Seasonal and microclimatic variation of the community of Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in a tropical rainforest of the Sierra El Madrigal in state of Tabasco, Mexico

Seasonal and microclimatic variation of the community of Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in a tropical rainforest of the Sierra El Madrigal in state of Tabasco, Mexico | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Seasonal and microclimatic variation of the community of Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in a tropical rainforest of the Sierra El Madrigal in state of Tabasco, Mexico Esbeidy Jazmin De la O-López, Aracely De la Cruz-Pérez, Jesús Luna-Cozar, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4451277/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) are beetles commonly known as seed or clover weevils, and all species are phytophagous and important in natural ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to record the seasonal variation and microclimatic associations of the Apioninae community in the tropical rainforest of Tabasco, Mexico. Sampling was carried out in 12 sites of the ecosystem during an annual cycle (January-December, 2021), using the method of beating the vegetation with an entomological net. We collected 1,191 specimens belonging to 33 species and nine genera. Apion panamense Sharp, Coelocephalapion accentor (Kissinger), C. iteratum (Kissinger) and Neapion cretaceicolle (Sharp) are new records for Tabasco. The genus Trichapion (Wagner) was the most species-rich. Apionion sp2 was the most abundant species. The highest richness, abundance and diversity ( 1 D and 2 D) were recorded during the dry season. Fourteen species showed marked seasonality, of which 12 species were recorded only in the dry season and two in the north. Fluctuations in richness and abundance showed its maximum peak in April, the month with the lowest rainfall. Shaded sites had the highest richness (32 species) and abundance (861 individuals). Altitude, relative humidity, dew point temperature, temperature, wind speed and barometric pressure were the abiotic factors that influenced species distribution. The sampling coverage was 99%, indicating that most of the apionid species were documented. This study contributes to the knowledge of Apioninae by providing new ecological information on the subfamily. However, further studies of these beetles are needed to determine their geographic distribution and systematics. Beetles weevils pear-shaped weevils diversity richness jungle Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Beetles of the subfamily Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) are orthocerus weevils with approximately 2,200 described species included in 205 genera worldwide (Alonso-Zarazaga and Wanat 2014 ; Oberprieler et al. 2007 ). These beetles are widely distributed in all non-polar regions of the world, from high altitudes to sea level. In Mexico, a total of 172 species are reported, classified in 13 genera (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ). Apionids are relatively small (0.75-13 mm) (Anderson and Kissinger 2002 ; De Sousa et al. 2019 ) and both adults and larvae are phytophagous and specific to their host plant (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ). Immature stages develop and feed on leaves, inflorescences, seeds of Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, and other dicotyledons (Arcaya et al. 2020 ), they also consume shoots and roots where they form gill-like structures (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ; Anderson and Kissinger 2002 ; Marvaldi and Lanteri 2005 ; Vergara-Pineda et al. 2014), and adults feed on all plant tissues of plants (De Sousa et al. 2019 ). The presence of adult insects in tropical ecosystems is strongly associated with vegetative phenology, and seasonal climatic patterns. These patterns have been related to biotic factors such as reproductive needs, resource availability, intra- and interspecific competition, and predation, as well as to abiotic factors such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and photoperiod (Hernández-May et al. 2024 ; Kishimoto-Yamada and Itioka 2015 ; Wolda 1978 , 1988 ). An important factor in the presence of insect populations and communities is the microclimate (Checa et al. 2014 ; Cloudsley-Thompson 1962 ), since it is fundamental for the survival and development of species, affecting larval growth and development, as well as indirectly influencing the availability of food resources (DeLucia et al. 2008 ). Microclimate is related to seasonal variations in phytophagous insect communities (Chen et al. 1999 ), but its specific influence has been poorly studied in tropical rainforests. The study of insect communities, seasonal and microclimatic variation is of great importance, particularly in tropical rainforests, as this ecosystem is considered one of the least protected and most endangered (Hernández-May et al. 2024 ). In addition, the Neotropical region is considered one of the richest and most diverse of the world (Lewis et al. 2015 ). Changes in climate and vegetation could modify the seasonality of these forests, resulting in changes in abundance, diversity, and the loss of species (Brook et al. 2008 ). In addition, the generation of knowledge of seasonal patterns in a specific ecosystem can provide important information for developing strategies and conservation plans to maintain the functionality of ecosystems. Although more ecological studies of Apioninae in Mexico are needed, most of the literature available for the country concentrates on taxonomic studies (Acevedo-Hernández 2009 ; Kissinger 1968 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1998 , 1998 , 1999a , b ;Brien and Wibmer 1982), host studies (Kissinger 1990 ; Ordóñez-Reséndiz et al. 2006 ). Currently, there are only two works that examine regional apionid species diversity: Jones et al. ( 2012 ) in the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Mexico and the study by Castro-Martínez ( 2019 ) in the Sierra of Taxco-Huautla, Mexico. Undoubtedly, there is a deficit and absence of research that addresses the biological and ecological aspects of Apioninae in many ecosystems of the state and the country. The following this study provides an analysis of the community structure (richness, abundance and diversity), seasonal and microclimatic associations of the subfamily Apioninae in a tropical rainforest locality in the Sierra El Madrigal (SM) in state of Tabasco, Mexico. Materials and Methods Study area The study was conducted in a site composed of tropical rainforest in the Sierra El Madrigal (SM) in the municipality of Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. The SM has an area of 3,462 ha, with a warm humid tropical climate with year-round rainfall (Af), the mean annual temperature ranges between 23 and 26°C, and the total annual precipitation varies between 2,900 and 3,600 mm (Fig. 1 ). This Sierra is composed of domical and conical hills from 50 to 1, 000 m.a.s.l. and has three climatic seasons: dry (March, April, May, and June), rainy (July, August, September, and October), and norths (November, December, January, and February) (Hanan-Alipi et al. 2019 ; Hernández-May et al. 2024 ; Salazar et al. 2004 ). Sampling design Monthly visits were made during the new moon period for an annual cycle (January to December in the year 2021), where specimens were collected and microclimatic variables were recorded using a Kestrel 4000 portable weather station. Twelve sites were selected inside the ecosystem (six in the shade and six in the sun) where Apioninae were collected using an entomological beating net (40 cm diameter ring and 2 m handle), which was used to beat herbaceous and shrubby vegetation with a sampling effort of 200 beats per site (Jones et al. 2012 ). The contents of the net were placed in a plastic bag and the insects were sacrificed with ethyl acetate, a substance that maintains the insects soft for the mounting process. All the samples were labeled in the field with the corresponding biological and geographic data. Taxonomic keys (Acevedo-Hernández 2009 ; Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ; Anderson and Kissinger 2002 ; De Sousa and Anderson 2022 ; Kissinger 1968 ; Morrone 2000 ) were used for species, morphospecies and genus determination, and specimens were deposited at the Insect Collection of the Universidad Juárez Autónoma of Tabasco (CIUT-UJAT). Statistical analysis With the program PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package (Hammer et al. 2001 ), true diversity indices of order 1 ( 1 D) and 2 ( 2 D) were calculated for each climatic season (dry, rainy, and norths), and for the SM sites. The first-order ( 1 D), diversity measure considers all species in the diversity value, weighted proportionally according to their abundance in the community, 1 D is equal to the exponential of Shannon's index, and the second-order ( 2 D), diversity measure considers the most common species, and species with higher abundance are favored, 2 D is equal to the inverse of Simpson's dominance index (Jost 2006 , 2007 ; Moreno et al. 2011 ; Tuomisto 2010 , 2011 ). Canonical correspondence analysis was calculated using the PAST program (Hammer et al. 2001 ) to determine the association between apionid species and the environmental variables recorded at each collection site (Average wind speed [AVG (mph)], Temperature [T (°C)], Wind chill [WCh], Relative humidity [RH], Heat stress index [HI], Dew point temperature [DP], Wet bulb temperature [WBul], Barometric pressure [BP], Altitude [Alt], Wind speed [Wsp], and Maximum wind speed [Wmax]). The species abundance matrix was constructed from the number of apionid individuals per collection site. The variable matrix initially included eleven variables recorded at the sites, after performing a preliminary analysis five environmental variables that were weakly correlated or highly redundant with other variables were eliminated. The final correspondence analysis was performed with the six most representative variables that correlated most strongly with the classification axes. Based on the assumption that the collected species do not represent the total richness of the community, the Estimates 9.0 program was used to estimate species richness using non-parametric incidence-based estimators: Chao 1 and Jacknife 1 (Colwell and Coddington 1994 ). These estimators require only presence or absence data, and are among those that have shown the highest precision and lowest bias with small samples, obtaining a better approximation of true species richness (Hortal et al. 2006 ; Willie et al. 2012 ). The iNext program was used to generate smooth accumulation curves by randomizing the sampling units 100 times, which allows for homogenization of sample sizes and graphical comparison of richness, as well as demonstrating sampling efficiency (Chao and Hsieh 2016; Chao and Jost 2012 ; Colwell 2013 ). Results A total of 1,191 individuals of Apioninae were collected, representing nine genera and 33 species. Of the total species, only five were determined to species level, the rest to genus level. Apion panamense Sharp, Coelocephalapion accentor (Kissinger), C. iteratum (Kissinger), and Neapion cretaceicolle (Sharp) are new records for the state of Tabasco. The genera with the highest species richness were Trichapion (Wagner) with 11 species, followed by Coelocephalapion (Wagner) with nine species. Alocentron (Schilsky) and Neapion (Alonso-Zarazaga), both with three species, were the genera with the lowest species richness. The most abundant species were Apionion sp2 with 279 specimens, representing 23.43% of the total number of apionids collected, followed by Coelocephalapion sp3 with 256 (21.49%) and Coelocephalapion sp4 with 247 (20.47%), and together these species represent 65.39% of the total collection (Table 1 ). Table 1 Taxonomic list of Apioninae Schoenherr, 1823 collected in the SM in Tabasco, Mexico. Species Abbreviation Ab Ab% Alocentron sp1 AAA 1 0.08 Alocentron sp2 AAB 1 0.08 Alocentron sp3 AAC 2 0.17 Apion panamense Sharp, 1890* AAD 3 0.25 Apion sp1 AAE 3 0.25 Apionion sp1 AAF 15 1.26 Apionion sp2 AAG 279 23.43 Chrysapion chrysocomum (Gerstaecker, 1854) AAH 16 1.34 Coelocephalapion accentor (Kissinger, 1968 )* AAI 31 2.60 Coelocephalapion iteratum (Kissinger, 1974)* AAJ 3 0.25 Coelocephalapion sp1 AAK 2 0.17 Coelocephalapion sp2 AAL 18 1.51 Coelocephalapion sp3 AAM 256 21.49 Coelocephalapion sp4 AAN 247 20.74 Coelocephalapion sp5 AAÑ 1 0.08 Coelocephalapion sp6 AAO 2 0.17 Coelocephalapion sp7 AAP 7 0.59 Heterapion sp1 AAQ 10 0.84 Kissingeria sp1 AAR 6 0.50 Neapion cretaceicolle (Sharp, 1890)* AAS 5 0.42 Neapion sp1 AAT 2 0.17 Neapion sp2 AAU 1 0.08 Trichapion sp1 AAV 7 0.59 Trichapion sp2 AAY 13 1.09 Trichapion sp3 AAZ 1 0.08 Trichapion sp4 ABA 194 16.29 Trichapion sp5 ABB 3 0.25 Trichapion sp6 ABC 25 2.10 Trichapion sp7 ABD 10 0.84 Trichapion sp8 ABE 21 1.76 Trichapion sp9 ABF 1 0.08 Trichapion sp10 AAW 4 0.34 Trichapion sp11 AAX 1 0.08 Richness 33 Genera 9 Total 1191 100 Ab: abundance, Ab%: relative abundance, * new records for the state of Tabasco The highest richness of apionids was recorded in the dry season with 31 (93.9%) species, followed by the rainy season with 17 (51.5%) species. The norths season with 15 (45.5%) species was the season with the lowest richness. The highest abundance was recorded in the dry season with 942 (79.1%) individuals, followed by norths with 134 (11.3%) and the rainy season with 115 (9.7%) individuals (Table 2 ). The maximum diversity of order 1 D and 2 D was recorded in the dry season with 1 D=7.3 and 2 D= 4.9, followed by norths with 1 D=6.3 and 2 D=3.9, and the rainy season was the one that recorded the lowest diversity with 1 D=5.3 and 2 D=2.6 (Table 2 ). Most of the adult apionids showed a marked seasonality in the SM. Fourteen species (42.4%) were recorded only in one season, of which twelve species (42.4%) were present in the dry season. Neapion sp2 and Trichapion sp5 (6.1%) were only present in the northerly season. Eight species were present in two seasons (24.2%), and 11 (33.3%) species did not show a marked seasonality, being present in all three recorded seasons (Table 2 ). The fluctuation of the richness and abundance of these beetles showed its maximum peak in April with 23 (69.7%) species and 545 (45.8%) individuals. April is the month with the lowest rainfall (31.5 mm) in the annual cycle. The lowest richness was recorded in the month of August with three species (9.1%), a month that documented high precipitation (291.3 mm), and the lowest abundance was recorded in the month of January with ten (0.8%) individuals, January recorded an average precipitation with 112.1 mm (Fig. 2 ). Table 2 Seasonality and diversity ( 1 D and 2 D) of Apioninae by season (dry, rainy and norths) in the SM in Tabasco, Mexico. Species Seasons Dry Rains Norths Alocentron sp1 1 0 0 Alocentron sp2 1 0 0 Alocentron sp3 2 0 0 Apion panamense 1 2 0 Apion sp1 3 0 0 Apionion sp1 13 1 1 Apionion sp2 260 11 8 Chrysapion chrysocomum 10 0 6 Coelocephalapion acentor 26 4 0 Coelocephalapion iteratum 1 2 1 Coelocephalapion sp1 2 0 0 Coelocephalapion sp2 18 0 0 Coelocephalapion sp3 234 3 19 Coelocephalapion sp4 227 4 16 Coelocephalapion sp5 1 0 0 Coelocephalapion sp6 1 1 0 Coelocephalapion sp7 1 6 0 Heterapion sp1 7 2 1 Kissingeria sp1 4 2 0 Neapion cretaceicolle 5 0 0 Neapion sp1 2 0 0 Neapion sp2 0 0 1 Trichapion sp1 7 0 0 Trichapion sp2 12 0 1 Trichapion sp3 0 0 1 Trichapion sp4 63 69 62 Trichapion sp5 2 1 0 Trichapion sp6 15 3 7 Trichapion sp7 7 1 2 Trichapion sp8 13 2 6 Trichapion sp9 1 0 0 Trichapion sp10 1 1 2 Trichapion sp11 1 0 0 Richness 31 17 15 Abundance 942 115 134 1 D 7.3 5.3 6.3 2 D 4.9 2.6 3.9 The highest richness of Apioninae was documented in S7 (20 species), followed by S11 and S12, both with 17 species. The highest abundance was recorded in S12 with 363 organisms, followed by S7 (159) and S8 (123). The highest diversity ( 1 D and 2 D) was obtained in S11 ( 1 D = 10.4, 2 D = 7.5), followed by S8 ( 1 D = 8.3, 2 D = 6.4). S4 with two species, three organisms was the site that recorded the lowest richness and abundance, and also documented the lowest diversity with 1 D = 1.9 and 2 D = 1.8 (Table 3 ). According to the sampling coverage, sites S1, S2, S3, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, and S12 documented more than 90% of the apionid richness, and sites S4, S5, and S11 recorded more than 80% of the richness, which shows a good sampling effort (Table 3 ). Table 3 Richness, abundance, diversity ( 1 D and 2 D), and sampling coverage of Apioninae by site, and exposure (sun, and shade) in the SM in Tabasco, Mexico. SUN SHADOW S2 S4 S5 S6 S9 S10 TOTAL S1 S3 S7 S8 S11 S12 TOTAL Richness 13 2 12 9 9 12 22 10 11 20 16 17 17 32 Abundance 72 3 46 99 50 60 330 82 67 159 123 67 363 861 1 D 5.6 1.9 4.9 4.2 5.0 6.6 6.2 4.8 4.6 6.5 8.3 10.4 4.9 8.3 2 D 3.7 1.8 3.2 3.3 3.8 4.7 3.9 3.4 2.7 4.1 6.4 7.5 2.9 5.6 SC 0.90 0.83 0.81 0.96 0.92 0.90 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.87 0.99 The most important abiotic factors influencing species distribution and abundance were altitude (Alt), Relative humidity (RH), Dew point temperature (DP), temperature (T °C), wind speed (Wsp), and Barometric pressure (BP) at the sampling sites. However, each apionid species may have its own climatic response (higher or lower association) to environmental variables (Fig. 3 ). The presence of the highest richness (12 species, 36.4%) is influenced by altitude (Fig. 3 A). Eight (24.2%) by T (°C), Wsp and BP (Fig. 3 B). Seven (21.2%) by DP and RH (Fig. 3 D) and six species (18.2%) were associated with the lowest temperature, Wsp and BP (Fig. 3 C). The estimated richness values for Chao 1 (37 species) and Jacknife 1 (41 species) were higher than the observed 33 species. According to the sample coverage, 99% of the total richness of the subfamily was represented for the SM, indicating an optimal sampling effort (Fig. 4 ). However, it is recommended to increase the sampling effort (time) in order to record most of the species of these beetles living in the tropical rainforest. Discussion This study represents the first systematic contribution of Apioninae in a tropical rainforest in the state of Tabasco. We report 33 apionid species for the SM, representing 96.9% of the fauna for Tabasco, in accordance with that reported by (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ; Jones et al. 2012 ), 19% for Mexico (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ), and 0.05% for the world (Oberprieler et al. 2007 ). Of the 33 species, only 15% were determined to species level, and 85% at the genus or morphospecies level, due to the limited information, ecological and biological studies, in addition to the absence of taxonomic keys, or represent undescribed taxa. Comparing our richness with other faunal studies of Apioninae in Mexico, we observed that the richness of apionids in the SM is low compared to that recorded in the northeast of the country in the state of Tamaulipas with 51 species (Jones et al. 2012 ), to that documented in the Sierra de Huautla, in the state of Morelos with 89 morphospecies (Castro-Martínez 2019 ), and to the 29 species reported for the state of Queretaro (Jones and Luna-Cozar 2007 ). The species N. cretaceicolle and Chrysapion chrysocomun occur in both the SM and El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, and C. chrysocomun occurs in the SM and Sierra de Huautla (Castro-Martínez 2019 ). These species represent 6.1% of the total fauna for the SM and have a very wide distribution according to the literature. N. cretaceicolle is distributed in Mexico in the states of Tamaulipas and Guatemala. C. chrysocomun is distributed in Mexico in the states of Chiapas, Morelos, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, and Veracruz, with additional records in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Panama (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ; Castro-Martínez 2019 ; Jones et al. 2012 ). Trichapion and Coelocephalapion were the most species-rich genera for the SM. According to Jones et al. (2009) and Castro-Martínez ( 2019 ), these genera are the ones that register the highest richness and distribution for the country, since they have a Nearctic or Neotropical affinity (Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999 ), so their presence in the SM and in studies conducted in other regions could be attributed, indicating that these genera may be generalist in their habits, exploiting different types of vegetation and food resources. Most of the species were present during the dry season in April and May, coinciding with what was reported in the study by Jones et al. ( 2012 ). In this season, low rainfall and high temperature were documented, which may coincide with the greater availability of resources, since the dry season includes the spring, and this is the season that records the highest flowering and seed production in plants, resulting in food resources for apionids. Similarly, in this season, apionids can be found in their adult stage, on various plants that are not considered their reproductive hosts, and consequently occupy all available habitats in ecosystems (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ; Jones et al. 2012 ). In addition, the dry season provides an ideal temperature or climate for dispersal and establishment in the middle (shrubs and low branches) and low (herbs) strata, which could cause the greatest presence of these beetles and the greatest record or collection in the SM. The rainy and norths seasons were the ones with the lowest richness. These stations registered climatic factors such as abundant rain, low temperature and high wind intensity; these environmental variables are very important because they limit the distribution of organisms in natural ecosystems (Janzen 1987 ). In addition to the above, there are other biological factors that influence the presence or absence of many beetles during the climatic seasons. First, due to environmental conditions, many Apioninae are in a larval stage during the humid and rainy seasons, and therefore the record of adults was less. With the onset of rains, the production of shoots, leaves and branches of plants increases, which represents a greater availability of food for the developing immatures (Alonso-Zarazaga 2004 ; Jones et al. 2012 ; Novotny and Basset 1998 ; Ribeiro-Costa 2013 ; Wolda 1978 ). In addition, the literature mentions that some species of Apioninae use and form galls on branches at the beginning of the rainy season (Vergara-Pineda et al. 2015 ). Similarly, the increase in foliage during the rainy and norths seasons provides greater refuge and shelter for apionids, reducing the likelihood of collecting individuals by beating the vegetation. The differences recorded in the presence of apionids by sites with sun or shade exposure may be due to site conservation, fragmentation, food availability, microclimatic conditions and land use, as well as the increase in cultivated land (Hallmann et al. 2017 ; Rainio and Niemelä 2003 ; Sánchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019 ). The sites presented different characteristics, the shaded sites concentrated the highest density of plants, species characteristic of the rainforest: trees over 30 meters high, palms, ferns and little grass. In contrast to the sites exposed to the sun, where the vegetation was fragmented, consequently the lower stratum was composed of grasses, and these sites are used for crops or monocultures, in addition, in these sites the use of herbicides is not controlled. The most important environmental factors in the distribution of species richness and abundance at sites in the SM were Altitude, Relative humidity, Dew point temperature, Temperature, Wind speed, and Barometric pressure (B.P). Previous studies indicate that Apioninae tend to occupy sites with high elevation (Obregón-Zúñiga 2013 ). Similarly, the distribution of these beetles could be related to the strong relationship that occurs between Apioninae and their host plants, in the same way that occurs with insects of the family Chrysomelidae, where climatic and microclimatic effects provide a set of temporal resources that cause changes in community structure and, therefore, in species composition and abundance (Flinte et al. 2011 ; Şen and Gok 2016). The richness estimates suggest that it is necessary to apply a greater collection effort for the curves to reach the asymptote and consequently document the true richness of Apioninae in the SM. Furthermore, because Apioninae have very diverse host plants and can be found not only on leaves, branches, flowers and seeds, but also in leaf litter and plant fruits, it is necessary to use not only vegetation beating, but also different collection methods to complete the sampling and allow a better representation of these beetles in the ecosystems. For example, leaf litter collection (Jones and Luna-Cozar 2007 ), seed collection (De la Cruz-Pérez et al. 2013 ), gilled branch collection (Jones and Luna-Cozar 2007 ; Vergara-Pineda et al. 2015 ), and direct collection on flowers and fruits (Arcaya et al. 2020 ). This study provides new biological and ecological information on the subfamily Apioninae, a group of weevils that has been poorly studied. However, more studies on this group of insects are needed to determine the geographic distribution, associations, and to clarify important aspects on ecology, systematics, and control, since some species are considered pests in many ecosystems, agroecosystems, and agriculture. Declarations Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Author contribution Conceptualization, E.J.D.O.L. and M.A.H.M; methodology, E.J.D.O.L. and M.A.H.M; formal analysis, M.A.H.M. and E.J.D.O.L.; investigation, E.J.D.O.L., A.D.L.P., J.L.C., and R.S.A.; resources, R.S.A., A.D.L.P., and J.L.C.; writing–original draft preparation, E.J.D.O.L. and M.A.H.M.; writing–review and editing, R.S.A.; visualization, A.D.L.P., J.L.C., and R.S.A. All authors read and contributed to the manuscript. Acknowledgments We thank Alejandra Bautista, Edgar Izquierdo, Darwin Manuel, and Maleny del Toro for their technical assistance in collecting of the beetles at the study site, as well as Trinidad and Miguel De la Cruz for access to the study site and as guides in the rainforest. To the research project: Diversity and seasonality of Cleridae (Coleoptera) of the Sierra El Madrigal, with which this research was financed. Finally, sincere thanks to Mónica Pérez and Robert W. 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Ecology 88:2427–2439. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1736.1 Kishimoto-Yamada K, Itioka T (2015) How much have we learned about seasonality in tropical insect abundance since Wolda (1988)? Entomol Sci 18:407–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12134 Kissinger DG (1968) Curculionidae subfamily Apioninae of North and Central America, with reviews of the world genera of Apioninae and world subgenera of Apion Herbst Coleoptera. Taxonomic Publications, South Lancaster, Massachusetts Kissinger DG (1989) Apionidae from North and Central America. Part 1. Notes on the classification of the Apion subgenus Trichapion Wagner with description of new species from the United States of America. (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi 3:271–287 Kissinger DG (1990) Apionidae from North and Central America. Part 2. Description of a New Subgenus and two new species of Apion from Mexico (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi 4:1–4 Kissinger DG (1992) Apionidae from North and Central America. Part 4. Generic classification and introduction to the genus Coelocephalapion Wagner, with new species from Mexico and Venezuela (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi 6:65–77 Kissinger DG (1998) Apionidae from North and Central America. Part 5. Description of genus Apionion and 4 new species (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi 12:93–102 Kissinger DG (1999a) Description of a new genus, Sayapion , from North and Central America (Coleoptera: Apionidae). Insecta Mundi 13:1–2 Kissinger DG (1999b) Apionidae from North and Central America. Part 6. Description of new species of Apionion Kissinger, Coelocephalapion Wagner and Trichapion Wagner (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi 13:21–37 Lewis SL, Edwards DP, Galbraith D (2015) Increasing human dominance of tropical forests. Science 349:827–32. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9932 Marvaldi AE, Lanteri A (2005) Key to higher taxa of South American weevils based on adult characters (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Rev Chil Hist Nat 78:65–87. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2005000100006 Moreno CE, Barragán F, Pineda E, Pavón NP (2011) Reanálisis la diversidad alfa: alternativas para interpretar y comparar información sobre comunidades ecológicas. Rev Mex Biodivers 82:1249–1261. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.4.745 Morrone JJ (2000) Mexican weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidea): a preliminary key to families and subfamilies. Acta Zool Mex (n.s) 80:131–141. https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2000.80801895 Novotny V, Basset Y (1998) Seasonality of sap-sucking insects (Auchenorrhyncha, Hemiptera) feeding on Ficus (Moraceae) in a lowland rain forest in New Guinea. Oecologia 115:514–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050549 O’Brien CW, Wibmer GJ (1982) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mem Amer Entomol Inst 34:1–382. Oberprieler RG, Marvaldi AE, Anderson RS (2007) Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere. Zootaxa 1668:491–520. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.24 Obregón-Zúñiga JA (2013) Riqueza, diversidad y afinidades biogeográficas de Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) en el noreste del estado de Hidalgo, México. Dissertation, Universidad autónoma de Querétaro Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Mexico Ordóñez-Reséndiz MM, Gama-Rojas F, Correa-San Agustín N, Reyes-Rivera J (2006) Fauna de Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) y sus hospederos en la sierra nevada, México. Entomol Mex 5:355–359 Rainio J, Niemelä J (2003) Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators. Biodivers Conserv 12:487–506. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022412617568 Ribeiro-Costa SC, Herzog-Viana J (2013) Review of the largest species group of the New World seed beetle genus Sennius Bridwell (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with host plant associations. Zootaxa 3736:501–535. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3736.5.5 Salazar CE del C, Zavala CJ, Castillo AO, Cámara AR (2004) Evaluación espacial y temporal de la vegetación de la Sierra Madrigal, Tabasco, México (1973-2003). Invest Geog 54:7–23 Sánchez-Bayo F, Wyckhuys KAG (2019) Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol Conserv 232: 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 Şen I, Gök A (2016) Seasonal activity of adult leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Orsodacnidae) occuring in Kovada Lake and Kızıldağ National Parks in Isparta Province (Turkey). Biologia 71:593–603. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0062 Tuomisto H (2010) A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 164:853–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0 Tuomisto H (2011) Commentary: do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it. Oecologia 167:903–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2128-4 Vergara-Pineda S, Jones WR, Malda-Barrera G, Caltzontzin-Fernández K, Obregón-Zúñiga A, Cambrón-Sandoval VH (2015) Coelocephalapion subornatum (Fall) (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) forms galls in stems of Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. in Central Mexico. Southwest Entomol 40:223–226. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.040.0121 Willie J, Petre CA, Tagg N, Lens L (2012) Evaluation of species richness estimators based on quantitative performance measures and sensitivity to patchiness and simple grain size. Acta Oecol 45:31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.08.004 Wolda H (1978) Seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, food and abundance of tropical insects. J Anim Ecol 47:369–381. https://doi.org/10.2307/3789 Wolda H (1988) Insect seasonality: why? Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000245 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4451277","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":319358676,"identity":"df7db5d0-8e72-45f1-98c1-305d1fa195c1","order_by":0,"name":"Esbeidy Jazmin De la O-López","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Esbeidy","middleName":"Jazmin De la","lastName":"O-López","suffix":""},{"id":319358677,"identity":"bb95a59e-85cf-4bee-b0bf-8197b31d014e","order_by":1,"name":"Aracely De la Cruz-Pérez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aracely","middleName":"De la","lastName":"Cruz-Pérez","suffix":""},{"id":319358678,"identity":"ba91932a-6011-4c7b-a13f-d82cbdb4011b","order_by":2,"name":"Jesús Luna-Cozar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro: Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jesús","middleName":"","lastName":"Luna-Cozar","suffix":""},{"id":319358679,"identity":"207f4072-2dee-44ca-98da-a115b0387397","order_by":3,"name":"Robert S. Anderson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Canadian Museum of Nature","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Robert","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Anderson","suffix":""},{"id":319358680,"identity":"426ed583-e354-4c84-9060-9c3951dd7f14","order_by":4,"name":"MANUEL A. HERNÁNDEZ MAY","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAoYECKMCiJmZG4jQYgDTcgakhZEULYxtYBK/Ft32s8ckPhgw5Mk3cCd+5p1XG83fDtTyo2IbTi1mZ/LSJGcYMBQzNvBulubddjx3xmHGBsaeM7dxazmQYybNY8CQ2MzAuwGo5VhuA1ALM2MbHi3n35hJ/wFqaWPg3fybd86x3PkEtdwA2gL0fmIPA+82ad6GmtwNhLW8MbbsMZBInMHMu81yzrEDuRuBWg7i9cv5HMMbPypsEue3926+8aamLnfe+cMHH/yowK0FCiSAMcjAwMTDcBjMPUBIPRww/mCoI1rxKBgFo2AUjBwAAP46VxMUtFl8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-6361","institution":"Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"MANUEL","middleName":"A. HERNÁNDEZ","lastName":"MAY","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-20 23:40:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4451277/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4451277/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60707745,"identity":"8bad2c8f-9a65-46e1-83ca-ea2c407c55f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-19 19:35:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":715174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographical location of the study site. A) Mexico; B) State of Tabasco; C) Sierra El Madrigal; D) sampling sites in Sierra El Madrigal. Blue circles: shaded sites; yellow circles: sun-exposed sites.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4451277/v1/faf43f11ded7ac4fba80a6f8.jpeg"},{"id":60706187,"identity":"2f837728-6fe0-4a32-b04f-57d0d5993730","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-19 19:27:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144794,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFluctuation of the richness and abundance of Apioninae with respect to precipitation (mm) in the SM, in Tabasco, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4451277/v1/342bf1c7e997122a013c22a0.jpeg"},{"id":60706185,"identity":"2d9e417a-3853-491d-bddd-6396b1527f27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-19 19:27:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCanonical correspondence analysis by site for Apioninae species collected in the SM.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4451277/v1/92ea76ec1fe8e537839f44ca.jpeg"},{"id":60706189,"identity":"bb989770-372e-4ba2-ae60-055a5e5320b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-19 19:27:41","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":106443,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSample-size-based rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curve of Apioninae from the SM in Tabasco, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4451277/v1/aa9c7067190716bf9e11b89c.jpeg"},{"id":76090767,"identity":"3028d011-1c9f-4f22-919a-c83f5a91cf85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-12 08:25:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1957607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4451277/v1/9ceb6f6a-770a-4a3e-bcfe-508b421e3c9c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Seasonal and microclimatic variation of the community of Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in a tropical rainforest of the Sierra El Madrigal in state of Tabasco, Mexico","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBeetles of the subfamily Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) are orthocerus weevils with approximately 2,200 described species included in 205 genera worldwide (Alonso-Zarazaga and Wanat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Oberprieler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). These beetles are widely distributed in all non-polar regions of the world, from high altitudes to sea level. In Mexico, a total of 172 species are reported, classified in 13 genera (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApionids are relatively small (0.75-13 mm) (Anderson and Kissinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; De Sousa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and both adults and larvae are phytophagous and specific to their host plant (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Immature stages develop and feed on leaves, inflorescences, seeds of Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, and other dicotyledons (Arcaya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), they also consume shoots and roots where they form gill-like structures (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Anderson and Kissinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Marvaldi and Lanteri \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Vergara-Pineda et al. 2014), and adults feed on all plant tissues of plants (De Sousa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of adult insects in tropical ecosystems is strongly associated with vegetative phenology, and seasonal climatic patterns. These patterns have been related to biotic factors such as reproductive needs, resource availability, intra- and interspecific competition, and predation, as well as to abiotic factors such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, and photoperiod (Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-May et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Kishimoto-Yamada and Itioka \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Wolda \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn important factor in the presence of insect populations and communities is the microclimate (Checa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Cloudsley-Thompson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e), since it is fundamental for the survival and development of species, affecting larval growth and development, as well as indirectly influencing the availability of food resources (DeLucia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Microclimate is related to seasonal variations in phytophagous insect communities (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), but its specific influence has been poorly studied in tropical rainforests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study of insect communities, seasonal and microclimatic variation is of great importance, particularly in tropical rainforests, as this ecosystem is considered one of the least protected and most endangered (Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-May et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the Neotropical region is considered one of the richest and most diverse of the world (Lewis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Changes in climate and vegetation could modify the seasonality of these forests, resulting in changes in abundance, diversity, and the loss of species (Brook et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the generation of knowledge of seasonal patterns in a specific ecosystem can provide important information for developing strategies and conservation plans to maintain the functionality of ecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough more ecological studies of Apioninae in Mexico are needed, most of the literature available for the country concentrates on taxonomic studies (Acevedo-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Kissinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e;Brien and Wibmer 1982), host studies (Kissinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Ord\u0026oacute;\u0026ntilde;ez-Res\u0026eacute;ndiz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, there are only two works that examine regional apionid species diversity: Jones et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) in the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Mexico and the study by Castro-Mart\u0026iacute;nez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) in the Sierra of Taxco-Huautla, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndoubtedly, there is a deficit and absence of research that addresses the biological and ecological aspects of Apioninae in many ecosystems of the state and the country. The following this study provides an analysis of the community structure (richness, abundance and diversity), seasonal and microclimatic associations of the subfamily Apioninae in a tropical rainforest locality in the Sierra El Madrigal (SM) in state of Tabasco, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in a site composed of tropical rainforest in the Sierra El Madrigal (SM) in the municipality of Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. The SM has an area of 3,462 ha, with a warm humid tropical climate with year-round rainfall (Af), the mean annual temperature ranges between 23 and 26\u0026deg;C, and the total annual precipitation varies between 2,900 and 3,600 mm (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This Sierra is composed of domical and conical hills from 50 to 1, 000 m.a.s.l. and has three climatic seasons: dry (March, April, May, and June), rainy (July, August, September, and October), and norths (November, December, January, and February) (Hanan-Alipi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-May et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Salazar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly visits were made during the new moon period for an annual cycle (January to December in the year 2021), where specimens were collected and microclimatic variables were recorded using a Kestrel 4000 portable weather station. Twelve sites were selected inside the ecosystem (six in the shade and six in the sun) where Apioninae were collected using an entomological beating net (40 cm diameter ring and 2 m handle), which was used to beat herbaceous and shrubby vegetation with a sampling effort of 200 beats per site (Jones et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The contents of the net were placed in a plastic bag and the insects were sacrificed with ethyl acetate, a substance that maintains the insects soft for the mounting process. All the samples were labeled in the field with the corresponding biological and geographic data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxonomic keys (Acevedo-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Anderson and Kissinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; De Sousa and Anderson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kissinger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e; Morrone \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) were used for species, morphospecies and genus determination, and specimens were deposited at the Insect Collection of the Universidad Ju\u0026aacute;rez Aut\u0026oacute;noma of Tabasco (CIUT-UJAT).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the program PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package (Hammer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), true diversity indices of order 1 (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD) and 2 (\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD) were calculated for each climatic season (dry, rainy, and norths), and for the SM sites. The first-order (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD), diversity measure considers all species in the diversity value, weighted proportionally according to their abundance in the community, \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD is equal to the exponential of Shannon's index, and the second-order (\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD), diversity measure considers the most common species, and species with higher abundance are favored, \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD is equal to the inverse of Simpson's dominance index (Jost \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Moreno et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Tuomisto \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanonical correspondence analysis was calculated using the PAST program (Hammer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) to determine the association between apionid species and the environmental variables recorded at each collection site (Average wind speed [AVG (mph)], Temperature [T (\u0026deg;C)], Wind chill [WCh], Relative humidity [RH], Heat stress index [HI], Dew point temperature [DP], Wet bulb temperature [WBul], Barometric pressure [BP], Altitude [Alt], Wind speed [Wsp], and Maximum wind speed [Wmax]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe species abundance matrix was constructed from the number of apionid individuals per collection site. The variable matrix initially included eleven variables recorded at the sites, after performing a preliminary analysis five environmental variables that were weakly correlated or highly redundant with other variables were eliminated. The final correspondence analysis was performed with the six most representative variables that correlated most strongly with the classification axes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the assumption that the collected species do not represent the total richness of the community, the Estimates 9.0 program was used to estimate species richness using non-parametric incidence-based estimators: Chao 1 and Jacknife 1 (Colwell and Coddington \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). These estimators require only presence or absence data, and are among those that have shown the highest precision and lowest bias with small samples, obtaining a better approximation of true species richness (Hortal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Willie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The iNext program was used to generate smooth accumulation curves by randomizing the sampling units 100 times, which allows for homogenization of sample sizes and graphical comparison of richness, as well as demonstrating sampling efficiency (Chao and Hsieh 2016; Chao and Jost \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Colwell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 1,191 individuals of Apioninae were collected, representing nine genera and 33 species. Of the total species, only five were determined to species level, the rest to genus level. \u003cem\u003eApion panamense\u003c/em\u003e Sharp, \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion accentor\u003c/em\u003e (Kissinger), \u003cem\u003eC. iteratum\u003c/em\u003e (Kissinger), and \u003cem\u003eNeapion cretaceicolle\u003c/em\u003e (Sharp) are new records for the state of Tabasco.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genera with the highest species richness were \u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e (Wagner) with 11 species, followed by \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e (Wagner) with nine species. \u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e (Schilsky) and \u003cem\u003eNeapion\u003c/em\u003e (Alonso-Zarazaga), both with three species, were the genera with the lowest species richness. The most abundant species were \u003cem\u003eApionion\u003c/em\u003e sp2 with 279 specimens, representing 23.43% of the total number of apionids collected, followed by \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp3 with 256 (21.49%) and \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp4 with 247 (20.47%), and together these species represent 65.39% of the total collection (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxonomic list of Apioninae Schoenherr, 1823 collected in the SM in Tabasco, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAb%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e sp3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApion panamense\u003c/em\u003e Sharp, 1890*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApionion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApionion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysapion chrysocomum\u003c/em\u003e (Gerstaecker, 1854)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion accentor\u003c/em\u003e (Kissinger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion iteratum\u003c/em\u003e (Kissinger, 1974)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u0026Ntilde;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeterapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKissingeria\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeapion cretaceicolle\u003c/em\u003e (Sharp, 1890)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRichness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGenera\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1191\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eAb: abundance, Ab%: relative abundance, * new records for the state of Tabasco\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest richness of apionids was recorded in the dry season with 31 (93.9%) species, followed by the rainy season with 17 (51.5%) species. The norths season with 15 (45.5%) species was the season with the lowest richness. The highest abundance was recorded in the dry season with 942 (79.1%) individuals, followed by norths with 134 (11.3%) and the rainy season with 115 (9.7%) individuals (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum diversity of order \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD was recorded in the dry season with \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD=7.3 and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD= 4.9, followed by norths with \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD=6.3 and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD=3.9, and the rainy season was the one that recorded the lowest diversity with \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD=5.3 and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD=2.6 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the adult apionids showed a marked seasonality in the SM. Fourteen species (42.4%) were recorded only in one season, of which twelve species (42.4%) were present in the dry season. \u003cem\u003eNeapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2 and \u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp5 (6.1%) were only present in the northerly season. Eight species were present in two seasons (24.2%), and 11 (33.3%) species did not show a marked seasonality, being present in all three recorded seasons (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fluctuation of the richness and abundance of these beetles showed its maximum peak in April with 23 (69.7%) species and 545 (45.8%) individuals. April is the month with the lowest rainfall (31.5 mm) in the annual cycle. The lowest richness was recorded in the month of August with three species (9.1%), a month that documented high precipitation (291.3 mm), and the lowest abundance was recorded in the month of January with ten (0.8%) individuals, January recorded an average precipitation with 112.1 mm (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonality and diversity (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD) of Apioninae by season (dry, rainy and norths) in the SM in Tabasco, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRains\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlocentron\u003c/em\u003e sp3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApion panamense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApionion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApionion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysapion chrysocomum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion acentor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion iteratum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e sp7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeterapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKissingeria\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeapion cretaceicolle\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e sp11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRichness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbundance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e942\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e115\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e134\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest richness of Apioninae was documented in S7 (20 species), followed by S11 and S12, both with 17 species. The highest abundance was recorded in S12 with 363 organisms, followed by S7 (159) and S8 (123). The highest diversity (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD) was obtained in S11 (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD =\u0026thinsp;10.4, \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD =\u0026thinsp;7.5), followed by S8 (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD =\u0026thinsp;8.3, \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD =\u0026thinsp;6.4). S4 with two species, three organisms was the site that recorded the lowest richness and abundance, and also documented the lowest diversity with \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD =\u0026thinsp;1.9 and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD =\u0026thinsp;1.8 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). According to the sampling coverage, sites S1, S2, S3, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, and S12 documented more than 90% of the apionid richness, and sites S4, S5, and S11 recorded more than 80% of the richness, which shows a good sampling effort (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRichness, abundance, diversity (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD), and sampling coverage of Apioninae by site, and exposure (sun, and shade) in the SM in Tabasco, Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSUN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSHADOW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTOTAL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTOTAL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRichness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbundance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most important abiotic factors influencing species distribution and abundance were altitude (Alt), Relative humidity (RH), Dew point temperature (DP), temperature (T \u0026deg;C), wind speed (Wsp), and Barometric pressure (BP) at the sampling sites. However, each apionid species may have its own climatic response (higher or lower association) to environmental variables (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of the highest richness (12 species, 36.4%) is influenced by altitude (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA). Eight (24.2%) by T (\u0026deg;C), Wsp and BP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). Seven (21.2%) by DP and RH (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD) and six species (18.2%) were associated with the lowest temperature, Wsp and BP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated richness values for Chao 1 (37 species) and Jacknife 1 (41 species) were higher than the observed 33 species. According to the sample coverage, 99% of the total richness of the subfamily was represented for the SM, indicating an optimal sampling effort (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is recommended to increase the sampling effort (time) in order to record most of the species of these beetles living in the tropical rainforest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study represents the first systematic contribution of Apioninae in a tropical rainforest in the state of Tabasco. We report 33 apionid species for the SM, representing 96.9% of the fauna for Tabasco, in accordance with that reported by (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), 19% for Mexico (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), and 0.05% for the world (Oberprieler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Of the 33 species, only 15% were determined to species level, and 85% at the genus or morphospecies level, due to the limited information, ecological and biological studies, in addition to the absence of taxonomic keys, or represent undescribed taxa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing our richness with other faunal studies of Apioninae in Mexico, we observed that the richness of apionids in the SM is low compared to that recorded in the northeast of the country in the state of Tamaulipas with 51 species (Jones et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), to that documented in the Sierra de Huautla, in the state of Morelos with 89 morphospecies (Castro-Mart\u0026iacute;nez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and to the 29 species reported for the state of Queretaro (Jones and Luna-Cozar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The species \u003cem\u003eN. cretaceicolle\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChrysapion chrysocomun\u003c/em\u003e occur in both the SM and El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, and \u003cem\u003eC. chrysocomun\u003c/em\u003e occurs in the SM and Sierra de Huautla (Castro-Mart\u0026iacute;nez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese species represent 6.1% of the total fauna for the SM and have a very wide distribution according to the literature. \u003cem\u003eN. cretaceicolle\u003c/em\u003e is distributed in Mexico in the states of Tamaulipas and Guatemala. \u003cem\u003eC. chrysocomun\u003c/em\u003e is distributed in Mexico in the states of Chiapas, Morelos, San Luis Potos\u0026iacute;, Tabasco, and Veracruz, with additional records in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Panama (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Castro-Mart\u0026iacute;nez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e were the most species-rich genera for the SM. According to Jones et al. (2009) and Castro-Mart\u0026iacute;nez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), these genera are the ones that register the highest richness and distribution for the country, since they have a Nearctic or Neotropical affinity (Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), so their presence in the SM and in studies conducted in other regions could be attributed, indicating that these genera may be generalist in their habits, exploiting different types of vegetation and food resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the species were present during the dry season in April and May, coinciding with what was reported in the study by Jones et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this season, low rainfall and high temperature were documented, which may coincide with the greater availability of resources, since the dry season includes the spring, and this is the season that records the highest flowering and seed production in plants, resulting in food resources for apionids. Similarly, in this season, apionids can be found in their adult stage, on various plants that are not considered their reproductive hosts, and consequently occupy all available habitats in ecosystems (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the dry season provides an ideal temperature or climate for dispersal and establishment in the middle (shrubs and low branches) and low (herbs) strata, which could cause the greatest presence of these beetles and the greatest record or collection in the SM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rainy and norths seasons were the ones with the lowest richness. These stations registered climatic factors such as abundant rain, low temperature and high wind intensity; these environmental variables are very important because they limit the distribution of organisms in natural ecosystems (Janzen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to the above, there are other biological factors that influence the presence or absence of many beetles during the climatic seasons. First, due to environmental conditions, many Apioninae are in a larval stage during the humid and rainy seasons, and therefore the record of adults was less. With the onset of rains, the production of shoots, leaves and branches of plants increases, which represents a greater availability of food for the developing immatures (Alonso-Zarazaga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Novotny and Basset \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Ribeiro-Costa \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Wolda \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the literature mentions that some species of Apioninae use and form galls on branches at the beginning of the rainy season (Vergara-Pineda et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the increase in foliage during the rainy and norths seasons provides greater refuge and shelter for apionids, reducing the likelihood of collecting individuals by beating the vegetation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe differences recorded in the presence of apionids by sites with sun or shade exposure may be due to site conservation, fragmentation, food availability, microclimatic conditions and land use, as well as the increase in cultivated land (Hallmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rainio and Niemel\u0026auml; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026aacute;nchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The sites presented different characteristics, the shaded sites concentrated the highest density of plants, species characteristic of the rainforest: trees over 30 meters high, palms, ferns and little grass. In contrast to the sites exposed to the sun, where the vegetation was fragmented, consequently the lower stratum was composed of grasses, and these sites are used for crops or monocultures, in addition, in these sites the use of herbicides is not controlled.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most important environmental factors in the distribution of species richness and abundance at sites in the SM were Altitude, Relative humidity, Dew point temperature, Temperature, Wind speed, and Barometric pressure (B.P). Previous studies indicate that Apioninae tend to occupy sites with high elevation (Obreg\u0026oacute;n-Z\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;iga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the distribution of these beetles could be related to the strong relationship that occurs between Apioninae and their host plants, in the same way that occurs with insects of the family Chrysomelidae, where climatic and microclimatic effects provide a set of temporal resources that cause changes in community structure and, therefore, in species composition and abundance (Flinte et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Şen and Gok 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe richness estimates suggest that it is necessary to apply a greater collection effort for the curves to reach the asymptote and consequently document the true richness of Apioninae in the SM. Furthermore, because Apioninae have very diverse host plants and can be found not only on leaves, branches, flowers and seeds, but also in leaf litter and plant fruits, it is necessary to use not only vegetation beating, but also different collection methods to complete the sampling and allow a better representation of these beetles in the ecosystems. For example, leaf litter collection (Jones and Luna-Cozar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), seed collection (De la Cruz-P\u0026eacute;rez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), gilled branch collection (Jones and Luna-Cozar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Vergara-Pineda et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and direct collection on flowers and fruits (Arcaya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study provides new biological and ecological information on the subfamily Apioninae, a group of weevils that has been poorly studied. However, more studies on this group of insects are needed to determine the geographic distribution, associations, and to clarify important aspects on ecology, systematics, and control, since some species are considered pests in many ecosystems, agroecosystems, and agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConceptualization, E.J.D.O.L. and M.A.H.M; methodology, E.J.D.O.L. and M.A.H.M; formal analysis, M.A.H.M. and E.J.D.O.L.; investigation, E.J.D.O.L., A.D.L.P., J.L.C., and R.S.A.; resources, R.S.A., A.D.L.P., and J.L.C.; writing\u0026ndash;original draft preparation, E.J.D.O.L. and M.A.H.M.; writing\u0026ndash;review and editing, R.S.A.; visualization, A.D.L.P., J.L.C., and R.S.A. All authors read and contributed to the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe thank Alejandra Bautista, Edgar Izquierdo, Darwin Manuel, and Maleny del Toro for their technical assistance in collecting of the beetles at the study site, as well as Trinidad and Miguel De la Cruz for access to the study site and as guides in the rainforest. To the research project: Diversity and seasonality of Cleridae (Coleoptera) of the Sierra El Madrigal, with which this research was financed. Finally, sincere thanks to M\u0026oacute;nica P\u0026eacute;rez and Robert W. Jones for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript, which improved the quality and grammar of this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcevedo-Hern\u0026aacute;ndez BA (2009) Sistem\u0026aacute;tica de los g\u0026eacute;neros de Apionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) de M\u0026eacute;xico. 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Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera, Beetles, Vol 3, Morphology and systematics (Phytophaga), de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 395\u0026ndash;415\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson RS, Kissinger DG (2002) Brentidae. Billberg 1820. In: Arnett RH, Thomas MC (eds) American Beetles: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea, pp 711\u0026ndash;719\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArcaya E, Capote-Luna T, Sorondo L (2020) Primer registro del g\u0026eacute;nero \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion\u003c/em\u003e Wagner, 1914 (Coleoptera: Brentidae: Apioninae) en botones florales de \u003cem\u003ePlatymiscium diadelphum\u003c/em\u003e S.F. Blake (Leguminosae) en el estado Lara, Venezuela. An biol 42:47\u0026ndash;51. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesbio.42.06\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrook WB, Sodhi NS, Bradshaw CJA (2008) Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. 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Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:1\u0026ndash;18. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000245\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Beetles, weevils, pear-shaped weevils, diversity, richness, jungle","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4451277/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4451277/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eApioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) are beetles commonly known as seed or clover weevils, and all species are phytophagous and important in natural ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to record the seasonal variation and microclimatic associations of the Apioninae community in the tropical rainforest of Tabasco, Mexico. Sampling was carried out in 12 sites of the ecosystem during an annual cycle (January-December, 2021), using the method of beating the vegetation with an entomological net. We collected 1,191 specimens belonging to 33 species and nine genera. \u003cem\u003eApion panamense\u003c/em\u003e Sharp, \u003cem\u003eCoelocephalapion accentor\u003c/em\u003e (Kissinger), \u003cem\u003eC. iteratum\u003c/em\u003e (Kissinger) and \u003cem\u003eNeapion cretaceicolle\u003c/em\u003e (Sharp) are new records for Tabasco. The genus \u003cem\u003eTrichapion\u003c/em\u003e (Wagner) was the most species-rich. \u003cem\u003eApionion\u003c/em\u003e sp2 was the most abundant species. The highest richness, abundance and diversity (\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eD and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eD) were recorded during the dry season. Fourteen species showed marked seasonality, of which 12 species were recorded only in the dry season and two in the north. Fluctuations in richness and abundance showed its maximum peak in April, the month with the lowest rainfall. Shaded sites had the highest richness (32 species) and abundance (861 individuals). Altitude, relative humidity, dew point temperature, temperature, wind speed and barometric pressure were the abiotic factors that influenced species distribution. The sampling coverage was 99%, indicating that most of the apionid species were documented. This study contributes to the knowledge of Apioninae by providing new ecological information on the subfamily. However, further studies of these beetles are needed to determine their geographic distribution and systematics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Seasonal and microclimatic variation of the community of Apioninae (Coleoptera: Brentidae) in a tropical rainforest of the Sierra El Madrigal in state of Tabasco, Mexico","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-19 19:27:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4451277/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa5b3cc2-f17c-4f07-b054-f4d3f044ae4c","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-12T08:17:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-19 19:27:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4451277","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4451277","identity":"rs-4451277","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}