Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using Graphene/MXene Heterostructure for Detection of Salinity-Induced Water Contamination

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using Graphene/MXene Heterostructure for Detection of Salinity-Induced Water Contamination | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using Graphene/MXene Heterostructure for Detection of Salinity-Induced Water Contamination Mohan Kumar Paswan, Rikmantra Basu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6555480/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Plasmonics → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this work, we investigate the detection of contaminants in water, including varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), using Angular Interrogation-based Surface Plasmon Resonance (ASPR). The proposed sensor structure is composed of a silver (Ag) thin film, a Graphene/MXene heterostructure, and a sensing medium, integrated with a CaF 2 prism in the Kretschmann configuration. The optical response of the multilayer system is analyzed using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM), and the structural parameters are optimized to achieve enhanced sensitivity and detection accuracy. The optimized configuration yields a maximum angular sensitivity of 289.62 • /RIU and a Figure of Merit (FoM) of 46.86/RIU, corresponding to a refractive index (RI) variation (∆n s) of 0.027 and a resonance angle shift (∆θ SPR) of 8.1 •. Reflectance spectra are simulated at a wavelength of 633 nm across an RI range from 1.330 to 1.360. Results confirm the sensor’s effectiveness in detecting subtle RI changes caused by low NaCl concentrations, representing early-stage contamination in water samples. This study demonstrates the potential of Graphene/MXene-enhanced ASPR sensors as a promising platform for sensitive and label-free water quality monitoring in environmental and industrial applications. Angular Surface plasmon Resonance Refractive index sensor Sodium Chloride MXene Water contamination Angular interrogation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Plasmonics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6555480","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":455024878,"identity":"40922291-a228-4b49-bdd6-95152b357615","order_by":0,"name":"Mohan Kumar Paswan","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Technology Delhi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohan","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Paswan","suffix":""},{"id":455024879,"identity":"2467b890-051b-411c-be36-504b1ae99b15","order_by":1,"name":"Rikmantra Basu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Technology Delhi","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rikmantra","middleName":"","lastName":"Basu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-29 10:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6555480/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6555480/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-025-03088-z","type":"published","date":"2025-07-16T15:56:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87219272,"identity":"9c664839-db7a-4215-9fdd-ebce97e682e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-21 16:02:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":45243652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptP.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6555480/v1_covered_bc8127a0-5040-4414-8453-365c2fd0e9c5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using Graphene/MXene Heterostructure for Detection of Salinity-Induced Water Contamination","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasmonics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plasmonics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11468)","snPcode":"11468","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11468/3","title":"Plasmonics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Angular Surface plasmon Resonance, Refractive index sensor, Sodium Chloride, MXene, Water contamination, Angular interrogation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6555480/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6555480/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, we investigate the detection of contaminants in water, including varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), using Angular Interrogation-based Surface Plasmon Resonance (ASPR). 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