properties of the joint and provoke the formation of cracks. According to the studies, the germanium-enriched phase exhibits high hardness, ranging from 463 to 541 HV (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe obtained microhardness data correlate with the microstructural study results and confirm the increase in microhardness in a specific phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003eb), which crystallizes in the central zone of the seam during brazing of both materials: corrosion-resistant steel and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN 718. It should be noted that when brazing nickel, the microhardness of the seam is significantly lower, and according to micro-X-ray spectral analysis, such a phase is absent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectron beam scanning results of the brazed specimen perpendicular to the seam confirm the heterogeneous distribution of germanium, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel across the seam width (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the elemental distribution shows that the concentrations of these elements vary in different zones of the seam, indicating heterogeneity in the chemical composition and local changes in microstructure. Particularly notable is the increase in germanium content in the central zone of the seam, which contributes to crack formation in the phase enriched with this element.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe obtained data confirm the complex interaction between the filler alloy elements and the base metal in the seam zone, which is an important factor when assessing the quality and reliability of brazed joints.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing scanning electron microscopy and micro-X-ray spectral analysis, the influence of the base metal and mutual diffusion processes on the formation of the structure of the high-entropy filler alloy MnCuNiCoGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e after spreading and vacuum brazing of pure nickel, corrosion-resistant steel, and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718 was established.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was experimentally determined that during spreading of the high-entropy filler alloy MnCuNiCoGe\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e on base metal substrates (nickel and corrosion-resistant steel), a two-phase structure forms. The primary phase is a solid solution based on the NiCoMnCu system, containing a small amount of germanium. The secondary (light) phase has an increased concentration of copper and germanium up to 10.12%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring spreading on the IN718 alloy, a third phase was found, in which the germanium concentration increases to 21.37% and crystallizes against the light phase background. These structural formation features are caused by the chemical composition of the base metal and mutual diffusion processes between the filler and base metal components at brazing temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe morphological features of brazed seams using the high-entropy filler alloy during vacuum brazing of three materials were established. It was shown that during brazing of nickel, a two-phase structure forms in the fillet area, similar to that obtained during spreading. A homogeneous elemental distribution with the formation of only one phase enriched with nickel (50.54%) was identified in the brazed seam.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was determined that when brazing corrosion-resistant steel and heat-resistant nickel alloy IN718, three phases crystallize in the brazed seam: a solid solution (NiCoMnCu) and two germanium-enriched phases localized in the central zone of the seam. One of them contains a high germanium concentration near 20.08% and 1.38% niobium and is characterized by high microhardness of 463.6\u0026ndash;541.8 HV, exceeding the matrix microhardness by 38\u0026ndash;61.5%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results prove that the use of the high-entropy filler alloy does not always ensure the formation of solid solutions in the brazed seam; the structure formation in brazed joints directly depends on the chemical composition of the materials being joined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSvitlana Maksymova: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing original draft, Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePetro Kovalchuk: Investigation, Formal analysis, Processing of research results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitalii Voronov: Investigation, Writing original draft, Formal analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was financially supported by the by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Follow the decision of the Department of Materials Science of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (grant number 0122U002197).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have known no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCantor B, Chang ITH, Knight P, Vincent AJB (2004) Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 375\u0026ndash;377:213\u0026ndash;218. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYeh JW, Chen SK, Lin SJ et al (2004) Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv Eng Mater 6(5):299\u0026ndash;303\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHu S, Lei Y, Sun J, Fu W, Lin D, Song X, Cao J (2022) Application progress of high-entropy alloys in brazing field: A short review. J Adv Manuf Sci Technol 2(2):2022008. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.51393/j.jamst.2022008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.51393/j.jamst.2022008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang X, Dong D, Yang X, Huang P, Shi K, Ma T, Zhu D, Liu L (2021) Microstructure and shear strength of brazing high entropy TiZrHfNbMo alloy and Si₃N₄ ceramics joints. Crystals 11(5):472. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050472\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/cryst11050472\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLopes JG, Oliveira JP (2020) A short review on welding and joining of high entropy alloys. Metals 10(2):212. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/met10020212\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/met10020212\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarron PJ, Carruthers AW, Fellowes JW, Jones NG, Dawson H, Pickering EJ (2020) Towards V-based high-entropy alloys for nuclear fusion applications. Scr Mater 176:12\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.09.028\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.09.028\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShapiro AE (2021) High-entropy brazing alloys for joining refractory metals. In: The 8th International Brazing and Soldering Conference, Miami, USA, pp 32\u0026ndash;37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErmolaev GV, Kvasnitsky VV, Kvasnitsky VF, Maksymova SV et al (2015) Metal brazing Textbook. NUK, Mykolaiv\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin C, Shiue R-K, Wu S-K et al (2019) Infrared brazing of CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic high entropy alloy using nickel-based braze alloys. Entropy 21(3):283\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLei Y, Sun J, Hu S et al (2021) Investigation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy joint bonded with BNi2 interlayer. J Mater Process Technol 294:117144\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi H, Shen W, Chen W, Wang W, Liu G, Lu C, Zheng W, Ma Y, Yang J, Ding Z, Zou H, He Y (2021) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy joints brazed using a novel Ni-based filler. J Alloys Compd 860:157926. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157926\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157926\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin C, Shiue R-K, Wu S-K et al (2020) Brazing of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic alloys using 70Au-8Pd-22Ni filler foil. Gold Bull 53(2):101\u0026ndash;109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLei Y, Hu S, Song X et al (2021) Transient liquid phase bonding of cast Al₀.₃CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy using NiZr/Ni laminated foils. J Alloys Compd 871:159504\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang G, Yang YL, He RJ et al (2020) A novel high entropy CoFeCrNiCu alloy filler to braze SiC ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 40(9):3391\u0026ndash;3398\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang G, Yang YL, Wang M, He R, Tan C, Cao W, Xu HF (2021) Brazing ZrB₂-SiC ceramics to Nb with a novel CoFeNiCrCu high entropy alloy. J Eur Ceram Soc 41(1):54\u0026ndash;61. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.08.050\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.08.050\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLuo D, Xiao Y, Hardwick L et al (2021) High entropy alloys as filler metals for joining. Entropy 23(1):78. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/e23010078\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/e23010078\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTillmann W, Ulitzka T, Wojarski L, Manka M, Ulitzka H, Wagstyl D (2020) Development of high entropy alloys for brazing applications. Weld World 64:201\u0026ndash;208. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00824-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s40194-019-00824-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGao M, Schneiderman B, Gilbert SM, Yu Z (2019) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of nickel-base superalloy brazed joints using a MPCA filler. Metall Mater Trans A 50:5117\u0026ndash;5127. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05386-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11661-019-05386-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeng H, Ren X, Xiong H et al (2025) Contact reaction brazing of TiAl alloy with Ti-Zr-V-Nb-Cu-Ni-Mn system high-entropy alloy filler metal. Weld World 69:1617\u0026ndash;1624. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01854-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s40194-024-01854-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBibus Metals (2025) Inconel 718 (UNS N07718). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.bibusmetals.com.ua\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.bibusmetals.com.ua\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 3 Mar 2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShishkov MM (2002) Marochnik staley i splavov: Spravochnik. Yugo-Vostok, Donetsk. (in Ukrainian)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDatabase of Steels and Alloys (2025) \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.splav-kharkov.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.splav-kharkov.com\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 3 Mar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaksymova SV, Kovalchuk PV, Voronov VV, Karpets MV, Naumenko MP (2025) Еffect of Ge and In on the structure and thermodynamic characteristics of high-entropy MnCoNiCu alloys. V 69:1625\u0026ndash;1633. Welding in the world\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01879-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s40194-024-01879-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTescan (2025) (n.d.) SEM for Materials Science \u0026ndash; Tescan Mira. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.tescan.com/product/sem-for-materials-science-tescan-mira/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.tescan.com/product/sem-for-materials-science-tescan-mira/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 5 Mar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMassalski TB (1990) Вinary Alloy Phase Diagrams, American Society for metals. Metals Park:ASM International: СD, Ohiо\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaksymova SV (2023) Influence of Diffusion Processes on the Structure of Brazed Joints of Titanium Aluminides. Current Topics and Emerging Issues. Mater Sci 2:14\u0026ndash;29. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cteims/v2/5554A\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.9734/bpi/cteims/v2/5554A\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"High-entropy alloy, brazing filer metal, vacuum brazing, microstructure, spreading","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7260180/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7260180/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents the results of investigations on the use of the high-entropy alloy MnCoNiCuGe₅ as a promising brazing filler metal for vacuum brazing of dissimilar materials. The selection of this alloy is based on its stable two-phase structure. The study provides data on the spreading behavior of the alloy on various base materials: nickel (Ni), corrosion-resistant steel 12Х18Н10Т, and the heat-resistant nickel-based superalloy IN718.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicro X-ray spectral analysis revealed that, after spreading on nickel and 12Х18Н10Т steel, a two-phase structure forms that is similar to the original structure of the filler alloy. It consists of a nickel-based solid solution and a germanium-enriched phase. When spreading on the IN718 superalloy, in addition to these phases, a third phase crystallizes, with a germanium concentration reaching up to 21.37%. A similar three-phase structure is also formed during brazing of the IN718 superalloy to 12Х18Н10Т steel.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to local micro X-ray spectral analysis, brazing with the high-entropy filler alloy results in the formation of a three-phase joint structure, whose morphology varies depending on the materials being joined. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of using high-entropy alloys as filler metals for brazing. However, it is important to consider that the structure of the solid solution may change depending on the chemical composition of the alloying elements present in the base materials.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Structure formation of seams using high-entropic brazing filler metal MnCoNiCuGe5","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-22 15:08:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7260180/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84b166ea-32cb-4ed4-8d27-85e1614ec1a4","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-23T20:15:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-22 15:08:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7260180","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7260180","identity":"rs-7260180","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}