Low-Temperature Gamma Irradiation Dosimetry for the Development of Streptococcus agalactiae Group B Vaccine Candidate Against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis

Low-Temperature Gamma Irradiation Dosimetry for the Development of Streptococcus agalactiae Group B Vaccine Candidate Against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Low-Temperature Gamma Irradiation Dosimetry for the Development of Streptococcus agalactiae Group B Vaccine Candidate Against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis Muhamad Yasin Yunus, Adam Tirta Kusuma, Boky Jeanne Tuasikal, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302521/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gamma irradiation is a promising method for microbial inactivation in vaccine production, especially for heat-sensitive microorganisms, as it can preserve antigenic structures while ensuring pathogen safety. Because heat-sensitive microorganisms are prone to damage at room or elevated temperatures, low-temperature irradiation is essential to maintain protein integrity. A major challenge in this process is accurate dose measurement, as routine dosimeter calibration is typically performed at room-temperature, which can lead to inaccuracies under freezing conditions. In this study, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dosimeters were calibrated under low-temperature environments maintained by dry ice (solid state of carbon dioxide; -700C to -300C). The influence of medium density on the absorbed dose was examined by comparing dry ice with wood pellets as a density-equivalent dummy. Dose-response data obtained at room-temperature using wood pellets were interpolated with the low-temperature data (using dry ice) to correct for temperature-dependent variations in dosimeter sensitivity. Results showed a polynomial relationship between dose and absorbance (R2=0.9996), with sensitivity decreasing above 10 kGy and saturation occurring near 50 kGy. At low-temperatures, dosimeter responses deviated from room-temperature calibration due to effects of dry ice and altered density. Correction was achieved by interpolating absorbance responses between dry ice (low-temperature) and wood pellets (room-temperature density-equivalent medium), and irradiator dose setting must be approximately 17.70% higher than the target dose to compensate for attenuation and achieve the desired absorbed dose. Dose uniformity ratios (DUR) across target doses (2–25 kGy) remained <1.1, confirming the homogeneity of irradiation and met the requirements of ISO 11137. This method provides a reliable dosimetric framework for low-temperature gamma irradiation, supporting its application in the development of vaccines against heat-sensitive microorganisms such as Group B Streptococcus agalactiae. Gamma irradiation Microbial inactivation Low-temperature Dosimetry PMMA Red Perspex Density correction Vaccine development Streptococcus agalactiae Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8302521","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":557690646,"identity":"e45a2b53-7af7-4ad4-90ba-8b524c9152c1","order_by":0,"name":"Muhamad Yasin Yunus","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhamad","middleName":"Yasin","lastName":"Yunus","suffix":""},{"id":557690647,"identity":"9e6dc658-5d8c-4749-8412-fc45b521aaff","order_by":1,"name":"Adam Tirta Kusuma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research and 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Mastitis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gamma irradiation, Microbial inactivation, Low-temperature, Dosimetry, PMMA Red Perspex, Density correction, Vaccine development, Streptococcus agalactiae","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302521/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302521/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Gamma irradiation is a promising method for microbial inactivation in vaccine production, especially for heat-sensitive microorganisms, as it can preserve antigenic structures while ensuring pathogen safety. Because heat-sensitive microorganisms are prone to damage at room or elevated temperatures, low-temperature irradiation is essential to maintain protein integrity. A major challenge in this process is accurate dose measurement, as routine dosimeter calibration is typically performed at room-temperature, which can lead to inaccuracies under freezing conditions. In this study, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dosimeters were calibrated under low-temperature environments maintained by dry ice (solid state of carbon dioxide; -700C to -300C). The influence of medium density on the absorbed dose was examined by comparing dry ice with wood pellets as a density-equivalent dummy. Dose-response data obtained at room-temperature using wood pellets were interpolated with the low-temperature data (using dry ice) to correct for temperature-dependent variations in dosimeter sensitivity. Results showed a polynomial relationship between dose and absorbance (R2=0.9996), with sensitivity decreasing above 10 kGy and saturation occurring near 50 kGy. At low-temperatures, dosimeter responses deviated from room-temperature calibration due to effects of dry ice and altered density. Correction was achieved by interpolating absorbance responses between dry ice (low-temperature) and wood pellets (room-temperature density-equivalent medium), and irradiator dose setting must be approximately 17.70% higher than the target dose to compensate for attenuation and achieve the desired absorbed dose. Dose uniformity ratios (DUR) across target doses (2–25 kGy) remained \u003c1.1, confirming the homogeneity of irradiation and met the requirements of ISO 11137. This method provides a reliable dosimetric framework for low-temperature gamma irradiation, supporting its application in the development of vaccines against heat-sensitive microorganisms such as Group B Streptococcus agalactiae.","manuscriptTitle":"Low-Temperature Gamma Irradiation Dosimetry for the Development of Streptococcus agalactiae Group B Vaccine Candidate Against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-12 23:45:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8302521/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0cb1a24b-186f-412d-aa1e-1bf6703fad79","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-23T16:00:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8302521","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-026-10810-6","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-radioanalytical-and-nuclear-chemistry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-18 15:57:30","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 18th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-12 23:45:38","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10967-026-10810-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-026-10810-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8302521","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8302521","identity":"rs-8302521","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}