Integrated electromagnetic–circuit digital twin modelling for constraint-consistent optimal operation in heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer systems

Integrated electromagnetic–circuit digital twin modelling for constraint-consistent optimal operation in heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer systems | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Integrated electromagnetic–circuit digital twin modelling for constraint-consistent optimal operation in heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer systems Joungha Lee, Seung Beop Lee This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8951862/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer (WPT) systems exhibit strong electromagnetic coupling and non-uniform load requirements, making it difficult to determine an operating point that is simultaneously feasible for all receivers and efficient at the system level. This study presents an integrated electromagnetic–circuit digital twin modelling approach that enables constraint-consistent optimal operation in single-transmitter, multi-receiver WPT systems with mixed compensation topologies. A design-stage digital twin is constructed by tightly coupling three-dimensional electromagnetic-field simulation with equivalent circuit modelling. Self- and mutual-inductance parameters are extracted from the physical coil configuration and mapped into the circuit model, allowing physics-consistent prediction of receiver delivered power and total transmission efficiency under interacting receiver conditions. The operating point is then determined by explicitly enforcing receiver-specific rated power requirements as feasibility constraints while refining system efficiency within the feasible region. The approach is demonstrated on a 1T–3R WPT case study comprising two series-compensated receivers and one parallel-compensated receiver with non-uniform rated powers. The results show that the proposed digital twin modelling enables identification of an operating condition that satisfies all receiver power constraints and improves overall efficiency. A one-dimensional parameter sweep around the obtained operating point further confirms local robustness and sensitivity characteristics, supporting the validity of the constraint-consistent optimum for heterogeneous multi-receiver configurations. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Wireless power transfer (WPT) Digital twin modelling Electromagnetic–circuit coupling Constraint-consistent optimal operation Feasible operating region Multi-receiver systems Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 1.Fig3and4Iterationleveldata.xlsx 2.Fig3and4CallineachIterationleveldata.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 22 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 02 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 26 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 23 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8951862","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":604615638,"identity":"0369f696-3aa6-4cc6-9c11-008857d4a5a8","order_by":0,"name":"Joungha Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jeonbuk National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joungha","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":604615639,"identity":"1d70e787-8fab-4cf0-bf78-7d9e0d8934ab","order_by":1,"name":"Seung Beop 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Digital twin modelling, Electromagnetic–circuit coupling, Constraint-consistent optimal operation, Feasible operating region, Multi-receiver systems","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8951862/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8951862/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn1\" id=\"#FNLinkFn1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHeterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer (WPT) systems exhibit strong electromagnetic coupling and non-uniform load requirements, making it difficult to determine an operating point that is simultaneously feasible for all receivers and efficient at the system level. This study presents an integrated electromagnetic\u0026ndash;circuit digital twin modelling approach that enables constraint-consistent optimal operation in single-transmitter, multi-receiver WPT systems with mixed compensation topologies. A design-stage digital twin is constructed by tightly coupling three-dimensional electromagnetic-field simulation with equivalent circuit modelling. Self- and mutual-inductance parameters are extracted from the physical coil configuration and mapped into the circuit model, allowing physics-consistent prediction of receiver delivered power and total transmission efficiency under interacting receiver conditions. The operating point is then determined by explicitly enforcing receiver-specific rated power requirements as feasibility constraints while refining system efficiency within the feasible region. 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A one-dimensional parameter sweep around the obtained operating point further confirms local robustness and sensitivity characteristics, supporting the validity of the constraint-consistent optimum for heterogeneous multi-receiver configurations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":" Integrated electromagnetic–circuit digital twin modelling for constraint-consistent optimal operation in heterogeneous multi-receiver wireless power transfer systems","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-12 06:47:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8951862/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-30T11:14:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T11:51:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-22T08:21:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"264051956315415084747037144958062688855","date":"2026-03-14T09:13:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"183124223672861933131954964117565833903","date":"2026-03-11T09:03:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"41780003971435311735088060516144672135","date":"2026-03-09T09:39:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T08:47:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T15:20:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T14:37:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T14:32:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-02-24T02:25:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8fca6386-b504-4a38-9ba8-bfdae174345c","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":64346556,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":64346557,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":64346558,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T16:04:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8951862","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50781-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-29 15:58:24","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 29th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-12 06:47:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-50781-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50781-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8951862","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8951862","identity":"rs-8951862","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}