Unveiling the Intrinsic Capacity of Older Brazilians: Social, Demographic, and Behavioral Factors in the ELSI-Brazil Study

Unveiling the Intrinsic Capacity of Older Brazilians: Social, Demographic, and Behavioral Factors in the ELSI-Brazil Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Unveiling the Intrinsic Capacity of Older Brazilians: Social, Demographic, and Behavioral Factors in the ELSI-Brazil Study Milara Barp Dias, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Sandro Rogério Rodrigues Batista, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8481308/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Discover Public Health → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Population aging has accelerated in low- and middle-income countries, including Brazil, challenging health systems traditionally focused on disease-centered care. In this context, the World Health Organization proposed intrinsic capacity (IC), the composite of physical and mental capacities, as a core construct for healthy aging. Evidence from developing countries remains limited, particularly regarding sex differences. Aging trajectories differ between women and men due to biological and socially constructed inequalities that accumulate across the life course in Brazil. This study estimated the prevalence of intrinsic capacity and associated factors among older adults in Brazil, considering sex differences. Methods Data from the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were used to assess adults aged ≥ 50 years across five IC domains: locomotion, cognition, vitality, sensory, and psychological. Preserved IC was defined using a composite score. Sex-stratified multivariable regression analyses were conducted to identify associated factors. Results The overall prevalence of preserved IC was 73.0% (95% CI: 68.7–77.0), with men showing lower impairment across domains. In both sexes, younger age, higher education, and regular physical activity were positively associated with preserved IC. Among women, higher income, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking, and regular intake of fruits, vegetables, and legumes were additional protective factors. Among men, living with a spouse or partner was independently associated with preserved IC. Conclusions Sex differences in intrinsic capacity highlight the need for targeted interventions and policies to promote healthy aging throughout the life course in Brazil. Sex-specific strategies—including dietary counseling for women, social support for men, and physical activity promotion for both sexes—are essential to preserve IC. Intrinsic Capacity Older Adults Sex Differences Social Determinants of Health Healthy Aging Brazil ELSI-Brazil Figures Figure 1 Background Population aging is the predominant and widespread global demographic trend throughout the world [ 1 ]. In response to the foreseeable scenario of increasing longevity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed demographic preparedness measures that countries should adopt in order to achieve additional years of health and well-being [ 2 ]. One of these strategies refers to the promotion of healthy aging by health systems guided by the maintenance of the intrinsic capacity (IC) of older people [ 3 ], supported by life-course approaches that promote healthy behaviours [ 4 ]. IC involves the combination of a person’s physical and mental capacities in five domains: locomotion, vitality, cognition, psychological and sensory [ 5 , 6 ]. Although there are variations in the way the five domains are measured [ 7 , 8 ], research in developing and developed countries estimates a variation between 72.7% and 93.9% in the magnitude of the prevalence of preserved IC [ 9 – 12 ]. The decrease in IC is able to predict several health outcomes [ 11 ], such as frailty [ 13 ], falls [ 11 , 14 ], functional disabilities [ 3 , 15 – 17 ], hospitalization [ 18 , 19 ] and mortality [ 20 , 21 ]. Despite the relevance of the theme, there is still a scarcity of studies on IC in Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries [ 22 ]. Furthermore, the understanding of how social determinants of health influence IC remains limited, particularly regarding sex differences in these associations. Sex differences in aging trajectories have been well documented, with women typically experiencing longer life expectancy but higher rates of disability and chronic conditions compared to men [ 23 , 24 ]. These differences may be attributable to biological factors, but also to social determinants such as educational opportunities, income disparities, health behaviors, and access to healthcare throughout the life course [ 25 , 26 ]. Understanding sex-specific patterns in IC and its determinants is crucial for developing targeted public health interventions and policies that address the unique needs of older men and women. This is particularly important in Brazil, a middle-income country experiencing rapid population aging alongside persistent social inequalities [27]. The Brazilian context provides a unique opportunity to examine how social determinants of health operate differently by sex in a developing country setting. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of IC and identify social, demographic, and behavioral factors associated with IC among older Brazilian adults, with specific attention to sex differences in these associations. We hypothesized that the associations between social determinants and IC would differ significantly between men and women, reflecting the complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and social factors that shape aging trajectories. Methods Study Design and Population This cross-sectional analysis used data from the second wave (2019–2021) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), a nationally representative cohort of community-dwelling individuals aged 50 years and older [28]. The baseline wave (2015–2016) included 9,412 participants. In the second wave, the sample was replenished with new participants, resulting in a total of 9,949 individuals [29]. Only data from the second wave were analyzed in this study. ELSI-Brazil uses a complex, multistage sampling design with stratification of municipalities, census tracts, and households. Participants were recruited from 70 municipalities across all five Brazilian macro-regions. Sampling weights were applied to account for selection probabilities and non-response [28,29]. Intrinsic Capacity Assessment Intrinsic capacity (IC) was assessed across five domains [3,5]: Cognition: Verbal Fluency Test (semantic category: animals). Cut-offs: ≤8 (low education) and ≤12 (higher education) indicated impairment [30] Psychological: CES-D scale. A score >4 indicated depressive symptoms and impairment [31]. Vitality: Handgrip strength (digital dynamometer). Cut-offs: ≤27 kgf (men) and ≤16 kgf (women) indicated impairment [32]. Locomotion: Gait speed over 3 meters. Speed <0.8 m/s indicated impairment [33]. Sensory: Self-reported vision and hearing. Responses worse than "regular" in any category indicated impairment [15]. A domain was scored 1 (impaired) or 0 (preserved). A global IC score (0-5) was calculated by the sum of the scores of each domain. Preserved IC was defined as a global score <3 [34]. Independent Variables Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were analyzed: Sociodemographics: sex, age (analyzed as a continuous variable, in years), race/color, living with a partner, educational attainment, household income (in minimum wages), and geographic region. Lifestyle: Moderate alcohol consumption [35], smoking status, physical activity (≥150 min/week moderate-vigorous) [36], and regular intake of fruits/vegetables (≥5 servings on ≥5 days/week) [37]. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics are presented as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI), stratified by sex. Prevalence of preserved IC was estimated overall and by domain. We used Poisson regression models to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% CI for factors associated with preserved IC, stratified by sex. Variables with p<0.20 in bivariate analysis were included in the initial multivariate model; a backward selection process retained variables significant at p<0.05. Analyses were performed in Stata 14.0 using the svy module to account for the complex survey design, including sampling weights, stratification, and clustering. Ethical Considerations The ELSI-Brazil study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Minas Gerais, Brazil (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data and was conducted in accordance with ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Results Sample Characteristics We included 9,949 ELSI-Brazil participants, 54.4% (n = 5,898) women and 45.6% (n = 4,051) men. The mean age of participants was 63.3 years (SD 0.34). Regarding the characteristics of the participants, 46.4% self-declared their race/skin color as white, 60.6% lived with a spouse/partner, 38.7% had studied for 1 to 4 years, and 66.5% earned less than the minimum wage. Regarding lifestyle, 25.7% reported moderate alcohol consumption, 13.8% smoked and 79.8% were not physically active. Differences between the sexes were observed for living with a partner, time of study, income, alcohol consumption and smoking (Table 1 ). Table 1 Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of the study population, overall and stratified by sex Variables Total (n = 9.949) Women (n = 5.898 ) Men (n = 4.051) P-value (men vs women) a Age (years); average (95%CI) 63.3 (62.7–64.0) 63.3 (62.6–64.0) 63.3 (62.6–64.1) Race/skin color; % (95%CI) White 46.4 (40.4–52.5) 54.6 (52.4–56.7) 45.4 (43.3–47.6) 0.3023 Black 10.8 (8.6–13.5) 58.0 (52.4–63.4) 42.0 (36.6–47.6) Brown 42.3 (37.2–47.5) 53.3 (50.3–56.3) 46.7 (43.7–49.7) Others* 0.47 (0.3–0.8) 49.9 (32.0-67.9) 50.1 (32.1–68.0) Lives with spouse/partner % (95%CI) Yes 60.6 (57.2–63.9) 46.4 (44.4–48.4) 53.6 (51.6–55.6) < 0.001 No 39.4 (36.1–42.8) 66.7 (64.2–69.1) 33.3 (30.9–35.8) Education. % (95%CI) Never studied 12.7 (10.4–15.5) 59.3 (55.2–63.4) 40.7 (36.6–44.8) 0.0501 1–4 years 38.7 (35.9–41.5) 53.2 (50.1–56.2) 46.8 (43.8–49.9) 5–8 years 20.7 (19.1–22.4) 55.4 (52.1–58.6) 44.6 (41.4–47.9) ≥ 9 years 27.9 (24.7–31.2) 53.1 (50.0-56.2) 46.9 (43.8–49.9) Income (minimum wages). % (95%CI) < 1 66.5 (63.3–69.6) 60.9 (57.7–63.9) 39.2 (36.1–42.3) < 0.001 1–3 25.6 (23.3–28.2) 43.3 (39.4–47.3) 56.7 (52.7–60.6) ≥ 4 7.8 (6.6–9.3) 35.9 (30.2–41.9) 64.1 (59.1–69.8) Brazilian Regions. % (95%CI) North 6.7 (2.8–15.1) 53.0 (49.9–56.1) 47.0 (43.9–50.1) 0.7390 Northeast 28.2 (18.6–40.1) 53.0 (47.8–58.2) 46.9 (41.7–52.2) Southeast 43.2 (31.8–55.4) 54.9 (52.2–59.3) 45.0 (42.3–50.4) South 13.3 (6.9–24.1) 55.9 (52.5–59.7) 44.1 (40.7–47.5) Central-West 8.6 (4.1–17.3) 54.7 (49.6–59.7) 45.3 (40.2–50.4) Moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. % (95%CI) Yes 25.7 (23.5–28.0) 33.8 (30.4–37.4) 66.2 (62.6–69.6) < 0.001 No 74.3 (72.0-76.5) 61.5 (59.5–63.5) 38.5 (36.5–40.5) Smoking. % (95%CI) < 0.001 Never 64.3 (61.3–67.2) 60.9 (58.3–63.5) 39.1 (36.4–41.7) Ex-smoker 21.8 (19.7–24.1) 41.3 (38.2–44.5) 58.7 (55.5–61.8) Current smoker 13.8 (12.6–15.2) 44.3 (40.2–48.5) 55.7 (51.5–59.8) Regular physical activity. % (95%CI) Not active 79.8 (75.6–83.4) 54.8 (52.3–57.2) 45.2 (42.7–47.7) 0.7809 Active 20.2 (16.6–24.4) 54.2 (50.6–57.8) 45.8 (42.2–49.4) Regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes. % (95%CI) < 0.001 Yes 34.0 (30.4–37.8) 61.1 (58.3–61.1) 38.9 (36.2–41.7) No 66.0 (62.2–69.6) 51.0 (48.8–53.2) 49.0 (46.7–51.2) Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval. Notes: Data are presented as mean (95% CI) or percentage (95% CI). Comparisons between men and women were performed using the Wald Chi-square test. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and sampling weights of the ELSI-Brazil study. Others include Yellow (n = 27) and Indigenous (n = 38). Prevalence of Intrinsic Capacity The prevalence of preserved IC was 73.0% (95%CI 68.7–77.0), regardless of sex. The domains presented the following frequency in decreasing order of impairment: psychological domain (80.6%), sensory domain (75.9%), vitality (66.6%), cognition (59.5%) and locomotion (22.8%). Comparing sex, less impairment was observed in all domains in men, with statistically significant differences for locomotion, psychological and in the general IC composite (Fig. 1 ). Factors Associated with Intrinsic Capacity Bivariate analysis stratified by sex In the bivariate analysis, younger age, higher educational attainment, and regular physical activity were positively associated with preserved intrinsic capacity (IC) in both women and men (Table 2 ). Among women, higher household income, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking status, and regular intake of fruits, vegetables, and legumes were also associated with preserved IC. Among men, living with a spouse or partner showed a significant association with preserved IC, whereas income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and dietary habits presented weaker or non-significant associations. Table 2 Univariate analysis between independent variables and intrinsic capacity, according to sex. Characteristics Women Men Prevalence difference M/W Prevalence PR crude (95% CI) p-Value Prevalence PR crude (95% CI) p-Value Age group 50–59 years 72.5 (66.6–77.7) 1.49 (1.28–1.75) < 0.001 82.0 (76.1–86.6) 1.63 (1.31–2.03) < 0.001 -9.5% 60–69 years 69.6 (64.6–74.3) 1.44 (1.24–1.66) < 0.001 79.4(73.0-84.6) 1.58 (1.27–1.97) < 0.001 -9.8% 70–79 years 63.6 (58.3–68.5) 1.31 (1.14–1.50) < 0.001 69.9(62.0-76.7) 1.39 (1.13–1.71) 0.002 -6.3% ≥ 80 years 48.3 (41.2–55.6) Ref 50.1(39.4–60.8) Ref. -1.8% Race/skin color White 69.8(64.1–75.0) Ref. 76.7(69.6–82.5) Ref -6.9 Black 64.4(56.2–71.9) 0.92 (0.81–1.04) 0.216 82.1(72.8–88.7) 1.04 (0.73–1.49) 0.798 -17.7 Brown 70.0(65.1–74.5) 1.00 (0.92–1.08) 0.953 77.7(72.1–82.6) 1.12 (0.80–1.60) 0.518 -7.7 Others 81.3(59.3–92.9) 1.16 (0.93–1.44) 0.165 73.2(43.1–91.0) 1.06 (0.74–1.51) 0.738 8.1 Lives with spouse/partner (%) Yes 69.5 (64.3–74.3) 1.01 (0.94–1.07) 0.790 80.4 (75.2–84.7) 1.14 (1.07–1.23) < 0.001 -10.9% No 68.9 (64.3–73.2) Ref. 70.0 (63.2–75.9) Ref Education Never studied 53.2(46.0-60.3) Ref. 58.6 (52.3–64.7) Ref. -5.4 1–4 years 65.2(59.3–70.6) 1.22 (1.06–1.40) 0.004 71.6 (63.8–78.3) 1.22 (1.07–1.39) 0.003 -6.4 5–8 years 73.0(65.9–79.0) 1.37 (1.18–1.59) < 0.001 81.0 (75.0-85.8) 1.38 (1.23–1.54) < 0.001 -8.0 ≥ 9 years 79.1 (74.5–83.0) 1.48 (1.30–1.69) < 0.001 89.1 (85.3–92.0) 1.52 (1.37–1.68) < 0.001 -10% Income (minimum wages) < 1 66.5(61.8–70.8) Ref. 73.4 (67.1–78.8) Ref. 1–3 73.9(67.6–79.3) 1.11 (1.03–1.19) 0.003 81.7 (76.5–85.9) 1.11 (1.04–1.19) 0.002 ≥ 4 89.1 (83.3–93.1) 1.34 (1.23–1.45) < 0.001 84.7 (74.7–91.1) 1.15 (1.03–1.28) 0.008 + 4.4% Brazilian Regions North 64.0 (53.4–73.4) Ref. 75.7 (57.0-87.9) Ref. -6.9 Northeast 65.6(56.6–73.7) 1.02 (0.83–1.25) 0.811 75.2 (62.9–84.5) 0.99 (0.77–1.27) 0.964 -9.6 Southeast 70.6(63.8–76.6) 1.10 (0.91–1.32) 0.298 78.9 (72.7–84.1) 1.04 (0.83–1.30) 0.720 -8.3 South 75.3(63.6–84.2) 1.17 (0.95–1.44) 0.127 78.7 (62.8–89.0) 1.04 (0.79–1.35) 0.768 -3.4 Central-West 70.7(58.2–80.7) 1.10 (0.87–1.39) 0.396 82.2 (74.3–88.0) 1.08 (0.86–1.36) 0.472 -11.5 Moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages Yes 78.9(73.3–83.5) 1.78 (1.09–1.26) < 0.001 82.8(77.7–87.0) 1.12 (1.06–1.17) < 0.001 -3.9 No 66.9(62.3–71.3) Ref. 74.0(68.4–79.0) Ref. -7.1 Smoking No 70.6(66.2–74.6) 1.08 (1.02–1.15) 0.006 79.1(73.0-84.1) 1.04 (0.97–1.11) 0.235 -8.5 Yes 67.2(59.3–74.1) 1.03 (0.92–1.15) 0.576 76.1(68.1–82.5) 1.01 (0.92–1.08) 0.977 -8.9 Ex-smoker 65.0 (59.3–70.3) Ref. 75.9(70.5–80.7) Ref -10.9 Regular physical activity Not active 66.2(61.7–70.4) Ref. 76.1(70.3–81.1) Ref. -9.9 Active 81.2(74.1–86.7) 1.22 (1.13–132) < 0.001 84.2(78.0-88.9) 1.10 (1.02–1.19) 0.008 -3.0 Regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes Yes 76.7 (71.6–81.1) 1.18 (1.10–1.26) < 0.001 80.5 (74.0-85.7) 1.05 (0.99–1.11) 0.082 -3.8 No 64.6 (59.7–69.2) Ref. 76.5 (71.2–81.0) Ref. 11.9 Abbreviations: PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval. Notes: Data are presented as prevalence (%) with 95% CI, and crude prevalence ratios (PRcrude) with 95% CI within each sex. The category labeled “Ref.” was used as the reference for calculating PRcrude. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and sampling weights of the ELSI-Brazil study. Variables with p < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable models stratified by sex. Multivariable analysis stratified by sex In the multivariable Poisson regression analyses, several factors remained independently associated with preserved intrinsic capacity (IC) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Multiple analysis between independent variables and intrinsic capacity, according to sex Women Men Characteristics PR crude (95% CI) PR adj (95% CI) p PR crude (95% CI) PR adj (95% CI) p Age group 50–59 years 1.49 (1.28–1.75) 1.38(1.17–1.62) < 0.001 1.63 (1.31–2.03) 1.50(1.20–1.87) < 0.001 60–69 years 1.44 (1.24–1.66) 1.35(1.16–1.58) < 0.001 1.58 (1.27–1.97) 1.46(1.17–1.83) 0.001 70–79 years 1.31 (1.14–1.50) 1.29(1.12–1.48) < 0.001 1.39 (1.13–1.71) 1.37(1.14–1.68) 0.003 ≥ 80 years Ref Ref. Ref. Ref. Race/skin color White Ref. Ref. Ref - - Black 0.92 (0.81–1.04) 0.96(0.84–1.11) 0.649 1.04 (0.73–1.49) - - Brown 1.00 (0.92–1.08) 1.05(0.97–1.13) 0.185 1.12 (0.80–1.60) - - Others 1.16 (0.93–1.44) 1.16(0.97–1.39) 0.089 1.06 (0.74–1.51) - - Lives with spouse/partner (%) Yes - - - 1.14 (1.07–1.23) 1.10(1.03–1.18) 0.003 No - - Ref Ref. Education Never studied Ref. Ref. Ref. 1–4 years 1.22 (1.06–1.40) 1.15(1.01–1.31) 0.033 1.22 (1.07–1.39) 1.12(0.98–1.27) 0.081 5–8 years 1.37 (1.18–1.59) 1.25(1.08–1.44) 0.002 1.38 (1.23–1.54) 1.23 (1.10–1.38) < 0.001 ≥ 9 years 1.48 (1.30–1.69) 1.26(1.12–1.43) < 0.001 1.52 (1.37–1.68) 1.33(1.18–1.50) < 0.001 Income (minimum wages) < 1 Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. 1–3 1.11 (1.03–1.19) 1.08(1.0-1.16 0.030 1.11 (1.04–1.19) 1.03(0.97–1.10) 0.236 ≥ 4 1.34 (1.23–1.45) 1.15(1.06–1.25) 0.001 1.15 (1.03–1.28) 1.01(0.91–1.12) 0.769 Moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages Yes 1.78 (1.09–1.26) 1.09(1.00-1.17) 0.001 1.12 (1.06–1.17) 1.04(0.9–1.09) 0.066 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Smoking No 1.08 (1.02–1.15) 1.09(1.01–1.17) 0.014 1.04 (0.97–1.11) - - Yes 1.03 (0.92–1.15) 1.02(0.91–1.14) 0.693 1.01 (0.92–1.08) - - Ex-smoker Ref. Ref. Ref - - Regular physical activity Not active Ref. Ref. Ref. Active 1.22 (1.13–132) 1.15(1.05–1.26) 0.001 1.10 (1.02–1.19) 1.07(1.01–1.14) 0.016 Regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes Yes 1.18 (1.10–1.26) 1.13(1.05–1.21) 0.001 1.05 (0.99–1.11) 1.01(0.95–1.08) 0.673 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Abbreviations: PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval. Notes: Data are presented as prevalence (%) with 95% CI, crude prevalence ratios (PRcrude) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadj) with 95% CI within each sex. For each variable, the category labeled “Ref.” was used as the reference for calculating PRcrude. PRadj were estimated using multivariate models including all variables listed in the table to control for potential confounding. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and sampling weights of the ELSI-Brazil study. For both sexes, younger age, higher education, and regular physical activity were consistently associated with preserved IC. Compared with individuals aged ≥ 80 years, women aged 50–59 years (PR = 1.38; 95% CI 1.17–1.62), 60–69 years (PR = 1.35; 95% CI 1.16–1.58), and 70–79 years (PR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.12–1.48) showed a significantly higher prevalence of preserved IC. Similarly, among men, those aged 50–59 years (PR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.20–1.87), 60–69 years (PR = 1.46; 95% CI 1.17–1.83), and 70–79 years (PR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.14–1.68) had a higher prevalence of preserved IC compared with those aged ≥ 80 years. Compared with individuals in the lowest education category, those with higher educational attainment had a greater prevalence of preserved IC in women (PR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.06–1.25) and men (PR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.14–1.68). Regular physical activity was positively associated with preserved IC in women (PR = 1.15; 95% CI 1.05–1.26; p = 0.001) and men (PR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01–1.14; p = 0.016). Sex-specific associations were also observed. Among women, higher household income remained independently associated with preserved IC (PR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.16). Moderate alcohol consumption (PR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.00–1.17; p = 0.001), non-smoking status (PR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.01–1.17; p = 0.014), and regular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes (PR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.05–1.21; p = 0.001) were also associated with a higher prevalence of preserved IC. Among men, living with a spouse or partner was independently associated with preserved IC (PR = 1.10; 95% CI 1.03–1.18; p = 0.003). Other socioeconomic and lifestyle variables did not remain statistically significant after adjustment. Discussion This study found a high prevalence of preserved intrinsic capacity (IC) among older Brazilian adults, with approximately three-quarters of individuals aged 50 years or older presenting preserved IC. Although favorable levels were observed in both sexes, men consistently showed higher preservation of overall IC, as well as of the locomotion and psychological domains. Social and behavioral factors—particularly higher educational attainment and regular physical activity—were strongly associated with preserved IC in this population. The prevalence observed in our study is comparable to that reported in previous investigations conducted in low- and middle-income countries, with estimates ranging from 72.7% to 93.9% in China [ 9 , 11 – 12 , 38 ] and approximately 88% in India [ 39 ]. The comparability of results should be analyzed with caution, due to the different tools used to measure the IC domains [ 3 ] and the lack of consensus on the definition of preserved [ 9 ], as global studies still focus on analyzing the predictive value of IC decline [ 40 ]. Among IC domains, locomotion was the most frequently impaired in both sexes, corroborating findings from studies in China and India [ 39 , 41 ]. Age-related accumulation of cellular damage leads to reduced physiological reserve and increased susceptibility to musculoskeletal disorders, directly affecting mobility [ 42 ]. In Brazil, mobility limitations are highly prevalent among older adults, with more than half reporting some degree of difficulty, and a substantial burden of spinal disorders, arthritis, and rheumatism already present in younger and middle-aged populations [ 43 – 45 ]. These conditions may persist into old age, compromising locomotor capacity and overall IC. Men exhibited higher preserved IC across all domains compared with women. This sex disparity likely reflects a combination of biological and social mechanisms. Postmenopausal estrogen decline contributes to reduced muscle mass and bone density in women, negatively affecting mobility [ 46 , 47 ]. In addition, women are disproportionately exposed to socioeconomic disadvantages throughout the life course, including lower income, caregiving burdens, and limited access to education, which are associated with poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes [ 48 , 49 ]. Greater exposure to psychological stress and violence further compounds these disadvantages [ 50 ], reinforcing the biopsychosocial nature of IC [ 15 ]. Preserved IC decreased with advancing age in both sexes, a finding consistently reported in the literature [ 8 , 11 – 12 , 51 ]. Notably, the age-related decline was more pronounced among women, with differences of approximately 10% compared with men in the oldest age groups. This pattern highlights the vulnerability of older women, who often experience cumulative biological decline alongside sustained caregiving roles that remain socially undervalued [ 52 ]. In Brazil, the ongoing debate on the National Care Policy—largely targeting female caregivers—underscores the relevance of these findings for public policy [ 53 ]. Living with a spouse or partner was associated with preserved IC only among men. Although previous studies have identified this association in both sexes [ 11 – 12 , 54 ], evidence suggests that marital relationships may confer different health benefits by gender. While partnership may protect men through emotional support and healthier behaviors, women often assume a disproportionate share of domestic and caregiving responsibilities, which may offset potential benefits and increase stress [ 55 – 58 ]. Socioeconomic factors also played a significant role. Higher educational attainment was associated with preserved IC in both sexes, while higher income remained significant only among women. Education and income are closely linked to health literacy, healthier behaviors, and access to healthcare services, all of which support the maintenance of IC [ 59 – 60 ]. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing social inequalities to promote healthy aging. Regular physical activity was consistently associated with preserved IC in both sexes, in line with previous evidence showing strong associations with locomotion, vitality, and psychological domains [ 19 , 22 , 54 ]. Physical activity promotes neurochemical changes that improve mood and stress regulation and, when sustained over time, supports neurogenesis and cognitive preservation [ 61 ]. As a low-cost and widely accessible intervention, physical activity represents a cornerstone strategy for maintaining IC. With respect to other health practices, an association was observed between preserved IC and moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking and regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes only in women. It is already well established that the impact of health behaviors on men and women differs, with the choice of nutritional strategy, food acquisition and preparation being distinct behaviors between the sexes, being determined by physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors [ 62 ]. The same can also be seen for smoking habits and alcohol consumption [ 63 ]. When comparing our results on IC and alcohol consumption, we found that alcohol consumption contributes to worse IC in both older men and women [ 18 , 54 ]. In Brazil, the prevalence of alcohol consumption among women has increased in recent years[ 64 ] and, desp te the association with preserved IC, it should be considered that in low-income countries, where there are difficulties in accessing health services and consumption of low-quality alcoholic products, this consumption can cause harmful impacts on health, especially in older people, and is not recommended even in low doses [ 54 , 65 ]. Regarding not smoking being associated with better IC, as already described in other research in populations of both sexes [ 18 , 22 , 54 ], it is already well documented that harmful substances in tobacco seem to generate repercussions in several systems, with high cognitive and sensory impairment (vision) [ 66 – 67 ]. Analyses of the relationship between food consumption and IC are limited [ 68 – 69 ], however diets with high consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes and foods that make up the MIND diet, presented higher scores in the psychological domain [ 68 ], high consumption of proteins and low consumption of fats and sugars promotes worse IC[ 69 ]. In this regard, diets with foods rich in antioxidant substances appear to influence the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters that are related to mood, with effects on promoting mental health [ 69 ]. In Brazil, the prevalence of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables is 12.9%, a higher result than that observed in India (8.6%) [ 70 , 71 ]. Limitations Considering the limitations of the study, the cross-sectional nature of the investigation does not allow establishing cause and effect relationships between the event and the variables investigated. Another limiting factor refers to the lack of consensus on the parameters for measuring the IC domains, which requires greater attention in direct comparability with other studies. For some domains, the questions were self-reported as the sensory domain, subject to response and memory biases. Despite the limitations, this study analyzes a database with national representation, making it possible to propose strategies for assessing IC and identifying associated factors. Conclusions Our study showed a high prevalence of preserved IC, with a higher proportion among men compared to women. Locomotion was the most compromised domain in both sexes. For women, younger age group, higher income, higher education level, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking, adequate consumption of vegetables and fruits, and regular physical activity were related to preserved IC. For men, in addition to younger age group, higher education level, and regular physical activity, living with a partner was also associated with better IC. These results indicate the importance of implementing actions throughout the lives of adults that can contribute to maintaining or improving IC, such as access to higher levels of education and regular physical activity. It is recommended that future studies on IC assess geographic differences and variables related to the course of people's lives to better understand the factors that contribute to healthy aging. Abbreviations IC – Intrinsic Capacity ELSI-Brazil – Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging WHO – World Health Organization CI – Confidence Interval PR – Prevalence Ratio CES-D – Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale kgf – kilogram-force m/s – meters per second APS – Primary Health Care (se aparecer no texto final; se não, excluir) MIND diet – Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate The ELSI-Brazil study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Minas Gerais, Brazil (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data and was conducted in accordance with ethical principles for research involving human subjects. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Availability of Data and Materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the ELSI-Brazil study team upon reasonable request. Information about data access is available at https://elsi.cpqrr.fiocruz.br/ Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ Contributions MBD conceived the study, analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. VP supervised the study design, analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. RAG performed the statistical analyses. SRRB contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) team for making the data available and thank all participants for their important contributions. 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12:58:22","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":225238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8481308/v1/3863f7e3daa34554c2634556.html"},{"id":99791556,"identity":"3a94859f-7312-4691-93ed-aa2d09257e15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:02:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":682764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall and domain IC preserved prevalence, according to sex.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8481308/v1/900bff25d808282622929d28.jpeg"},{"id":104739480,"identity":"eb616710-f8aa-4ecf-959c-1656a6c10716","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 16:07:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2716604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8481308/v1/b1c8d540-ebf7-4118-8b75-674797c35838.pdf"},{"id":99790315,"identity":"994c2d35-de3d-4a8e-9c78-df9157b96061","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:57:45","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":29664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"STROBEchecklist.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8481308/v1/9a8fafb31bbbda17f8d1336c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Unveiling the Intrinsic Capacity of Older Brazilians: Social, Demographic, and Behavioral Factors in the ELSI-Brazil Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003ePopulation aging is the predominant and widespread global demographic trend throughout the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In response to the foreseeable scenario of increasing longevity, the World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed demographic preparedness measures that countries should adopt in order to achieve additional years of health and well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. One of these strategies refers to the promotion of healthy aging by health systems guided by the maintenance of the intrinsic capacity (IC) of older people [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], supported by life-course approaches that promote healthy behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC involves the combination of a person\u0026rsquo;s physical and mental capacities in five domains: locomotion, vitality, cognition, psychological and sensory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Although there are variations in the way the five domains are measured [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], research in developing and developed countries estimates a variation between 72.7% and 93.9% in the magnitude of the prevalence of preserved IC [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The decrease in IC is able to predict several health outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], such as frailty [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], falls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], functional disabilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], hospitalization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the relevance of the theme, there is still a scarcity of studies on IC in Brazil and other low- and middle-income countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the understanding of how social determinants of health influence IC remains limited, particularly regarding sex differences in these associations. Sex differences in aging trajectories have been well documented, with women typically experiencing longer life expectancy but higher rates of disability and chronic conditions compared to men [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. These differences may be attributable to biological factors, but also to social determinants such as educational opportunities, income disparities, health behaviors, and access to healthcare throughout the life course [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding sex-specific patterns in IC and its determinants is crucial for developing targeted public health interventions and policies that address the unique needs of older men and women. This is particularly important in Brazil, a middle-income country experiencing rapid population aging alongside persistent social inequalities [27]. The Brazilian context provides a unique opportunity to examine how social determinants of health operate differently by sex in a developing country setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of IC and identify social, demographic, and behavioral factors associated with IC among older Brazilian adults, with specific attention to sex differences in these associations. We hypothesized that the associations between social determinants and IC would differ significantly between men and women, reflecting the complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and social factors that shape aging trajectories.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design and Population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional analysis used data from the second wave (2019\u0026ndash;2021) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), a nationally representative cohort of community-dwelling individuals aged 50 years and older [28]. The baseline wave (2015\u0026ndash;2016) included 9,412 participants. In the second wave, the sample was replenished with new participants, resulting in a total of 9,949 individuals [29]. Only data from the second wave were analyzed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eELSI-Brazil uses a complex, multistage sampling design with stratification of municipalities, census tracts, and households. Participants were recruited from 70 municipalities across all five Brazilian macro-regions. Sampling weights were applied to account for selection probabilities and non-response [28,29].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIntrinsic Capacity Assessment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntrinsic capacity (IC) was assessed across five domains [3,5]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCognition:\u0026nbsp;Verbal Fluency Test (semantic category: animals). Cut-offs: \u0026le;8 (low education) and \u0026le;12 (higher education) indicated impairment [30]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePsychological:\u0026nbsp;CES-D scale. A score \u0026gt;4 indicated depressive symptoms and impairment [31].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVitality:\u0026nbsp;Handgrip strength (digital dynamometer). Cut-offs: \u0026le;27 kgf (men) and \u0026le;16 kgf (women) indicated impairment [32].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLocomotion:\u0026nbsp;Gait speed over 3 meters. Speed \u0026lt;0.8 m/s indicated impairment [33].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSensory:\u0026nbsp;Self-reported vision and hearing. Responses worse than \u0026quot;regular\u0026quot; in any category indicated impairment [15].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA domain was scored 1 (impaired) or 0 (preserved). A global IC score (0-5) was calculated by the sum of the scores of each domain. Preserved IC was defined as a global score \u0026lt;3 [34].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic and lifestyle variables were analyzed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSociodemographics:\u0026nbsp;sex, age (analyzed as a continuous variable, in years), race/color, living with a partner, educational attainment, household income (in minimum wages), and geographic region.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLifestyle: Moderate alcohol consumption [35], smoking status, physical activity (\u0026ge;150 min/week moderate-vigorous) [36], and regular intake of fruits/vegetables (\u0026ge;5 servings on \u0026ge;5 days/week) [37].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics are presented as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CI), stratified by sex. Prevalence of preserved IC was estimated overall and by domain. We used Poisson regression models to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% CI for factors associated with preserved IC, stratified by sex. Variables with p\u0026lt;0.20 in bivariate analysis were included in the initial multivariate model; a backward selection process retained variables significant at p\u0026lt;0.05.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalyses were performed in Stata 14.0 using the svy module to account for the complex survey design, including sampling weights, stratification, and clustering.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ELSI-Brazil study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ren\u0026eacute; Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Minas Gerais, Brazil (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data and was conducted in accordance with ethical principles for research involving human subjects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eSample Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe included 9,949 ELSI-Brazil participants, 54.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,898) women and 45.6% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4,051) men. The mean age of participants was 63.3 years (SD 0.34).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the characteristics of the participants, 46.4% self-declared their race/skin color as white, 60.6% lived with a spouse/partner, 38.7% had studied for 1 to 4 years, and 66.5% earned less than the minimum wage. Regarding lifestyle, 25.7% reported moderate alcohol consumption, 13.8% smoked and 79.8% were not physically active. Differences between the sexes were observed for living with a partner, time of study, income, alcohol consumption and smoking (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of the study population, overall and stratified by sex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.949)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.898 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.051)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(men vs women)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (years); average (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3 (62.7\u0026ndash;64.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3 (62.6\u0026ndash;64.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3 (62.6\u0026ndash;64.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace/skin color; % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4 (40.4\u0026ndash;52.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6 (52.4\u0026ndash;56.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.4 (43.3\u0026ndash;47.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8 (8.6\u0026ndash;13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.0 (52.4\u0026ndash;63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.0 (36.6\u0026ndash;47.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3 (37.2\u0026ndash;47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.3 (50.3\u0026ndash;56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7 (43.7\u0026ndash;49.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47 (0.3\u0026ndash;0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.9 (32.0-67.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.1 (32.1\u0026ndash;68.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLives with spouse/partner % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6 (57.2\u0026ndash;63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4 (44.4\u0026ndash;48.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6 (51.6\u0026ndash;55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4 (36.1\u0026ndash;42.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7 (64.2\u0026ndash;69.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3 (30.9\u0026ndash;35.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation. % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever studied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7 (10.4\u0026ndash;15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.3 (55.2\u0026ndash;63.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7 (36.6\u0026ndash;44.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.7 (35.9\u0026ndash;41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2 (50.1\u0026ndash;56.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8 (43.8\u0026ndash;49.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7 (19.1\u0026ndash;22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.4 (52.1\u0026ndash;58.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.6 (41.4\u0026ndash;47.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;9 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9 (24.7\u0026ndash;31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.1 (50.0-56.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9 (43.8\u0026ndash;49.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome (minimum wages). % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5 (63.3\u0026ndash;69.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9 (57.7\u0026ndash;63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.2 (36.1\u0026ndash;42.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6 (23.3\u0026ndash;28.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.3 (39.4\u0026ndash;47.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.7 (52.7\u0026ndash;60.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8 (6.6\u0026ndash;9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.9 (30.2\u0026ndash;41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.1 (59.1\u0026ndash;69.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrazilian Regions. % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7 (2.8\u0026ndash;15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0 (49.9\u0026ndash;56.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.0 (43.9\u0026ndash;50.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNortheast\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2 (18.6\u0026ndash;40.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0 (47.8\u0026ndash;58.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.9 (41.7\u0026ndash;52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoutheast\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.2 (31.8\u0026ndash;55.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9 (52.2\u0026ndash;59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0 (42.3\u0026ndash;50.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3 (6.9\u0026ndash;24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9 (52.5\u0026ndash;59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1 (40.7\u0026ndash;47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentral-West\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6 (4.1\u0026ndash;17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7 (49.6\u0026ndash;59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3 (40.2\u0026ndash;50.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate consumption of alcoholic beverages. % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.7 (23.5\u0026ndash;28.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8 (30.4\u0026ndash;37.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2 (62.6\u0026ndash;69.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.3 (72.0-76.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5 (59.5\u0026ndash;63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5 (36.5\u0026ndash;40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking. % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.3 (61.3\u0026ndash;67.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9 (58.3\u0026ndash;63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1 (36.4\u0026ndash;41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx-smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.8 (19.7\u0026ndash;24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3 (38.2\u0026ndash;44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.7 (55.5\u0026ndash;61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8 (12.6\u0026ndash;15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.3 (40.2\u0026ndash;48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.7 (51.5\u0026ndash;59.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular physical activity. % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot active\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.8 (75.6\u0026ndash;83.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8 (52.3\u0026ndash;57.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2 (42.7\u0026ndash;47.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2 (16.6\u0026ndash;24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2 (50.6\u0026ndash;57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8 (42.2\u0026ndash;49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes. % (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.0 (30.4\u0026ndash;37.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.1 (58.3\u0026ndash;61.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9 (36.2\u0026ndash;41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0 (62.2\u0026ndash;69.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0 (48.8\u0026ndash;53.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0 (46.7\u0026ndash;51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eAbbreviations: CI, confidence interval.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNotes: Data are presented as mean (95% CI) or percentage (95% CI). Comparisons between men and women were performed using the Wald Chi-square test. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and sampling weights of the ELSI-Brazil study. \u003cem\u003eOthers include Yellow (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27) and Indigenous (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of Intrinsic Capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of preserved IC was 73.0% (95%CI 68.7\u0026ndash;77.0), regardless of sex. The domains presented the following frequency in decreasing order of impairment: psychological domain (80.6%), sensory domain (75.9%), vitality (66.6%), cognition (59.5%) and locomotion (22.8%). Comparing sex, less impairment was observed in all domains in men, with statistically significant differences for locomotion, psychological and in the general IC composite (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactors Associated with Intrinsic Capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBivariate analysis stratified by sex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the bivariate analysis, younger age, higher educational attainment, and regular physical activity were positively associated with preserved intrinsic capacity (IC) in both women and men (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Among women, higher household income, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking status, and regular intake of fruits, vegetables, and legumes were also associated with preserved IC. Among men, living with a spouse or partner showed a significant association with preserved IC, whereas income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and dietary habits presented weaker or non-significant associations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis between independent variables and intrinsic capacity, according to sex.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence difference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM/W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR\u003csub\u003ecrude\u003c/sub\u003e (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR\u003csub\u003ecrude\u003c/sub\u003e (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5 (66.6\u0026ndash;77.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49 (1.28\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0 (76.1\u0026ndash;86.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63 (1.31\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;69 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.6 (64.6\u0026ndash;74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44 (1.24\u0026ndash;1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4(73.0-84.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58 (1.27\u0026ndash;1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;79 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.6 (58.3\u0026ndash;68.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31 (1.14\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9(62.0-76.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.13\u0026ndash;1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.3 (41.2\u0026ndash;55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.1(39.4\u0026ndash;60.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace/skin color\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8(64.1\u0026ndash;75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7(69.6\u0026ndash;82.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4(56.2\u0026ndash;71.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.81\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.1(72.8\u0026ndash;88.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.73\u0026ndash;1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.0(65.1\u0026ndash;74.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.7(72.1\u0026ndash;82.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12 (0.80\u0026ndash;1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.3(59.3\u0026ndash;92.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.2(43.1\u0026ndash;91.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.74\u0026ndash;1.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLives with spouse/partner (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.5 (64.3\u0026ndash;74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4 (75.2\u0026ndash;84.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.9 (64.3\u0026ndash;73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.0 (63.2\u0026ndash;75.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever studied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2(46.0-60.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6 (52.3\u0026ndash;64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.2(59.3\u0026ndash;70.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.06\u0026ndash;1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6 (63.8\u0026ndash;78.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.0(65.9\u0026ndash;79.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37 (1.18\u0026ndash;1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.0 (75.0-85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38 (1.23\u0026ndash;1.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;9 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.1 (74.5\u0026ndash;83.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48 (1.30\u0026ndash;1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.1 (85.3\u0026ndash;92.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52 (1.37\u0026ndash;1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(minimum wages)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5(61.8\u0026ndash;70.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.4 (67.1\u0026ndash;78.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9(67.6\u0026ndash;79.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 (1.03\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.7 (76.5\u0026ndash;85.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 (1.04\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.1 (83.3\u0026ndash;93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34 (1.23\u0026ndash;1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.7 (74.7\u0026ndash;91.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15 (1.03\u0026ndash;1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;4.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrazilian Regions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.0 (53.4\u0026ndash;73.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.7 (57.0-87.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNortheast\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6(56.6\u0026ndash;73.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.2 (62.9\u0026ndash;84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.77\u0026ndash;1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoutheast\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6(63.8\u0026ndash;76.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10 (0.91\u0026ndash;1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.9 (72.7\u0026ndash;84.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3(63.6\u0026ndash;84.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.7 (62.8\u0026ndash;89.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.79\u0026ndash;1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentral-West\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7(58.2\u0026ndash;80.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10 (0.87\u0026ndash;1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.2 (74.3\u0026ndash;88.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate consumption of alcoholic beverages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.9(73.3\u0026ndash;83.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78 (1.09\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8(77.7\u0026ndash;87.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12 (1.06\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.9(62.3\u0026ndash;71.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.0(68.4\u0026ndash;79.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6(66.2\u0026ndash;74.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08 (1.02\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.1(73.0-84.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.97\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.2(59.3\u0026ndash;74.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1(68.1\u0026ndash;82.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx-smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.0 (59.3\u0026ndash;70.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.9(70.5\u0026ndash;80.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular physical activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot active\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2(61.7\u0026ndash;70.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1(70.3\u0026ndash;81.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.2(74.1\u0026ndash;86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.13\u0026ndash;132)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.2(78.0-88.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10 (1.02\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.7 (71.6\u0026ndash;81.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18 (1.10\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.5 (74.0-85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.6 (59.7\u0026ndash;69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5 (71.2\u0026ndash;81.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eAbbreviations: PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNotes: Data are presented as prevalence (%) with 95% CI, and crude prevalence ratios (PRcrude) with 95% CI within each sex. The category labeled \u0026ldquo;Ref.\u0026rdquo; was used as the reference for calculating PRcrude. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and sampling weights of the ELSI-Brazil study.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariables with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable models stratified by sex.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultivariable analysis stratified by sex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the multivariable Poisson regression analyses, several factors remained independently associated with preserved intrinsic capacity (IC) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple analysis between independent variables and intrinsic capacity, according to sex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 40.0805%;\" colspan=\"4\"\u003eWomen\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR\u003csub\u003ecrude\u003c/sub\u003e (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR\u003csub\u003eadj\u003c/sub\u003e (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR\u003csub\u003ecrude\u003c/sub\u003e (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePR\u003csub\u003eadj\u003c/sub\u003e (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;59 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49 (1.28\u0026ndash;1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38(1.17\u0026ndash;1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63 (1.31\u0026ndash;2.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50(1.20\u0026ndash;1.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u0026ndash;69 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44 (1.24\u0026ndash;1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35(1.16\u0026ndash;1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58 (1.27\u0026ndash;1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46(1.17\u0026ndash;1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u0026ndash;79 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31 (1.14\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29(1.12\u0026ndash;1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39 (1.13\u0026ndash;1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37(1.14\u0026ndash;1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace/skin color\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.81\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96(0.84\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.73\u0026ndash;1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05(0.97\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12 (0.80\u0026ndash;1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16(0.97\u0026ndash;1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.74\u0026ndash;1.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLives with spouse/partner (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10(1.03\u0026ndash;1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever studied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.06\u0026ndash;1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15(1.01\u0026ndash;1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.07\u0026ndash;1.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12(0.98\u0026ndash;1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;8 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37 (1.18\u0026ndash;1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25(1.08\u0026ndash;1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38 (1.23\u0026ndash;1.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23 (1.10\u0026ndash;1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;9 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48 (1.30\u0026ndash;1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26(1.12\u0026ndash;1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52 (1.37\u0026ndash;1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33(1.18\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(minimum wages)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 (1.03\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08(1.0-1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11 (1.04\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03(0.97\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34 (1.23\u0026ndash;1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15(1.06\u0026ndash;1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15 (1.03\u0026ndash;1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01(0.91\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate consumption of alcoholic beverages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78 (1.09\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09(1.00-1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12 (1.06\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04(0.9\u0026ndash;1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmoking\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08 (1.02\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09(1.01\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.97\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02(0.91\u0026ndash;1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.92\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEx-smoker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular physical activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot active\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.13\u0026ndash;132)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15(1.05\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10 (1.02\u0026ndash;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07(1.01\u0026ndash;1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18 (1.10\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13(1.05\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01(0.95\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 31.3672%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 17.4264%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eAbbreviations: PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNotes: Data are presented as prevalence (%) with 95% CI, crude prevalence ratios (PRcrude) and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadj) with 95% CI within each sex. For each variable, the category labeled \u0026ldquo;Ref.\u0026rdquo; was used as the reference for calculating PRcrude. PRadj were estimated using multivariate models including all variables listed in the table to control for potential confounding. All analyses accounted for the complex sampling design and sampling weights of the ELSI-Brazil study.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor both sexes, younger age, higher education, and regular physical activity were consistently associated with preserved IC. Compared with individuals aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 years, women aged 50\u0026ndash;59 years (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.38; 95% CI 1.17\u0026ndash;1.62), 60\u0026ndash;69 years (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.35; 95% CI 1.16\u0026ndash;1.58), and 70\u0026ndash;79 years (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.29; 95% CI 1.12\u0026ndash;1.48) showed a significantly higher prevalence of preserved IC. Similarly, among men, those aged 50\u0026ndash;59 years (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.50; 95% CI 1.20\u0026ndash;1.87), 60\u0026ndash;69 years (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.46; 95% CI 1.17\u0026ndash;1.83), and 70\u0026ndash;79 years (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.37; 95% CI 1.14\u0026ndash;1.68) had a higher prevalence of preserved IC compared with those aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with individuals in the lowest education category, those with higher educational attainment had a greater prevalence of preserved IC in women (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.15; 95% CI 1.06\u0026ndash;1.25) and men (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.37; 95% CI 1.14\u0026ndash;1.68). Regular physical activity was positively associated with preserved IC in women (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.15; 95% CI 1.05\u0026ndash;1.26; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and men (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.07; 95% CI 1.01\u0026ndash;1.14; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex-specific associations were also observed. Among women, higher household income remained independently associated with preserved IC (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.08; 95% CI 1.01\u0026ndash;1.16). Moderate alcohol consumption (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.09; 95% CI 1.00\u0026ndash;1.17; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), non-smoking status (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.09; 95% CI 1.01\u0026ndash;1.17; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014), and regular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.13; 95% CI 1.05\u0026ndash;1.21; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) were also associated with a higher prevalence of preserved IC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong men, living with a spouse or partner was independently associated with preserved IC (PR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.10; 95% CI 1.03\u0026ndash;1.18; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Other socioeconomic and lifestyle variables did not remain statistically significant after adjustment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study found a high prevalence of preserved intrinsic capacity (IC) among older Brazilian adults, with approximately three-quarters of individuals aged 50 years or older presenting preserved IC. Although favorable levels were observed in both sexes, men consistently showed higher preservation of overall IC, as well as of the locomotion and psychological domains. Social and behavioral factors\u0026mdash;particularly higher educational attainment and regular physical activity\u0026mdash;were strongly associated with preserved IC in this population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence observed in our study is comparable to that reported in previous investigations conducted in low- and middle-income countries, with estimates ranging from 72.7% to 93.9% in China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] and approximately 88% in India [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The comparability of results should be analyzed with caution, due to the different tools used to measure the IC domains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] and the lack of consensus on the definition of preserved [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], as global studies still focus on analyzing the predictive value of IC decline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong IC domains, locomotion was the most frequently impaired in both sexes, corroborating findings from studies in China and India [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Age-related accumulation of cellular damage leads to reduced physiological reserve and increased susceptibility to musculoskeletal disorders, directly affecting mobility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. In Brazil, mobility limitations are highly prevalent among older adults, with more than half reporting some degree of difficulty, and a substantial burden of spinal disorders, arthritis, and rheumatism already present in younger and middle-aged populations [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44\" citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. These conditions may persist into old age, compromising locomotor capacity and overall IC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen exhibited higher preserved IC across all domains compared with women. This sex disparity likely reflects a combination of biological and social mechanisms. Postmenopausal estrogen decline contributes to reduced muscle mass and bone density in women, negatively affecting mobility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, women are disproportionately exposed to socioeconomic disadvantages throughout the life course, including lower income, caregiving burdens, and limited access to education, which are associated with poorer cognitive and psychological outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Greater exposure to psychological stress and violence further compounds these disadvantages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e], reinforcing the biopsychosocial nature of IC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreserved IC decreased with advancing age in both sexes, a finding consistently reported in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Notably, the age-related decline was more pronounced among women, with differences of approximately 10% compared with men in the oldest age groups. This pattern highlights the vulnerability of older women, who often experience cumulative biological decline alongside sustained caregiving roles that remain socially undervalued [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. In Brazil, the ongoing debate on the National Care Policy\u0026mdash;largely targeting female caregivers\u0026mdash;underscores the relevance of these findings for public policy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with a spouse or partner was associated with preserved IC only among men. Although previous studies have identified this association in both sexes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], evidence suggests that marital relationships may confer different health benefits by gender. While partnership may protect men through emotional support and healthier behaviors, women often assume a disproportionate share of domestic and caregiving responsibilities, which may offset potential benefits and increase stress [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR56 CR57\" citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic factors also played a significant role. Higher educational attainment was associated with preserved IC in both sexes, while higher income remained significant only among women. Education and income are closely linked to health literacy, healthier behaviors, and access to healthcare services, all of which support the maintenance of IC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing social inequalities to promote healthy aging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular physical activity was consistently associated with preserved IC in both sexes, in line with previous evidence showing strong associations with locomotion, vitality, and psychological domains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Physical activity promotes neurochemical changes that improve mood and stress regulation and, when sustained over time, supports neurogenesis and cognitive preservation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. As a low-cost and widely accessible intervention, physical activity represents a cornerstone strategy for maintaining IC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith respect to other health practices, an association was observed between preserved IC and moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking and regular consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes only in women. It is already well established that the impact of health behaviors on men and women differs, with the choice of nutritional strategy, food acquisition and preparation being distinct behaviors between the sexes, being determined by physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same can also be seen for smoking habits and alcohol consumption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. When comparing our results on IC and alcohol consumption, we found that alcohol consumption contributes to worse IC in both older men and women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. In Brazil, the prevalence of alcohol consumption among women has increased in recent years[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e] and, desp te the association with preserved IC, it should be considered that in low-income countries, where there are difficulties in accessing health services and consumption of low-quality alcoholic products, this consumption can cause harmful impacts on health, especially in older people, and is not recommended even in low doses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding not smoking being associated with better IC, as already described in other research in populations of both sexes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], it is already well documented that harmful substances in tobacco seem to generate repercussions in several systems, with high cognitive and sensory impairment (vision) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyses of the relationship between food consumption and IC are limited [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e], however diets with high consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes and foods that make up the MIND diet, presented higher scores in the psychological domain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e], high consumption of proteins and low consumption of fats and sugars promotes worse IC[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. In this regard, diets with foods rich in antioxidant substances appear to influence the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters that are related to mood, with effects on promoting mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. In Brazil, the prevalence of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables is 12.9%, a higher result than that observed in India (8.6%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsidering the limitations of the study, the cross-sectional nature of the investigation does not allow establishing cause and effect relationships between the event and the variables investigated. Another limiting factor refers to the lack of consensus on the parameters for measuring the IC domains, which requires greater attention in direct comparability with other studies. For some domains, the questions were self-reported as the sensory domain, subject to response and memory biases. Despite the limitations, this study analyzes a database with national representation, making it possible to propose strategies for assessing IC and identifying associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study showed a high prevalence of preserved IC, with a higher proportion among men compared to women. Locomotion was the most compromised domain in both sexes. For women, younger age group, higher income, higher education level, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking, adequate consumption of vegetables and fruits, and regular physical activity were related to preserved IC. For men, in addition to younger age group, higher education level, and regular physical activity, living with a partner was also associated with better IC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results indicate the importance of implementing actions throughout the lives of adults that can contribute to maintaining or improving IC, such as access to higher levels of education and regular physical activity. It is recommended that future studies on IC assess geographic differences and variables related to the course of people's lives to better understand the factors that contribute to healthy aging.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Intrinsic Capacity\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eELSI-Brazil\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHO\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; World Health Organization\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCI\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Confidence Interval\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePR\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Prevalence Ratio\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCES-D\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ekgf\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; kilogram-force\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em/s\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; meters per second\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAPS\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Primary Health Care \u003cem\u003e(se aparecer no texto final; se n\u0026atilde;o, excluir)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIND diet\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ELSI-Brazil study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ren\u0026eacute; Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Minas Gerais, Brazil (CAAE: 34649814.3.0000.5091). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized data and was conducted in accordance with ethical principles for research involving human subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the ELSI-Brazil study team upon reasonable request. Information about data access is available at https://elsi.cpqrr.fiocruz.br/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMBD conceived the study, analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. VP supervised the study design, analysed the data, and drafted the manuscript. RAG performed the statistical analyses. SRRB contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) team for making the data available and thank all participants for their important contributions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBloom DE, Zucker L. Population aging and the global economy. Finance Dev. 2024;61(1):18\u0026ndash;21. Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2024/03/population-aging-bloom\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. Decade of healthy ageing: baseline report. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240017900\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeard JR, Officer A, de Carvalho IA, Sadana R, Pot AM, Michel JP, et al. 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Dietary patterns and intrinsic capacity among community-dwelling older adults: a 3-year prospective cohort study. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(6):3303\u0026ndash;3313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02505-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBishwajit G, O\u0026rsquo;Leary DP, Ghosh S, Sanni Y, Shangfeng T, Zhanchun F. Depression and fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in South Asia. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17:15. \u003cu\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1198-1\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBolbinski P, Nascimento-Souza MA, Lima-Costa MF, Peixoto SV. Consumption of fruits and vegetables among older adults: findings from the ELSI-Brazil study. Cad Saude Publica. 2023;39(6):e00158122. \u003cu\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN158122\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Intrinsic Capacity, Older Adults, Sex Differences, Social Determinants of Health, Healthy Aging, Brazil, ELSI-Brazil","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8481308/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8481308/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation aging has accelerated in low- and middle-income countries, including Brazil, challenging health systems traditionally focused on disease-centered care. In this context, the World Health Organization proposed intrinsic capacity (IC), the composite of physical and mental capacities, as a core construct for healthy aging. Evidence from developing countries remains limited, particularly regarding sex differences. Aging trajectories differ between women and men due to biological and socially constructed inequalities that accumulate across the life course in Brazil. This study estimated the prevalence of intrinsic capacity and associated factors among older adults in Brazil, considering sex differences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData from the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were used to assess adults aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50 years across five IC domains: locomotion, cognition, vitality, sensory, and psychological. Preserved IC was defined using a composite score. Sex-stratified multivariable regression analyses were conducted to identify associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall prevalence of preserved IC was 73.0% (95% CI: 68.7\u0026ndash;77.0), with men showing lower impairment across domains. In both sexes, younger age, higher education, and regular physical activity were positively associated with preserved IC. Among women, higher income, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking, and regular intake of fruits, vegetables, and legumes were additional protective factors. Among men, living with a spouse or partner was independently associated with preserved IC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex differences in intrinsic capacity highlight the need for targeted interventions and policies to promote healthy aging throughout the life course in Brazil. Sex-specific strategies\u0026mdash;including dietary counseling for women, social support for men, and physical activity promotion for both sexes\u0026mdash;are essential to preserve IC.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Unveiling the Intrinsic Capacity of Older Brazilians: Social, Demographic, and Behavioral Factors in the ELSI-Brazil Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-05 09:15:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8481308/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-27T11:42:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T11:04:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T21:02:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"150425753859479326488025711883508609475","date":"2026-01-19T15:54:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"259547890012024602023515357557095687426","date":"2026-01-19T15:05:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T18:53:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"289193411914864542425965967381657937578","date":"2026-01-02T21:50:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T13:46:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-31T08:55:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-30T14:11:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-30T14:11:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2025-12-30T12:18:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"69ec401d-81ce-446d-9414-10ee3fa1d14c","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:03:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8481308","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01643-5","journal":{"identity":"discover-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-13 15:57:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 13th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-05 09:15:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12982-026-01643-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-01643-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8481308","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8481308","identity":"rs-8481308","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}