The Evaluation of Physical Performance in Rowing Ergometer: A Systematic Review

Background: The growing interest in optimizing rowing performance has led to the development of a wide range of ergometer-based tests. However, this diversity has also resulted in a lack of consensus regarding which physiological variables are most predictive of rowing performance. This systematic review aimed to provide an updated synthesis of the main testing protocols used on rowing ergometers and to identify the variables most strongly associated with 2,000-m performance. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, following PRISMA and STROBE guidelines. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and methodological quality was assessed accordingly (PROSPERO: CRD420251027702). Results: Thirty studies comprising 787 rowers (566 men, 221 women) across elite (16%), sub-elite (32%), and recreational (56%) levels were analyzed. The 2,000-m test was the most frequently employed protocol (76%), followed by incremental tests (INCR). The 2,000-m test reflects competition performance, whereas INCR are primarily used to assess VO₂max and peak power, the variables most strongly correlated with 2,000-m outcomes. Power at lactate threshold and critical power also showed strong associations with performance, particularly when measured through short, time-efficient protocols that minimize fatigue. Conclusions: VO₂max, peak power output, and critical power (CP) are the variables most consistently associated with 2,000-m ergometer performance, highlighting the value of both maximal and submaximal testing protocols.