Flexible MXenesponge piezoresistive array for multi-point hand-pressure monitoring in badminton forehand smashes

Flexible MXenesponge piezoresistive array for multi-point hand-pressure monitoring in badminton forehand smashes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Flexible MXenesponge piezoresistive array for multi-point hand-pressure monitoring in badminton forehand smashes Dachao Liu, Liwen Lin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8071758/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This investigation developed a flexible piezoresistive sensor array based on an MXene/sponge thin film to enable multi-point monitoring of palmar pressure during the badminton forehand smash. The system captures pressure–time profiles at six key palmar sites (thumb, index, middle, ring, little finger, and heel of the palm) across discrete technical phases and compares characteristic patterns between athletes of different skill levels. Using literature review, laboratory fabrication and testing, and statistical analysis, the MXene/sponge array was shown to provide a wide detection range, high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent stability, while remaining lightweight, low-cost, and environmentally robust. The device reliably performs multi-point monitoring throughout the entire smash, supporting intelligent feedback for technical training and skill assessment. Quantitative analyses reveal significant phase-specific differences in palmar loading across expertise levels: elite players exhibit a patterned “tension–release” control with coordinated timing and magnitude, whereas novice and intermediate players show suboptimal timing, amplitude regulation, and inter-digit coordination. Indices such as curve regularity, uniformity, and peak distribution enable objective evaluation of technical proficiency and training effects. Beyond the forehand smash, the platform is extensible to other badminton skills and to racquet sports including tennis and table tennis, indicating broad application potential. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science sponge thin film flexible piezoresistive array sensor badminton technique Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8071758","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":558097052,"identity":"a4dbd1c4-fc2d-4b1a-9ef5-29238918f84d","order_by":0,"name":"Dachao Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North University of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dachao","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":558097053,"identity":"1aa4a6b9-c339-4c95-a126-e07524738aeb","order_by":1,"name":"Liwen Lin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPgbmhgMMFQeYwTweYrSwMTACtZw5wMxDkhYGxrYDDCRokUhsPFw47w67vUQC44O3bQzy5kRoaTg8c9szZh6JBGbDuW0MhjsbCGmRBmrh3XYYpIVNmreNIcHgAFFa5oC1sP8mQUsDxBZm4rTIP2w4zHMM6JczD5sl55yTMNxASAs/z+HDn3lq7iSztycf/PCmzEaeoC0wkMwAiiAGBgki1QOBHfFKR8EoGAWjYMQBAN73PB3qS/JrAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-10 01:38:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8071758/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8071758/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98422793,"identity":"a3e02e32-0293-4c11-979a-9d42f90f330a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:31:31","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1602600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"graphics.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/0de24a153505a2bf76fd23b7.docx"},{"id":98423029,"identity":"75753bf6-f169-4971-91e3-02ae35451a4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:31:45","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1581004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FlexibleMXenespongepiezoresistivearrayformultipointhandpressuremonitoringinbadmintonforehandsmashes.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/e3d7cd4627d3e51f4e2028ef.docx"},{"id":98422904,"identity":"a7fb6fb3-1f92-46ad-acce-e5aa8b53306b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:31:38","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"table.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/e36b383da8e25845eccc5131.docx"},{"id":97964503,"identity":"e5b1dd55-29ae-427e-a3e6-3bb787ab5fe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-11 09:37:55","extension":"json","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"9cbc832180eb46878e11727ce44effad.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/086711339098b2a957d1f3fc.json"},{"id":98423086,"identity":"65cecf85-1419-4b76-9d41-86e396e2d28e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:31:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":423822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/ae84081389aa27f772422fec.pdf"},{"id":98423041,"identity":"17f1be01-e5ad-4b23-b539-ebc70d84f6b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:31:46","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69863,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"9cbc832180eb46878e11727ce44effad1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/5d0120f4a6e20c8ab6c57996.xml"},{"id":98422565,"identity":"830287ce-544c-4521-a9f1-f566031a5035","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-17 16:31:12","extension":"xml","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"9cbc832180eb46878e11727ce44effad1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/2014c6af0f320c6255b09ed0.xml"},{"id":97964510,"identity":"e303b296-7cb0-4a28-b268-4552cd99e95d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-11 09:37:57","extension":"html","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/512dfb2f688a4a2304055392.html"},{"id":108130714,"identity":"c4d8b21e-e965-4b05-b481-51fbb3aba130","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-29 16:10:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":773144,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FlexibleMXenespongepiezoresistivearrayformultipointhandpressuremonitoringinbadmintonforehandsmashes.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1_covered_4f62641d-e48b-4659-880d-fc840a6063d6.pdf"},{"id":97964512,"identity":"11bdac25-1322-4169-b373-40e49e9fd571","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-11 09:37:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":423822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8071758/v1/4fcd480282464da1b4cc7ceb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFlexible MXenesponge piezoresistive array for multi-point hand-pressure monitoring in badminton forehand smashes\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"sponge thin film, flexible piezoresistive array, sensor, badminton, technique","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8071758/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8071758/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis investigation developed a flexible piezoresistive sensor array based on an MXene/sponge thin film to enable multi-point monitoring of palmar pressure during the badminton forehand smash. The system captures pressure\u0026ndash;time profiles at six key palmar sites (thumb, index, middle, ring, little finger, and heel of the palm) across discrete technical phases and compares characteristic patterns between athletes of different skill levels. Using literature review, laboratory fabrication and testing, and statistical analysis, the MXene/sponge array was shown to provide a wide detection range, high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent stability, while remaining lightweight, low-cost, and environmentally robust. The device reliably performs multi-point monitoring throughout the entire smash, supporting intelligent feedback for technical training and skill assessment. Quantitative analyses reveal significant phase-specific differences in palmar loading across expertise levels: elite players exhibit a patterned \u0026ldquo;tension\u0026ndash;release\u0026rdquo; control with coordinated timing and magnitude, whereas novice and intermediate players show suboptimal timing, amplitude regulation, and inter-digit coordination. Indices such as curve regularity, uniformity, and peak distribution enable objective evaluation of technical proficiency and training effects. Beyond the forehand smash, the platform is extensible to other badminton skills and to racquet sports including tennis and table tennis, indicating broad application potential.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Flexible MXenesponge piezoresistive array for multi-point hand-pressure monitoring in badminton forehand smashes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-11 09:37:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8071758/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"06488602-1e78-43d8-a559-9076bad94c1a","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59476278,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":59476279,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-29T16:09:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-11 09:37:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8071758","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8071758","identity":"rs-8071758","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}