Experimental Study on Tensile Strength Elongation and Stress Strain behavior of Sustainable PLA/Wood Composites in Different Geometrical Orientations

Experimental Study on Tensile Strength Elongation and Stress Strain behavior of Sustainable PLA/Wood Composites in Different Geometrical Orientations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Study on Tensile Strength Elongation and Stress Strain behavior of Sustainable PLA/Wood Composites in Different Geometrical Orientations Natrayan Lakshmaiya, R.Endymion Grosious This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8562839/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of this research is to test the wood's tensile strength, elongation, and stress-strain for three different shapes hexagonal, rectangular, and triangular as this study's goal. There is some strength, elongation, and tension strain in any form. Three unique forms are employed to evaluate the major sample categories in this study, and various stress situations are applied and extensively explained. For instance, stress-strain is measured three times for different loads applied to each form and compared with the load conditions. tension and stress Three graphs for each load condition are shown for the hexagon, triangle, and rectangle. The hexagon contains three graphs for each load condition. One of the key materials used to make a variety of household accessories is wood. The planet is dominated by wood. In this wood material testing, thoroughly examining the tensile strength of wood material samples for various forms, three shapes' elongation tests, and three shapes' stress and strain tests. Tested load results for every form are evident. These three wood mechanical properties were tested by hexagonal shapes, rectangular shapes, and Triangular Shapes. Tensile strength Innovation Elongation Stress-Strain optimization Mechanical Properties Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1 INTRODUCTION The chemical, mechanical, physical, and aesthetic qualities of the materials utilized in FFF technology are continuously being improved; these improvements usually include composite materials [ 5 ]. Wood Hexagonal Tensile Strength, The Hexagonal shape performs well in Various load Conditions. For comparing with both rectangle and triangle Tensile Strength. Wood Elongation's higher braking percentage is Hexagonal Shape compared with Rectangles and triangle. In a number of sectors, including furniture, additive manufacturing, or AM, is being used more and more to replace conventional wood components or joints. There are several advantages to using 3D-printed connections, especially because traditional joint production may be labor-intensive, complicated, and time-consuming. Designers may explore cutting-edge product ideas with AM technology without being constrained by rules on size, color, form, or joint type. The variety of 3D printers and additive manufacturing processes enable material selection according to the particular requirements of the manufactured product. The research focuses on assessing the filament deposition technique and material suitability for Tensile Strength, Elongation, and Stress-Strain [ 6 ]. The effectiveness of corner joints made with the connection between the stretchers and the chair leg was evaluated by mechanical testing. Furthermore, microscopic analysis revealed connection flaws that resulted from compression, and L-type joints are subjected to diagonal tensile load testing. The microscopic examination exposed regions with an uneven distribution of reinforcement and clusters of glass fibers inside the filament matrix. 3D-printed connections' flaws and structural irregularities affected the L-type joints' mechanical performance. the bending moments resulting from stress-strain, elongation, compression, and tensile testing. The identical chair components made with traditional mortise-and-tenon joints were contrasted with those made using 3D-printed wood. Both the mechanical test findings and the microscopic analysis's conclusions were impacted by the larch wood's strength. Tensile strength stress and strain for three different forms (hexagonal, rectangle, and triangle). Stress and strain for tensile strength in this hexagonal form can withstand different load conditions when compared to triangle and rectangle shapes. When used as a reinforcing filler in polymer composites, wood is a sustainable and environmentally beneficial choice. Wood is increasingly being used as a filler in thermoplastic filaments for 3D printing [ 7 ]. High tensile modulus, cheap cost, less wear on metal components, and recyclability are just a few advantages of wood [ 8 ]. Wood flour lowers filament costs considerably when added to thermoplastics. Because they are readily disposed of, wood/PLA composites are a great option for 3D-printed items that are concerned about the environment. Furthermore, a larger wood content tends to produce more micro voids and a rougher filament surface. A different investigation found that adding 5-weight percent wood flour enhanced the weak interfacial interaction between the thermoplastic and the wood. The hydrophilic quality of wood stems from the free hydroxyl groups When cellulose and hemicelluloses interact with water molecules, the bio composites' dimensions alter. Hydrophobic polymers are less compatible with wood due to their extremely hygroscopic characteristics. In particular, the mechanical characteristics and water resistance of the composite may suffer when a hydrophobic polymer matrix is combined with a large quantity of hydrophilic wood floor. Weak interfacial adhesion and poor fiber dispersion as a result of fiber aggregation are the causes of this. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Wood has been an essential material for many uses, such as furniture making, architectural design, and building construction. Traditionally, subtractive manufacturing techniques have been the mainstay of wood processing. However, these techniques frequently result in considerable material waste, which raises manufacturing costs and inefficient uses of resources. Recycling wood debris has become crucial as concerns about sustainability and efficient waste management have grown. Nowadays, the most common uses for reclaimed wood are fuel, mulch, particleboard filler, compost, sewage sludge fill, and animal bedding. However, disused wood has more promise when broken down into its constituent parts. A microfibril, the basic microstructural unit of wood, is made up of cellulose chains that are arranged into crystalline and amorphous areas and are covered with lignin. About 75% of this structure is made of cellulose, which serves as reinforcement.and around 30% lignin, which acts as a continuous phase, in addition to additional small components. These ingredients are useful for producing a range of bio-based products with structural and functional applications [ 9 ]. In commercial paper mills and biorefineries, lignin one of the most common biopolymers found largely in plant cell walls is frequently underused. On the other hand, the flexible polysaccharide cellulose may be converted into nanocellulose, a substance with exceptional mechanical qualities that has potential uses in cutting-edge bio-based constructions. Rather than employing conventional top-down techniques, we are exploring the possibility of recombining these bio-based components, which are sourced from waste wood, to create wood structures from the bottom up. 3D printing, often known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a contemporary manufacturing method that builds things layer by layer from the bottom up. By utilizing only the material required for the item, this approach drastically eliminates material waste. Furthermore, it provides outstanding design versatility, allowing for the construction of elaborate and sophisticated structures [ 10 ]. In an attempt to create 3D printed materials, efforts have been made to integrate waste wood into AM processes by mixing wood powder or sawdust with binders, such as synthetic or bio-resins. 3 SAMPLE PREPARATION USING 3D PRINTING Wood-based materials to make building filament for additive manufacturing is known as 3D printing. Wood is a popular additive for 3D-printed things because it can create pieces that resemble genuine wood [ 11 ]. Wood filament's roughness produces a surface that looks like real wood, and the grain patterns do a good job of hiding seam lines between layers. As a result, in wood prints, layer thicknesses that might seem unsightly in plain polymers are less obvious. Furthermore, wood prints are easily sand able using regular sandpaper [ 12 ]. The main reason wood is popular for 3D printing is because it has a unique look that makes it different from regular plastic filaments. Wood filament models have a finish that resembles the organic grain of real wood. Figure 1 shows the tensile samples for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes. This technique enables the development of elaborate and sophisticated designs that would be difficult or impossible to accomplish using conventional woodworking techniques. In addition to being less abrasive than metal or carbon fiber composite filaments, wood filaments also show less tendency to shrink or warp. Wood 3D printing has several advantages, including stronger adhesion between layers of wood-infused materials, low-cost material sourced from sawdust from other sectors, and recyclable and biodegradable wood filaments. Nevertheless, the polymer may become brittle as a result of these filaments' potential lack of flexibility. A wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, architectural, engineering, medical, jewelry, and educational contexts, frequently employ wood filaments [ 13 ]. The most common kind of wood filament for 3D printing, wood-infused PLA filaments, will be the subject of this article, which will also discuss its description, composition, qualities, and comparison to other filaments for 3D printing. Figure 2 shows the 3D printed Tensile samples as per ASTM standard. 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Tensile Strength Wood Tensile Strength for the testing value of the Hexagonal shape value is 9.175 MPa, the Rectangle shape value is 8.772 MPa and the Triangle shape value is 8.948. In a comparison of these three shapes, Hexagonal Tensile shape has the highest tensile strength for sustaining various load condition capacities in this test result. Rectangle-shaped wood tensile strength has the lowest load-sustaining capacity for comparing with Triangle and Hexagonal shapes. Triangle shape has a middle load sustaining tensile Strength capacity for comparison with Hexagonal and Rectangular shapes [ 14 ]. Table 1 shows the Tensile Strength for different orientation. Table 1 Tensile Strength for different orientation S. No Hexagonal Rectangle Triangle 1. 9.359 8.782 9.315 2. 8.915 8.496 8.684 3. 9.251 9.038 8.846 Average 9.175 MPa 8.772 MPa 8.94833 MPa Figure 3 shows the tensile fracture of wood tensile portions that are hexagonal, rectangular, and triangular. Various loads are applied in these three forms. The fragmented bits are known as SEM.SEM will focus on the failure components under varied load situation outcomes. Rectangular samples typically have a homogenous stress distribution, but hexagonal or triangular geometries may induce stress concentrations.SEM Observations: Relate the SEM observations to the tensile strength measurements. For example, if a certain form exhibits higher fibre pull-out or internal cracking, Lower tensile strength may be associated. Common Failure Modes for Wood: Fiber Pull-Out: This happens when tensile stress forces wood fibers to pull out from the matrix, which is common in places with low strength or weak bonding. Delamination is the separation of wood layers or fibers, particularly in composite wood or layered constructions. Splitting is longitudinal splitting along the grain of wood, which can considerably impair tensile strength. Example observations: Hexagonal shapes may have a more uniform stress distribution, but they may also have localized stress concentrations at the corners, which affects tensile strength. Rectangular shapes usually have predictable stress distribution and performance, although they might be prone to edge failures. Triangular shapes can exhibit various failure patterns due to sharp corners and stress concentrations. By integrating tensile test data with SEM. 4.2 Elongation % Wood Elongation test result for hexagonal shape is 1.173%, Rectangle shape is 0.679% and Triangle shape is 0.842%. Rectangle shape is the lowest level of braking percentage for comparing with Hexagonal and Triangle shapes. The hexagonal shape is a high level of Braking Percentage for comparing with Rectangle and Triangle shapes test result values. The triangle shape is a middle level of braking percentage. it produces more ductility. Table 2 shows the Elongation results for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes. Table 2 Elongation results for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes S. No Hexagonal Rectangle Triangle 1. 1.828% 1.039% 1.049% 2. 0.756% 0.402% 0.737% 3. 0.935% 0.598% 0.74% Average 1.173% 0.679666667% 0.842% 4.3 Strain vs Stress The elastic section of the stress-strain curve depicts the phase in which the material behaves like a spring. During this phase, the material can change shape when stressed, but it will return to its previous shape once the tension is removed. This section's gradient represents the stiffness of the material, with a steeper gradient indicating a higher modulus of elasticity and, hence, more rigidity. Figure 4 shows the Stress Vs Strain for Hexagonal are divided into three graphs for different load condition. The proportional limit marks the end of the elastic region, where the stress-strain relationship starts to deviate from linearity. Beyond this limit, wood displays nonlinear behavior but will revert to its original dimensions when the stress is relieved. In certain materials, including specific types of wood, the stress-strain curve may exhibit a distinct yield point where the material begins to deform plastically. Wood's transition to plastic deformation might be less pronounced due to its heterogeneous nature. The yield point signifies the shift from elastic to plastic deformation. During plastic deformation, the wood undergoes permanent changes. The stress-strain relationship becomes nonlinear, and the material does not recover its original shape once the load is removed. This phase is crucial for understanding how wood behaves under sustained loading [ 15 ]. Figure 5 shows the Stress Vs Strain for Rectangle are divided into three graphs for different load condition. The ultimate strength of the stress-strain curve represents the period during which the material behaves like a spring. The load applied to the central section of the Tensile wood forms three shapes (Hexagonal, Rectangular, and Triangle). The fracture result is automatically generated for three forms. Figure 6 shows the stress Vs strain for Triangle are divided into three graphs for different load condition. The load applied to the middle area of Tensile wood forms three different shapes (Hexagonal, Rectangular, and Triangle). The fracture result is created automatically for three different shapes [ 16 ]. The fracture point wants to be cut into some pieces and tested under a microscope to acquire a precise picture of the fracture points. 5 CONCLUSION The conclusion of this research is for wood tensile strength, Wood elongation, and Strain vs Stress. These three mechanical Properties testing methods are divided into Hexagonal, Rectangle, and Triangle shapes. The tensile strength test result for wood Hexagonal shape is 9.175 MPa, Rectangle shape is 8.772 MPa, and Triangle shape is 8.94 MPa.The Conclude of wood Tensile strength Hexagonal shape has highest level of Load sustaining capacity for comparing with both Rectangle and Triangle shapes. Elongation test result for Hexagonal shape is 1.173%, Rectangular shape is 0.67% and Triangle shape is 0.842%.The Conclude of wood Elongation Rectangular shape has lowest level of braking Percentage for comparing with both Hexagonal and Triangle shapes. The elastic section of the stress-strain curve depicts the phase in which the material behaves like a spring. The proportional limit marks the end of the elastic region, where the stress-strain relationship starts to deviate from linearity.In certain materials, including specific types of wood, the stress-strain curve may exhibit a distinct yield point where the material begins to deform plastically. During plastic deformation, the wood undergoes permanent changes. The stress-strain relationship becomes nonlinear, and the material does not recover its original shape once the load is removed. The load applied to the central section of the Tensile wood forms three shapes (Hexagonal, Rectangular, and Triangle ). The fracture result is automatically generated for three forms. Declarations Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in India or from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution Author Contributions StatementNatrayan Lakshmaiya contributed to the conceptualization of the study, experimental design, specimen preparation using 3D printing, mechanical testing, data acquisition, and original draft preparation.R. Endymion Grosious contributed to methodology development, supervision, data analysis and interpretation, critical revision of the manuscript, and overall research guidance.Both authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. References Zandi MD, Jerez-Mesa R, Lluma-Fuentes J, Jorba-Peiro J, Travieso-Rodriguez JA (2020) Study of the manufacturing process effects of fused filament fabrication and injection molding on tensile properties of composite PLA-wood parts. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 108:1725–1735 Travieso-Rodriguez JA, Zandi MD, Jerez-Mesa R, Lluma-Fuentes J (2020) Fatigue behavior of PLA-wood composite manufactured by fused filament fabrication. J Mater Res Technol 9:8507–8516 Muralidaran VM, sPatil PP (2024) Grape stalk cellulose toughened plain weaved bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composite: load bearing and time-dependent behavior. Biomass Convers Biorefin 14:14317–14324 Sultana J, Rahman MM, Wang Y, Ahmed A, Xiaohu C (2024) Influences of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of wood PLA filament: an experimental analysis by Taguchi method. Prog Addit Manuf 9:1239–1251 Kianifar M, Azadi M, Heidari F (2025) Effect of simulated body fluid on the fatigue resistance of 3D-printed PLA and PLA-wood structures under cyclic bending loading. Int J Fatigue 195:108876 Ainin FN, Azaman MD, Abdul Majid MS, Ridzuan MJM (2025) Influence of water absorption on the mechanical performance of 3D-printed sandwich composite structures made from PLA-based materials under quasi-static loading conditions. Polym Compos 46:6221–6240 Liu Z, Lei Q, Xing S (2019) Mechanical characteristics of wood, ceramic, metal and carbon fiber-based PLA composites fabricated by FDM. J Mater Res Technol 8:3741–3751 Siddiqui VU, Yusuf J, Sapuan SM, Hasan MZ, Mudah Bistari MM, Mohammadsalih ZG (2024) Mechanical properties and flammability analysis of wood fiber filled polylactic acid (PLA) composites using additive manufacturing. J Nat Fibers 21:2409868 Balaji S, Bharathiraja G, Kaliappan S, Veeman D, Mammo WD (2021) Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of TiAlN thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. J Nanomater . 5943486 (2021) Pathinettampadian G, Vellaisamy M, Kumar TKM, Browne MA, Subramaniyan MK (2024) Some studies on functional behavior of novel multi-layered material for integrated structural application. J Ind Eng Chem 131:545–557 Lares Carrillo LE, Salazar JF, Hitter MM, Luna VC, Alvarez DE, Arana Contreras M, Roberson DA (2023) Effect of raster pattern and acetic acid exposure on the mechanical and failure properties of additively manufactured PLA and PLA-wood composite specimens. J Fail Anal Prev 23:1298–1312 Mathiazhagan N, Sivakumar NK, Palaniyappan S, Rahaman M (2024) Influence of printing-based factors on the mechanical properties of hexagonal lattice-structured 3D printed novel walnut shell/polylactic acid composite. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 37:713–742 Crupano W, Adrover-Monserrat B, Llumà J, Jerez-Mesa R, Travieso-Rodriguez JA (2024) Investigating mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid/poly-3-hydroxybutyrate composites: compressive and fatigue performance. Heliyon 10:18 Yogeshwaran S, Rajaraman S, Parthasarathi S, Nestro S (2021) Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene/fish scale and fermented spinach hybrid bio composite by hand lay-up technique. Mater Today Proc . 37, 1578–1583 Vieweger D, Diel S, Schweiger HG, Tetzlaff U (2024) Mechanical properties of raw filaments and printed specimens: effects of fiber reinforcements and process parameters. Polymers 16:1576 Aliotta L, Gigante V, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A (2019) Evaluation of mechanical and interfacial properties of bio-composites based on poly(lactic acid) with natural cellulose fibers. Int J Mol Sci 20:960 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8562839","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587844657,"identity":"950de284-b276-4275-9c44-fecf105d1624","order_by":0,"name":"Natrayan Lakshmaiya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natrayan","middleName":"","lastName":"Lakshmaiya","suffix":""},{"id":587844664,"identity":"277f1ef7-cc44-41b6-846f-02b00303472e","order_by":1,"name":"R.Endymion Grosious","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"R.Endymion","middleName":"","lastName":"Grosious","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-09 16:23:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8562839/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8562839/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102334454,"identity":"7d153046-1167-4b49-8cef-f453032a33cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 15:52:25","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTensile samples for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/d138823e53d82f128a3fc8e0.png"},{"id":102334458,"identity":"9f54d142-a5f8-439a-adc1-5983b364b8be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 15:52:25","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":252014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTensile samples as per ASTM standard\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/1b1c9e0adecdbbdcd2b4e5c1.png"},{"id":102397784,"identity":"caaffcb0-ca79-4ddc-a866-bdd20fdf5532","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 10:19:45","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":766469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTensile Failure for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle Shapes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/49b79f445789dcd8d8ec6abb.png"},{"id":102334457,"identity":"e325c7a9-bcd7-42de-980a-2b7e9a7b39e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 15:52:25","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStress Vs Strain for Hexagonal for different load condition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/722fda41b83d1dbf84eae99c.png"},{"id":102334459,"identity":"4eead624-11d6-42ee-9dd8-ddbd11566892","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 15:52:25","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119046,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStress Vs Strain for Rectangle for different load condition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/441c968fe91f16ac5a808312.png"},{"id":102334455,"identity":"e1c58413-de23-4a09-b4c6-3c4a22e88dea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 15:52:25","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStress Vs Strain for Triangle for different load condition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/460732fb85e0726f87659343.png"},{"id":103825387,"identity":"37da7a9e-c595-4c95-bcc0-2b0a066e36d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-03 11:27:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2352640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8562839/v1/6dc13656-89c0-4e3b-8457-f6ff887bbbae.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental Study on Tensile Strength Elongation and Stress Strain behavior of Sustainable PLA/Wood Composites in Different Geometrical Orientations\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1 INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe chemical, mechanical, physical, and aesthetic qualities of the materials utilized in FFF technology are continuously being improved; these improvements usually include composite materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Wood Hexagonal Tensile Strength, The Hexagonal shape performs well in Various load Conditions. For comparing with both rectangle and triangle Tensile Strength. Wood Elongation's higher braking percentage is Hexagonal Shape compared with Rectangles and triangle. In a number of sectors, including furniture, additive manufacturing, or AM, is being used more and more to replace conventional wood components or joints. There are several advantages to using 3D-printed connections, especially because traditional joint production may be labor-intensive, complicated, and time-consuming. Designers may explore cutting-edge product ideas with AM technology without being constrained by rules on size, color, form, or joint type. The variety of 3D printers and additive manufacturing processes enable material selection according to the particular requirements of the manufactured product. The research focuses on assessing the filament deposition technique and material suitability for Tensile Strength, Elongation, and Stress-Strain [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The effectiveness of corner joints made with the connection between the stretchers and the chair leg was evaluated by mechanical testing. Furthermore, microscopic analysis revealed connection flaws that resulted from compression, and L-type joints are subjected to diagonal tensile load testing. The microscopic examination exposed regions with an uneven distribution of reinforcement and clusters of glass fibers inside the filament matrix. 3D-printed connections' flaws and structural irregularities affected the L-type joints' mechanical performance. the bending moments resulting from stress-strain, elongation, compression, and tensile testing. The identical chair components made with traditional mortise-and-tenon joints were contrasted with those made using 3D-printed wood. Both the mechanical test findings and the microscopic analysis's conclusions were impacted by the larch wood's strength. Tensile strength stress and strain for three different forms (hexagonal, rectangle, and triangle). Stress and strain for tensile strength in this hexagonal form can withstand different load conditions when compared to triangle and rectangle shapes. When used as a reinforcing filler in polymer composites, wood is a sustainable and environmentally beneficial choice. Wood is increasingly being used as a filler in thermoplastic filaments for 3D printing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. High tensile modulus, cheap cost, less wear on metal components, and recyclability are just a few advantages of wood [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Wood flour lowers filament costs considerably when added to thermoplastics. Because they are readily disposed of, wood/PLA composites are a great option for 3D-printed items that are concerned about the environment. Furthermore, a larger wood content tends to produce more micro voids and a rougher filament surface. A different investigation found that adding 5-weight percent wood flour enhanced the weak interfacial interaction between the thermoplastic and the wood. The hydrophilic quality of wood stems from the free hydroxyl groups When cellulose and hemicelluloses interact with water molecules, the bio composites' dimensions alter. Hydrophobic polymers are less compatible with wood due to their extremely hygroscopic characteristics. In particular, the mechanical characteristics and water resistance of the composite may suffer when a hydrophobic polymer matrix is combined with a large quantity of hydrophilic wood floor. Weak interfacial adhesion and poor fiber dispersion as a result of fiber aggregation are the causes of this.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eWood has been an essential material for many uses, such as furniture making, architectural design, and building construction. Traditionally, subtractive manufacturing techniques have been the mainstay of wood processing. However, these techniques frequently result in considerable material waste, which raises manufacturing costs and inefficient uses of resources. Recycling wood debris has become crucial as concerns about sustainability and efficient waste management have grown. Nowadays, the most common uses for reclaimed wood are fuel, mulch, particleboard filler, compost, sewage sludge fill, and animal bedding. However, disused wood has more promise when broken down into its constituent parts. A microfibril, the basic microstructural unit of wood, is made up of cellulose chains that are arranged into crystalline and amorphous areas and are covered with lignin. About 75% of this structure is made of cellulose, which serves as reinforcement.and around 30% lignin, which acts as a continuous phase, in addition to additional small components. These ingredients are useful for producing a range of bio-based products with structural and functional applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn commercial paper mills and biorefineries, lignin one of the most common biopolymers found largely in plant cell walls is frequently underused. On the other hand, the flexible polysaccharide cellulose may be converted into nanocellulose, a substance with exceptional mechanical qualities that has potential uses in cutting-edge bio-based constructions. Rather than employing conventional top-down techniques, we are exploring the possibility of recombining these bio-based components, which are sourced from waste wood, to create wood structures from the bottom up. 3D printing, often known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a contemporary manufacturing method that builds things layer by layer from the bottom up. By utilizing only the material required for the item, this approach drastically eliminates material waste. Furthermore, it provides outstanding design versatility, allowing for the construction of elaborate and sophisticated structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In an attempt to create 3D printed materials, efforts have been made to integrate waste wood into AM processes by mixing wood powder or sawdust with binders, such as synthetic or bio-resins.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 SAMPLE PREPARATION USING 3D PRINTING","content":"\u003cp\u003eWood-based materials to make building filament for additive manufacturing is known as 3D printing. Wood is a popular additive for 3D-printed things because it can create pieces that resemble genuine wood [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Wood filament's roughness produces a surface that looks like real wood, and the grain patterns do a good job of hiding seam lines between layers. As a result, in wood prints, layer thicknesses that might seem unsightly in plain polymers are less obvious. Furthermore, wood prints are easily sand able using regular sandpaper [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The main reason wood is popular for 3D printing is because it has a unique look that makes it different from regular plastic filaments. Wood filament models have a finish that resembles the organic grain of real wood. Figure\u0026nbsp;1 shows the tensile samples for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis technique enables the development of elaborate and sophisticated designs that would be difficult or impossible to accomplish using conventional woodworking techniques. In addition to being less abrasive than metal or carbon fiber composite filaments, wood filaments also show less tendency to shrink or warp. Wood 3D printing has several advantages, including stronger adhesion between layers of wood-infused materials, low-cost material sourced from sawdust from other sectors, and recyclable and biodegradable wood filaments. Nevertheless, the polymer may become brittle as a result of these filaments' potential lack of flexibility. A wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive, architectural, engineering, medical, jewelry, and educational contexts, frequently employ wood filaments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The most common kind of wood filament for 3D printing, wood-infused PLA filaments, will be the subject of this article, which will also discuss its description, composition, qualities, and comparison to other filaments for 3D printing. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the 3D printed Tensile samples as per ASTM standard.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Tensile Strength\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood Tensile Strength for the testing value of the Hexagonal shape value is 9.175 MPa, the Rectangle shape value is 8.772 MPa and the Triangle shape value is 8.948. In a comparison of these three shapes, Hexagonal Tensile shape has the highest tensile strength for sustaining various load condition capacities in this test result. Rectangle-shaped wood tensile strength has the lowest load-sustaining capacity for comparing with Triangle and Hexagonal shapes. Triangle shape has a middle load sustaining tensile Strength capacity for comparison with Hexagonal and Rectangular shapes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the Tensile Strength for different orientation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength for different orientation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexagonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectangle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriangle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.915\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.175 MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.772 MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.94833 MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the tensile fracture of wood tensile portions that are hexagonal, rectangular, and triangular. Various loads are applied in these three forms. The fragmented bits are known as SEM.SEM will focus on the failure components under varied load situation outcomes. Rectangular samples typically have a homogenous stress distribution, but hexagonal or triangular geometries may induce stress concentrations.SEM Observations: Relate the SEM observations to the tensile strength measurements. For example, if a certain form exhibits higher fibre pull-out or internal cracking, Lower tensile strength may be associated. Common Failure Modes for Wood: Fiber Pull-Out: This happens when tensile stress forces wood fibers to pull out from the matrix, which is common in places with low strength or weak bonding. Delamination is the separation of wood layers or fibers, particularly in composite wood or layered constructions. Splitting is longitudinal splitting along the grain of wood, which can considerably impair tensile strength. Example observations: Hexagonal shapes may have a more uniform stress distribution, but they may also have localized stress concentrations at the corners, which affects tensile strength. Rectangular shapes usually have predictable stress distribution and performance, although they might be prone to edge failures. Triangular shapes can exhibit various failure patterns due to sharp corners and stress concentrations. By integrating tensile test data with SEM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Elongation %\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood Elongation test result for hexagonal shape is 1.173%, Rectangle shape is 0.679% and Triangle shape is 0.842%. Rectangle shape is the lowest level of braking percentage for comparing with Hexagonal and Triangle shapes. The hexagonal shape is a high level of Braking Percentage for comparing with Rectangle and Triangle shapes test result values. The triangle shape is a middle level of braking percentage. it produces more ductility. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the Elongation results for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation results for Hexagonal, Rectangle and Triangle shapes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexagonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectangle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriangle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.828%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.039%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.049%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.756%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.402%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.737%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.935%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.173%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.679666667%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.842%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Strain vs Stress\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe elastic section of the stress-strain curve depicts the phase in which the material behaves like a spring. During this phase, the material can change shape when stressed, but it will return to its previous shape once the tension is removed. This section's gradient represents the stiffness of the material, with a steeper gradient indicating a higher modulus of elasticity and, hence, more rigidity. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the Stress Vs Strain for Hexagonal are divided into three graphs for different load condition. The proportional limit marks the end of the elastic region, where the stress-strain relationship starts to deviate from linearity. Beyond this limit, wood displays nonlinear behavior but will revert to its original dimensions when the stress is relieved. In certain materials, including specific types of wood, the stress-strain curve may exhibit a distinct yield point where the material begins to deform plastically. Wood's transition to plastic deformation might be less pronounced due to its heterogeneous nature. The yield point signifies the shift from elastic to plastic deformation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring plastic deformation, the wood undergoes permanent changes. The stress-strain relationship becomes nonlinear, and the material does not recover its original shape once the load is removed. This phase is crucial for understanding how wood behaves under sustained loading [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the Stress Vs Strain for Rectangle are divided into three graphs for different load condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ultimate strength of the stress-strain curve represents the period during which the material behaves like a spring. The load applied to the central section of the Tensile wood forms three shapes (Hexagonal, Rectangular, and Triangle). The fracture result is automatically generated for three forms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the stress Vs strain for Triangle are divided into three graphs for different load condition. The load applied to the middle area of Tensile wood forms three different shapes (Hexagonal, Rectangular, and Triangle). The fracture result is created automatically for three different shapes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The fracture point wants to be cut into some pieces and tested under a microscope to acquire a precise picture of the fracture points.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe conclusion of this research is for wood tensile strength, Wood elongation, and Strain vs Stress. These three mechanical Properties testing methods are divided into Hexagonal, Rectangle, and Triangle shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tensile strength test result for wood Hexagonal shape is 9.175 MPa, Rectangle shape is 8.772 MPa, and Triangle shape is 8.94 MPa.The Conclude of wood Tensile strength Hexagonal shape has highest level of Load sustaining capacity for comparing with both Rectangle and Triangle shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation test result for Hexagonal shape is 1.173%, Rectangular shape is 0.67% and Triangle shape is 0.842%.The Conclude of wood Elongation Rectangular shape has lowest level of braking Percentage for comparing with both Hexagonal and Triangle shapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe elastic section of the stress-strain curve depicts the phase in which the material behaves like a spring. The proportional limit marks the end of the elastic region, where the stress-strain relationship starts to deviate from linearity.In certain materials, including specific types of wood, the stress-strain curve may exhibit a distinct yield point where the material begins to deform plastically. During plastic deformation, the wood undergoes permanent changes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stress-strain relationship becomes nonlinear, and the material does not recover its original shape once the load is removed. The load applied to the central section of the Tensile wood forms three shapes (Hexagonal, Rectangular, and Triangle ). The fracture result is automatically generated for three forms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in India or from any public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions StatementNatrayan Lakshmaiya contributed to the conceptualization of the study, experimental design, specimen preparation using 3D printing, mechanical testing, data acquisition, and original draft preparation.R. Endymion Grosious contributed to methodology development, supervision, data analysis and interpretation, critical revision of the manuscript, and overall research guidance.Both authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZandi MD, Jerez-Mesa R, Lluma-Fuentes J, Jorba-Peiro J, Travieso-Rodriguez JA (2020) Study of the manufacturing process effects of fused filament fabrication and injection molding on tensile properties of composite PLA-wood parts. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 108:1725\u0026ndash;1735\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTravieso-Rodriguez JA, Zandi MD, Jerez-Mesa R, Lluma-Fuentes J (2020) Fatigue behavior of PLA-wood composite manufactured by fused filament fabrication. J Mater Res Technol 9:8507\u0026ndash;8516\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuralidaran VM, sPatil PP (2024) Grape stalk cellulose toughened plain weaved bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composite: load bearing and time-dependent behavior. Biomass Convers Biorefin 14:14317\u0026ndash;14324\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSultana J, Rahman MM, Wang Y, Ahmed A, Xiaohu C (2024) Influences of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of wood PLA filament: an experimental analysis by Taguchi method. Prog Addit Manuf 9:1239\u0026ndash;1251\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKianifar M, Azadi M, Heidari F (2025) Effect of simulated body fluid on the fatigue resistance of 3D-printed PLA and PLA-wood structures under cyclic bending loading. Int J Fatigue 195:108876\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAinin FN, Azaman MD, Abdul Majid MS, Ridzuan MJM (2025) Influence of water absorption on the mechanical performance of 3D-printed sandwich composite structures made from PLA-based materials under quasi-static loading conditions. Polym Compos 46:6221\u0026ndash;6240\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Z, Lei Q, Xing S (2019) Mechanical characteristics of wood, ceramic, metal and carbon fiber-based PLA composites fabricated by FDM. J Mater Res Technol 8:3741\u0026ndash;3751\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiddiqui VU, Yusuf J, Sapuan SM, Hasan MZ, Mudah Bistari MM, Mohammadsalih ZG (2024) Mechanical properties and flammability analysis of wood fiber filled polylactic acid (PLA) composites using additive manufacturing. J Nat Fibers 21:2409868\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBalaji S, Bharathiraja G, Kaliappan S, Veeman D, Mammo WD (2021) Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of TiAlN thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. \u003cem\u003eJ Nanomater\u003c/em\u003e. 5943486 (2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePathinettampadian G, Vellaisamy M, Kumar TKM, Browne MA, Subramaniyan MK (2024) Some studies on functional behavior of novel multi-layered material for integrated structural application. J Ind Eng Chem 131:545\u0026ndash;557\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLares Carrillo LE, Salazar JF, Hitter MM, Luna VC, Alvarez DE, Arana Contreras M, Roberson DA (2023) Effect of raster pattern and acetic acid exposure on the mechanical and failure properties of additively manufactured PLA and PLA-wood composite specimens. J Fail Anal Prev 23:1298\u0026ndash;1312\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMathiazhagan N, Sivakumar NK, Palaniyappan S, Rahaman M (2024) Influence of printing-based factors on the mechanical properties of hexagonal lattice-structured 3D printed novel walnut shell/polylactic acid composite. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 37:713\u0026ndash;742\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCrupano W, Adrover-Monserrat B, Llum\u0026agrave; J, Jerez-Mesa R, Travieso-Rodriguez JA (2024) Investigating mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid/poly-3-hydroxybutyrate composites: compressive and fatigue performance. Heliyon 10:18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYogeshwaran S, Rajaraman S, Parthasarathi S, Nestro S (2021) Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene/fish scale and fermented spinach hybrid bio composite by hand lay-up technique. \u003cem\u003eMater Today Proc\u003c/em\u003e. 37, 1578\u0026ndash;1583\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVieweger D, Diel S, Schweiger HG, Tetzlaff U (2024) Mechanical properties of raw filaments and printed specimens: effects of fiber reinforcements and process parameters. Polymers 16:1576\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAliotta L, Gigante V, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Lazzeri A (2019) Evaluation of mechanical and interfacial properties of bio-composites based on poly(lactic acid) with natural cellulose fibers. Int J Mol Sci 20:960\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tensile strength, Innovation, Elongation, Stress-Strain, optimization, Mechanical Properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8562839/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8562839/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this research is to test the wood's tensile strength, elongation, and stress-strain for three different shapes hexagonal, rectangular, and triangular as this study's goal. There is some strength, elongation, and tension strain in any form. Three unique forms are employed to evaluate the major sample categories in this study, and various stress situations are applied and extensively explained. For instance, stress-strain is measured three times for different loads applied to each form and compared with the load conditions. tension and stress Three graphs for each load condition are shown for the hexagon, triangle, and rectangle. The hexagon contains three graphs for each load condition. One of the key materials used to make a variety of household accessories is wood. The planet is dominated by wood. In this wood material testing, thoroughly examining the tensile strength of wood material samples for various forms, three shapes' elongation tests, and three shapes' stress and strain tests. Tested load results for every form are evident. These three wood mechanical properties were tested by hexagonal shapes, rectangular shapes, and Triangular Shapes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Study on Tensile Strength Elongation and Stress Strain behavior of Sustainable PLA/Wood Composites in Different Geometrical Orientations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 15:52:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8562839/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"32552b50-c2b4-4a3e-81ff-7246325e2902","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-03T11:27:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 15:52:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8562839","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8562839","identity":"rs-8562839","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}