Assessment of Quality of Life of Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla, Enugu State

Assessment of Quality of Life of Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla, Enugu State | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Quality of Life of Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla, Enugu State Obinna Felix Dim, Ekwuofu Azubuike, Sandra Ogechi Onyeoji, Ogechi Cynthia Dim, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981975/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Discover Public Health → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction : Ensuring assessment of Health Status in research and clinical care enables improvement in treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the health status of prostate cancer patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital. Methods : This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive survey involving 181 prostate cancer patients. Conducted in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state, over a period of five months (May to October 2023). Descriptive and inferential analyses was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS version 27. Correlation and post hoc tests, were employed to examine the relationships between socio-demographic variables and Health status Data was collected using a 15D Health status instrument. P≤0.05. Results : Out of the 181 prostate cancer patients interviewed, 45.3% were 60 years and above. More than half were married. Most were employed with university education as their highest level of education. The 15D instrument showed that above half of prostate cancer patients had problem staying asleep (50.8%) and also had marked problems with their bladder (32%). About 34.3% of patients with prostate cancer have severe physical discomfort from pain and ache etc. There general state of health has a considerable effect on sexual activity. The quality of life of prostate cancer patients also increase as the level of education increases. (Graduate; 0.6840 ± 0.16934). Age and level of education are important determinant of quality of life in prostate cancer besides other socio-demographic variables. Conclusion : Vitality and functional activities were the domains most affected by prostate cancer. Health Status Prostate cancer patients care INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer stands as a significant global health concern, and its impact on individuals' quality of life is a crucial aspect of comprehensive cancer care.[ 1 ] In Nigeria, where the burden of cancer is rising, understanding the dimensions of quality of life among prostate cancer patients is imperative for optimizing healthcare delivery.[ 2 ] Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men in Nigeria, and its diagnosis and treatment often bring about physical, emotional, and social challenges. [ 3 ] Quality of life assessment in cancer patients has become an essential component of healthcare research, enabling a holistic understanding of the patient experience beyond the traditional clinical endpoints. [ 4 ] Due to this increase in patients’ longevity, there has been a growing focus on improving the health and well-being in the long-term post prostate cancer patients, especially through physical activity.[ 4 ] The quality of life of men with prostate cancer has been under studied, then that of patients with other ‘Neoplasms. As yet no comprehensive understanding exists of the physical, vocational, psychological, social, and sexual functioning in men with prostate cancer over the natural course of the disease [ 5 ] This study seeks to employ validated instruments to comprehensively evaluate various domains of quality of life, including physical, emotional, social, and functional aspects. By focusing on the specific context of Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, the study aims to provide insights that may inform tailored interventions and support systems for prostate cancer patients in this region. As the intersection of cancer care, cultural influences, and healthcare infrastructure is intricate [ 6 ], this research intends to contribute valuable data that can enhance the overall well-being of individuals grappling with prostate cancer in this local setting. The findings from this study could potentially guide healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and researchers in developing targeted strategies for improving the quality of life of prostate cancer patients in Enugu State and beyond. Moreover, the insights gained may pave the way for future research endeavors, fostering a more nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by prostate cancer patients and the efficacy of interventions implemented in this specific healthcare setting. METHODS Study Design. This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive survey that was conducted in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state, Nigeria over a period of five months (May to October 2023). Study Site. The study site was the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) in Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state. It is a 500-bed hospital with a significant number of personnel (professional and non-professional). The UNTH, Ituku-Ozalla, has broad goals in service, education, and research. It provides inpatient and outpatient services to its clients and is well-equipped to assist all types of health-related research. The hospital contains a well-known Oncology center. Sample Selection The sampling frame include a list of all the prostate cancer patients in UNTH, Enugu within the period of May to October 2023 who were willing to partake in the study. Patients unable to provide informed consent and newly diagnosed patients who had just reported to the clinic for management were excluded from the study. Eligibility Criteria Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at UNTH, Enugu, who can read, communicate in English, and give consent, as well as those who are mentally able to participate in a study interview and complete questionnaires (i.e., without active severe mental or neurological disease), were all included in the study. Data Collection Data was collected using a 15D instrument of Health-related quality of life. The 15D is a generic, comprehensive, 15-dimensional, standardized, self-administered measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that can be used both as a profile and single index score measure. Informed consent was sought from each respondent. Privacy and confidentiality were ensured throughout the course of the study. The 15D questionnaire includes the following 15 dimensions: breathing, mental function, speech (communication), vision, mobility, usual activities, vitality, hearing, eating, elimination, sleeping, distress, discomfort and symptoms, sexual activity, and depression. Each dimension is divided into 5 levels, by which more or less of the attribute is distinguished. Data Analysis Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics (mean ± SD, frequency, and percentage). Inferential statistics used one-way ANOVA, post hoc test, and Pearson chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p-value ≤ 0.05. Ethical Consideration Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State before the study commenced- NHREC/05/01/2008B-FWA00002458-1RB00002323. Informed consent was obtained from each respondent. RESULTS Table I outlines the demographic profile of respondents. Notably, individuals aged 51–60 constitute the largest group 69 (38.1%), followed closely by those aged 60 and above 82 (45.3%). Regarding marital status, a substantial majority are married 142 (78.5%). In terms of employment, 108 (59.7%) reported being employed. Educational diversity is observed, with 74 respondents (40.9%) being graduates. The majority of respondents identified as Christians 179 (98.9%). Table II provides detailed insights into respondents' quality of life using the 15D instrument across various dimensions. For mobility, 20 respondents (11%) reported normal walking, while 32 (17.7%) indicated being completely bed-ridden. In terms of vision, 80 respondents (44.2%) reported normal vision, while 4 (2.2%) stated almost complete blindness. Similar detailed breakdowns are provided for hearing, breathing, sleeping, eating, speech, excretion, usual activity, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress, vitality, and sexual activity. Table III explores the correlation between socio-demographic factors and quality of life. Statistically significant differences were observed based on age (p = 0.0001), with mean scores of 0.7862 (SD = 0.11452) for 41–50 age group, 0.6490 (SD = 0.12462) for 51–60 age group, and 0.5650 (SD = 0.16484) for those aged 60 and above. Educational variations also influenced quality of life (p = 0.001), with mean scores of 0.5681 (SD = 0.14660) for primary, 0.6200 (SD = 0.14861) for secondary, and 0.6840 (SD = 0.16934) for tertiary education. Marital status showed significance (p = 0.002), with mean scores of 0.8615 (SD = 0.06087) for single, 0.6349 (SD = 0.15659) for married, 0.06578 (SD = 0.21507) for divorced, and 0.5673 (SD = 0.14994) for widowed respondents. Table IV delves into specific differences identified through the Dunnett Post Hoc Test. Marital status revealed significant mean differences, such as 0.27228 (SE = 0.07127, Sig = 0.001) for single-widowed, 0.06759 (SE = 0.03402, Sig = 0.129) for married-widowed, and 0.09049 (SE = 0.06368, Sig = 0.372) for divorced-widowed. Employment status demonstrated notable differences, with mean differences of 0.13040 (SE = 0.06889, Sig = 0.078) for employed to unemployed and 0.00542 (SE = 0.6977, Sig = 0.1405) for retired-unemployed. Level of education also indicated distinctions, including − 0.11296 (SE = 0.03049, Sig = 0.001) for primary-graduate and − 0.06106 (SE = 0.02662, Sig = 0.044) for secondary to tertiary graduates DISCUSSION This study assessed the quality of life of prostate cancer patients receiving care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla. The demographic characteristics reveal a predominantly middle-aged and elderly population, with a substantial majority being married, employed, and identifying as Christians. These findings align with previous studies highlighting the influence of age, marital status, and religious affiliation on health-related outcomes and quality of life [ 4 , 7 , 8 ]. The patient characteristics revealed a mean age of sixty and half (60.5801) years. This is in conformity with the work in Nigeria [ 2 ] by Akinremi et al. which has the incidence age of prostate cancer to be forty (40) years. Individual expectations of life in general and of how the disease will affect one’s life influence the experience of health-related quality of life.[ 7 ] After prostate cancer diagnosis, treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy followed by targeting and/or hormonal therapy, can cause different types of side effects and this impair health-related quality of life, [ 4 ] hence the need to determine the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. The quality-of-life measurement consisted of mobility, vision, hearing, breathing, sleeping, eating, speech, excretion, usual activity, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress, vitality and sexual activity. Sexual activity is an impairing factor of health-related quality of life of prostate cancer patients as it has been implied that prostate cancer therapy has negative impact on sexual relationship and appears to worsen over time [ 8 ]. In this study; fatigue, vitality, pain and discomfort, sexual activity, usual activity, mobility and excretion were the major quality of life variables negatively affected by the disease, prostate cancer. The prevalence of individuals reporting normal walking and normal vision is consistent with previous studies emphasizing the importance of physical and sensory well-being in overall quality of life [9,10] The correlation analysis establishes significant relationships between socio-demographic factors and quality of life. The decline in mean scores with increasing age is in line with existing literature on the impact of aging on health-related quality of life.[11] Educational differences also play a role, echoing studies emphasizing the positive association between higher education levels and better quality of life. [12,13] The marital status findings are consistent with research indicating variations in well-being among different marital groups. The Dunnett Post Hoc Test, further elucidates specific differences. The identified mean differences in marital status and employment status align with studies illustrating the intricate interplay between social factors and quality of life [14,15]. Educational differences revealing distinctions among primary, secondary, and tertiary education levels mirror findings in the literature emphasizing the role of education in shaping health outcomes. [16,17] Conclusion In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the quality of life among prostate cancer patients receiving care at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. The socio-demographic data revealed a predominantly middle-aged and elderly population, emphasizing the influence of age, marital status, education, and employment on the patients' well-being. The comprehensive assessment using the 15D instrument highlighted specific challenges faced by prostate cancer patients, with notable impacts on vitality, pain, discomfort, sexual activity, usual activity, mobility, and excretion. Prostate cancer adversely affects the QoL of patients, particularly in domains related to vitality and functional activities. Recommendations : Tailored Interventions : Considering the multifaceted impact of prostate cancer on various aspects of patients' lives, healthcare providers at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital should design and implement tailored interventions. These interventions could include specialized support programs addressing the identified areas of concern, such as vitality, pain, discomfort, sexual activity, and mobility. Educational Programs : Initiating educational programs for patients and their families can enhance awareness about the potential challenges associated with prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. By providing information and resources, healthcare professionals can empower patients to cope better with the physical and emotional aspects of the disease. Limitations of the Study Single-Center Setting : The study was conducted exclusively at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. Therefore, the findings may not be fully representative of the diverse experiences of prostate cancer patients in other healthcare settings. Cross-Sectional Design : The cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish causation between socio-demographic factors and quality of life. Longitudinal studies would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of these relationships over time. Sample Characteristics : The study predominantly included Christian participants, limiting generalizability across different religious groups. Future research should aim for more diverse samples to explore potential variations in quality-of-life experiences. Instrument Limitation : While the 15D instrument is a validated tool, it might not capture all nuances of the prostate cancer patient experience. Exploring complementary assessment tools or qualitative methods could provide a more comprehensive understanding of their quality of life. Declarations Conflict of interests All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare Funding Statement There was no external funding for this study. Author Contribution The initial manuscript draft was conceived and written by O.F.D. Data collection and analysis were performed by S.O.O, O.C.D, O.F.D and M.O.A. The study's conceptualization was aided by O.F.D, E.A.A, and S.O.O. MOA conducted a comprehensive review of all manuscript drafts. All authors contributed significantly to all manuscript drafts, accepted responsibility for all aspects of the work, and authorized the final manuscript draft for publication. Acknowledgement I want to acknowledge the interns at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu for painstakingly helping in distribution of the questionnaire Data Availability The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Data are located in controlled access data storage at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. References Jeffrey SS, Oparah AC , Osejie F , Osifo I. M , Yusuf SO , Aghahowa MA. (2017) Quality of life of patients treated for prostate cancer in a Nigerian hospital. J Sci Pract Pharm 4 (1): 169-176 Available at http://www.jsppharm.org ISSN: 2449-0458 (print); 2449-0466 (electronic). Akinremi, TO., Ogo, C.N. & Olutunde AO. (2011). Review of prostate cancer in Nigeria. Infectious Agents and cancer. 6(52). Doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-6-s2-s8 Bacon, CG., Giovannucci, E., Testa, M., Glass, TA. & kawachi, I. (2002). The association of treatment-related symptoms with quality-of-life outcomes foe localized prostate carcinoma patients. Cancer . 94(3). Carr, AJ., Gibson, B. & Robinson, PG. (2001). Measuring quality of life: is quality of life determined by expectations or experience? BMJ. 322,1240-1243. Freedland, SJ., Humphreys, EB. & Mangold, LA. (2005). Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 294(4), 433–439. Doi:10.1001/jama.294.4.433 Freedland, SJ., Humphreys, EB. & Mangold, LA. (2007). Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality. J Clin Oncol. 25(13), 1765–1771. Doi:10.1200/JCO. 2006.08.0572 Fujikawa, AI., Suzue, T. & Hirao, T. (2001). Evaluation of health-related quality of life using Eq-5D in Takamaksu, Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 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Tables Table I PATIENT SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Variable N % Age group 31–40 1 0.6 41–50 29 16 51–60 69 38.1 60 and above 82 45.3 Marital Status Single 6 3.3 Married 142 78.5 Divorced 8 4.4 Widowed 25 13.8 Employment status Employed 108 59.7 Retired 68 37.6 Unemployed 5 2.8 Education level of Respondent Primary 41 22.7 Secondary 66 36.5 Graduate 74 40.9 Religion of Respondent Christianity 179 98.9 Islam 2 1.1 Table II Patent’s Quality of Life Assessment Using 15d Instrument Variables Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Mobility I am able to walk normally (without difficulty) indoors, outdoors and on stairs. 20 11 I am able to walk without difficulty indoors, but outdoors and/or on stairs I have slight difficulties. 43 23.8 I am able to walk without help indoors (with or without an appliance), but outdoors and/or on stairs only with considerably difficulty or with help from others. 45 24.9 I am able to walk indoors only with help from others. 41 22.7 I am completely bed-ridden and unable to move about. 32 17.7 Vision I see normally i.e. I can read newspaper and TV text without difficulty (with or without glasses). 80 44.2 I can read papers and/or TV text with slight difficulty (with or without glasses). 59 32.6 I can read papers and/or TV text with considerable difficulty (with or without glasses). 25 13.8 I cannot read papers or TV text either with glasses or without, but I can see enough to walk about without guidance. 13 7.2 I cannot see enough to walk about without a guild i.e. I am almost or completely blind. 4 2.2 Hearing I can hear normally i.e. normal speech (with or without a hearing aid). 128 70.7 I hear normal speech with a little difficulty. 40 22.1 I hear normal speech with considerable difficulty; in conversation I need voices to be louder than normal. 7 3.9 I hear even loud voices poorly; I am almost deaf. 6 3.3 I am completely deaf. 0 0 Breathing I am able to breathe normally i.e. with no shortness of breath or other breathing difficulty. 95 52.5 I have shortness of breath during heavy work or sports, or when walking briskly on flat ground or slightly uphill. 51 28.2 I have shortness of breath when walking on flat ground at the same speed as others my age. 21 11.6 I get shortness of breath even after light activity e.g. washing or dressing myself. 7 3.9 I have breathing difficulties almost all the time, even when resting. 7 3.9 Sleeping I am able to sleep normally, i.e. I have no problems with sleeping. 41 22.7 I have slight problems with sleeping e.g. difficulty in falling asleep, or sometimes waking at night. 92 50.8 I have moderate problems with sleeping e.g. disturbed sleep, or feeling I have not slept enough. 37 20.4 I have great problems with sleeping e.g. having to use sleeping pills often or routinely, or usual waking at night and/or too early in the morning. 9 5.0 I suffer severe sleeplessness, e.g. sleep is almost impossible even with full use of sleeping pills, or staying awake most of the night. 2 1.1 Eating I am able to eat normally i.e. with no help from others. 109 60.2 I am able to eat by myself with minor difficulty (e.g. slowly, clumsily, shakily, or with special appliances). 36 19.9 I need some help from another person in eating. 28 15.5 I am unable to eat by myself at all, so I must be fed by another person. 6 3.3 I am unable to eat at all, so I am fed either by tube or intravenously. 2 1.1 Speech I am able to speak normally i e clearly, audibly and fluently. 90 49.7 I have slight speech difficulties e.g. occasional fumbling for words, mumbling or changes of pitch. 63 34.8 I can make myself understood, but my speech is e.g. disjointed, faltering, stuttering or stammering. 23 12.7 Most people have great difficulty understanding my speech. 3 1.7 I can only make myself understood by gestures. 2 1.1 Excretion My bladder and bowel work normally, and without problems. 3 1.7 I have slight problems with my bladder and/or bowel function, e.g. difficulties with urination, or loose or hard bowels. 48 26.5 I have marked problems with my bladder function e.g. occasional 'accidents' or severe constipation or diarrhea. 58 32.0 I have serious problems with my bladder and/or bowel function e.g. routine 'accidents', or need of catheterization or enemas. 55 30.4 I have no control over my bladder and/or bowel function. 16 8.9 Usual Activity I am able to perform my usual activities (e.g. employment, studying, housework, free time activities) without difficulty. 13 7.2 I am able to perform my usual activities slightly less effectively or with minor difficulty. 29 16.0 I am able to perform my usual activities much less effectively, with considerable difficulty, or not completely. 51 28.2 I can only manage a small proportion of my previously usual activities. 39 21.5 I am unable to manage any of my previously usual activities. 49 27.1 Mental Function I am able to think clearly and logically, and my memory functions well. 71 39.2 I have slight difficulties in thinking clearly and logically or my memory sometimes fails me. I have marked difficulties in thinking clearly and logically or my memory is somewhat impaired. 70 24 38.7 13.3 I have great difficulties in thinking clearly and logically or my memory is seriously impaired. 16 8.8 I am permanently confused and disoriented in place and time. 0 0 Discomfort and symptoms I have no physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc. 4 2.2 I have mild physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc. 47 26.0 I have marked physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc. 58 32.0 I have severe physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc. 62 34.3 I have unbearable physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc. 10 5.5 Depression I do not feel at all sad, melancholic or depressed. 38 21.0 I feel slightly sad, melancholic or depressed. 80 44.2 I feel moderately sad, melancholic or depressed. 38 21.0 I feel very sad, melancholic or depressed. 18 9.9 I feel extremely sad, melancholic or depressed. 7 3.9 Distress I do not feel at all anxious, stressed or nervous. 42 23.2 I feel slightly anxious, stressed or nervous. 83 45.9 I feel moderately anxious, stressed or nervous. 32 17.7 I feel very anxious, stressed or nervous. 24 13.3 I feel extremely weary, tired or feeble, totally exhausted. Vitality I feel healthy and energetic. 4 2.2 I feel slightly weary, tired and feeble. 57 31.5 I feel moderately weary, tired and feeble. 58 32.0 I feel very weary, tired or feeble, almost exhausted. 49 27.1 I feel extremely weary, tired or feeble, totally exhausted. 13 7.2 Sexual Activity My state of health has no adverse effect on my sexual activity. 2 1.1 My state of health has a slight effect on my sexual activity. 42 23.2 My state of health has a considerable effect on my sexual activity. 64 35.4 My state of health makes sexual activity almost impossible. 44 24.3 My state of health makes sexual activity impossible. 29 16.0 Table III Relationship between patients’ socio-demographic data and their quality of life. Frequency (N) Mean SD SE P- value Age 0.0001* 41–50 29 0.7862 0.11452 0.02127 51–60 68 0.6490 0.12462 0.01511 60 and above 82 0.5650 0.16484 0.01820 Total 179 0.6328 0.16224 0.01213 Education Level 0.001* Primary 41 0.5681 0.14660 0.02290 Secondary 65 0.6200 0.14861 0.01843 Tertiary 73 0.6840 0.16934 0.01982 Total 179 0.6328 0.16224 0.01213 Marital status 0.002* Single 5 0.8615 0.06087 0.02722 Married 141 0.6349 0.15659 0.01319 Divorced 8 0.06578 0.21507 0.07604 Widowed 25 0.5673 0.14994 0.02999 Total 179 0.6328 0.16224 0.01213 P < 0.05 *statistically significant Table IV Dunnett Post Hoc Test for Social Demographics and Quality of Life Social demographic variables Mean Difference Standard error P- Value Marital status Single widowed Married widowed Divorced widowed 0.27228 0.06759 0.09049 0.07127 0.03402 0.06368 0.001* 0.129 0.372 Employment status Employed Unemployed Retired Unemployed 0.13040 0.00542 0.06889 0.6977 0.078 0.1405 Level of education Primary Graduate Secondary Graduate -0.11296 -0.06106 0.03049 0.02662 0.001* 0.044* P≤0.05 *Statistically significant data Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Discover Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 20 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 20 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 19 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 18 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 21 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 16 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 10 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 10 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3981975","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":304057654,"identity":"7a713644-86cb-4d86-a611-3d3fcd36a77c","order_by":0,"name":"Obinna Felix Dim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGEMXYxsB8ACJygHgtbAnEaoFQQI08BsRp4ZdubntcUMMg2yd25pt04Q4GOb4bCWwPv+DRIjnnYLvxjGMMxm3SudukZ55hMJa8kcBuLINHi8GNxDZpHjaGRLAW3jaGxA1AW6QlCGr5B9KS8wykpZ44LSDDgVrYQIwEA6AWyQ/4/QLU0icB9EuasTVvm4ThzDMP26Tx6ACGWPszaZ5vNrLzZyc/vM3bZiPPdzz5mOQPfHogQAKZwdjAzENYCxpgJMKWUTAKRsEoGDkAAG/2RXQgFBAGAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nigeria Nsukka","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Obinna","middleName":"Felix","lastName":"Dim","suffix":""},{"id":304057656,"identity":"6ecea0cb-1116-48aa-888f-662964ffad44","order_by":1,"name":"Ekwuofu Azubuike","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nigeria Nsukka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ekwuofu","middleName":"","lastName":"Azubuike","suffix":""},{"id":304057658,"identity":"4d73f86f-0ad7-4cc8-a854-2d6f0e634778","order_by":2,"name":"Sandra Ogechi Onyeoji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nigeria Nsukka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sandra","middleName":"Ogechi","lastName":"Onyeoji","suffix":""},{"id":304057659,"identity":"10a3c807-3e22-4725-8ede-7724219be508","order_by":3,"name":"Ogechi Cynthia Dim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nigeria Nsukka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ogechi","middleName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Dim","suffix":""},{"id":304057661,"identity":"3c93561c-51bc-4e04-a1fe-955e59988702","order_by":4,"name":"Maxwell Ogochukwu Adibe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maxwell","middleName":"Ogochukwu","lastName":"Adibe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-23 13:35:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981975/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981975/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00342-3","type":"published","date":"2024-11-28T15:58:29+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70390438,"identity":"e50ad798-f00f-4953-9451-09fbe9f6d2f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 17:29:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":802944,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3981975/v1/afe7f61e-5917-4b11-8170-206c5fee0b49.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of Quality of Life of Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla, Enugu State\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eProstate cancer stands as a significant global health concern, and its impact on individuals' quality of life is a crucial aspect of comprehensive cancer care.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] In Nigeria, where the burden of cancer is rising, understanding the dimensions of quality of life among prostate cancer patients is imperative for optimizing healthcare delivery.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men in Nigeria, and its diagnosis and treatment often bring about physical, emotional, and social challenges. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] Quality of life assessment in cancer patients has become an essential component of healthcare research, enabling a holistic understanding of the patient experience beyond the traditional clinical endpoints. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] Due to this increase in patients\u0026rsquo; longevity, there has been a growing focus on improving the health and well-being in the long-term post prostate cancer patients, especially through physical activity.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] The quality of life of men with prostate cancer has been under studied, then that of patients with other \u0026lsquo;Neoplasms. As yet no comprehensive understanding exists of the physical, vocational, psychological, social, and sexual functioning in men with prostate cancer over the natural course of the disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study seeks to employ validated instruments to comprehensively evaluate various domains of quality of life, including physical, emotional, social, and functional aspects. By focusing on the specific context of Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, the study aims to provide insights that may inform tailored interventions and support systems for prostate cancer patients in this region. As the intersection of cancer care, cultural influences, and healthcare infrastructure is intricate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], this research intends to contribute valuable data that can enhance the overall well-being of individuals grappling with prostate cancer in this local setting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The findings from this study could potentially guide healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and researchers in developing targeted strategies for improving the quality of life of prostate cancer patients in Enugu State and beyond. Moreover, the insights gained may pave the way for future research endeavors, fostering a more nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by prostate cancer patients and the efficacy of interventions implemented in this specific healthcare setting.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is a cross-sectional, descriptive survey that was conducted in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state, Nigeria over a period of five months (May to October 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Site.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study site was the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) in Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state. It is a 500-bed hospital with a significant number of personnel (professional and non-professional). The UNTH, Ituku-Ozalla, has broad goals in service, education, and research. It provides inpatient and outpatient services to its clients and is well-equipped to assist all types of health-related research. The hospital contains a well-known Oncology center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSample Selection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sampling frame include a list of all the prostate cancer patients in UNTH, Enugu within the period of May to October 2023 who were willing to partake in the study. Patients unable to provide informed consent and newly diagnosed patients who had just reported to the clinic for management were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEligibility Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients diagnosed with prostate cancer at UNTH, Enugu, who can read, communicate in English, and give consent, as well as those who are mentally able to participate in a study interview and complete questionnaires (i.e., without active severe mental or neurological disease), were all included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was collected using a\u0026nbsp;15D instrument of Health-related quality of life. The 15D is a generic, comprehensive, 15-dimensional, standardized, self-administered measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that can be used both as a profile and single index score measure. Informed consent was sought from each respondent. Privacy and confidentiality were ensured throughout the course of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 15D questionnaire includes the following 15 dimensions: breathing, mental function, speech (communication), vision, mobility, usual activities, vitality, hearing, eating, elimination, sleeping, distress, discomfort and symptoms, sexual activity, and depression. Each dimension is divided into 5 levels, by which more or less of the attribute is distinguished.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive and inferential statistics were calculated using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics (mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD, frequency, and percentage). Inferential statistics used one-way ANOVA, post hoc test, and Pearson chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;for this study was granted by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State before the study commenced- NHREC/05/01/2008B-FWA00002458-1RB00002323. Informed consent was obtained from each respondent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable I outlines the demographic profile of respondents. Notably, individuals aged 51\u0026ndash;60 constitute the largest group 69 (38.1%), followed closely by those aged 60 and above 82 (45.3%). Regarding marital status, a substantial majority are married 142 (78.5%). In terms of employment, 108 (59.7%) reported being employed. Educational diversity is observed, with 74 respondents (40.9%) being graduates. The majority of respondents identified as Christians 179 (98.9%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable II provides detailed insights into respondents' quality of life using the 15D instrument across various dimensions. For mobility, 20 respondents (11%) reported normal walking, while 32 (17.7%) indicated being completely bed-ridden. In terms of vision, 80 respondents (44.2%) reported normal vision, while 4 (2.2%) stated almost complete blindness. Similar detailed breakdowns are provided for hearing, breathing, sleeping, eating, speech, excretion, usual activity, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress, vitality, and sexual activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable III explores the correlation between socio-demographic factors and quality of life. Statistically significant differences were observed based on age (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001), with mean scores of 0.7862 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11452) for 41\u0026ndash;50 age group, 0.6490 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12462) for 51\u0026ndash;60 age group, and 0.5650 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16484) for those aged 60 and above. Educational variations also influenced quality of life (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), with mean scores of 0.5681 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14660) for primary, 0.6200 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14861) for secondary, and 0.6840 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16934) for tertiary education. Marital status showed significance (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), with mean scores of 0.8615 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06087) for single, 0.6349 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15659) for married, 0.06578 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.21507) for divorced, and 0.5673 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.14994) for widowed respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable IV delves into specific differences identified through the Dunnett Post Hoc Test. Marital status revealed significant mean differences, such as 0.27228 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.07127, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) for single-widowed, 0.06759 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03402, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.129) for married-widowed, and 0.09049 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06368, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.372) for divorced-widowed. Employment status demonstrated notable differences, with mean differences of 0.13040 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06889, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.078) for employed to unemployed and 0.00542 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6977, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1405) for retired-unemployed. Level of education also indicated distinctions, including \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.11296 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03049, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) for primary-graduate and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.06106 (SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02662, Sig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.044) for secondary to tertiary graduates\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e This study assessed the quality of life of prostate cancer patients receiving care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla. The demographic characteristics reveal a predominantly middle-aged and elderly population, with a substantial majority being married, employed, and identifying as Christians. These findings align with previous studies highlighting the influence of age, marital status, and religious affiliation on health-related outcomes and quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The patient characteristics revealed a mean age of sixty and half (60.5801) years. This is in conformity with the work in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] by Akinremi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e which has the incidence age of prostate cancer to be forty (40) years. Individual expectations of life in general and of how the disease will affect one\u0026rsquo;s life influence the experience of health-related quality of life.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter prostate cancer diagnosis, treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy followed by targeting and/or hormonal therapy, can cause different types of side effects and this impair health-related quality of life, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] hence the need to determine the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. The quality-of-life measurement consisted of mobility, vision, hearing, breathing, sleeping, eating, speech, excretion, usual activity, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress, vitality and sexual activity. Sexual activity is an impairing factor of health-related quality of life of prostate cancer patients as it has been implied that prostate cancer therapy has negative impact on sexual relationship and appears to worsen over time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study; fatigue, vitality, pain and discomfort, sexual activity, usual activity, mobility and excretion were the major quality of life variables negatively affected by the disease, prostate cancer. The prevalence of individuals reporting normal walking and normal vision is consistent with previous studies emphasizing the importance of physical and sensory well-being in overall quality of life [9,10]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation analysis establishes significant relationships between socio-demographic factors and quality of life. The decline in mean scores with increasing age is in line with existing literature on the impact of aging on health-related quality of life.[11] Educational differences also play a role, echoing studies emphasizing the positive association between higher education levels and better quality of life. [12,13] The marital status findings are consistent with research indicating variations in well-being among different marital groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dunnett Post Hoc Test, further elucidates specific differences. The identified mean differences in marital status and employment status align with studies illustrating the intricate interplay between social factors and quality of life [14,15]. Educational differences revealing distinctions among primary, secondary, and tertiary education levels mirror findings in the literature emphasizing the role of education in shaping health outcomes. [16,17]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the quality of life among prostate cancer patients receiving care at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. The socio-demographic data revealed a predominantly middle-aged and elderly population, emphasizing the influence of age, marital status, education, and employment on the patients' well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe comprehensive assessment using the 15D instrument highlighted specific challenges faced by prostate cancer patients, with notable impacts on vitality, pain, discomfort, sexual activity, usual activity, mobility, and excretion. Prostate cancer adversely affects the QoL of patients, particularly in domains related to vitality and functional activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommendations\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTailored Interventions\u003c/strong\u003e: Considering the multifaceted impact of prostate cancer on various aspects of patients' lives, healthcare providers at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital should design and implement tailored interventions. These interventions could include specialized support programs addressing the identified areas of concern, such as vitality, pain, discomfort, sexual activity, and mobility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational Programs\u003c/strong\u003e: Initiating educational programs for patients and their families can enhance awareness about the potential challenges associated with prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. By providing information and resources, healthcare professionals can empower patients to cope better with the physical and emotional aspects of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations of the Study","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle-Center Setting\u003c/strong\u003e: The study was conducted exclusively at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. Therefore, the findings may not be fully representative of the diverse experiences of prostate cancer patients in other healthcare settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCross-Sectional Design\u003c/strong\u003e: The cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish causation between socio-demographic factors and quality of life. Longitudinal studies would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of these relationships over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e: The study predominantly included Christian participants, limiting generalizability across different religious groups. Future research should aim for more diverse samples to explore potential variations in quality-of-life experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstrument Limitation\u003c/strong\u003e: While the 15D instrument is a validated tool, it might not capture all nuances of the prostate cancer patient experience. Exploring complementary assessment tools or qualitative methods could provide a more comprehensive understanding of their quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have no conflicts of interest to declare\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no external funding for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial manuscript draft was conceived and written by O.F.D. Data collection and analysis were performed by S.O.O, O.C.D, O.F.D and M.O.A. The study\u0026apos;s conceptualization was aided by O.F.D, E.A.A, and S.O.O. MOA conducted a comprehensive review of all manuscript drafts. All authors contributed significantly to all manuscript drafts, accepted responsibility for all aspects of the work, and authorized the final manuscript draft for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI want to acknowledge the interns at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu for painstakingly helping in distribution of the questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Data are located in controlled access data storage at University of Nigeria, Nsukka.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJeffrey SS, Oparah AC , Osejie F , Osifo I. M , Yusuf SO , Aghahowa MA. (2017) Quality of life of patients treated for prostate cancer in a Nigerian hospital. \u003cem\u003eJ Sci Pract Pharm\u003c/em\u003e 4 (1): 169-176 Available at http://www.jsppharm.org ISSN: 2449-0458 (print); 2449-0466 (electronic).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkinremi, TO., Ogo, C.N. \u0026amp; Olutunde AO. (2011). Review of prostate cancer in Nigeria. Infectious Agents and cancer. 6(52). Doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-6-s2-s8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBacon, CG., Giovannucci, E., Testa, M., Glass, TA. \u0026amp; kawachi, I. (2002). The association of treatment-related symptoms with quality-of-life outcomes foe localized prostate carcinoma patients. \u003cem\u003eCancer\u003c/em\u003e. 94(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarr, AJ., Gibson, B. \u0026amp; Robinson, PG. (2001). Measuring quality of life: is quality of life determined by expectations or experience? \u003cem\u003eBMJ.\u003c/em\u003e 322,1240-1243.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreedland, SJ., Humphreys, EB. \u0026amp; Mangold, LA. (2005). Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. \u003cem\u003eJAMA.\u003c/em\u003e 294(4), 433\u0026ndash;439. Doi:10.1001/jama.294.4.433\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreedland, SJ., Humphreys, EB. \u0026amp; Mangold, LA. (2007). Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality. \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Oncol.\u003c/em\u003e 25(13), 1765\u0026ndash;1771. Doi:10.1200/JCO. 2006.08.0572\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFujikawa, AI., Suzue, T. \u0026amp; Hirao, T. (2001). Evaluation of health-related quality of life using Eq-5D in Takamaksu, Japan.\u003cem\u003e Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHayes, JH., Ollendorf, DA. \u0026amp; Pearson, SD. (2010). Active surveillance compared with initial treatment for men with low risk protate cancer: a decision analysis. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/em\u003e. 304,2273-80.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson, GF., et al. (2018). Improving Quality and Value in the U.S. Healthcare System. JAMA, 319(10), 943\u0026ndash;952.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKimm, H., et al. (2018). Changes in Employment Status and Their Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1827.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 365(9464), 1099\u0026ndash;1104.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMirowsky, J., \u0026amp; Ross, C. E. (2003). Education, Social Status, and Health. Aldine de Gruyter.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoss, C E., \u0026amp; Wu, C. (1995). The Links Between Education and Health. American Sociological Review, 60(5), 719\u0026ndash;745.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. (2020). World Report on Vision. World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith, KV., et al. (2017). The Association Between Religious Affiliation and Mortality: An Analysis of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(5), 794\u0026ndash;803.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLoeb, S. \u0026amp; Catalona, WJ. (2014) The Prostate Health Index: a new test for the detection of prostate cancer. \u003cem\u003eTher Adv Urol. \u003c/em\u003e6(2), 74\u0026ndash;77. Doi:10.1177/1756287213513488\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLunenfeld B (2002): The ageing male: demographics and challenges. World J Urol ; 20:11-16. 6. Trends in aging - United States and worldwide. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52:101- 104, 106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePATIENT SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariable\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eN\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e%\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eAge group\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31\u0026ndash;40\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60 and above\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e82\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eMarital Status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSingle\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMarried\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e142\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDivorced\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWidowed\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eEmployment status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEmployed\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e108\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRetired\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37.6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUnemployed\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eEducation level of Respondent\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e66\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGraduate\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eReligion of Respondent\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eChristianity\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e179\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e98.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIslam\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable II\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatent\u0026rsquo;s Quality of Life Assessment Using 15d Instrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariables\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMobility\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to walk normally (without difficulty) indoors, outdoors and on stairs.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to walk without difficulty indoors, but outdoors and/or on stairs I have slight difficulties.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to walk without help indoors (with or without an appliance), but outdoors and/or on stairs only with considerably difficulty or with help from others.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to walk indoors only with help from others.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am completely bed-ridden and unable to move about.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eVision\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI see normally i.e. I can read newspaper and TV text without difficulty (with or without glasses).\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI can read papers and/or TV text with slight difficulty (with or without glasses).\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI can read papers and/or TV text with considerable difficulty (with or without glasses).\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI cannot read papers or TV text either with glasses or without, but I can see enough to walk about without guidance.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI cannot see enough to walk about without a guild i.e. I am almost or completely blind.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eHearing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI can hear normally i.e. normal speech (with or without a hearing aid).\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e128\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI hear normal speech with a little difficulty.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI hear normal speech with considerable difficulty; in conversation I need voices to be louder than normal.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI hear even loud voices poorly; I am almost deaf.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am completely deaf.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eBreathing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to breathe normally i.e. with no shortness of breath or other breathing difficulty.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have shortness of breath during heavy work or sports, or when walking briskly on flat ground or slightly uphill.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have shortness of breath when walking on flat ground at the same speed as others my age.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI get shortness of breath even after light activity e.g. washing or dressing myself.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have breathing difficulties almost all the time, even when resting.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eSleeping\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to sleep normally, i.e. I have no problems with sleeping.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have slight problems with sleeping e.g. difficulty in falling asleep, or sometimes waking at night.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e92\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have moderate problems with sleeping e.g. disturbed sleep, or feeling I have not slept enough.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have great problems with sleeping e.g. having to use sleeping pills often or routinely, or usual waking at night and/or too early in the morning.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI suffer severe sleeplessness, e.g. sleep is almost impossible even with full use of sleeping pills, or staying awake most of the night.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eEating\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to eat normally i.e. with no help from others.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e109\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to eat by myself with minor difficulty (e.g. slowly, clumsily, shakily, or with special appliances).\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI need some help from another person in eating.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am unable to eat by myself at all, so I must be fed by another person.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am unable to eat at all, so I am fed either by tube or intravenously.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eSpeech\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to speak normally i e clearly, audibly and fluently.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have slight speech difficulties e.g. occasional fumbling for words, mumbling or changes of pitch.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI can make myself understood, but my speech is e.g. disjointed, faltering, stuttering or stammering.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMost people have great difficulty understanding my speech.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI can only make myself understood by gestures.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eExcretion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMy bladder and bowel work normally, and without problems.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have slight problems with my bladder and/or bowel function, e.g. difficulties with urination, or loose or hard bowels.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have marked problems with my bladder function e.g. occasional 'accidents' or severe constipation or diarrhea.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have serious problems with my bladder and/or bowel function e.g. routine 'accidents', or need of catheterization or enemas.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e55\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have no control over my bladder and/or bowel function.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eUsual Activity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to perform my usual activities (e.g. employment, studying, housework, free time activities) without difficulty.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to perform my usual activities slightly less effectively or with minor difficulty.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to perform my usual activities much less effectively, with considerable difficulty, or not completely.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI can only manage a small proportion of my previously usual activities.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am unable to manage any of my previously usual activities.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eMental Function\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am able to think clearly and logically, and my memory functions well.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e71\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have slight difficulties in thinking clearly and logically or my memory sometimes fails me.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have marked difficulties in thinking clearly and logically or my memory is somewhat impaired.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have great difficulties in thinking clearly and logically or my memory is seriously impaired.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI am permanently confused and disoriented in place and time.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eDiscomfort and symptoms\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have no physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have mild physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have marked physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have severe physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI have unbearable physical discomfort or symptoms e.g. pain, ache, nausea, itching etc.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eDepression\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI do not feel at all sad, melancholic or depressed.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel slightly sad, melancholic or depressed.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel moderately sad, melancholic or depressed.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel very sad, melancholic or depressed.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel extremely sad, melancholic or depressed.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eDistress\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI do not feel at all anxious, stressed or nervous.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel slightly anxious, stressed or nervous.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e83\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.9\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel moderately anxious, stressed or nervous.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.7\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel very anxious, stressed or nervous.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel extremely weary, tired or feeble, totally exhausted.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eVitality\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel healthy and energetic.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel slightly weary, tired and feeble.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31.5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel moderately weary, tired and feeble.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel very weary, tired or feeble, almost exhausted.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI feel extremely weary, tired or feeble, totally exhausted.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eSexual Activity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMy state of health has no adverse effect on my sexual activity.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMy state of health has a slight effect on my sexual activity.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMy state of health has a considerable effect on my sexual activity.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35.4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMy state of health makes sexual activity almost impossible.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e44\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMy state of health makes sexual activity impossible.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.0\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable III\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between patients\u0026rsquo; socio-demographic data and their quality of life.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMean\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSE\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eP- value\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAge\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0001*\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u0026ndash;50\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.7862\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.11452\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02127\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51\u0026ndash;60\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6490\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.12462\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01511\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60 and above\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e82\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5650\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16484\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01820\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e179\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6328\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16224\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01213\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEducation Level\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.001*\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5681\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.14660\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02290\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6200\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.14861\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01843\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTertiary\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6840\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16934\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01982\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e179\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6328\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16224\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01213\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMarital status\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.002*\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSingle\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8615\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06087\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02722\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMarried\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e141\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6349\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.15659\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01319\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDivorced\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06578\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21507\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07604\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWidowed\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5673\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.14994\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02999\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e179\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6328\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16224\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01213\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Bold\"\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*statistically significant \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable IV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDunnett Post Hoc Test for Social Demographics and Quality of Life\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"704\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"228\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial demographic variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean Difference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard error\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"192\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;P- Value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"228\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27228\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06759\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.09049\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.07127\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03402\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06368\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"192\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"228\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmployed\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetired\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13040\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00542\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06889\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.6977\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"192\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1405\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"228\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of education \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.11296\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.06106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"146\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03049\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02662\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"192\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.044*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u0026le;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Statistically significant data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Health Status, Prostate cancer, patients, care","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981975/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981975/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e: Ensuring assessment of Health Status in research and clinical care enables improvement in treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the health status of prostate cancer patients at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive survey involving 181 prostate cancer patients. Conducted in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu state, over a period of five months (May to October 2023). Descriptive and inferential analyses was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS version 27. Correlation and post hoc tests, were employed to examine the relationships between socio-demographic variables and Health status Data was collected using a 15D Health status instrument. P≤0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Out of the 181 prostate cancer patients interviewed, 45.3% were 60 years and above. More than half were married. Most were employed with university education as their highest level of education. The 15D instrument showed that above half of prostate cancer patients had problem staying asleep (50.8%) and also had marked problems with their bladder (32%). About 34.3% of patients with prostate cancer have severe physical discomfort from pain and ache etc. There general state of health has a considerable effect on sexual activity. The quality of life of prostate cancer patients also increase as the level of education increases. (Graduate; 0.6840 ± 0.16934). Age and level of education are important determinant of quality of life in prostate cancer besides other socio-demographic variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: Vitality and functional activities were the domains most affected by prostate cancer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Quality of Life of Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Care in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-ozalla, Enugu State","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-21 19:19:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3981975/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-20T16:49:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-20T16:44:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-20T08:26:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-19T08:21:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-18T15:22:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"140710474820005115923430458053410926446","date":"2024-09-16T14:17:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"99003723185999552065538165489264562506","date":"2024-09-16T08:41:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"115210929432999109285544257854183105007","date":"2024-09-13T08:22:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-21T14:54:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"67412718917396549327808495514649897199","date":"2024-07-21T14:04:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"296759133793628639736627019573384454495","date":"2024-07-04T09:00:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-16T19:09:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-10T06:34:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-10T06:28:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2024-02-23T13:29:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"250d208b-7b45-4ffe-9e34-f47da9e82ff5","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 21st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-02T17:27:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3981975","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00342-3","journal":{"identity":"discover-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-28 15:58:29","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 28th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-21 19:19:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12982-024-00342-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00342-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3981975","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3981975","identity":"rs-3981975","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}