Mechanochromic Phenomenon of Dihydropyrimidine and Chemosensing Detection of Cr6+ and Mn7+ in Aqueous Media

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Yadav, Omkar S. Nille, Sneha R. Bhosale, Alfredi A. Moyo, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8424566/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Fluorescence → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Detection of metal ions associated with environmental pollutants using simple and efficient techniques has gained significant attention due to their scientific applications. In the present study, a Tetraphenylethene (TPE)-Based aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen), designated as A-TPE (A- AIE), was designed and synthesised for selective sensing of hazardous metal ions. The synthesized TPE-Based probe prominently explores the AIEgen property and mechanochromic luminescence, with distinguishable colour changes upon mechanical stimulation. A-TPE shows maximum emission at 474 nm upon excitation at 380 nm. Further, the developed dihydropyrimidine is based on (A-TPE) (A-AIE) chemosensor employed for the selective, sensitive and naked eye detection of the chromium (Cr 6+) and Manganese (Mn 7+) metal ions. A-TPE showed good linear response in the range of 0 to 18 μg/mL with a low limit of detection of 6.69 and 12.75 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the A-TPE probe displayed good recovery for different environmental samples. The present work demonstrates the potential of A-TPE based AIE-gen probe for analytical and environmental applications. AIE Luminogens Chemosensor Metal Ion Sensing aggregation mechanochromism Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction The Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was first introduced by Tang’s group research group in 2001. 1 , 2 AIE denotes an unconventional photophysical phenomenon characterized by the effective emission of non-emissive luminogens upon formation of aggregates. 3 , 4 Discovering how the restriction of intramolecular motion clarifies the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission luminogens can ignite new pathways of innovation and understanding. 5 This breakthrough eliminates the barrier posed by traditional aggregation-caused quenching materials and confidently unlocks various applications. 6 A recently discovered AIE is the exact opposite of the emission-quenching effect 7 caused by aggregation that is seen with some standard luminophores. AIE is a term assigned to a typical behaviour of certain organic luminophores in which the emission intensity increases in an aggregated phase. 8 Also, literature survey reveals that the field of AIE luminogens is far-reaching in different areas like therapeutics, printing, stimuli-responsive devices, biomedical, 9 drug delivery, 10 optronics, 11 bioimaging, 12 fingerprint 13 and environmental fields due to their aggregation-induced emission properties. 14 There are several AIEgen-based molecules that have been reported, viz., Tetraphenylethylene (TPE), Hexaphenylsilole (HPS), and various silole derivatives, which all rely on peripheral aromatic rotors whose motion is inhibited on aggregation. Typical examples of robust AIEgens include TPE-derived AIEgens are a privileged scaffold for sensor design because TPE’s peripheral phenyl rings act as molecular rotors and its core is readily functionalizable to introduce recognition sites. By appending heteroatoms or chelating functionalities (N/O donors) to the TPE core, selective coordination to transition metal ions can be achieved; such coordination may trigger aggregation (RIM-based turn-on) or modulate Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) pathways, producing turn-on/turn-off responses depending on the system. According to literature, the peripheral aromatic rings in TPE can freely rotate in dilute solutions, leading to non-reactive decay of the excited state. 15 , 16 TPE is inherently hydrophobic, a property that enhances its utility in developing AIE-based sensors. 17 Recently, researchers have extensively explored TPE-based and functionalized derivatives, which are well-recognized as AIEgens, for a wide range of applications, including sensing, biological cells, and drug delivery systems. 18 , and naked-eye detection using paper-based devices. 19 The AIE-active nature of these materials makes them highly promising for the development of both fluorescent and optical/naked-eye sensors.. 20 , 21 Moreover, their tunable emissive fluorescence can be achieved through simple functionalization, mechanochromic processes, and the intrinsic AIE properties. 22 These tunable emissive characteristics of TPE and its derivatives have also been successfully demonstrated for dual-sensing applications, particularly in detecting hazardous metal ions. 23 It's also important to note that chromophores linked to dihydropyrimidine have gathered much interest due to their strong transition metal ion interaction capabilities. 24 , 25 But, dihydropyrimidine is rarely studied for the detection and sensing of hazardous metal ions. In some studies, dihydropyrimidine chemosensors are used for the detection of mercury ions 26 and aluminium in aqueous media as a fluorescent chemosensor. 27 The nitrogen-enriched functionality of an organic material, such as dihydropyridine, showed good metal ion sensing results specifically for the chromium and manganese (Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ ). The tremendous increase in global industrialization and urbanization has exploited various environmental resources and generated huge amounts of waste, leading to contamination of environmental sources and water bodies without prior treatment. The contamination of toxic and harmful pollutants makes various destructive impacts on environment and living beings. The discharge of heavy metals includes cobalt (Co 3+ ), mercury (Hg 2+ ), chromium (Cr 6+ ), and lead (Pb 2+ ) into environmental water sources, causing toxic effects on biodiversity, aquatic life and human health. 28 The amount of toxic waste and by-products produced by several sectors, including mining, 29 agrochemical, textile, and chemical processing, has significantly increased. The contamination of heavy metals as well as wastewater produced during such activities, is unavoidable, and improperly treated wastewater containing these toxic pollutants is directly discharged into water bodies. 26 Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ are strong oxidizing inorganic contaminants generated by various industries and are among the priority analytes for environmental monitoring due to their toxicity at elevated levels. Although Cr 6+ is a necessary nutrient for living things, it is not toxic or harmful, although high concentrations of Cr 6+ can cause serious health issues, viz., cancer and mutagenesis in humans, because of their high oxidation potential. According to reports, the second most inorganic contaminant in groundwater at hazardous waste sites is Cr 6+ , which is extremely poisonous and carcinogenic. 30 Similarly, manganese is also one of the abundantly used metals in various treatments in industries. The continuous exposure to Mn 7+ can cause various health issues, viz, sleep problems, fatigability, gait abnormalities, muscle discomfort, hypertonia, hallucinations, and psychological disturbances (mood changes), leading to manganese-induced Parkinson's disease. 31 Several instrumental techniques (AAS, ICP-MS, atomic fluorescence, LIBS, etc.) provide accurate quantitation but often require expensive instrumentation, time-consuming sample preparation, and are not convenient for on-site or rapid screening. Fluorescent chemosensors (carbon dots, MOFs, organic probes) have emerged as attractive alternatives because they can be low-cost, rapid, and amenable to portable formats. However, many reported fluorescent sensors suffer from aggregation-caused quenching, limited aqueous stability, poor selectivity, or require complex syntheses. So far, several methods have been developed to detect heavy metals. As per the WHO and US EPA guidelines, the permissible limit of Cr 6+ is 16 mg.L − 1 and Mn 7+ is 0.3 mg.L − . 32 There are some analytical techniques which have been employed for the heavy metal ion detection, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) 33 – 38 . Recent reports suggest that various fluorescent materials, such as carbon dots (CDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and other chemosensors, have been employed for the detection of heavy metal ions. However, these materials and associated analytical techniques often suffer from limitations such as high cost, time-consuming procedures, tedious operations, and relatively low accuracy or higher detection limits. 40 – 41 Henceforth, building on our previous success, 41–44 it is urgently necessary to develop a simple, reliable, effective and cost-efficient sensor and therefore, in the present study, we designed the A-TPE AIEgen fluorescence and naked eyes sensor (A-TPE), which is based on TPE and has not been extensively studied for the identification of Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ . 2. Experimental Section 2.1 Chemicals and Instrumentation All reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich commercial suppliers and utilized without purification. The metal ion salts used for the current study of sensing ions are NiCl 2 , CoCl 2 ∙6H 2 O, BaCl 2 , CaCl 2 ∙2H 2 O, NaCl, ZnSO 4 ∙7H 2 O, FeCl 3 ∙6H 2 O, HgCl 2 , SnCl 2 ∙2H 2 O, MgCl 2 ∙6H 2 O, Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , KMnO 4 , K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , CuSO 4 ∙7H 2 O, Al(NO3) 3 ⋅9H2O, NaHCO 3 , KI, Na 2 S. All the chemicals used throughout the study are of analytical grade. The synthesized macromolecules have been studied using various characterization methods, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and High-resolution Mass spectroscopies (HRMS). On a Bruker Germany (α) spectrometer, infrared spectra were recorded in the 4000–400 cm −1 range. The CDCl 3 -d was used as a solvent (trimethyl silane as an internal standard), 1 H NMR spectra were taken on a 400 MHz Bruker Advance spectrometer and 13 C NMR using 101 MHz spectrometers. A 400 MHz Bruker Advance spectrometer was used to record DEPT-135-NMR spectra. The Waters Micromass Q-Tof Micro was used to obtain mass spectrometry (HR-MS) data in the electrospray ionization (ESI)−MS mode. UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Specord-210 Plus Analytikjena, Germany) with a 1.0 cm quartz cell and PC based Spectro-fluorometer (JASCO, FP-8300, Japan) with a 5 nm band pass and a xenon arc lamp as a source. The Time Correlated Single Photon Count (TCSPC) system Delta Diode TM Horiba Scientific was used for measurement of fluorescence life time. 2.2 Synthesis of TPA-CHO 4-(1,2,2-Triphenylvinyl) benzaldehyde A bromo derivative, 1-Bromo-1,2,2-triphenylethylene (335.24 mg, 1.0 mmol), was reacted with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (179.9 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 20 mL of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 7 mL of 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, Pd (0) (0.010 g) was added, and the mixture was refluxed at 80°C overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was worked up, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to obtain a crude residue. 45 , 46 The residue was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel (60-120 mesh) using hexane/dichloromethane (3:1,v/v) as the eluent, affording TPE-CHO as a pale yellow powder. (346.0 mg, 96% yield). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ/ppm: 9.90(s,1H −CHO),7.63 (d, 2H, Ar−H),7.26 (d, 2H, Ar−H),7.11−7.14 (m, 9H, Ar−H), 7.00−7.04 (m, 6H, Ar−H). 13 C-NMR (101 MHz,CDCl 3 ) δ /ppm: 191.94, 150.57, 143.05, 143.00, 142.90, 139.76, 134.26, 131.97, 131.31, 131.30, 131.25, 129.19, 127.94, 127.76, 127.07, 126.91, 126.88. HR-ESI-MS calculated for C 27 H 20 O [M + H]: 361.1500; found: 361.1596. FTIR: 697, 1107, 1209, 1596, 1694, 2729, 3050 cm -1 , by using these techniques of the characterization IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HR-MS Spectroscopy confirmed the structure. 2.3 Synthesis of ethyl 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinylphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylate Further, the TPE-CHO (360 mg, 1.0 mmol) was reacted with urea (60 mg, 1.2 mmol) and ethyl acetoacetate (0.126 ml, 1 mmol) which was dissolved in 5ml of ethanol in the presence of P 2 O 5 (phosphorus pentoxide). After that the whole solution was refluxed at 80˚C for 2 hrs and the reaction progress was monitored using TLC. 47 then, a white-colored precipitate formed, and the obtained products were purified by column chromatography and next characterized by various techniques like FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HRMS. Then the obtained product was purified by column chromatography using pet ether and ethyl acetate. (421.0 mg, 82% yield ) ( 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ/ppm : 7.26-7.28 (s, 1H, -NH ), 7.03-7.09 (m, 9H, Ar-H ), 6.94-7.01 (m, 15H, Ar-H ), 5.38 (s, 1H, - NH ), 5.27-5.28 (d, 1H, Benz-H ), 3.97-4.08 (q, 2H, - CH 2 CH 3 ), 2.33 (s, 3H, -CH 3 ), 1.06-1.10 (t, 3H, - CH 2 CH 3 ). 13 C-NMR (101 MHz,CDCl 3 ) δ /ppm - 165.52,145.96, 143.61, 143.53, 141.62, 141.22, 140.40, 131.63, 131.32, 131.29, 127.68, 127.64, 126.51, 126.48, 126.45, 126.07, 101.24, 59.92, 55.74, 18.63, 14.15. HR-ESI-MS calculated for C 34 H 53 O 3 N 2 [M + H]: 514.6136; found 515.2317; fragmentation of ions, FTIR: 3336, 3228, 1703, 1643, 1491,1227 cm -1 by using these techniques of the characterization IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HR-MS Spectroscopy confirmed the structure. The schematic showing the synthesis of ethyl 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinylphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylate (A-TPE). 2.4 Metal Ion Sensing The fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques were employed for investigation of A-TPE as a fluorescent and naked eye sensor for detection of hazardous metal ions. The stock solution of A-TPE was prepared having concentration of 1 × 10 -3 M in acetonitrile and further employed as a fluorescent probe in the different types of cations having concentration of 100 mg/L as a stock like Ba 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 7+ , Cr 6+ , Hg 2+ , Al 3+ , Ca 2+ , Au 3+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Sn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Na 2+ , HC O 3 - , I - , NO 3 + , S 2- in aqueous media. Then, each metal ion was added to a separate test tube containing 0.5 ml of A-TPE, and 0.5 ml of each metal ion solution was added and the final volume was diluted to 5 ml using D.W. The resultant solution was stored at room temperature for 10 min and fluorescence emission spectra were recorded using an excitation wavelength of 380 nm and the emission maxima of 474 nm using excitation at 380 nm. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of TPE-CHO The synthesis of TPE-CHO is mentioned in schematic and the spectroscopic analyses were conducted in order to describe it totally. The probe's purity and structure were confirmed by FTIR, 1 HNMR, 13 CNMR, and HR-MS spectra. The results of characterization are given in Supporting Information, viz. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8. 3.2 AIE Study The solid powder of A-TPE was exposed to UV lamp (365 nm) and illuminates an intense yellow color. The AIE analysis was initiated by examining the spectrum of emission in a variety of solvents, including THF (Tetrahydrofuran) and ACN (acetonitrile). After excitation at 270 nm, A-TPE displayed fluorescence emission peaks in the THF and ACN solvents at 474 nm and 429 nm, respectively. The A-TPE showing higher fluorescence intensity in THF than ACN (Fig. 1 a). In this study, It was observed that THF is a good solvent as compared to ACN so we choose THF for further study of AIE. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE), a type of photophysical phenomenon connected to the chromophore moiety's aggregation, was first proposed by Ben Zhong Tang and his team in 2001. 48 Depending on the amount of water in the organic solvent, weak or non-emissive luminogens can become emissive by creating their aggregates in an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) process. These extremely fluorescent luminogens, also known as AIEgens, are fascinating compounds that are employed extensively in many different sectors. 16 , 49 . The A-TPE is immiscible in D.W. and when the D.W. is added to a solution of organic material, it exhibits aggregation, which depends on the percentage of the water fraction. Figure 1 b concludes that when the percentage of the water quantity increases, the fluorescence intensity gradually increases. The photographic images taken under daylight and UV light shows the aggregation of the material increases from 70 to 99%. The A-TPE’s AIEgen features were revealed through fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of the solutions. It was noteworthy that shift in emission wavelength takes place with increasing water content from 70 to 99%. This finding implies an intricate relationship between the aggregation and emission properties of the probe (A-TPE) in response to variations in the water content. While from Fig. 1 d the variation between different emission wavelengths implies that the emission wavelength shows a red shift with increasing excitation wavelength, the strongest emission was discovered to be centred at 474 nm when stimulated at 380 nm. It follows excitation-independent emission. 3.3 Mechanochromic Phenomenon X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to study the mechanochromic characteristics of A-TPE. As shown in Figure.3a, the XRD pattern of pristine A-TPE was recorded normally and after grinding, fuming, and heating. Several broad as well as sharp peaks were observed in the 0–80° range of this XRD pattern. The peaks in a normal sample are intense, but after grinding noticeable decrease in peak intensity was observed, indicating an amorphous nature. Further, to investigate the physical changes, A-TPE was also fumed and after this process A-TPE heated. As a result, the XRD pattern that was obtained after fuming revealed broad peaks similar to the ground sample. Furthermore, prepared product was heated and found that the intense peaks were just like those of normal samples. In conclusion, after subjecting samples to operations like grinding, fuming, and heating, it was found that the peak intensities altered. The produced sample returned to its initial state after heating, although not completely, as revealed by the peak intensities depicted in Fig. 3 a. Mechanochromic characteristics are thus confirmed by a transformation in XRD patterns from crystallized to amorphous states. 50 Further in this study, solid sample of A-TPE was taken for the photoluminescence study and excitation and emission spectra mentioned in Fig. 3 b. It was observed that the A-TPE in solid state showed the emission at 470 nm when excited at 364 nm. In a mortar pestle, the organic material was ground, which on grinding exhibits a capri blue color. While before grinding it shows a Pacific blue color. The grounded organic material which on heating at 150℃ shows ivory color. After this, in the fuming method, THF solvent was used, which showed a Dark Blue Color. 3.4 Photoluminescence Study of A-TPE 3.4.1 Stability Study The stability of the material is one of the crucial parameters for development of the product’s commercial applicability. The stability of A-TPE in presence of variable conditions like different pH, salt solution as well as exposure under UV irradiation was explored. Figure 5 a shows the effect of various pH from 2 to 12 on A-TPE. The fluorescence intensity was stable in pH range of 4 to 9 while, it decreases drastically in highly acidic and highly basic conditions due to protonation and deprotonation effect. The amide and ester group are responsible for the deprotonation and protonation respectively and decreases fluorescence intensity in strong acidic or strong basic medium. While, on irradiation under UV light using 365 nm UV lamp for continuous exposure of 5 to 60 min the fluorescence intensity of A-TPE does not get affected significantly as shown in Figure.5b) The results indicate that the material is highly stable under UV light and didn’t show any sign of photo bleaching. Further, to understand the effect of ionic strength, A-TPE was made to interact with different concentration of KCl and NaCl salt solutions. The Figure. 5c, d shows that as concentration of salt increases the fluorescence intensity gradually decreases due to poor ionic strength. 3.4.2 Metal Ion Sensing The synthesized A-TPE was employed for sensing of metal ions in aqueous medium. A-TPE was allowed to interact with 21 different metal cations and anions (Ba 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 7+ , Cr 6+ , Hg 2+ , Al 3+ , Ca 2+ , Au 3+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Sn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Na 2+ , HCO 3 − , I − , NO 3 + , S 2− ) (Fig. 6 a). A-TPE shows the selective and significant fluorescence quenching for Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ for more than 50% quenching efficiency. The Figure.6b) showing the graph of F/F 0 with diminished bar graphs for Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ only. Interestingly, the photographic images under day light showing the distinguishable colour change for Cr 6+ (yellowish) and Mn 7+ (brownish- orange) only. Whereas, the photographic image under UV light showing the fluorescence quenching for Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ in presence of A-TPE. Further, the linearity studies were carried out and the Stern-Volmer plot of concentration of quencher verses F 0 /F was studied for calculation of limit of detection of Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ . It was observed that the fluorescence intensity of A-TPE gradually decreases with increasing concentration of Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ (0 to 18 µg/mL). Figure 7 b and Fig. 8 b shows good linear relationship between concentration of Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ with A-TPE along with red shift in fluorescence wavelength within the range of 0 to 18 µg/mL. The fluorescence quenching of A-TPE with increasing concentrations of Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ follows the Stern-Volmer Eq. (1) (Fig. 7 b and Fig. 8 b). \(\:\frac{{F}_{0}}{F}=1\:+{K}_{SV}\left[Q\right]\) -(1) Where, the fluorescence intensity of A-TPE in the presence and absence of metal ions are F and F 0 , respectively. [Q] indicates the concentration of quencher i.e., metal ions, K SV shows the Stern-Volmer Constant.. A linear correlation exists between (F 0 /F) and the concentration of Cr 6 + ion in the range of 0 to 18 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.9977. A similar kind of linear response was found with increasing concentration of Mn 7 + ion from 0 to 18 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.9989, which could be used to develop a method for the detection of Cr 6 + and Mn 7 + ion. Further, the limit of detection (LOD) for Cr 6 + and Mn 7 + was calculated by equation (2) as given below. $$\:LOD=3.3*\sigma\:/{K}_{SV}$$ 2 Where, σ is the standard deviation of the y-intercepts of the regression lines and Ksv is the slope of the Stern-Volmer plot. Here, the LOD for Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ ions was found to be 6.69 and 12.75 µg/mL, respectively Figure. 7c) and 8 c) shows the photographic images of linear quenching of Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ in presence of day light and UV light.The change in color observed in day light as increase in concentration of Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ with A-TPE was due to complex formationbetween A-TPE and metal ions. 4. Sensing Mechanism To explore the sensing mechanism of A-TPE towards Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ , further experiments were conducted by studying the UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The possible quenching mechanism of Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ with A-TPE was predict by fluorescence life-time data which was found to be for Cr 6+ is 2.068, and 1.988 ns and for Mn 7+ is 2.27, and 2.66 ns and value for A-TPE is 2.19 ns, respectively. According to the literature value of \(\:\tau\:₀⁄\tau\:\) \(\:=1\) which was indicated the static quenching mechanism. Herein, the ratio life-time value of Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ with A-TPE is ~ 1 which indicated that fluorescence quenching was due to ground state complex formation. Further, in the sensing mechanism noticed that the overlapping of the absorbance spectra of the chromium and manganese on the excitation spectra of A-TPE showing the inner filter effect (IFE). 5. Application for Environmental Water Sample Analysis In this study, different water samples were collected from nearby area viz. Shivaji University lake water samples, RO water samples, and regular tap water samples were tested for metal ion sensing capacity (Cr 6+ and Mn 7+ ). Before the samples were utilized for the experiment, the tap, RO, and lake water samples were heated and filtered to eliminate dirt and other pollutants. Further, the water samples were spiked it a known quantity of metal ions, and the resulting fluorescence spectra were recorded. Table No. 1 Analytical application of A-TPE for recognition of Cr 6+ in different environmental water samples. Sr. No. Source of Water Sample Amount of Standard Cr 6+ spiked (µg/mL) Total Cr 6+ found (µg/mL) (n = 3) Recovery of Cr 6+ added (%) (n = 3) RSD (%) 1 RO Water 2 1.92 96.04 0.15 4 3.98 99.70 0.28 6 5.97 99.58 0.14 2 Shivaji University Tap Water 2 1.93 96.38 0.16 4 3.98 99.40 0.22 6 5.93 98.90 0.32 3 Shivaji University Lake Water 2 1.61 90.52 0.23 4 3.42 90.54 0.34 6 5.97 99.74 0.20 Table No. 2 Analytical application of A-TPE for recognition of Mn 7+ in different environmental water samples. Sr. No. Source of Water Sample Amount of Standard Mn 7+ spiked (µg/mL) Total Mn 7+ found (µg/mL) (n = 3) Recovery of Mn 7+ added (%) (n = 3) RSD (%) 1 RO Water 2 1.98 98.96 0.13 4 3.96 98.92 0.19 6 5.91 98.50 0.40 2 Shivaji University Tap Water 2 1.98 99.14 0.38 4 3.95 98.75 0.30 6 5.93 98.79 0.73 3 Shivaji university lake water 2 1.89 97.55 0.12 4 3.85 98.66 0.20 6 5.90 97.77 0.28 6. Conclusion In this work, we have developed a rapid, sensitive and effective AIEgen based naked eye organic probe through Biginelli reaction for detection of emerging pollutants. The probe has unique features of mechanochromic properties on grinding, fuming, and heating, confirmed by its XRD analysis. Interestingly, A-TPE chemosensor detect the Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ ions in aqueous solution and exhibits superior sensitivity and selectivity among all of the other metal ions examined. The sensing mechanism of A-TPE towards Mn 7+ and Cr 6+ , also investigated by studying the UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The value for Cr 6+ was found to be 2.068, and 1.988 ns and for Mn 7+ is 2.27, and 2.66 ns and value for A-TPE is 2.19 ns, respectively supported for the static quenching mechanism through ground state complex formation. The results of the entire study shows that A-TPE may be utilized to detect hazards pollutants in water bodies and therefore make it an attractive alternative for waste water treatment. Declarations Author Contribution T.B.Y. conceived and designed the study, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the original manuscript; O.S.N. and S.R.B. assisted with experiments and data collection; A.A.M. contributed to data interpretation and manuscript revision; S.V.K. , G.B.K. and T.R.B. supported methodology and validation; psupervised the work and critically revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement All data generated during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files. References Guan, J.; Shen, C.; Peng, J.; Zheng, J. What Leads to Aggregation-Induced Emission? J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021 , 12 (17), 4218–4226. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03861. Zhao, Z.; Lam, J. W. Y.; Tang, B. 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16:19:18","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/29ebe9a8a7ad86c02bab4c2e.png"},{"id":99792285,"identity":"3ae54933-04a8-4682-bf3e-f12b4dcb8037","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:17:24","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":148840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/6c3b3ffb4ee7dd788c3486d6.png"},{"id":99546887,"identity":"91f9d4df-48ba-452f-81bc-4ee685704d07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:18","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":105871,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/7b2975982dca8a79e1079c43.png"},{"id":99792540,"identity":"2e47964f-298f-4416-9d15-afeab24a08a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:22:00","extension":"xml","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":153947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"c48b241857944067b47eedbb256ff8681structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/2c1035870f05280b43630427.xml"},{"id":99546893,"identity":"4b3c945a-09ce-4e15-83c6-af90780d52e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:18","extension":"html","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/ac8b89135621a1954d23dd3b.html"},{"id":99546857,"identity":"e9242bb0-ebd7-4742-88a9-c14093411d59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":453443,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea) Effect of THF and ACN solvents on emission of A-TPE, b) Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) effect from 0 to 99 %, c) Absorbance, excitation, and emission spectra of aggregated A-TPE (AIE-Tetraphenylethylene), d) Emission spectra of A-TPE at different excitation wavelengths and e) Photographic images of Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) of A-TPE under daylight and a UV light.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/50692aa1b2caf79f4c8a8974.png"},{"id":99790962,"identity":"7bd587b0-2a2a-47be-b16f-5457acd4ca8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:58:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":255337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3: \u003c/strong\u003ea) XRD spectra of A-TPE and b) Excitation and Emission spectra of solid sample i.e., A-TPE.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/9f5a78dd8b2cfda084a46253.png"},{"id":99546861,"identity":"d8bda741-0db9-4d0e-955c-3c08f90bb52a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":292063,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4: \u003c/strong\u003eMechanochromic phenomenon of the A-TPE\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/3e44d12eb3107d64ffbe87de.png"},{"id":99546858,"identity":"2c0e8c8f-1c4f-44db-89e3-ca73fd54bda8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":676033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 5: \u003c/strong\u003eEffect of a) pH\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eb) photostability, c) KCl and d) NaCl salts on A-TPE.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/4f6070bea866ba1cd99c05ee.png"},{"id":99791284,"identity":"d0ca68c1-4799-4f4e-a794-6b4200e76bf1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:59:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":592847,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 6:\u003c/strong\u003e a) Selectivity of A-TPE of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+ \u003c/sup\u003eand Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e metal ions, b) F/F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e bar graph of the various metal ions and) photographic image of fluorescence quenching of metal ion. [Concentration of metal ions (C\u003csub\u003eM\u003c/sub\u003e) = 10 μg/mL, V = 10 mL, A-TPE = 0.5 mL*10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.] (n= 3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/a4c9f12769f13d1f30366a03.png"},{"id":99792591,"identity":"46536864-415b-496c-8e62-6c3ae4f1cf50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:22:43","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":640432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 7:\u003c/strong\u003e a) Shows the linearity study of the Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, b) Stern- Volmer plot of the Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and \u0026nbsp;c) photographic images under day light and UV light. [C\u003csub\u003eM\u003c/sub\u003e (Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e) = 0 – 18 μg/mL, A-TPE = 0.5 mL* 10\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e…..] (n = 3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/4c24d8c3deec20d3765e667a.png"},{"id":99546886,"identity":"28006ae3-993e-4ee5-8fce-7c8cacf35223","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:18","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":663751,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 8:\u003c/strong\u003e a) Shows the linearity study of the Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e, b) Stern- Volmer plot of the Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e, and c) photographic images under day light and UV light. [C\u003csub\u003eM\u003c/sub\u003e (Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e) = 0 – 18 μg/mL, A-TPE =0.5 mL.] (n = 3).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/8cc59da86ddc92efa3d0331f.png"},{"id":99792289,"identity":"59e422af-46ba-4026-93ea-2f33bc5c30af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:17:25","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":198214,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 9: \u003c/strong\u003ea) The fluorescence decay profile of A-TPE in presence and absence of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, b) excitation, emission spectra of A-TPE in presence of absorbance spectra of the A-TPE with Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e c) fluorescence decay profile of A-TPE in presence and absence of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and d) ) excitation, emission spectra of A-TPE in presence of absorbance spectra of the A-TPE with Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/2cc5ce6a4e5616d46b28688f.png"},{"id":99791518,"identity":"7c28c0e5-b46a-4a4c-8c56-aef16f9d645b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:00:58","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure. 10 \u003c/strong\u003eSensing Mechanism – Absorbance spectra of the Chromium, Manganese, and A-TPE with Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/1a2f29d3fa3ff2ad3dc450a3.png"},{"id":107929502,"identity":"e6f02ba4-252a-444a-bc58-0dd41511c309","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-27 16:16:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4756782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/36c0ca0e-b9c0-44bf-9a09-a83c1759c748.pdf"},{"id":99546866,"identity":"813afeb7-a03c-474b-97de-ea2aca8ed0ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:19:17","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":850032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInfo..docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/94c2c1672cb37ea7f3c33539.docx"},{"id":99792680,"identity":"91555dcc-fb02-4fee-b4c7-8a831e475bd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:24:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":433087,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GraphicalAbstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/00ad43351fc87e8cb11ca925.png"},{"id":99790991,"identity":"37e20aea-f71a-4575-8c09-97ac79ed6f2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:58:55","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":147005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Schema.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8424566/v1/c60561377042577b49f9ba6e.png"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanochromic Phenomenon of Dihydropyrimidine and Chemosensing Detection of Cr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand Mn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7+\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in Aqueous Media\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was first introduced by Tang\u0026rsquo;s group research group in 2001.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e AIE denotes an unconventional photophysical phenomenon characterized by the effective emission of non-emissive luminogens upon formation of aggregates.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Discovering how the restriction of intramolecular motion clarifies the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission luminogens can ignite new pathways of innovation and understanding.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This breakthrough eliminates the barrier posed by traditional aggregation-caused quenching materials and confidently unlocks various applications.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e A recently discovered AIE is the exact opposite of the emission-quenching effect\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e caused by aggregation that is seen with some standard luminophores. AIE is a term assigned to a typical behaviour of certain organic luminophores in which the emission intensity increases in an aggregated phase.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Also, literature survey reveals that the field of AIE luminogens is far-reaching in different areas like therapeutics, printing, stimuli-responsive devices, biomedical,\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e drug delivery,\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e optronics,\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e bioimaging,\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e fingerprint \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and environmental fields due to their aggregation-induced emission properties.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e There are several AIEgen-based molecules that have been reported, viz., Tetraphenylethylene (TPE), Hexaphenylsilole (HPS), and various silole derivatives, which all rely on peripheral aromatic rotors whose motion is inhibited on aggregation. Typical examples of robust AIEgens include TPE-derived AIEgens are a privileged scaffold for sensor design because TPE\u0026rsquo;s peripheral phenyl rings act as molecular rotors and its core is readily functionalizable to introduce recognition sites. By appending heteroatoms or chelating functionalities (N/O donors) to the TPE core, selective coordination to transition metal ions can be achieved; such coordination may trigger aggregation (RIM-based turn-on) or modulate Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) pathways, producing turn-on/turn-off responses depending on the system. According to literature, the peripheral aromatic rings in TPE can freely rotate in dilute solutions, leading to non-reactive decay of the excited state.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e TPE is inherently hydrophobic, a property that enhances its utility in developing AIE-based sensors.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Recently, researchers have extensively explored TPE-based and functionalized derivatives, which are well-recognized as AIEgens, for a wide range of applications, including sensing, biological cells, and drug delivery systems.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and naked-eye detection using paper-based devices.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe AIE-active nature of these materials makes them highly promising for the development of both fluorescent and optical/naked-eye sensors..\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e Moreover, their tunable emissive fluorescence can be achieved through simple functionalization, mechanochromic processes, and the intrinsic AIE properties.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These tunable emissive characteristics of TPE and its derivatives have also been successfully demonstrated for dual-sensing applications, particularly in detecting hazardous metal ions.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt's also important to note that chromophores linked to dihydropyrimidine have gathered much interest due to their strong transition metal ion interaction capabilities.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e But, dihydropyrimidine is rarely studied for the detection and sensing of hazardous metal ions. In some studies, dihydropyrimidine chemosensors are used for the detection of mercury ions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and aluminium in aqueous media as a fluorescent chemosensor.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The nitrogen-enriched functionality of an organic material, such as dihydropyridine, showed good metal ion sensing results specifically for the chromium and manganese (Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e). The tremendous increase in global industrialization and urbanization has exploited various environmental resources and generated huge amounts of waste, leading to contamination of environmental sources and water bodies without prior treatment. The contamination of toxic and harmful pollutants makes various destructive impacts on environment and living beings. The discharge of heavy metals includes cobalt (Co\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e), mercury (Hg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e), chromium (Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e), and lead (Pb\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e) into environmental water sources, causing toxic effects on biodiversity, aquatic life and human health.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The amount of toxic waste and by-products produced by several sectors, including mining,\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e agrochemical, textile, and chemical processing, has significantly increased. The contamination of heavy metals as well as wastewater produced during such activities, is unavoidable, and improperly treated wastewater containing these toxic pollutants is directly discharged into water bodies. \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e are strong oxidizing inorganic contaminants generated by various industries and are among the priority analytes for environmental monitoring due to their toxicity at elevated levels. Although Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e is a necessary nutrient for living things, it is not toxic or harmful, although high concentrations of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e can cause serious health issues, viz., cancer and mutagenesis in humans, because of their high oxidation potential. According to reports, the second most inorganic contaminant in groundwater at hazardous waste sites is Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, which is extremely poisonous and carcinogenic.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, manganese is also one of the abundantly used metals in various treatments in industries. The continuous exposure to Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e can cause various health issues, viz, sleep problems, fatigability, gait abnormalities, muscle discomfort, hypertonia, hallucinations, and psychological disturbances (mood changes), leading to manganese-induced Parkinson's disease.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Several instrumental techniques (AAS, ICP-MS, atomic fluorescence, LIBS, etc.) provide accurate quantitation but often require expensive instrumentation, time-consuming sample preparation, and are not convenient for on-site or rapid screening. Fluorescent chemosensors (carbon dots, MOFs, organic probes) have emerged as attractive alternatives because they can be low-cost, rapid, and amenable to portable formats. However, many reported fluorescent sensors suffer from aggregation-caused quenching, limited aqueous stability, poor selectivity, or require complex syntheses. So far, several methods have been developed to detect heavy metals. As per the WHO and US EPA guidelines, the permissible limit of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e is 16 mg.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e is 0.3 mg.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e There are some analytical techniques which have been employed for the heavy metal ion detection, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), mass spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34 CR35 CR36 CR37\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Recent reports suggest that various fluorescent materials, such as carbon dots (CDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and other chemosensors, have been employed for the detection of heavy metal ions. However, these materials and associated analytical techniques often suffer from limitations such as high cost, time-consuming procedures, tedious operations, and relatively low accuracy or higher detection limits.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHenceforth, building on our previous success,\u003csup\u003e41\u0026ndash;44\u003c/sup\u003e it is urgently necessary to develop a simple, reliable, effective and cost-efficient sensor and therefore, in the present study, we designed the A-TPE AIEgen fluorescence and naked eyes sensor (A-TPE), which is based on TPE and has not been extensively studied for the identification of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Section","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Chemicals\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eand Instrumentation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich commercial suppliers and utilized without purification. The metal ion salts used for the current study of sensing ions are NiCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CoCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e∙6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, BaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e∙2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, NaCl, ZnSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e∙7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e∙6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, HgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, SnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e∙2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e∙6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Pb(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, KMnO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e, CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e∙7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Al(NO3)\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e⋅9H2O, NaHCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, KI, Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS. All the chemicals used throughout the study are of analytical grade.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe synthesized macromolecules have been studied using various characterization methods, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC NMR, and High-resolution Mass spectroscopies (HRMS). On a Bruker Germany (α) spectrometer, infrared spectra were recorded in the 4000–400 cm\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e range. The CDCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-d was used as a solvent (trimethyl silane as an internal standard), \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR spectra were taken on a 400 MHz Bruker Advance spectrometer and \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC NMR using 101 MHz spectrometers. A 400 MHz Bruker Advance spectrometer was used to record DEPT-135-NMR spectra. The Waters Micromass Q-Tof Micro was used to obtain mass spectrometry (HR-MS) data in the electrospray ionization (ESI)−MS mode. UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Specord-210 Plus Analytikjena, Germany) with a 1.0 cm quartz cell and PC based Spectro-fluorometer (JASCO, FP-8300, Japan) with a 5 nm band pass and a xenon arc lamp as a source. The Time Correlated Single Photon Count (TCSPC) system Delta Diode\u003csup\u003eTM \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eHoriba Scientific was used for measurement of fluorescence life time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Synthesis of TPA-CHO 4-(1,2,2-Triphenylvinyl) benzaldehyde\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA bromo derivative, 1-Bromo-1,2,2-triphenylethylene (335.24 mg, 1.0 mmol), was reacted with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (179.9 mg, 1.2 mmol)\u0026nbsp;in 20 mL of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 7 mL of 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, Pd (0) (0.010 g) was added, and the mixture was refluxed at\u0026nbsp;80°C overnight. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was worked up, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to obtain a crude residue. \u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e,\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e The residue was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel (60-120 mesh) using hexane/dichloromethane (3:1,v/v) as the eluent, affording TPE-CHO as a pale yellow powder. (346.0 mg, 96% yield).\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ/ppm: 9.90(s,1H −CHO),7.63 (d, 2H, Ar−H),7.26 (d, 2H, Ar−H),7.11−7.14 (m, 9H, Ar−H), 7.00−7.04 (m, 6H, Ar−H). \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR (101 MHz,CDCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) δ /ppm: 191.94, 150.57, 143.05, 143.00, 142.90, 139.76, 134.26, 131.97, 131.31, 131.30, 131.25, 129.19, 127.94, 127.76, 127.07, 126.91, 126.88. HR-ESI-MS calculated for C\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO [M + H]: 361.1500; found: 361.1596. FTIR: 697, 1107, 1209, 1596, 1694, 2729, 3050 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, by using these techniques of the characterization IR, \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC NMR, and HR-MS Spectroscopy confirmed the structure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Synthesis of ethyl 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinylphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, the TPE-CHO (360 mg, 1.0 mmol) was reacted with urea (60 mg, 1.2 mmol) and ethyl acetoacetate (0.126 ml, 1 mmol) which was dissolved in 5ml of ethanol in the presence of P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(phosphorus pentoxide). After that the whole solution was refluxed at 80˚C for 2 hrs and the reaction progress was monitored using TLC.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e then, a white-colored precipitate formed, and the obtained products were purified by column chromatography and next characterized by various techniques like FTIR,\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC NMR, and HRMS. Then the obtained product was purified by column chromatography using pet ether and ethyl acetate. (421.0 mg, 82% yield\u003cstrong\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e( \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR\u0026nbsp;(400 MHz, CDCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) δ/ppm\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e 7.26-7.28 (s, 1H, \u003cstrong\u003e-NH\u003c/strong\u003e), 7.03-7.09 (m, 9H, \u003cstrong\u003eAr-H\u003c/strong\u003e), \u0026nbsp;6.94-7.01 (m, 15H, \u003cstrong\u003eAr-H\u003c/strong\u003e ), \u0026nbsp;5.38 (s, 1H, -\u003cstrong\u003eNH\u003c/strong\u003e), 5.27-5.28 (d, 1H, \u003cstrong\u003eBenz-H\u003c/strong\u003e), 3.97-4.08 (q, 2H, -\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), 2.33 (s, 3H, \u003cstrong\u003e-CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e), 1.06-1.10 (t, 3H, \u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC-NMR (101 MHz,CDCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) δ /ppm - 165.52,145.96, 143.61, 143.53, 141.62, 141.22, 140.40, 131.63, 131.32, 131.29, 127.68, 127.64, 126.51, 126.48, 126.45, 126.07, 101.24, 59.92, 55.74, 18.63, 14.15. HR-ESI-MS calculated for C\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e53\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [M + H]: 514.6136; found 515.2317; fragmentation of ions, FTIR: 3336, 3228, 1703, 1643, 1491,1227\u0026nbsp;cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eby using these techniques of the characterization IR, \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC NMR, and HR-MS Spectroscopy confirmed the structure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe schematic showing the synthesis of ethyl 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinylphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylate (A-TPE). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Metal Ion Sensing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques were employed for investigation of A-TPE as a fluorescent and naked eye sensor for detection of hazardous metal ions. The stock solution of A-TPE was prepared having concentration of 1 × 10 \u003csup\u003e-3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eM in acetonitrile and further employed as a fluorescent probe in the different types of cations having concentration of 100 mg/L as a stock like Ba\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ni\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, Hg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Au\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cd\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Sn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Pb\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Na\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, HC\u003cbr\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, I\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, S\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e in aqueous media. Then, each metal ion was added to a separate test tube containing 0.5 ml of A-TPE, and 0.5 ml of each metal ion solution was added and the final volume was diluted to 5 ml using D.W. The resultant solution was stored at room temperature for 10 min and fluorescence emission spectra were recorded using an excitation wavelength of 380 nm and the emission maxima of 474 nm using excitation at 380 nm.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Characterization of TPE-CHO\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe synthesis of TPE-CHO is mentioned in schematic and the spectroscopic analyses were conducted in order to describe it totally. The probe\u0026apos;s purity and structure were confirmed by FTIR, \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eHNMR, \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eCNMR, and HR-MS spectra. The results of characterization are given in Supporting Information, viz. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 AIE Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe solid powder of A-TPE was exposed to UV lamp (365 nm) and illuminates an intense yellow color. The AIE analysis was initiated by examining the spectrum of emission in a variety of solvents, including THF (Tetrahydrofuran) and ACN (acetonitrile). After excitation at 270 nm, A-TPE displayed fluorescence emission peaks in the THF and ACN solvents at 474 nm and 429 nm, respectively. The A-TPE showing higher fluorescence intensity in THF than ACN (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea). In this study, It was observed that THF is a good solvent as compared to ACN so we choose THF for further study of AIE. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE), a type of photophysical phenomenon connected to the chromophore moiety\u0026apos;s aggregation, was first proposed by Ben Zhong Tang and his team in 2001.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Depending on the amount of water in the organic solvent, weak or non-emissive luminogens can become emissive by creating their aggregates in an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) process. These extremely fluorescent luminogens, also known as AIEgens, are fascinating compounds that are employed extensively in many different sectors.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The A-TPE is immiscible in D.W. and when the D.W. is added to a solution of organic material, it exhibits aggregation, which depends on the percentage of the water fraction. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb concludes that when the percentage of the water quantity increases, the fluorescence intensity gradually increases. The photographic images taken under daylight and UV light shows the aggregation of the material increases from 70 to 99%. The A-TPE\u0026rsquo;s AIEgen features were revealed through fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of the solutions. It was noteworthy that shift in emission wavelength takes place with increasing water content from 70 to 99%. This finding implies an intricate relationship between the aggregation and emission properties of the probe (A-TPE) in response to variations in the water content. While from Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed the variation between different emission wavelengths implies that the emission wavelength shows a red shift with increasing excitation wavelength, the strongest emission was discovered to be centred at 474 nm when stimulated at 380 nm. It follows excitation-independent emission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Mechanochromic Phenomenon\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to study the mechanochromic characteristics of A-TPE. As shown in Figure.3a, the XRD pattern of pristine A-TPE was recorded normally and after grinding, fuming, and heating. Several broad as well as sharp peaks were observed in the 0\u0026ndash;80\u0026deg; range of this XRD pattern. The peaks in a normal sample are intense, but after grinding noticeable decrease in peak intensity was observed, indicating an amorphous nature. Further, to investigate the physical changes, A-TPE was also fumed and after this process A-TPE heated. As a result, the XRD pattern that was obtained after fuming revealed broad peaks similar to the ground sample. Furthermore, prepared product was heated and found that the intense peaks were just like those of normal samples. In conclusion, after subjecting samples to operations like grinding, fuming, and heating, it was found that the peak intensities altered. The produced sample returned to its initial state after heating, although not completely, as revealed by the peak intensities depicted in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea. Mechanochromic characteristics are thus confirmed by a transformation in XRD patterns from crystallized to amorphous states.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther in this study, solid sample of A-TPE was taken for the photoluminescence study and excitation and emission spectra mentioned in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb. It was observed that the A-TPE in solid state showed the emission at 470 nm when excited at 364 nm. In a mortar pestle, the organic material was ground, which on grinding exhibits a capri blue color. While before grinding it shows a Pacific blue color. The grounded organic material which on heating at 150℃ shows ivory color. After this, in the fuming method, THF solvent was used, which showed a Dark Blue Color.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Photoluminescence Study of A-TPE\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Stability Study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe stability of the material is one of the crucial parameters for development of the product\u0026rsquo;s commercial applicability. The stability of A-TPE in presence of variable conditions like different pH, salt solution as well as exposure under UV irradiation was explored. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea shows the effect of various pH from 2 to 12 on A-TPE. The fluorescence intensity was stable in pH range of 4 to 9 while, it decreases drastically in highly acidic and highly basic conditions due to protonation and deprotonation effect. The amide and ester group are responsible for the deprotonation and protonation respectively and decreases fluorescence intensity in strong acidic or strong basic medium. While, on irradiation under UV light using 365 nm UV lamp for continuous exposure of 5 to 60 min the fluorescence intensity of A-TPE does not get affected significantly as shown in Figure.5b) The results indicate that the material is highly stable under UV light and didn\u0026rsquo;t show any sign of photo bleaching. Further, to understand the effect of ionic strength, A-TPE was made to interact with different concentration of KCl and NaCl salt solutions. The Figure. 5c, d shows that as concentration of salt increases the fluorescence intensity gradually decreases due to poor ionic strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Metal Ion Sensing\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe synthesized A-TPE was employed for sensing of metal ions in aqueous medium. A-TPE was allowed to interact with 21 different metal cations and anions (Ba\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ni\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, Hg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Au\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cd\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Sn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Pb\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Na\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, HCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, I\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, S\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea). A-TPE shows the selective and significant fluorescence quenching for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e for more than 50% quenching efficiency. The Figure.6b) showing the graph of F/F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e with diminished bar graphs for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e only. Interestingly, the photographic images under day light showing the distinguishable colour change for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e (yellowish) and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e (brownish- orange) only. Whereas, the photographic image under UV light showing the fluorescence quenching for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e in presence of A-TPE.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurther, the linearity studies were carried out and the Stern-Volmer plot of concentration of quencher verses F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e/F was studied for calculation of limit of detection of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e. It was observed that the fluorescence intensity of A-TPE gradually decreases with increasing concentration of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e (0 to 18 \u0026micro;g/mL). Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb shows good linear relationship between concentration of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e with A-TPE along with red shift in fluorescence wavelength within the range of 0 to 18 \u0026micro;g/mL. The fluorescence quenching of A-TPE with increasing concentrations of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e follows the Stern-Volmer Eq. (1) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{{F}_{0}}{F}=1\\:+{K}_{SV}\\left[Q\\right]\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e -(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, the fluorescence intensity of A-TPE in the presence and absence of metal ions are F and F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, respectively. [Q] indicates the concentration of quencher i.e., metal ions, K\u003csub\u003eSV\u003c/sub\u003e shows the Stern-Volmer Constant..\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA linear correlation exists between (F\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e/F) and the concentration of Cr\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion in the range of 0 to 18 \u0026mu;g/mL with a correlation coefficient of R\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.9977. A similar kind of linear response was found with increasing concentration of Mn\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion from 0 to 18 \u0026mu;g/mL with a correlation coefficient of R\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.9989, which could be used to develop a method for the detection of Cr\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ion. Further, the limit of detection (LOD) for Cr\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cbr\u003eand Mn\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e was calculated by equation (2) as given below.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:LOD=3.3*\\sigma\\:/{K}_{SV}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, \u0026sigma; is the standard deviation of the y-intercepts of the regression lines and Ksv is the slope of the Stern-Volmer plot. Here, the LOD for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e ions was found to be 6.69 and 12.75 \u0026micro;g/mL, respectively Figure. 7c) and 8 c) shows the photographic images of linear quenching of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e in presence of day light and UV light.The change in color observed in day light as increase in concentration of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e with A-TPE was due to complex formationbetween A-TPE and metal ions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Sensing Mechanism","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo explore the sensing mechanism of A-TPE towards Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, further experiments were conducted by studying the UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The possible quenching mechanism of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e with A-TPE was predict by fluorescence life-time data which was found to be for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e is 2.068, and 1.988 ns and for Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e is 2.27, and 2.66 ns and value for A-TPE is 2.19 ns, respectively. According to the literature value of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\tau\\:₀\u0026frasl;\\tau\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=1\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e which was indicated the static quenching mechanism. Herein, the ratio life-time value of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e with A-TPE is ~\u0026thinsp;1 which indicated that fluorescence quenching was due to ground state complex formation. Further, in the sensing mechanism noticed that the overlapping of the absorbance spectra of the chromium and manganese on the excitation spectra of A-TPE showing the inner filter effect (IFE).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Application for Environmental Water Sample Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, different water samples were collected from nearby area viz. Shivaji University lake water samples, RO water samples, and regular tap water samples were tested for metal ion sensing capacity (Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e and Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e). Before the samples were utilized for the experiment, the tap, RO, and lake water samples were heated and filtered to eliminate dirt and other pollutants. Further, the water samples were spiked it a known quantity of metal ions, and the resulting fluorescence spectra were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No. 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAnalytical application of A-TPE for recognition of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e in different environmental water samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of Water Sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount of Standard Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e spiked (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e found (\u0026micro;g/mL) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecovery of Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e added (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRSD (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRO Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShivaji University Tap Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShivaji University Lake Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable No. 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAnalytical application of A-TPE for recognition of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e in different environmental water samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSr. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of Water Sample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount of Standard Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e spiked (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e found (\u0026micro;g/mL) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecovery of Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e added (%) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRSD (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRO Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShivaji University Tap Water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShivaji university lake water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, we have developed a rapid, sensitive and effective AIEgen based naked eye organic probe through Biginelli reaction for detection of emerging pollutants. The probe has unique features of mechanochromic properties on grinding, fuming, and heating, confirmed by its XRD analysis. Interestingly, A-TPE chemosensor detect the Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e ions in aqueous solution and exhibits superior sensitivity and selectivity among all of the other metal ions examined. The sensing mechanism of A-TPE towards Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e and Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e, also investigated by studying the UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The value for Cr\u003csup\u003e6+\u003c/sup\u003e was found to be 2.068, and 1.988 ns and for Mn\u003csup\u003e7+\u003c/sup\u003e is 2.27, and 2.66 ns and value for A-TPE is 2.19 ns, respectively supported for the static quenching mechanism through ground state complex formation. The results of the entire study shows that A-TPE may be utilized to detect hazards pollutants in water bodies and therefore make it an attractive alternative for waste water treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eT.B.Y. conceived and designed the study, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the original manuscript; O.S.N. and S.R.B. assisted with experiments and data collection; A.A.M. contributed to data interpretation and manuscript revision; S.V.K. , G.B.K. and T.R.B. supported methodology and validation; psupervised the work and critically revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuan, J.; Shen, C.; Peng, J.; Zheng, J. What Leads to Aggregation-Induced Emission? \u003cem\u003eJ. Phys. Chem. Lett.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e (17), 4218\u0026ndash;4226. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03861.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao, Z.; Lam, J. W. Y.; Tang, B. Z. Tetraphenylethene: A Versatile AIE Building Block for the Construction of Efficient Luminescent Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. \u003cem\u003eJ. Mater. 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Soc.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e143\u003c/em\u003e (5), 2433\u0026ndash;2440. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c13178.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYin, Y.; Chen, Z.; Fan, C.; Liu, G.; Pu, S. 1,8-Naphthalimide-Based Highly Emissive Luminophors with Various Mechanofluorochromism and Aggregation-Induced Characteristics. \u003cem\u003eACS Omega\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e (10), 14324\u0026ndash;14332. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02110.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Scheme 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jofl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Fluorescence](https://www.springer.com/journal/10895)","snPcode":"10895","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10895/3","title":"Journal of Fluorescence","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"AIE Luminogens, Chemosensor, Metal Ion Sensing, aggregation, mechanochromism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8424566/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8424566/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDetection of metal ions associated with environmental pollutants using simple and efficient techniques has gained significant attention due to their scientific applications. In the present study, a Tetraphenylethene (TPE)-Based aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen), designated as A-TPE (A- AIE), was designed and synthesised for selective sensing of hazardous metal ions. The synthesized TPE-Based probe prominently explores the AIEgen property and mechanochromic luminescence, with distinguishable colour changes upon mechanical stimulation. A-TPE shows maximum emission at 474 nm upon excitation at 380 nm. Further, the developed dihydropyrimidine is based on (A-TPE) (A-AIE) chemosensor employed for the selective, sensitive and naked eye detection of the chromium (Cr\u003csup\u003e6+)\u003c/sup\u003e and Manganese (Mn\u003csup\u003e7+)\u003c/sup\u003e metal ions. A-TPE showed good linear response in the range of 0 to 18 μg/mL with a low limit of detection of 6.69 and 12.75 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the A-TPE probe displayed good recovery for different environmental samples. The present work demonstrates the potential of A-TPE based AIE-gen probe for analytical and environmental applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mechanochromic Phenomenon of Dihydropyrimidine and Chemosensing Detection of Cr6+ and Mn7+ in Aqueous Media","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-05 16:19:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8424566/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-19T13:10:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T08:57:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-10T15:40:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172218761282508230326374255517920338695","date":"2026-01-02T15:40:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"158284657758522432360406588968886258869","date":"2026-01-02T15:02:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T14:28:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T04:44:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T04:43:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Fluorescence","date":"2025-12-22T11:21:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jofl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Fluorescence](https://www.springer.com/journal/10895)","snPcode":"10895","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10895/3","title":"Journal of Fluorescence","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a8bb71c7-4db2-42ef-88c0-f9dc0005c58a","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:16:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8424566","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-026-04762-z","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-fluorescence","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Fluorescence"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-24 16:00:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 24th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-05 16:19:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10895-026-04762-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-026-04762-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8424566","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8424566","identity":"rs-8424566","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}