Epidemiological and Biological Study of Infections in Pregnant Women: General Prevalence and In-Depth Analysis of Urinary Tract Infections

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These changes can diminish her natural defenses, making her more sensitive and more vulnerable to infections. This research aims to evaluate the nature and frequency of infections affecting pregnant women, focusing on urinary tract infection by identifying the causative organisms and assessing their antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods A retrospective study based on the analysis of the medical records of 330 pregnant women who had having consulting for symptoms of infection, this analysis was designed to evaluate the most common types of infection during pregnancy. A biological study involving the cytobacteriological examination (CBEU) of 92 urine samples from pregnant women. Microorganisms from positive samples have been tested for sensitivity to antimicrobial agents by using the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results The researchers measured the average age of the 330 pregnant women at 29 years; the majority of infections occurred during the initial two trimesters of pregnancy. Urinary tract infections were revealed to be the most common type of infection in the analysis, accounting for 31.5% of cases. The prevalence of urinary tract infections among the study population was 25%. Urine cultures from 23 patients revealed the presence of a pathogen. Among gram-negative bacteria, the most prevalent isolate was Escherichia coli , and among gram-positive bacteria, the most common isolate was Enterococcus spp ., as well as yeasts belonging to the genus Candida . Most of the antibiotics tested showed a very low level of resistance (12–30%) to Gram-negative bacteria, while most of the antibiotics tested showed high resistance (> 50%) to Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion Our study highlights cases of antibiotic resistance, underscoring the importance of enhanced surveillance and appropriate treatment strategies. This improves the care provided to both mother and fetus. Prevalence Pregnancy Urinary Tract Infection uropathogens Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction There are several reasons why pregnant women are considered a special group by infectious disease specialists [ 1 ]. Pregnancy is accompanied by several mechanical and physiological changes (e.g., decreased respiratory volumes and urinary stasis due to uterine enlargement), which require immune adaptations to accommodate the fetus [ 2 ]. Levels of steroid sex hormones change dramatically during this time; it is at a level that is substantially more elevated when compared to any other period in a female's life. These hormones include pregnancy-related hormones such as estradiol, estriol, progesterone, corticosteroids, and prolactin [ 3 ]. These hormonal fluctuations may alter immune cell functions and modify the immune response, affecting the body's ability to fight infection during the period of gestation [ 3 ]. According to another theory, the immune response during pregnancy is modulated instead of suppressed [ 4 ]. Pregnancies complicated by infections can impact both the mother and embryonic development. These infections occur when microorganisms invade tissues or release harmful substances, disrupting normal bodily functions and triggering an immune response. Inflammatory reactions to infection have the potential to engender deleterious consequences, including premature delivery, congenital malformations, developmental delays, and stillbirths [ 3 ]. Urinary tract infections (UTI) remain one of the primary types of infections during pregnancy, affecting around 20% of pregnant women [ 5 ]. A UTI is indicated by an overgrowth of bacteria in the urinary tract (≥ 10⁵ CFU/mL), regardless of the presence of clinical indications [ 6 ]. It is estimated that 4–10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteriuria. Meanwhile, one to four percent of people develop cystitis, and one to two percent experience severe pyelonephritis, especially during the 2nd trimester [ 7 ]. These infections can have severe consequences, especially for the mother and even the fetus [ 8 ]. When treating these infections, it is essential to choose a safe protocol that protects both the mother and her baby. Antimicrobials are the most commonly prescribed drugs in these cases, but there's a need for caution due to the recent increase in resistance to these medications around the world [ 9 ]. The study's objective is to determine the various types of infections in pregnant women in the central region of Algeria (The Wilaya of Ain Defla) by combining an epidemiological analysis of their overall prevalence with an in-depth biological study of urinary tract infection to improve strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of maternal and fetal health. Methods Epidemiological study This is a retrospective observational cohort study conducted at the Fares Yahia Hospital in the town of Miliana, Wilaya de Ain Defla, Algeria, which focuses on the analysis of 330 medical records of pregnant women who consulted the hospital's gynecology department over the period from January 2019 to May 2025. The study included pregnant women who had consulted for an infection that had occurred during pregnancy. To better understand their clinical profile, several parameters were collected, including Age, trimester of pregnancy, physiological status, medical history, type of infection, examinations performed, and treatments prescribed. In this study, all data from pregnant women in all trimesters with an infection were included. Data from non-pregnant women with an infection and pregnant women without an infection were excluded from the analysis. Biological study The goal of this research component is to ascertain the prevalence of pathogens responsible for UTI by cytobacteriological examination of urine (CBEU), and to assess their antibiotic resistance profile. The study involved 92 pregnant women attending the gynecology department of the Fares Yahia Miliana Hospital, Algeria, with or without clinical symptoms of UTI during the study period. The pregnant women who were on antibiotic therapy within the last two weeks were not included in the study. All study participants gave their consent and agreed to participate in accordance with the principles of personal data confidentiality. Collection and processing of urine samples The examination process included macroscopic examination of urine samples and direct microscopic examination for the detection of pyuria. The collection of urine samples was performed mid-stream in sterile specimen tubes. The following information was included on the label: the patient's unique identification number, the date, and the time of sample collection, and the samples were processed no later than 2 hours after collection. The samples of urine were put through a process called centrifugation. The sediment that resulted from this process was then examined directly under a microscope. The samples were checked for the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), leukocytes, epithelial cells, cylinders, and crystals. A normal urine sediment may contain a few RBCs, pus cells (0–5/µL), and epithelial cells. The presence of red blood cells in quantities greater than 5/µL indicates hematuria (due to glomerular nephropathy, lithiasis, tumor, etc.); the presence of white blood cells in quantities greater than 10/µL indicates leukocyturia (unaltered white blood cells) or pyuria (altered white blood cells) [ 10 ]. Uroculture Quantitative evaluation of bacteria present in urine samples was performed using the calibrated loop technique. Take 10 µL of the urine sample that has been well homogenized but not centrifuged with a calibrated loop. Inoculate it onto chromogenic agar (CHROMagar orientation media) in streaks perpendicular to the radius over the entire agar surface. Place all plates in an incubator at 37°C for 18 to 24 hours. After the plates have been incubated, the colonies on each agar plate are counted, and the number of CFUs is multiplied by 100 to obtain the number of CFU/ml. Colony counts giving bacterial growth ≥ 105 CFU/ml were considered significant. Bacterial growth was characterized as monomicrobial or polymicrobial; each distinct colony was subcultured and isolated on blood agar plates, MacConkey agar, Chapman agar, and Sabouraud agar was used for Candida isolation. All isolates were identified using traditional microbiological techniques according to Cheesbrough (2006), based on macroscopic colony appearance, Gram staining, mobility, Oxidase, and Catalase tests. The API 20 system (Bio-Mérieux, France), based on biochemical character tests, was used to identify the bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection. The results of these tests identify the genus and species of the germ isolated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to carry out antibiotic susceptibility testing on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Table 1 lists all of the antibiotic discs used, along with their concentrations. The results obtained were interpreted in accordance with Clinical al Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [ 11 ]. Table 1 Antibiotics used against bacteria Antibiotics Abbreviations Potency (µg) Amoxicillin AX 25 Penicillin P 10 Imipenem IMP 10 Cefoxitin FOX 30 Ciprofloxacin CIP 5 Gentamicin GEN 10 Tetracycline TE 30 Levofloxacin LEV 5 Chloramphenicol C 30 Fosfomycin FF 50 Ceftazidime CAZ 30 Vancomycin VAN 30 Erythromycin ERY 15 Tetracycline TE 30 Ceftriaxone CRO 30 Statistical Analysis Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22 to determine the prevalence and variation of positive and negative results. The performance of a chi-square test (χ²) was applied with a statistical significance value of p < 0.05. Results A study of 330 pregnant women was conducted. The average age of the participants was 29.8 years. Most of the pregnant women had come in for an infection during their first trimester of pregnancy (Table 2 ). Table 2 The distribution of age groups according to the trimesters of pregnancy Age Trimester 1 trimester 2 Trimester 3 Total 18–23 28 28 21 77 24–28 24 24 32 80 29–33 26 26 13 65 34–38 26 15 16 57 39–45 14 21 16 51 Total 118 114 98 330 Analysis of the infection types in the population studied showed that urinary tract infections were the most dominant, representing a frequency of 31.5%, followed by syphilis, with a frequency of 11.2%. Influenza infections, pyelonephritis, and candidiasis had lower frequencies, varying between 8% and 9% (Fig. 1 ). The analysis of infection types distributed by pregnancy trimester shows that urinary tract infections, syphilis, and influenza are more frequent in the second trimester than in the first. The risk of infection is extremely low in the third trimester. However, these infections represent only a small proportion of cases. Therefore, it can be seen that the first two trimesters are characterized by the highest frequency of infections, followed by the third trimester (Fig. 2 ). The relationship between infection type and pregnancy trimester was examined using a Pearson chi-square test. The statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant relationship between the two variables (p = 0,360). The results indicate that infection type did not vary significantly between trimesters. The CBEU is the main test performed to isolate the uropathogen that causes urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Of the 92 CBEU performed, 23 were found to be positive, with a bacterial count greater than 10⁵. During this study, we recorded 23 cases of UTIs in a total sample of 92 pregnant women. This study found that the prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women was 25% (95% CI, 16,55% to 35,11%) (Fig. 3 ). In our study, we performed a microbiological analysis of 23 urine samples, which revealed the presence of 33 different types of microorganisms, including 16 (48.6%) Gram-negative bacteria, 14 (42.4%) Gram-positive bacteria, and 3 (9.1%) yeast samples from the Candida genus. Escherichia coli constituted the most prevalent isolate of Gram-negative bacteria. (n = 9; 27.3%), while Enterococcus spp. was among the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria (n = 7; 21.2%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4; 12.1%) (Table 3 ). Table 3 The frequency of uropathogens isolated from pregnant women with significant bacteriuria. Pathogens No. Of isolate Percentage (%) Escherichia coli 9 27,3 Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 6,1 Proteus mirabilis 2 6,1 Candidas albicans 3 9,1 Enterococcus spp. 7 21,2 Enterobacter cloacae 3 9,1 Staphylococcus aureus 4 12,1 Staphylococcus lentus 1 3 Staphylococcus xylosus 2 6,1 Total 33 100 Analysis of the antibiotic resistance profile of the 33 germs isolated revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Fosfomycin and Gentamicin (100%). Most were also sensitive to chloramphenicol (93.8%), ceftazidime (87.5%), Cefoxitin (81.3%), and Ciprofloxacin (81.3%). However, 87.5% were resistant to Amoxicillin, and 56.3% were resistant to Tetracycline (Table 4 ). Table 4 Percent of common Gram-negative urinary pathogens that are resistant to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial tested Bacterial isolates Escherichia coli n = 9 Proteus mirabilis n = 2 Enterobacter cloacae n = 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae n = 2 Total n = 16 CAZ 30 0 (0.0) 0(0.0) 1 (33,3) 1 (50) R 2 (12,5) S 14 (87,5) IMP 10 2 (22,2) 0(0.0) 1 (33,3) 1 (50) R 4 (25) S 12 (75) FOX 30 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 3 (100) 0 (0.0) R 3 (18,8) S 13 (81,3) FF 50 0 (0.0) 0(0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) R 0.0 S 100 CRO 30 3 (33,3) 0(0.0) 1 (33,3) 1 (50) R 5 (31,3) S 11 (68,8) CN 10 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) R 0 S 100 CIP 5 0(0.0) 1 (50) 1 (33,3) 1 (50) R 3 (18,8) S 13 (81,3) C 30 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50) R 1 (6,3) S 15 (93,8) AX 25 9 (100) 0(0.0) 3 (100) 2 (100) R 14 (87,5) S 2 (12,5) TE 30 5 (55,6) 2 (100) 0 (0.0) 2 (100) R 9 (56,3) S 7 (43,8) R: Resistant; S: Sensitive The results of susceptibility testing indicate that Gram-positive bacteria showed complete sensitivity to Vancomycin, except for one strain of Staphylococcus lentus , which was resistant to all the antimicrobial agents tested. Staphylococcus aureus strains were 100% sensitive to gentamicin, resistant (100%) to ceftriaxone and penicillin, and moderately sensitive to tetracycline and erythromycin (50%). Enterococcus spp. Strains (85.7%) were sensitive to levofloxacin and amoxicillin, and only 14.3% were sensitive to imipenem and gentamicin. Staphylococcus xylosus strains were highly resistant (100%) to penicillin (Table 5 ). Table 5 Resistance Profile of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Antimicrobial Agents Bacterial isolates Antimicrobial tested CN 10 CRO 30 TE 30 ERY 15 P 10 IMP 10 VAN 30 LEV 5 AX 25 Staphylococcus aureus n = 4 0 (0.0) 4 (100) 2 (50) 2 (50) 4 (100) / 0 (0.0) / / Staphylococcus lentus n = 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100) / 1 (100) / / Staphylococcus xylosus n = 2 1 (50) 1 (50) 1 (50) 1 (50) 2 (100) / 0 (0.0) / / Enterococcus spp. n = 7 6 (85,7) / / 4 (57,1) / 6 (85,7) 0 (0.0) 1 (14,3) 1 (14,3) Total n = 14 R 8 (57,1) S 6 (42,9) R 6 (85,7) S 1 (14,3) R 4 (57,1) S 3 (42,9) R 8 (57,1) S 6 (42,9) R 7 (100) S 0 (0,0) R 6 (85,7) S 1 (14,3) R 1 (7,1) S 16 (92,9) R 1 (14,3) S 6 (85,7) R 1 (14,3) S 6 (85,7) R: Resistant; S: Sensitive; /: Not tested Discussion It is widely accepted that women are more vulnerable to infection during pregnancy. Research on a wide range of infections has shown that pregnant women are more susceptible to infection [ 12 ]. A mother's altered response may be influenced by metabolic, hematological, and immunological changes that occur during pregnancy [ 13 ]. Our study looked at 330 records of pregnant women who came to us for infections. We found that women aged 18 to 28 had a higher rate of infections. Out of the total, 157 patients reported this. A recent study by Laari et al. [ 14 ] on urinary tract infections during pregnancy reports a significantly higher prevalence in younger women, particularly those aged 15 to 25. The study explains this by more dynamic hormonal activity and less stable local immunity. The 39- to 48-year-old age group is the least affected in our population. This may be due to the gradual decline in fertility with age and the generally closer medical monitoring of late pregnancies, which limits infectious risks. This finding aligns with a study by Hochler et al. [ 15 ] that shows obstetric complications increase with age. At the same time the frequency of infections in older women decreases slightly, likely due to more rigorous prenatal monitoring and careful planning of late pregnancies. A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common medical issue that affects the urethra, bladder, and kidneys. UTIs are the second most common medical condition during pregnancy after anemia [ 16 ]. A retrospective analysis showed that urinary tract infections were the most common, occurring at a frequency of 31.5%. Pregnant women are more susceptible to UTIs because the increased levels of amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients in their urine favor infection persistence [ 17 ]. Pregnancy causes a physiological increase in plasma volume, which in turn reduces urine concentration. The development of glycosuria is experienced by most pregnant women (70%), and this in turn promotes bacterial growth in the urine. Additionally, some of the mother's defense mechanisms are less effective during pregnancy [ 17 ]. Syphilis was the second most common infection in our study after urinary tract infections, with an almost significant frequency of 11.2%. Although syphilis is one of the easiest STIs to prevent and treat, it continues to take a heavy toll worldwide [ 18 ]. However, a high prevalence of syphilis infection has been reported in different parts of Africa by several studies [ 19 ], [ 20 ], [ 21 ]. The influenza and candidiasis rates are comparable (8–13%), which aligns with studies reporting seasonal influenza prevalence ranging from 1 to 10% [ 22 ] and frequent fungal infection occurrence, particularly vulvovaginal candidiasis. Although these infections are common, they are often benign and less frequently diagnosed, which could explain their low representation in our study, as noted by Kumar et al. [ 23 ]. The highest infection rates are observed during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, which is a critical period for the health of the fetus. In our study, the cytobacteriological analysis of urine was performed on samples taken from pregnant women divided by trimester. The present study found that urinary tract infections are prevalent in 25% of cases (95% CI, 16.55% to 35.11%) (23/92). This falls within the worldwide range of 13% to 33% [ 24 ]. However, it is comparable to the prevalence reported in a study carried out in Central India by Girish Patill et al [ 25 ], in which the prevalence was 26.75%. Ilusanya O et al. [ 26 ] reported a higher prevalence (47.5%), while Yasmin Barnawi and al. [ 27 ] reported a lower prevalence (5%). Prevalence rates vary due to differences in geographical, environmental, and social factors within the population [ 28 ]. Urinary tract infections in pregnant women are caused by several different factors, including gestational age, level of education and age [ 28 ]. Joshua Kaduma et al. [ 29 ] have shown that UTIs are more likely to develop in pregnant women with underlying risk factors, such as preeclampsia and HIV/AIDS, than in healthy women in the general population. The most common pathogens isolated were Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, which accounted for 27.3% of the isolates in this study. Other studies have reported similar frequencies of urinary tract infections caused by E. coli [ 30 ], [ 31 ]. Within the geographical confines of the South American continent, E. coli constituted the most prevalent isolate, accounting for a substantial 39.7% of urinary tract infections [ 32 ]. Similarly, a study in China revealed that E. coli was the most commonly identified uropathogen, accounting for 66.01% of urinary tract infections [ 33 ]. This predominance is explained by the ascending pathophysiology of UTI and the heavy colonization of the perineum by enterobacteria of digestive origin, combined with specific uropathogenic factors, such as bacterial adhesins that can bind to the urinary epithelium [ 34 ], [ 35 ]. Among the isolated strains, we determined that 21.2% were classified under the genus Enterococcus , the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria. Meanwhile, three strains, representing 9.1%, were yeasts belonging to the genus Candida . These results are comparable to those of a study performed in Iraq by Nahab et al. [ 36 ]. We noted a percentage of 28.2% of Gram-positive bacteria, including Enterococcus spp ., and 2.8% of Candida albicans , in urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Overall, our findings support the idea that, although not the most common pathogens, Enterococcus and Candida are of significant importance in the urinary tract infection ecosystem during pregnancy. Following the genus Staphylococcus , a varied distribution of Staphylococcus species was observed: Staphylococcus aureus (12.1%), Staphylococcus xylosus (6.1%), and Staphylococcus lentus (3%). These data are comparable to those of Assouma et al. [ 37 ], who reported that S. aureus constituted approximately 30% of urinary isolates. In contrast, coagulase-negative bacteria, which likely included S. xylosus , constituted the remaining percentage. Additionally, Fowoyo et al. [ 38 ] identified S. sciuri and S. lentus in 0.8% of urinary tract infections. In contrast, it was reported by other authors that S. aureus lit was the most common urinary pathogen among Gram-positive cocci, followed by other species of Staphylococcus [ 39 ], [ 40 ]. A study on UTIs in pregnant Indian women was carried out by Manjula [ 17 ] revealed that uropathogens of the S. aureus species were absent and that less than 1% of identified uropathogens belonged to the Enterococcus species. Gram-positive cocci play a minor role in urinary tract infections. Though few in number, they can act as infectious agents of the urogenital tract. Additionally, women often undergo physical changes to their genital tract during pregnancy, which can increase the risk of colonization by Gram-positive bacteria [ 41 ]. Treating bacterial infections requires antibiotics. However, their effectiveness depends on the sensitivity of the bacteria causing the infection. Consequently, it is imperative to comprehend bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics to effectively manage a wide spectrum of bacterial infections [ 42 ]. In our study, we isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria were resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The majority of the Gram-negative isolates exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin. The same conclusion was reached in a previous study conducted in Uganda [ 40 ]. Several risk factors are associated with developing resistance, and these factors are also linked to the severity of the infection. Resistance is also linked to an increased risk of death [ 42 ]. The most effective antibiotics for treating Gram-negative bacteria are: gentamicin, fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. The main Gram-negative bacterium identified in the present study was Escherichia coli , which showed complete resistance to amoxicillin (100%). This resistance is mainly due to the production of narrow-spectrum β-lactamases, notably TEM-1, which is commonly found in E. coli in urinary tract infections. The widespread and often inappropriate use of penicillin over the years has contributed significantly to this situation. K. Bush and P. Bradford [ 43 ] demonstrated that more than 90% of the E. coli strains obtained from patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections worldwide are resistant to amoxicillin due to the presence of these β-lactamases. Additionally, we found that 56.3% of E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The main factor in this resistance is the presence of the tet (A) and tet (B) genes, which are carried by plasmids. Additionally, over 33% of the bacterial strains were found to be resistant to cefoxitin, likely due to AmpC β-lactamases, and imipenem, suggesting the emergence of carbapenemases. These multidrug resistance trends are not new. Winokur et al. [ 44 ] identified these mechanisms in clinical samples in the USA. Analysis revealed that all E. coli species were susceptible to a range of antibiotics, including ceftazidime, fosfomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin, with no resistance observed. Among the Gram-positive isolates, the Enterococcus spp . strains obtained from pregnant women exhibited high resistance to gentamicin (85.7%) and imipenem, as well as high sensitivity to vancomycin (100%). These results are similar to those reported by Bazaid et al. [ 45 ] in Saudi Arabia, who observed moderate gentamicin resistance (57%) and increased vancomycin sensitivity (81%) in pregnant women. A study by Hota et al. [ 46 ] in India on clinical strains of E. faecium showed high-level gentamicin resistance (77%) and moderate vancomycin resistance (24%). A high resistance of 100% was observed in S. aureus to penicillin and ceftriaxone. This observation is consistent with findings by other authors in Benin [ 37 ], [ 47 ]. Strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci ( S. aureus ) showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and gentamicin. These results are consistent with a study carried out in Algeria [ 48 ], which reported high rates of resistance to vancomycin, gentamicin, and fosfomycin. Another study in Mauritania focused on evaluating the sensitivities of uropathogens to antimicrobial agents [ 49 ] in S. aureus , found that vancomycin was the most effective, with a sensitivity rate of over 90%. However, Assouma et al. [ 37 ] reported that S. aureus strains isolated from the urinary tract showed high levels of vancomycin resistance (52,6%). This difference could be explained by the extent to which S. aureus strains have been exposed to this antibiotic in our country. The high antibiotic resistance profiles observed in our study are probably due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in medical care, and several hypotheses may explain this. Conclusion Our study shows that urinary tract infections are one of the most common conditions experienced during pregnancy. This led us to conduct specific research on this type of infection to isolate and identify the pathogens involved and analyze their antibiotic resistance. It is essential to identify the resistance of certain bacteria to antibiotics, as this phenomenon poses a significant public health challenge. The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria considerably reduces the effectiveness of treatments, making infections more difficult to treat. This, in turn, can lead to worsened health outcomes for patients. Our ultimate goal is to improve therapeutic strategies and contribute to better medical care for affected patients. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Studies involving patients were conducted in accordance with the 2013 version of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and other study-related documents were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Djilali Bounaama University. All those participating in the study gave their informed consent for the use of samples. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding No funding has been obtained. This research work is not supported financially. Author Contribution The study was designed by authors IA and LA, who also trained and supervised the data collectors, analyzed and interpreted the results, and prepared the manuscript. Laboratory analyses were performed by IA and TS. DA, LA, and TS reviewed the analysis and manuscript, improving and enriching the content. The final manuscript received the approval of all authors who participated in its review. Acknowledgements This research was made possible thanks to the faculty of Djilali Bounaama University and SNV-ST. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all those involved. We would also like to thank the director of Fares-Yahia Hospital and the bacteriology department for granting us permission to conduct this study. We would also like to thank the study participants for their participation. Data availability The datasets used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Int J STD AIDS. Apr. 2012;23(4):248–54. 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011194 . Graham S, Smith LW, Fairley CK, Hocking J. Prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomonas in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: A systematic review and meta-analysis, 2016, CSIRO. 10.1071/SH15171 Hsiao A, et al. Safety of quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine in pregnant persons and their infants. AJOG Global Rep. Nov. 2024;4(4). 10.1016/j.xagr.2024.100395 . Kumar M, Saadaoui M, Al Khodor S. Infections and Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal and Child Health. Jun 08, 2022, Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873253 Johnson B, Stephen BM, Joseph N, Asiphas O, Musa K, Taseera K. Prevalence and bacteriology of culture-positive urinary tract infection among pregnant women with suspected urinary tract infection at Mbarara regional referral hospital, South-Western Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Dec. 2021;21(1). 10.1186/s12884-021-03641-8 . Patil G, Patil D, Patil A, Shrikhande S. Microbiological Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Uropathogens Isolated From Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India. Cureus Oct. 2024. 10.7759/cureus.70798 . Ilusanya O, Ejembi J, Augustine U. Incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) among Pregnant women in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria Article in AFRICAN. J Biotechnol. 2009. 10.4314/ajb.v8i23.66370 . Barnawi Y, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women and antimicrobial resistance patterns in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. Dec. 2024;24(1). 10.1186/s12879-024-09385-y . Abu Aleinein I, Salem Sokhn E. Knowledge and prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Lebanon. Heliyon. Sep. 2024;10. 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2024.e37277 . Kaduma J et al. Urinary tract infections and preeclampsia among pregnant women attending two hospitals in Mwanza City, Tanzania: A 1:2 Matched case-control study, Biomed Res Int, vol. 2019, 2019. 10.1155/2019/3937812 Rizvi M, Khan F, Shukla I, Malik A. Rising Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections During Pregnancy: Necessity for Exploring Newer Treatment Options, J Lab Physicians, vol. 3, no. 02, pp. 098–103, Jul. 2011, 10.4103/0974-2727.86842 Rodrigues F, Coelho P, Castelo-Branco M. Epidemiology of Urinary Infections in Pregnant Women between 2018 and 2022. Feb. 2024;08. 10.20944/preprints202402 . Medina M, Castillo-Pino E. An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. SAGE Publications Inc; 2019. 10.1177/1756287219832172 . He K, Hu Y, Shi JC, Zhu YQ, Mao XM. Prevalence, risk factors and microorganisms of urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study in China. Ther Clin Risk Manag. Feb. 2018;14:403–8. 10.2147/TCRM.S147078 . Wiles TJ, Kulesus RR, Mulvey MA. Origins and virulence mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Aug. 2008. 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.03.007 . Mulvey MA. Adhesion and entry of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, pp. 257–71, 2002. Nahab HM, Akeel Hamed Al-Oebady M, Munem HAA. Bacteriological Study of Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women in Al Samawa City of Iraq. Arch Razi Inst. Jan. 2022;77(1):107–12. 10.22092/ARI.2021.356676.1889 . Assouma FF et al. Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Pathogenic Staphylococcus Species from Urinary Tract Infection Patients in Benin, Biomed Res Int, vol. 2023, 2023. 10.1155/2023/6364128 Fowoyo PT, Ogunbanwo ST. Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from Nigerian traditional fermented foods. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. Jan. 2017;16(1). 10.1186/s12941-017-0181-5 . Ekuma PU, Ibiam FA, Ekuma MI, Iroha CS, Peter IU, Iroha IR. Evaluating the Bacteria Profile and Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Urinary Tract Infectious Pathogens in Pregnant Women in Abakaliki Metropolis, Nigeria, International Journal of Pathogen Research, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 52–62, Sep. 2023, 10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i5243 Johnson B, Stephen BM, Joseph N, Asiphas O, Musa K, Taseera K. Prevalence and bacteriology of culture-positive urinary tract infection among pregnant women with suspected urinary tract infection at Mbarara regional referral hospital, South-Western Uganda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Dec. 2021;21(1). 10.1186/s12884-021-03641-8 . Ekuma PU, Ibiam FA, Ekuma MI, Iroha CS, Peter IU, Iroha IR. Evaluating the Bacteria Profile and Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Urinary Tract Infectious Pathogens in Pregnant Women in Abakaliki Metropolis, Nigeria, International Journal of Pathogen Research, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 52–62, Sep. 2023, 10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i5243 Jihad M, Salih M. Microbial Detection and Antibiotic Susceptibility patterns of Clinical Isolates from Women With Urinary Tract Infection in AL-Nasiriyah City/Iraq. Univ Thi-Qar J Sci. Jun. 2024;11(1):45–54. 10.32792/utq/utjsci/v11i1.1168 . Bush K, Bradford PA. Epidemiology of β-lactamase-producing pathogens. Apr 01. 2020. 10.1128/CMR.00047-19 . American Society for Microbiology. Winokur PL, Canton R, Casellas J-M, Legakis N. Variations in the Prevalence of Strains Expressing an Extended-Spectrum b-Lactamase Phenotype and Characterization of Isolates from Europe, the Americas, and the Western Pacific Region Downloaded from, 2001. [Online]. Available: http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ Bazaid AS, et al. Antimicrobial surveillance for bacterial uropathogens in Ha’il, Saudi Arabia: A five-year multicenter retrospective study. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:1455–65. 10.2147/IDR.S299846 . Hota S, Patil SR, Mane PM. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enterococcal Isolates From Clinical Specimens at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Maharashtra, India. Cureus Nov. 2024. 10.7759/cureus.73416 . Dougnon V, et al. Urinary Tract Infections in Benin: Exploring the Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes among Bacterial Isolates. Int J Pathogen Res. Jun. 2021;28–36. 10.9734/ijpr/2021/v7i130174 . Benyagoub E. Identification and study of the emergence of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms responsible for urinary tract infections in Bechar (Algeria). [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312210857 Hailaji NSM, Ould Salem ML, Ghaber SM. La sensibilité aux antibiotiques des bactéries uropathogènes dans la ville de Nouakchott – Mauritanie. Prog Urol. May 2016;26(6):346–52. 10.1016/j.purol.2016.04.004 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of types of infections in pregnant women’s\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7888873/v1/8d005989011dac465fc63300.jpeg"},{"id":95504014,"identity":"0b047f0b-78fc-4869-9c41-d8bd26c8f61e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:42:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90511,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of infection types according to the trimesters of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7888873/v1/9f4ffd6eebbba601e2639040.jpeg"},{"id":95529338,"identity":"153a0698-a324-4d67-8937-ac5537fd0e6d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:17:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePercentages of positivity of urine cultures.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7888873/v1/d7563c81d2fbadbf495f72f4.jpeg"},{"id":106756171,"identity":"7f1d9250-7403-4942-862c-c07ee464aa2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-13 07:59:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1166215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7888873/v1/421118d3-d1d0-4db4-af21-3e48a2825a65.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Epidemiological and Biological Study of Infections in Pregnant Women: General Prevalence and In-Depth Analysis of Urinary Tract Infections","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere are several reasons why pregnant women are considered a special group by infectious disease specialists [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Pregnancy is accompanied by several mechanical and physiological changes (e.g., decreased respiratory volumes and urinary stasis due to uterine enlargement), which require immune adaptations to accommodate the fetus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Levels of steroid sex hormones change dramatically during this time; it is at a level that is substantially more elevated when compared to any other period in a female's life. These hormones include pregnancy-related hormones such as estradiol, estriol, progesterone, corticosteroids, and prolactin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. These hormonal fluctuations may alter immune cell functions and modify the immune response, affecting the body's ability to fight infection during the period of gestation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. According to another theory, the immune response during pregnancy is modulated instead of suppressed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Pregnancies complicated by infections can impact both the mother and embryonic development. These infections occur when microorganisms invade tissues or release harmful substances, disrupting normal bodily functions and triggering an immune response. Inflammatory reactions to infection have the potential to engender deleterious consequences, including premature delivery, congenital malformations, developmental delays, and stillbirths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Urinary tract infections (UTI) remain one of the primary types of infections during pregnancy, affecting around 20% of pregnant women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. A UTI is indicated by an overgrowth of bacteria in the urinary tract (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;10⁵ CFU/mL), regardless of the presence of clinical indications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. It is estimated that 4\u0026ndash;10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteriuria. Meanwhile, one to four percent of people develop cystitis, and one to two percent experience severe pyelonephritis, especially during the 2nd trimester [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. These infections can have severe consequences, especially for the mother and even the fetus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. When treating these infections, it is essential to choose a safe protocol that protects both the mother and her baby. Antimicrobials are the most commonly prescribed drugs in these cases, but there's a need for caution due to the recent increase in resistance to these medications around the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study's objective is to determine the various types of infections in pregnant women in the central region of Algeria (The Wilaya of Ain Defla) by combining an epidemiological analysis of their overall prevalence with an in-depth biological study of urinary tract infection to improve strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of maternal and fetal health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEpidemiological study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is a retrospective observational cohort study conducted at the Fares Yahia Hospital in the town of Miliana, Wilaya de Ain Defla, Algeria, which focuses on the analysis of 330 medical records of pregnant women who consulted the hospital's gynecology department over the period from January 2019 to May 2025. The study included pregnant women who had consulted for an infection that had occurred during pregnancy. To better understand their clinical profile, several parameters were collected, including Age, trimester of pregnancy, physiological status, medical history, type of infection, examinations performed, and treatments prescribed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, all data from pregnant women in all trimesters with an infection were included. Data from non-pregnant women with an infection and pregnant women without an infection were excluded from the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBiological study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal of this research component is to ascertain the prevalence of pathogens responsible for UTI by cytobacteriological examination of urine (CBEU), and to assess their antibiotic resistance profile. The study involved 92 pregnant women attending the gynecology department of the Fares Yahia Miliana Hospital, Algeria, with or without clinical symptoms of UTI during the study period. The pregnant women who were on antibiotic therapy within the last two weeks were not included in the study. All study participants gave their consent and agreed to participate in accordance with the principles of personal data confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCollection and processing of urine samples\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe examination process included macroscopic examination of urine samples and direct microscopic examination for the detection of pyuria. The collection of urine samples was performed mid-stream in sterile specimen tubes. The following information was included on the label: the patient's unique identification number, the date, and the time of sample collection, and the samples were processed no later than 2 hours after collection. The samples of urine were put through a process called centrifugation. The sediment that resulted from this process was then examined directly under a microscope. The samples were checked for the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), leukocytes, epithelial cells, cylinders, and crystals. A normal urine sediment may contain a few RBCs, pus cells (0\u0026ndash;5/\u0026micro;L), and epithelial cells. The presence of red blood cells in quantities greater than 5/\u0026micro;L indicates hematuria (due to glomerular nephropathy, lithiasis, tumor, etc.); the presence of white blood cells in quantities greater than 10/\u0026micro;L indicates leukocyturia (unaltered white blood cells) or pyuria (altered white blood cells) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUroculture\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative evaluation of bacteria present in urine samples was performed using the calibrated loop technique. Take 10 \u0026micro;L of the urine sample that has been well homogenized but not centrifuged with a calibrated loop. Inoculate it onto chromogenic agar (CHROMagar orientation media) in streaks perpendicular to the radius over the entire agar surface. Place all plates in an incubator at 37\u0026deg;C for 18 to 24 hours. After the plates have been incubated, the colonies on each agar plate are counted, and the number of CFUs is multiplied by 100 to obtain the number of CFU/ml. Colony counts giving bacterial growth\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;105 CFU/ml were considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBacterial growth was characterized as monomicrobial or polymicrobial; each distinct colony was subcultured and isolated on blood agar plates, MacConkey agar, Chapman agar, and Sabouraud agar was used for Candida isolation. All isolates were identified using traditional microbiological techniques according to Cheesbrough (2006), based on macroscopic colony appearance, Gram staining, mobility, Oxidase, and Catalase tests. The API 20 system (Bio-M\u0026eacute;rieux, France), based on biochemical character tests, was used to identify the bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection. The results of these tests identify the genus and species of the germ isolated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility testing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to carry out antibiotic susceptibility testing on Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lists all of the antibiotic discs used, along with their concentrations. The results obtained were interpreted in accordance with Clinical al Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntibiotics used against bacteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotency (\u0026micro;g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAX\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePenicillin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImipenem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIMP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCefoxitin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFOX\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCIP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGentamicin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGEN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloramphenicol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFosfomycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeftazidime\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCAZ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVAN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eErythromycin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eERY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22 to determine the prevalence and variation of positive and negative results. The performance of a chi-square test (χ\u0026sup2;) was applied with a statistical significance value of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA study of 330 pregnant women was conducted. The average age of the participants was 29.8 years. Most of the pregnant women had come in for an infection during their first trimester of pregnancy (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of age groups according to the trimesters of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrimester 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etrimester 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrimester 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u0026ndash;28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u0026ndash;33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u0026ndash;38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the infection types in the population studied showed that urinary tract infections were the most dominant, representing a frequency of 31.5%, followed by syphilis, with a frequency of 11.2%. Influenza infections, pyelonephritis, and candidiasis had lower frequencies, varying between 8% and 9% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of infection types distributed by pregnancy trimester shows that urinary tract infections, syphilis, and influenza are more frequent in the second trimester than in the first. The risk of infection is extremely low in the third trimester. However, these infections represent only a small proportion of cases. Therefore, it can be seen that the first two trimesters are characterized by the highest frequency of infections, followed by the third trimester (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between infection type and pregnancy trimester was examined using a Pearson chi-square test. The statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant relationship between the two variables (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,360). The results indicate that infection type did not vary significantly between trimesters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CBEU is the main test performed to isolate the uropathogen that causes urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Of the 92 CBEU performed, 23 were found to be positive, with a bacterial count greater than 10⁵. During this study, we recorded 23 cases of UTIs in a total sample of 92 pregnant women. This study found that the prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnant women was 25% (95% CI, 16,55% to 35,11%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, we performed a microbiological analysis of 23 urine samples, which revealed the presence of 33 different types of microorganisms, including 16 (48.6%) Gram-negative bacteria, 14 (42.4%) Gram-positive bacteria, and 3 (9.1%) yeast samples from the Candida genus. \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e constituted the most prevalent isolate of Gram-negative bacteria. (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9; 27.3%), while \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp.\u003c/em\u003e was among the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7; 21.2%), followed by \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4; 12.1%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of uropathogens isolated from pregnant women with significant bacteriuria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePathogens\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. Of isolate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus mirabilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCandidas albicans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus lentus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus xylosus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the antibiotic resistance profile of the 33 germs isolated revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to Fosfomycin and Gentamicin (100%). Most were also sensitive to chloramphenicol (93.8%), ceftazidime (87.5%), Cefoxitin (81.3%), and Ciprofloxacin (81.3%). However, 87.5% were resistant to Amoxicillin, and 56.3% were resistant to Tetracycline (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercent of common Gram-negative urinary pathogens that are resistant to antimicrobial agents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial tested\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBacterial isolates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus mirabilis\u003c/em\u003e n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCAZ 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 2 (12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 14 (87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIMP 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (22,2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 4 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 12 (75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFOX 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 3 (18,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 13 (81,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFF 50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRO 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (33,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 5 (31,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 11 (68,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCN 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCIP 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (33,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 3 (18,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 13 (81,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 1 (6,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 15 (93,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAX 25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 14 (87,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 2 (12,5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTE 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (55,6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 9 (56,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 7 (43,8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eR: Resistant; S: Sensitive\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of susceptibility testing indicate that Gram-positive bacteria showed complete sensitivity to Vancomycin, except for one strain of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus lentus\u003c/em\u003e, which was resistant to all the antimicrobial agents tested. \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e strains were 100% sensitive to gentamicin, resistant (100%) to ceftriaxone and penicillin, and moderately sensitive to tetracycline and erythromycin (50%). \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp.\u003c/em\u003e Strains (85.7%) were sensitive to levofloxacin and amoxicillin, and only 14.3% were sensitive to imipenem and gentamicin. \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus xylosus\u003c/em\u003e strains were highly resistant (100%) to penicillin (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResistance Profile of Gram-Positive Bacteria to Antimicrobial Agents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBacterial isolates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial tested\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCN 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRO 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTE 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eERY 15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIMP 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVAN 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEV 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAX 25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus lentus n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus xylosus n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (85,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (57,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (85,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (14,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 8 (57,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 6 (42,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 6 (85,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 1 (14,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 4 (57,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 3 (42,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 8 (57,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 6 (42,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 7 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0,0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 6 (85,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 1 (14,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 1 (7,1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 16 (92,9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 1 (14,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 6 (85,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR 1 (14,3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS 6 (85,7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eR: Resistant; S: Sensitive; /: Not tested\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is widely accepted that women are more vulnerable to infection during pregnancy. Research on a wide range of infections has shown that pregnant women are more susceptible to infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. A mother's altered response may be influenced by metabolic, hematological, and immunological changes that occur during pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Our study looked at 330 records of pregnant women who came to us for infections. We found that women aged 18 to 28 had a higher rate of infections. Out of the total, 157 patients reported this. A recent study by Laari et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] on urinary tract infections during pregnancy reports a significantly higher prevalence in younger women, particularly those aged 15 to 25. The study explains this by more dynamic hormonal activity and less stable local immunity. The 39- to 48-year-old age group is the least affected in our population. This may be due to the gradual decline in fertility with age and the generally closer medical monitoring of late pregnancies, which limits infectious risks. This finding aligns with a study by Hochler et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] that shows obstetric complications increase with age. At the same time the frequency of infections in older women decreases slightly, likely due to more rigorous prenatal monitoring and careful planning of late pregnancies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common medical issue that affects the urethra, bladder, and kidneys. UTIs are the second most common medical condition during pregnancy after anemia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. A retrospective analysis showed that urinary tract infections were the most common, occurring at a frequency of 31.5%. Pregnant women are more susceptible to UTIs because the increased levels of amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients in their urine favor infection persistence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Pregnancy causes a physiological increase in plasma volume, which in turn reduces urine concentration. The development of glycosuria is experienced by most pregnant women (70%), and this in turn promotes bacterial growth in the urine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, some of the mother's defense mechanisms are less effective during pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Syphilis was the second most common infection in our study after urinary tract infections, with an almost significant frequency of 11.2%. Although syphilis is one of the easiest STIs to prevent and treat, it continues to take a heavy toll worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. However, a high prevalence of syphilis infection has been reported in different parts of Africa by several studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The influenza and candidiasis rates are comparable (8\u0026ndash;13%), which aligns with studies reporting seasonal influenza prevalence ranging from 1 to 10% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and frequent fungal infection occurrence, particularly vulvovaginal candidiasis. Although these infections are common, they are often benign and less frequently diagnosed, which could explain their low representation in our study, as noted by Kumar et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The highest infection rates are observed during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, which is a critical period for the health of the fetus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, the cytobacteriological analysis of urine was performed on samples taken from pregnant women divided by trimester. The present study found that urinary tract infections are prevalent in 25% of cases (95% CI, 16.55% to 35.11%) (23/92). This falls within the worldwide range of 13% to 33% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it is comparable to the prevalence reported in a study carried out in Central India by Girish Patill et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], in which the prevalence was 26.75%. Ilusanya O et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] reported a higher prevalence (47.5%), while Yasmin Barnawi and al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] reported a lower prevalence (5%). Prevalence rates vary due to differences in geographical, environmental, and social factors within the population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Urinary tract infections in pregnant women are caused by several different factors, including gestational age, level of education and age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Joshua Kaduma et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] have shown that UTIs are more likely to develop in pregnant women with underlying risk factors, such as preeclampsia and HIV/AIDS, than in healthy women in the general population. The most common pathogens isolated were Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, which accounted for 27.3% of the isolates in this study. Other studies have reported similar frequencies of urinary tract infections caused by \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Within the geographical confines of the South American continent, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e constituted the most prevalent isolate, accounting for a substantial 39.7% of urinary tract infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a study in China revealed that \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was the most commonly identified uropathogen, accounting for 66.01% of urinary tract infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. This predominance is explained by the ascending pathophysiology of UTI and the heavy colonization of the perineum by enterobacteria of digestive origin, combined with specific uropathogenic factors, such as bacterial adhesins that can bind to the urinary epithelium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the isolated strains, we determined that 21.2% were classified under the genus \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e, the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacteria. Meanwhile, three strains, representing 9.1%, were yeasts belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eCandida\u003c/em\u003e. These results are comparable to those of a study performed in Iraq by Nahab et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. We noted a percentage of 28.2% of Gram-positive bacteria, including \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp\u003c/em\u003e., and 2.8% of \u003cem\u003eCandida albicans\u003c/em\u003e, in urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Overall, our findings support the idea that, although not the most common pathogens, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCandida\u003c/em\u003e are of significant importance in the urinary tract infection ecosystem during pregnancy. Following the genus \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e, a varied distribution of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e species was observed: \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (12.1%), \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus xylosus\u003c/em\u003e (6.1%), and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus lentus\u003c/em\u003e (3%). These data are comparable to those of Assouma et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], who reported that \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e constituted approximately 30% of urinary isolates. In contrast, coagulase-negative bacteria, which likely included \u003cem\u003eS. xylosus\u003c/em\u003e, constituted the remaining percentage. Additionally, Fowoyo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] identified \u003cem\u003eS. sciuri\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. lentus\u003c/em\u003e in 0.8% of urinary tract infections.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, it was reported by other authors that \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e lit was the most common urinary pathogen among Gram-positive cocci, followed by other species of \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. A study on UTIs in pregnant Indian women was carried out by Manjula [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that uropathogens of the \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e species were absent and that less than 1% of identified uropathogens belonged to the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e species. Gram-positive cocci play a minor role in urinary tract infections. Though few in number, they can act as infectious agents of the urogenital tract. Additionally, women often undergo physical changes to their genital tract during pregnancy, which can increase the risk of colonization by Gram-positive bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreating bacterial infections requires antibiotics. However, their effectiveness depends on the sensitivity of the bacteria causing the infection. Consequently, it is imperative to comprehend bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics to effectively manage a wide spectrum of bacterial infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, we isolated Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria were resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The majority of the Gram-negative isolates exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin. The same conclusion was reached in a previous study conducted in Uganda [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral risk factors are associated with developing resistance, and these factors are also linked to the severity of the infection. Resistance is also linked to an increased risk of death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The most effective antibiotics for treating Gram-negative bacteria are: gentamicin, fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main Gram-negative bacterium identified in the present study was \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, which showed complete resistance to amoxicillin (100%). This resistance is mainly due to the production of narrow-spectrum β-lactamases, notably TEM-1, which is commonly found in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in urinary tract infections. The widespread and often inappropriate use of penicillin over the years has contributed significantly to this situation. K. Bush and P. Bradford [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated that more than 90% of the \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e strains obtained from patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections worldwide are resistant to amoxicillin due to the presence of these β-lactamases. Additionally, we found that 56.3% of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The main factor in this resistance is the presence of the tet (A) and tet (B) genes, which are carried by plasmids. Additionally, over 33% of the bacterial strains were found to be resistant to cefoxitin, likely due to AmpC β-lactamases, and imipenem, suggesting the emergence of carbapenemases. These multidrug resistance trends are not new. Winokur et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e] identified these mechanisms in clinical samples in the USA. Analysis revealed that all \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e species were susceptible to a range of antibiotics, including ceftazidime, fosfomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin, with no resistance observed. Among the Gram-positive isolates, the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp\u003c/em\u003e. strains obtained from pregnant women exhibited high resistance to gentamicin (85.7%) and imipenem, as well as high sensitivity to vancomycin (100%). These results are similar to those reported by Bazaid et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e] in Saudi Arabia, who observed moderate gentamicin resistance (57%) and increased vancomycin sensitivity (81%) in pregnant women. A study by Hota et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e] in India on clinical strains of \u003cem\u003eE. faecium\u003c/em\u003e showed high-level gentamicin resistance (77%) and moderate vancomycin resistance (24%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA high resistance of 100% was observed in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e to penicillin and ceftriaxone. This observation is consistent with findings by other authors in Benin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e) showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and gentamicin. These results are consistent with a study carried out in Algeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], which reported high rates of resistance to vancomycin, gentamicin, and fosfomycin. Another study in Mauritania focused on evaluating the sensitivities of uropathogens to antimicrobial agents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e] in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, found that vancomycin was the most effective, with a sensitivity rate of over 90%. However, Assouma et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] reported that \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e strains isolated from the urinary tract showed high levels of vancomycin resistance (52,6%). This difference could be explained by the extent to which \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e strains have been exposed to this antibiotic in our country. The high antibiotic resistance profiles observed in our study are probably due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in medical care, and several hypotheses may explain this.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study shows that urinary tract infections are one of the most common conditions experienced during pregnancy. This led us to conduct specific research on this type of infection to isolate and identify the pathogens involved and analyze their antibiotic resistance. It is essential to identify the resistance of certain bacteria to antibiotics, as this phenomenon poses a significant public health challenge. The proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria considerably reduces the effectiveness of treatments, making infections more difficult to treat. This, in turn, can lead to worsened health outcomes for patients. Our ultimate goal is to improve therapeutic strategies and contribute to better medical care for affected patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e Studies involving patients were conducted in accordance with the 2013 version of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and other study-related documents were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Djilali Bounaama University. All those participating in the study gave their informed consent for the use of samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo funding has been obtained. This research work is not supported financially.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was designed by authors IA and LA, who also trained and supervised the data collectors, analyzed and interpreted the results, and prepared the manuscript. Laboratory analyses were performed by IA and TS. DA, LA, and TS reviewed the analysis and manuscript, improving and enriching the content. The final manuscript received the approval of all authors who participated in its review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research was made possible thanks to the faculty of Djilali Bounaama University and SNV-ST. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all those involved. We would also like to thank the director of Fares-Yahia Hospital and the bacteriology department for granting us permission to conduct this study. We would also like to thank the study participants for their participation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdler H, Lambert JS. Clinical focus: infections in pregnancy., 2014. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3810/hp.2014.04.1109\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3810/hp.2014.04.1109\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. 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May 2016;26(6):346\u0026ndash;52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.purol.2016.04.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.purol.2016.04.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Prevalence, Pregnancy, Urinary Tract Infection, uropathogens","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7888873/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7888873/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring pregnancy, a woman\u0026rsquo;s body undergoes significant changes that affect her physiology and immune system. These changes can diminish her natural defenses, making her more sensitive and more vulnerable to infections. This research aims to evaluate the nature and frequency of infections affecting pregnant women, focusing on urinary tract infection by identifying the causative organisms and assessing their antibiotic resistance profiles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA retrospective study based on the analysis of the medical records of 330 pregnant women who had having consulting for symptoms of infection, this analysis was designed to evaluate the most common types of infection during pregnancy. A biological study involving the cytobacteriological examination (CBEU) of 92 urine samples from pregnant women. Microorganisms from positive samples have been tested for sensitivity to antimicrobial agents by using the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe researchers measured the average age of the 330 pregnant women at 29 years; the majority of infections occurred during the initial two trimesters of pregnancy. Urinary tract infections were revealed to be the most common type of infection in the analysis, accounting for 31.5% of cases. The prevalence of urinary tract infections among the study population was 25%. Urine cultures from 23 patients revealed the presence of a pathogen. Among gram-negative bacteria, the most prevalent isolate was \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, and among gram-positive bacteria, the most common isolate was \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus spp\u003c/em\u003e., as well as yeasts belonging to the genus \u003cem\u003eCandida\u003c/em\u003e. Most of the antibiotics tested showed a very low level of resistance (12\u0026ndash;30%) to Gram-negative bacteria, while most of the antibiotics tested showed high resistance (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%) to Gram-positive bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study highlights cases of antibiotic resistance, underscoring the importance of enhanced surveillance and appropriate treatment strategies. This improves the care provided to both mother and fetus.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Epidemiological and Biological Study of Infections in Pregnant Women: General Prevalence and In-Depth Analysis of Urinary Tract Infections","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 05:42:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7888873/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c0cd7b04-9099-4f9b-b716-329519cc45a6","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-13T07:58:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 05:42:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7888873","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7888873","identity":"rs-7888873","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}