Corrosion Protection of Additively Manufactured H13 Tool Steel in 1.0 M HCl Using 1-Benzyloxynaphthalene as an Organic Inhibitor: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches

Corrosion Protection of Additively Manufactured H13 Tool Steel in 1.0 M HCl Using 1-Benzyloxynaphthalene as an Organic Inhibitor: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Corrosion Protection of Additively Manufactured H13 Tool Steel in 1.0 M HCl Using 1-Benzyloxynaphthalene as an Organic Inhibitor: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches Ilham AICHOUCH, Ali Barazzouq, Anouar El Magri, Driss Ouzebla, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769029/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Progress in Additive Manufacturing → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper explores the anticorrosive potential of 1-benzyloxynaphthalene (BN) for protecting the surface of 3D-printed H13 tool steel produced via the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process in a 1.0 M HCl medium. BN was synthesized through the O-alkylation of 1-naphthol with benzyl chloride via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction was conducted in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), which deprotonates the hydroxyl group of 1-naphthol, thereby generating the more nucleophilic naphtholate ion. After synthesis part, the characterization of this anticorrosive agent was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Mass spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The electrochemical part was performed on H13 tool steel using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The charge transfer resistance showed a significant increase with increasing BN concentrations. The corrosion inhibition efficiency improved with increasing BN molarity, reaching a maximum of 91.40% at 2 × 10-3 M. SEM analysis revealed a smoother surface in the presence of BN, indicating effective protection against H13 tool steel corrosion. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the electronic structure and active sites responsible for the inhibition efficiency of BN. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to further investigate the interaction of BN with the H13 steel surface in a 1.0 M HCl environment. Computational results indicated significant adsorption energies, reflecting strong molecular-level interactions that correlate with the observed high anticorrosion efficiency of BN in experimental conditions. 3D printing Industry 1-benzyloxynaphthalene H13 tool steel SLM O-alkylation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Progress in Additive Manufacturing → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6769029","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":469363963,"identity":"6c1a7ee6-8008-4af8-8216-02520bf98b14","order_by":0,"name":"Ilham AICHOUCH","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ilham","middleName":"","lastName":"AICHOUCH","suffix":""},{"id":469363964,"identity":"3cb2eff3-0c33-48b2-b5c9-d428f895721f","order_by":1,"name":"Ali Barazzouq","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chouaib Doukkali University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Barazzouq","suffix":""},{"id":469363965,"identity":"a455a1ba-1d68-47d8-9ea6-0fde83d4f287","order_by":2,"name":"Anouar El Magri","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgMgko29gQQ9EC08B0jVwiCRQKRy/gbmA4du1NTm80m+Mf504w9DNH8DAS0SB9gSDuccO27ZJp1jJp3bxpA7g6ADD/AYHM5hO2bABtTCnNvAkNtASIv8Af4Ph3P+AbVInjH+nPOHIXc+IS0GB3gYDue21RiwSfAYSOewMeRuIKTF8DCbweHcvgMGbDxpZUC/SORuJKRF7njzw8c53+oM5NsPbwY6zCZ3HiEtDMxg8jCMK0FIPRzUEa1yFIyCUTAKRiAAAEh1QXtJFt9FAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Université Sultan Moulay Slimane","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anouar","middleName":"El","lastName":"Magri","suffix":""},{"id":469363966,"identity":"fa6f945c-5467-43c1-9769-d3c777b3ba69","order_by":3,"name":"Driss Ouzebla","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chouaib Doukkali University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Driss","middleName":"","lastName":"Ouzebla","suffix":""},{"id":469363967,"identity":"1e2c9aa0-cb80-4c31-a86e-f0365998d8f1","order_by":4,"name":"Rachid Hsissou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chouaib Doukkali University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rachid","middleName":"","lastName":"Hsissou","suffix":""},{"id":469363968,"identity":"71aff1c5-7063-4553-bfcc-1d6aeb174f0d","order_by":5,"name":"Khaled Fouad Khaled","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khaled","middleName":"Fouad","lastName":"Khaled","suffix":""},{"id":469363969,"identity":"8394d539-41bd-4a76-bf59-29f3f9c0e951","order_by":6,"name":"Belkheir Hammouti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Euro-Mediterranean University of Fes","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Belkheir","middleName":"","lastName":"Hammouti","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-28 14:23:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769029/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769029/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01379-9","type":"published","date":"2025-10-03T15:58:02+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92884451,"identity":"83d7d755-817f-4770-bcc8-fd452b6c810d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 16:13:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1618005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6769029/v1_covered_14fe9f69-6044-43a1-a365-a81e2bb74f03.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Corrosion Protection of Additively Manufactured H13 Tool Steel in 1.0 M HCl Using 1-Benzyloxynaphthalene as an Organic Inhibitor: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"3D printing, Industry, 1-benzyloxynaphthalene, H13 tool steel, SLM, O-alkylation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769029/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769029/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This paper explores the anticorrosive potential of 1-benzyloxynaphthalene (BN) for protecting the surface of 3D-printed H13 tool steel produced via the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process in a 1.0 M HCl medium. BN was synthesized through the O-alkylation of 1-naphthol with benzyl chloride via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction was conducted in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), which deprotonates the hydroxyl group of 1-naphthol, thereby generating the more nucleophilic naphtholate ion. After synthesis part, the characterization of this anticorrosive agent was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Mass spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The electrochemical part was performed on H13 tool steel using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The charge transfer resistance showed a significant increase with increasing BN concentrations. The corrosion inhibition efficiency improved with increasing BN molarity, reaching a maximum of 91.40% at 2 × 10-3 M. SEM analysis revealed a smoother surface in the presence of BN, indicating effective protection against H13 tool steel corrosion. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations provided insights into the electronic structure and active sites responsible for the inhibition efficiency of BN. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to further investigate the interaction of BN with the H13 steel surface in a 1.0 M HCl environment. Computational results indicated significant adsorption energies, reflecting strong molecular-level interactions that correlate with the observed high anticorrosion efficiency of BN in experimental conditions.","manuscriptTitle":"Corrosion Protection of Additively Manufactured H13 Tool Steel in 1.0 M HCl Using 1-Benzyloxynaphthalene as an Organic Inhibitor: electrochemical measurements characterization and computational approaches","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-16 03:58:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6769029/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f14f5b4e-78c0-4448-b107-2625b9148881","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-06T16:10:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6769029","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01379-9","journal":{"identity":"progress-in-additive-manufacturing","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Progress in Additive Manufacturing"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-03 15:58:02","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 3rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-16 03:58:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40964-025-01379-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-025-01379-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6769029","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6769029","identity":"rs-6769029","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}