Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council, FCT Abuja

Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council, FCT Abuja | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council, FCT Abuja Maryam Muhammad Mailafiya, Ahmadu Danjuma, Joshua Mamza, Samira Maidamma, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8209962/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global public health threat which is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and agriculture, as well as poor infection prevention and control measures. In Kuje Arae Council (KAC), AMR has silently become a neglected health burden leading to prolonged hospital stays, higher medical costs, and increased mortality. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards AMR among 403 public workers in KAC, FCT Abuja, selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Findings revealed that public workers possessed adequate knowledge (p = 0.000) and a moderate awareness of AMR's causes and consequences (p = 0.000). Their attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management were moderately positive (p = 0.000). A significant, strong positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitudes (r = 0.879, p = 0.000). Healthcare professionals were identified as the most credible source of AMR information (66.8%). Sociodemographic factors significantly influenced outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions The study concludes that while public workers in Kuje have adequate foundational knowledge and positive attitudes, gaps persist in understanding biological mechanisms and policies. The strong knowledge-attitude link highlights the importance of education. Therefore, intensified, targeted awareness campaigns, regular training, and leveraging healthcare professionals as AMR ambassadors are recommended to improve antimicrobial stewardship. Antimicrobial Resistance Knowledge Awareness Attitudes Public Workers Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites develop mechanisms that render medications ineffective, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death [ 1 ],[ 2 ]. Globally, AMR is a pressing public health crisis, with an estimated 1.27 million deaths directly attributed to resistant bacterial infections in 2019 and 4.95 million deaths associated with AMR [ 3 ]. If left unchecked, AMR could cause up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, surpassing cancer as a leading cause of mortality [ 4 ]. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bears the highest burden due to weak health systems, limited access to quality medicines, and widespread self-medication [ 5 ], [ 6 ]. In Africa, AMR poses a significant challenge due to inadequate surveillance, poor regulation of antimicrobial use, and high rates of infectious diseases [ 7 ]. A recent review found that resistance to commonly used antibiotics, such as penicillin and fluoroquinolones, exceeds 50% in many African countries [ 8 ]. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the highest mortality rates linked to AMR, with approximately 27.3 deaths per 100,000 population attributable to resistant infections [ 3 ]. Factors such as unregulated antibiotic sales, lack of public awareness, and insufficient healthcare infrastructure exacerbate the problem [ 9 ]. Nigeria faces a growing AMR crisis, with studies reporting high resistance rates to essential antibiotics, including up to 70% resistance to ampicillin and 60% to ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates [ 7 ]. A national survey revealed that 72% of Nigerians self-medicate with antibiotics, often without prescriptions, contributing significantly to resistance [ 10 ]. Hospital-acquired infections are also a major concern, with multidrug-resistant organisms detected in over 40% of cases in some healthcare facilities [ 11 ]. Despite national action plans to combat AMR, implementation remains weak due to limited funding, poor enforcement of policies, and low public awareness [ 12 ]. Studies consistently reveal a critical lack of knowledge about AMR among both the general public and healthcare workers in Nigeria. For instance, only 38% of adults correctly understand that unnecessary antibiotic use drives resistance, and about 45% of healthcare workers could not accurately define AMR [ 13 ], [ 14 ]. These knowledge gaps are compounded by widespread misconceptions, such as the belief that antibiotics can treat viral infections like the common cold, a notion held by 65% of respondents in one survey [ 15 ]. These deficits highlight an urgent need for targeted public health campaigns and formal training to improve understanding. Awareness of AMR remains particularly low in rural and semi-urban areas, with one study in Abuja finding that only 29% of respondents had heard of the term [ 16 ]. Compounding this problem, many Nigerians rely on informal sources like friends, drug vendors, and unqualified practitioners for health advice, while misinformation circulates freely on social media [ 17 ], [ 18 ]. These poor knowledge levels and unreliable information sources foster negative attitudes and practices, including self-medication and non-adherence to prescribed treatments [ 11 ]. In the Kuje Area Council (KAC) of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, AMR has silently become an unrecognized health burden due to poor health-seeking behavior, inadequate regulation of antibiotic use, and limited public enlightenment [ 18 ]. Local health reports have shown an increase in cases of treatment failure linked to resistant infections, yet there is little evidence that public workers are adequately informed about the causes, consequences, and preventive measures related to AMR [ 19 ]. This affirms a significant knowledge gap, particularly in semi-urban and peri-urban areas such as Kuje, where information dissemination is slower and often reliant on local governance structures. Noteworthy, many public workers in KAC continue to misuse antibiotics by self-recommendation and purchasing them over the counter without prescriptions or medical consultation [ 11 ]. Preliminary observations in local health facilities and government offices indicated that even some educated workers held misconceptions, such as using antibiotics to treat viral infections like the common cold or flu. There is a worrying lack of awareness about the consequences of AMR, with little to no visible health promotion materials or training targeting civil servants in the area [ 19 ]. This knowledge and attitude gap poses a major risk not only to individual health but also to community-level efforts to combat AMR. This study seeks to bridge this gap by assessing these factors among public workers in Kuje, thereby providing empirical evidence to guide policymakers in designing effective AMR mitigation strategies. Therefore, this study intends to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among public workers in the Kuje Area Council. Methods The study was conducted in Kuje Area Council, one of the six area councils within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Geographically, Kuje lies approximately 40 km southwest of central Abuja and covers a land area of 1,644 km², representing about 22.5% of the FCT’s total land mass [ 20 ]. The area comprises both urban and rural settlements and hosts several government ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs). With a reported population of 7,815 public workers [ 21 ], Kuje was selected as the study location due to its high institutional presence and relevance for public health-related research within the region. This research employed a cross-sectional design. The target population consisted of 7,815 permanent public workers across various MDAs and employment levels. A multi-stage sampling technique was utilized, which involved the purposive selection of Kuje Area Council, followed by a simple random selection of specific institutions and proportional random sampling of participants within them. The sample size was calculated using the standard formula for cross-sectional studies, yielding a minimum of 384 respondents, which was increased to 403 to account for a 5% anticipated attrition rate. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled “Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AKAAAMR).” The questionnaire's validity was established through review by a panel of five experts in relevant fields, and its reliability was confirmed via a pilot study, which produced a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81, indicating high internal consistency. Trained research assistants administered the questionnaires on-site over four weeks, with informed consent obtained from all participants. Ethical approval for the study was secured from the Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee (FCT-HREC), Abuja (Approval Number: FHRE/2025/01/235/11-08-25). Informed consent form was obtained from all participant before enrollment and all ethical principles, including confidentiality, voluntary participation, and anonymity, were strictly adhered to throughout the research process. Data Analysis The data collected were analyzed using statistical package SPSS Version 30, employing descriptive and inferential statistics at a 0.05 significance level. Bivariate analysis using Chi-Square test was conducted to assess the relationship between sociodemographic variables (age, gender, education, and work experience) and knowledge, awareness and attitudes towards AMR among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council. Results Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n = 403) Variables Options Frequency Percentage (%) Age Range in Years 18–25 69 17.1 26–35 112 27.8 36–45 85 21.1 46–55 54 13.4 56 and above 83 20.6 Gender Male 206 51.1 Female 197 48.9 Educational Qualification SSCE 51 12.7 OND/NCE 88 21.8 HND/B.Sc/B.Ed 131 32.5 M.Sc/M.Ed./MBA 80 19.9 PhD 53 13.2 Year of Work Experience Less than 1 year 23 5.7 1–5 years 134 33.3 6–10 years 99 24.6 11–15 years 74 18.4 Over 15 years 73 18.1 The demographic analysis shows that the majority of respondents were aged 26–35 years (27.8%), with a fairly even spread across other age groups, and a balanced gender distribution (51.1% male, 48.9% female) as shown in Table 1 . Most participants were well-educated, as over half held bachelor’s degrees or higher qualifications (65.6%), with the largest group being HND/B.Sc/B.Ed. Holders (32.5%). In terms of work experience, the highest proportion had 1–5 years (33.3%), while nearly half (61.1%) had more than 5 years, indicating a relatively experienced workforce. Level of Knowledge About Antimicrobial Resistance Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Table 2 Percentage Level of Knowledge About AMR Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council S/N Item Yes No Freq % Freq % 1. Antimicrobials are drugs used to treat infections caused by microorganisms. 259 (64.3) 144 (35.7) 2. AMR occurs when microbes become resistant to the drugs used to treat them. 250 (62.0) 153 (38.0) 3. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to AMR. 206 (51.1) 197 (48.9) 4. AMR affects the effectiveness of the treatment of infections. 233 (57.8) 170 (42.2) 5. AMR can lead to prolonged illness and hospital stays. 219 (54.3) 184 (45.7) 6. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials contributes to the development of AMR. 214 (53.1) 189 (46.9) 7. AMR is a major global public health issue. 207 (51.4) 196 (48.6) 8. Antimicrobials should only be taken when prescribed by a qualified professional. 239 (59.3) 164 (40.7) 9. I understand the term “AMR” 269 (66.7) 134 (33.3) 10. Microorganisms like bacteria can mutate and survive antibiotic treatment. 227 (56.3) 176 (43.7) The results presented in Table 2 revealed the percentage level of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among public workers in Kuje Area Council. A majority of respondents correctly identified that antimicrobials are used to treat infections (64.3%), that microbes can become resistant to drugs (62.0%), and that misuse of antimicrobials contributes to resistance (53.1%). However, knowledge gaps are evident, as less than two-thirds understood the impact of AMR on treatment effectiveness (57.8%), prolonged illness and hospital stay (54.3%), or its status as a global health issue (51.4%). While 66.7% reported understanding the term “AMR,” only about half recognised the role of overuse of antibiotics in resistance (51.1%) and microbial mutation (56.3%). Encouragingly, nearly 60% acknowledged the importance of taking antimicrobials only when prescribed. The findings affirmed that while basic knowledge of AMR exists, significant misconceptions and limited understanding persist. Table 3 Bivariate Analysis: Chi-Square Analysis on Sociodemographic and Knowledge About AMR Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Variables Knowledge χ 2 df p -value Yes Freq (%) No Freq (%) Age 47.86 4 0.000 18–25 30 (43.5) 39 (56.5) 26–35 52 (46.4) 60 (53.6) 36–45 60 (70.6) 25 (29.4) 46–55 42 (77.8) 12 (22.2) 56+ 70 (84.3) 13 (15.7) Gender 18.63 1 0.000 Male 140 (68.0) 66 (32.0) Female 92 (46.7) 105 (53.3) Education 42.08 4 0.000 SSCE 18 (35.3) 33 (64.7) OND/NCE 40 (45.5) 48 (54.5) HND/BSc/Bed 80 (61.1) 51 (38.9) MSc/MEd/MBA 60 (75.0) 20 (25.0) PhD 45 (84.9) 8 (15.1) Work Experience 25.24 4 0.000 < 1 year 8 (34.8) 15 (65.2) 1–5 years 60 (44.8) 74 (55.2) 6–10 years 65 (65.7) 34 (34.3) 11–15 years 55 (74.3) 19 (25.7) Over 15 years 44 (60.3) 29 (39.7) Findings from Table 3 indicated that age was significantly associated with knowledge of AMR (χ² = 47.86, df = 4, p < 0.001), with knowledge increasing as age advanced. Gender also showed a significant relationship (χ² = 18.63, df = 1, p < 0.001), with a higher proportion of males demonstrating good knowledge compared to females. Education level was strongly associated with knowledge (χ² = 42.08, df = 4, p < 0.001), as knowledge progressively improved with higher educational attainment. Similarly, work experience was significantly related to AMR knowledge (χ² = 25.24, df = 4, p < 0.001), with knowledge increasing with years of service. These results highlight age, gender, education, and work experience as key predictors of AMR knowledge in the study area. Table 4 One-Sample t-test Analysis on the Knowledge of AMR Variable N Mean Std. Dev. df t-value p-value Knowledge 403 3.25 0.92 402 26.781 0.000 Test Mean 403 3.00 0.00 Calculated p = 0.000, calculated t-value = 26.781 at df 402 The result of the one-sample t-test statistics in Table 4 revealed that public workers in Kuje Area Council have adequate knowledge of AMR because the calculated p-value of 0.000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance, and the calculated t-value of 26.781 is higher than the 1.972 critical t-value at 402 degrees of freedom (df). This means that public workers in Kuje Area Council have adequate knowledge of AMR. Level of Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Table 5 Percentage Level of Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of AMR among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council S/N Item Yes No Freq % Freq % 1. I have heard about AMR. 233 (57.8) 170 (42.2) 2. I am aware that self-medication with antibiotics contributes to AMR. 227 (56.3) 176 (43.7) 3. I know that using antibiotics for viral infections is inappropriate. 223 (55.3) 180 (44.7) 4. I am aware that not completing antibiotic prescriptions contributes to AMR. 233 (57.8) 170 (42.2) 5. I know that poor infection prevention and control measures promote AMR. 219 (54.3) 184 (45.7) 6. I have read or heard about AMR in the news/media. 252 (62.5) 151 (37.5) 7. I am aware that AMR can lead to treatment failure. 208 (51.7) 195 (48.3) 8. I understand that AMR can spread between people and animals. 203 (50.3) 200 (49.7) 9. I am aware of any government or health policies related to AMR. 160 (39.8) 243 (60.2) 10. I know that AMR can result in higher healthcare costs and increased mortality. 205 (51.0) 198 (49.0) Table 5 shows the percentage awareness of the causes and consequences of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. The table revealed a moderate level of awareness of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. More than half of the respondents had heard about AMR, recognised the role of self-medication, incomplete prescriptions, and inappropriate antibiotic use, and acknowledged the impact of poor infection control measures. Media exposure contributed to the highest awareness (62.5%), while knowledge of AMR consequences, such as treatment failure, spread between humans and animals, and increased healthcare costs, was slightly lower (around 50%). Awareness of government or health policies related to AMR was the lowest (39.8%), indicating a significant institutional knowledge gap. Table 6 Bivariate Analysis: Chi-Square Analysis on Sociodemographic and Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of AMR among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Variables Awareness χ 2 df p -value Yes Freq (%) No Freq (%) Age 33.21 4 0.000 18–25 26 (37.7) 43 (62.3) 26–35 55 (49.1) 57 (50.9) 36–45 52 (61.2) 33 (38.8) 46–55 38 (70.4) 16 (29.6) 56+ 65 (78.3) 18 (21.7) Gender 11.32 1 0.001 Male 104 (50.5) 102 (49.5) Female 132 (67.0) 65 (33.0) Education 24.59 4 0.000 SSCE 18 (35.3) 33 (64.7) OND/NCE 42 (47.7) 46 (52.3) HND/BSc/Bed 82 (62.6) 49 (37.4) MSc/MEd/MBA 56 (70.0) 24 (30.0) PhD 38 (71.7) 15 (28.3) Work Experience 31.13 4 0.000 < 1 year 6 (26.1) 17 (73.9) 1–5 years 62 (46.3) 72 (53.7) 6–10 years 61 (61.6) 38 (38.4) 11–15 years 55 (74.3) 19 (25.7) Over 15 years 52 (71.2) 21 (28.8) Table 6 presents the association between sociodemographic characteristics and awareness of the causes and consequences of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. The findings show that awareness significantly varied across all sociodemographic variables (p < 0.05). By age, awareness increased progressively with older groups. Gender differences revealed higher awareness among females compared to males. Educational attainment also influenced awareness. Similarly, work experience showed a positive relationship with awareness. The results indicated that older age, female gender, higher education, and longer work experience were significantly associated with greater awareness of AMR. Table 7 One-Sample t-test Analysis on the Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of AMR Variable N Mean Std. Dev. df t-value p-value Awareness 403 3.12 0.75 402 23.351 0.000 Test Mean 403 3.00 0.00 Calculated p = 0.000, calculated t-value = 23.351 at df 402 The result of the one-sample t-test statistics in Table 7 revealed that public workers in Kuje Area Council are aware of the causes and consequences of AMR because the calculated p-value of 0.000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance and the calculated t-value of 23.351 is higher than the 1.972 critical t-value at 402 degrees of freedom (df). This means that public workers in Kuje Area Council are aware of the causes and consequences of AMR. Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management Table 8 Percentage Level of Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management S/N Item Yes No Freq % Freq % 1. I believe antibiotics should only be taken when prescribed. 291 72.3 112 27.7 2. I am willing to complete the full dose of prescribed antibiotics. 223 55.8 180 44.2 3. I do not support using leftover antibiotics. 245 60.8 158 39.2 4. I support government campaigns against the misuse of antibiotics. 222 55.0 181 45.0 5. I am cautious about using antibiotics without professional consultation. 222 55.3 181 44.7 6. I believe everyone should be educated on AMR. 202 50.3 201 49.7 7. I feel that AMR is a serious issue needing urgent attention. 198 49.0 205 51.0 8. I encourage colleagues to use antimicrobials responsibly. 214 52.7 189 47.3 9. I support training programs for public workers on AMR. 215 53.0 188 47.0 10. I am ready to take personal responsibility in preventing AMR. 235 58.0 168 42.0 Table 8 indicates that public workers in Kuje Area Council generally demonstrated moderately positive attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management. Most respondents believed antibiotics should only be taken when prescribed (72.3%), were against using leftover antibiotics (60.8%), and expressed readiness to take personal responsibility in preventing AMR (58.0%). Slightly above half supported government campaigns (55.0%), training programs (53.0%), and responsible use encouragement among colleagues (52.7%). However, willingness to complete the full dose of antibiotics (55.8%) and caution against self-use without consultation (55.3%) remained moderate, while fewer respondents recognised AMR as a serious issue requiring urgent attention (49.0%) or strongly endorsed universal education on AMR (50.3%), highlighting gaps in awareness and urgency perception. Table 9 Bivariate Analysis: Chi-Square Analysis on Sociodemographic and Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management Variables Attitude χ 2 df p -value Yes Freq (%) No Freq (%) Age 14.38 4 0.006 18–25 32 (46.4) 37 (53.6) 26–35 78 (69.6) 34 (30.4) 36–45 50 (58.8) 35 (41.2) 46–55 25 (46.3) 29 (53.7) 56+ 42 (50.6) 41 (49.4) Gender 13.03 1 0.000 Male 134 (65.0) 72 (35.0) Female 93 (47.2) 104 (52.8) Education 18.90 4 0.001 SSCE 18 (35.3) 33 (64.7) OND/NCE 47 (53.4) 41 (46.6) HND/BSc/Bed 89 (67.9) 42 (32.1) MSc/MEd/MBA 48 (60.0) 32 (40.0) PhD 25 (47.2) 28 (52.8) Work Experience 14.57 4 0.006 < 1 year 8 (34.8) 15 (65.2) 1–5 years 90 (67.2) 44 (32.8) 6–10 years 56 (56.6) 43 (43.4) 11–15 years 40 (54.1) 34 (45.9) Over 15 years 33 (45.2) 40 (54.8) The findings in Table 9 revealed significant associations across all variables. Age was significantly related to attitude (χ² = 14.38, df = 4, p = 0.006), with the highest positive attitude observed among respondents aged 26–35 years. Gender showed a strong association (χ² = 13.03, df = 1, p = 0.000), with males exhibiting more favourable attitudes than females. Education was also significant (χ² = 18.90, df = 4, p = 0.001), as those with HND/BSc/BEd qualifications reported the highest positive attitude. Similarly, work experience was significantly associated with attitude (χ² = 14.57, df = 4, p = 0.006), with respondents having 1–5 years of experience showing the most favourable attitudes. These results indicated that sociodemographic factors significantly influence public workers’ attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management. Table 10 One-Sample t-test Analysis on Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management Variable N Mean Std. Dev. df t-value p-value Attitude 403 3.19 0.93 402 31.927 0.000 Test Mean 403 3.00 0.00 Calculated p = 0.000, calculated t-value = 31.927 at df 402 The result of the one-sample t-test statistics in Table 10 revealed that public workers in Kuje Area Council have positive attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management because the calculated p-value of 0.000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance, and the calculated t-value of 31.927 is higher than the 1.972 critical t-value at 402 degrees of freedom (df). This means that public workers in Kuje Area Council have positive attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management. Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding AMR Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Table 11 Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis on the Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding AMR among Public Workers Variable Mean Std. Dev. r p-value Knowledge 3.25 0.92 0.879 0.000 Attitude 3.19 0.93 Correlation is significant at the 0.05 (2-tailed) r = 0.879, p = 0.000 Table 11 revealed that a significant relationship exists between knowledge and attitudes. This is because the calculated p-value of 0.000 was found to be lower than the 0.05 alpha level at a correlation index value of 0.879. This implies that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding AMR among public workers. Major Sources of Information on AMR for Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Table 12 Percentage Major Sources of Information on AMR for Public Workers in Kuje Area Council S/N Item Yes No Freq % Freq % 1. I have received information on AMR through health seminars/workshops. 218 54.0 185 46.0 2. I learn about AMR from healthcare professionals. 269 66.8 134 33.2 3. I get information on AMR from TV/radio programs. 194 48.8 209 51.2 4. Social media platforms provide me with AMR-related information. 187 46.8 216 53.2 5. I have read articles or books on AMR. 179 44.8 224 55.2 6. I have access to educational materials on AMR in my workplace. 172 42.5 231 57.5 7. I have received formal training on AMR. 188 47.0 215 53.0 8. I follow health-related websites/blogs discussing AMR. 170 42.2 233 57.8 9. My colleagues share information with me on antimicrobial use and resistance. 180 44.7 223 55.3 10. Government campaigns/media have been informative on AMR. 189 47.3 214 52.7 Table 12 presents the percentage of the major sources of information on AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. The findings show that healthcare professionals (66.8%) and health seminars/workshops (54.0%) are the most common sources of AMR information. Other notable sources include government campaigns/media (47.3%), formal training (47.0%), and television/radio programs (48.8%). Meanwhile, social media platforms (46.8%), articles/books (44.8%), colleagues (44.7%), workplace educational materials (42.5%), and health-related websites/blogs (42.2%) were reported by fewer respondents. The results affirmed that interpersonal and professional channels, particularly healthcare professionals and seminars, serve as the main sources of AMR information, while digital and peer-based sources appear less utilised. Table 13 One-Sample t-test Analysis on the Sources of Information that Public Workers Rely on Regarding AMR Variable N Mean Std. Dev. df t-value p-value Source of Information 403 3.07 0.75 402 24.013 0.000 Test Mean 403 3.00 0.00 Calculated p = 0.000, calculated t-value = 24.013 at df 402 The result of the one-sample t-test presented in Table 13 provides evidence on the sources of information that public workers in Kuje Area Council rely upon regarding AMR. The computed t-value of 24.013 at 402 degrees of freedom, with a corresponding p-value of 0.000, indicates a statistically significant difference between the observed mean and the test mean. This implies that public workers in Kuje Area Council significantly rely on credible sources for information about AMR. Discussion Knowledge of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) The findings of this study, which indicate that public workers in Kuje Area Council possess adequate knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), are consistent with several Nigerian studies that have reported moderate to good levels of AMR awareness among various professional groups. For instance, Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [ 22 ] found that 58.4% of healthcare students demonstrated good knowledge of AMR, while Chukwu et al. [ 23 ] similarly reported that nearly half (49.2%) of healthcare workers had a good understanding of AMR. In contrast, some earlier Nigerian studies identified lower levels of knowledge. Dayyab et al. [ 24 ] revealed that only 37.2% of nurses at the Federal Medical Centre Nguru possessed good knowledge of AMR, and Adekanye et al. [ 25 ] observed significant knowledge gaps among veterinarians, with just 21% correctly defining antimicrobial stewardship. Likewise, Nwafia et al. [ 26 ] found that although 58.8% of healthcare workers at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital exhibited moderate knowledge, their practices remained poor. These mixed findings within Nigeria confirmed that AMR knowledge levels may vary by professional group, exposure to health education, and access to awareness campaigns. The comparatively higher knowledge observed among public workers in Kuje Area Council could reflect recent national efforts and sensitization programs aimed at promoting AMR awareness. Across the African continent, the current study’s findings are similarly supported by research conducted in other countries. Mudenda et al. [ 27 ] in Zambia reported high levels of AMR knowledge among healthcare workers, affirming growing awareness of the issue across the region. This aligns with the general trend of improving AMR literacy observed in several African populations, especially where health education and professional development programs have been intensified. Studies have also shown a gradual improvement in AMR understanding among health-related professionals and students. Huang and Eze [ 28 ], for example, reported moderate knowledge levels among medical laboratory scientists, while Simegn and Moges [ 29 ] and Abubakar and Sárváry [ 30 ] found a positive association between higher educational attainment and increased AMR knowledge in their respective populations. These findings reinforce the present study’s finding that education plays a critical role in shaping awareness and comprehension of AMR concepts. Awareness of AMR The findings of this study, which revealed a moderate level of awareness of the causes and consequences of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council, are in agreement with previous studies that have reported similar awareness patterns across different populations. Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [ 22 ] and Chukwu et al. [ 23 ] both found moderate awareness and knowledge of AMR among healthcare students and workers, respectively. Similarly, Ojo et al. [ 31 ] reported that although most respondents were familiar with the term “antibiotic resistance,” fewer understood its clinical and public health implications. Comparable results have been recorded internationally. For example, Ghaieth et al. [ 32 ] in Libya found that only 54% of healthcare professionals had satisfactory awareness of AMR, while Gebeyehu et al. [ 33 ] in Ethiopia observed a moderate awareness level among non-healthcare populations. These studies collectively affirmed that although awareness of AMR is spreading, a comprehensive understanding of its causes and preventive measures remains insufficient among the general population and non-medical workers, including public servants. Attitudes Toward Antimicrobial Use and Resistance The finding that public workers in Kuje Area Council exhibited moderately positive attitudes toward antimicrobial use and AMR management aligns with previous studies that reported similar trends. Davwar et al. [ 34 ] found that Nigerian doctors demonstrated fair attitudes (81%) toward antimicrobial resistance despite having good knowledge, affirming a pattern where awareness does not always translate into strong behavioural conviction. Likewise, Adekanye et al. [ 25 ] reported moderate attitudes among veterinary practitioners, while Eze et al. [ 35 ] found that 62.3% of healthcare students exhibited positive attitudes toward prudent antibiotic use. Internationally, comparable findings were observed by Gebeyehu et al. [ 33 ] in Ethiopia and Saleem et al. [ 36 ] in Pakistan, who reported that despite satisfactory knowledge, participants’ attitudes toward AMR prevention were not consistently reflected in their antibiotic use behaviours. These similarities indicate that positive attitudes toward AMR control are present but often constrained by knowledge gaps, weak enforcement of antibiotic regulations, and inadequate access to accurate information. Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes The finding of a significant positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council aligns with several previous studies. Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [ 22 ], Idoko et al. [ 37 ], and Jackson et al. [ 38 ] similarly reported that higher levels of AMR knowledge were associated with more positive attitudes toward appropriate antibiotic use and resistance prevention. Likewise, Muideen et al. [ 39 ] found that improved AMR understanding significantly influenced participants’ willingness to adopt responsible antibiotic practices. This relationship has also been established beyond Nigeria. Studies by Ayukekbong et al. [ 13 ] in Cameroon and Saleem et al. [ 36 ] in Pakistan demonstrated that individuals with better AMR knowledge were more likely to exhibit responsible attitudes and antibiotic stewardship behaviours. These findings reinforce the notion that educational interventions can enhance both knowledge and attitude domains, thereby strengthening the overall response to AMR at the community level. Sources of AMR Information The present study identified health workers, media outlets, and social campaigns as the most common sources of AMR-related information among public workers. This finding is consistent with previous studies in Nigeria and other countries. Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [ 22 ] and Chukwu et al. [ 23 ] both noted that television, radio, and healthcare professionals were the predominant information channels for AMR awareness. Similarly, Ojo et al. [ 31 ] and Idoko et al. [ 37 ] found that the internet and social media platforms have become increasingly influential in shaping public understanding of antibiotic resistance. Comparable results were reported by Abubakar and Sárváry [ 30 ] and Saleem et al. [ 36 ], who found that mass media and healthcare professionals played central roles in AMR communication, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening health communication systems and leveraging both traditional and digital media to ensure that accurate AMR information reaches broader segments of the population, including non-health professionals. Conclusions Based on the key findings, the study concluded that public workers in Kuje Area Council possess adequate knowledge and awareness of AMR and demonstrate moderately positive attitudes towards its management; however, significant gaps persist in understanding the biological mechanisms of resistance, the broader public health consequences, and government policies. A strong, positive relationship was identified between knowledge and attitudes, and socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and work experience significantly influenced the knowledge, awareness and attitude. Furthermore, healthcare professionals and interpersonal channels were the most credible information sources, while mass media and institutional campaigns were less effective. The study recommends a multi-faceted approach to intensify AMR awareness, including culturally sensitive government campaigns and regular training workshops for public workers to improve knowledge and practices. Healthcare providers should be empowered as AMR ambassadors, and all workers should be informed of relevant national policies like Nigeria’s National Action Plan. Additionally, institutions should supply accessible workplace educational materials, while stakeholders develop more tailored and effective content for TV, radio, and social media to better communicate AMR risks. Further, studies should be conducted to explore AMR knowledge gaps, policy effectiveness, attitude-behaviour links, influencing factors, information sources and sociodemographic roles. Abbreviations AMR Antimicrobial Resistance FCT Federal Capital Territory FCT-HREC Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee KAC Kuje Area Council LMICs Low- and middle-income countries MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies Declarations Ethical Considerations Before the commencement of the study, Ethical approval was obtained from the Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee (FCT-HREC), Abuja (Approval Number: FHRE/2025/01/235/11-08-25). All participants were provided with detailed information about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study in a language they understand. Informed consent was obtained from all participating public workers, with the assurance that participation was entirely voluntary and that they have the right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any negative consequences. The confidentiality and privacy of all data collected was strictly protected. No personally identifiable information will be disclosed, and all data was anonymized and securely stored. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declared no conflict of interest. Funding No specific funding was received for this work by any research funding body. All funds and resources used for this research were obtained through research team members’ personal contributions. Author Contribution M.M.M carried out the data Analysis, M.M.M, S.M and J.M wrote the main manuscript text and M.M, H.M and A.D prepared the tables. All authors collaboratively contributed to the design, processes and drafting of this manuscript. All authors reviewed, edited and approved the final draft of the manuscript. Acknowledgement Special thanks to Dr. Ahmadu Ogirima Danjuma of the Department of Public Health for his invaluable guidance, expertise, and support throughout the research. 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Mudenda S, Malama S, Munyeme M, Matafwali SK, Fwoloshi S, Hangoma JM, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on antibiotic resistance among healthcare workers in Zambia. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1034772. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlae076 . Huang W, Eze EC. Knowledge and perception of antimicrobial resistance among medical laboratory scientists. J Med Microbiol Diagn. 2021;10(5):320–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050815 . Simegn W, Moges F. Knowledge and attitude toward antimicrobial resistance among healthcare workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279342 . Abubakar U, Sárváry A. Relationship between educational attainment and antimicrobial resistance knowledge among non-medical populations. Global Health Res Policy. 2021;6(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1177/17571774231165407 . Ojo OE, Fabusoro E, Majasan AA, Dipeolu MA. Antimicrobials in animal production: usage and practices among livestock farmers in Oyo and Kaduna States of Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;48(1):189–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0939-8 . Ghaieth MF, Elhag SR, Hussien ME, Konozy EH. Antibiotics self-medication among medical and nonmedical students at two prominent universities in Benghazi City, Libya. J Pharm Bioall Sci. 2015;7(2):109–15. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.154432 . Gebeyehu E, Bantie L, Azage M. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and its associated factors among urban and rural communities of Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9):e0138179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138179 . Davwar PM, Ogbonna BO, Abdu-Aguye SN, Auta A. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards antimicrobial resistance among Nigerian doctors. Nig J Pharm Res. 2023;19(2):118–27. https://doi.org/10.60787/nmj.v64i4.296 . Eze UIH, Olayemi SO, Jimoh AO, Sani T, Olarenwaju SO. Antimicrobial use and resistance awareness among healthcare students in Nigeria. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2020;13(1):35. Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Godman B, Khan MU, Ahmad Z, Asif U, et al. Antimicrobial use, resistance, and stewardship awareness among Pakistani university students. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279342 . Idoko C, Uche AP, Afolabi AO. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antimicrobial resistance among non-medical workers in Abuja, Nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis. 2023;17(2):67–75. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.113.14686 . Jackson IL, Akpan MR, Adebayo GO. Knowledge and perception of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship among healthcare students in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2023;23(4):195–202. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v23i4.22 . Muideen OA, Tombari EP, Adejo AD, Bilikisu K, Aliyu AA, Ibrahim U. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards antimicrobial stewardship among Master of Public Health (MPH) students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Int J Sci Res Eng Trends. 2025;11(2):1968–72. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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10:17:32","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8209962/v1/e376eac0c6354ad515b93a24.html"},{"id":97148632,"identity":"5f5f1314-f0c7-479a-8c1d-0e92a5a40985","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:19:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1512840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8209962/v1/90a70cc3-7b9a-4d8d-9b03-c6e3fd1d7e64.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAssessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council, FCT Abuja\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites develop mechanisms that render medications ineffective, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, AMR is a pressing public health crisis, with an estimated 1.27\u0026nbsp;million deaths directly attributed to resistant bacterial infections in 2019 and 4.95\u0026nbsp;million deaths associated with AMR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. If left unchecked, AMR could cause up to 10\u0026nbsp;million deaths annually by 2050, surpassing cancer as a leading cause of mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bears the highest burden due to weak health systems, limited access to quality medicines, and widespread self-medication [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In Africa, AMR poses a significant challenge due to inadequate surveillance, poor regulation of antimicrobial use, and high rates of infectious diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A recent review found that resistance to commonly used antibiotics, such as penicillin and fluoroquinolones, exceeds 50% in many African countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the highest mortality rates linked to AMR, with approximately 27.3 deaths per 100,000 population attributable to resistant infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors such as unregulated antibiotic sales, lack of public awareness, and insufficient healthcare infrastructure exacerbate the problem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNigeria faces a growing AMR crisis, with studies reporting high resistance rates to essential antibiotics, including up to 70% resistance to ampicillin and 60% to ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. A national survey revealed that 72% of Nigerians self-medicate with antibiotics, often without prescriptions, contributing significantly to resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Hospital-acquired infections are also a major concern, with multidrug-resistant organisms detected in over 40% of cases in some healthcare facilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite national action plans to combat AMR, implementation remains weak due to limited funding, poor enforcement of policies, and low public awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies consistently reveal a critical lack of knowledge about AMR among both the general public and healthcare workers in Nigeria. For instance, only 38% of adults correctly understand that unnecessary antibiotic use drives resistance, and about 45% of healthcare workers could not accurately define AMR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. These knowledge gaps are compounded by widespread misconceptions, such as the belief that antibiotics can treat viral infections like the common cold, a notion held by 65% of respondents in one survey [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. These deficits highlight an urgent need for targeted public health campaigns and formal training to improve understanding. Awareness of AMR remains particularly low in rural and semi-urban areas, with one study in Abuja finding that only 29% of respondents had heard of the term [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Compounding this problem, many Nigerians rely on informal sources like friends, drug vendors, and unqualified practitioners for health advice, while misinformation circulates freely on social media [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. These poor knowledge levels and unreliable information sources foster negative attitudes and practices, including self-medication and non-adherence to prescribed treatments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the Kuje Area Council (KAC) of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, AMR has silently become an unrecognized health burden due to poor health-seeking behavior, inadequate regulation of antibiotic use, and limited public enlightenment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Local health reports have shown an increase in cases of treatment failure linked to resistant infections, yet there is little evidence that public workers are adequately informed about the causes, consequences, and preventive measures related to AMR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This affirms a significant knowledge gap, particularly in semi-urban and peri-urban areas such as Kuje, where information dissemination is slower and often reliant on local governance structures. Noteworthy, many public workers in KAC continue to misuse antibiotics by self-recommendation and purchasing them over the counter without prescriptions or medical consultation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Preliminary observations in local health facilities and government offices indicated that even some educated workers held misconceptions, such as using antibiotics to treat viral infections like the common cold or flu. There is a worrying lack of awareness about the consequences of AMR, with little to no visible health promotion materials or training targeting civil servants in the area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This knowledge and attitude gap poses a major risk not only to individual health but also to community-level efforts to combat AMR. This study seeks to bridge this gap by assessing these factors among public workers in Kuje, thereby providing empirical evidence to guide policymakers in designing effective AMR mitigation strategies. Therefore, this study intends to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among public workers in the Kuje Area Council.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Kuje Area Council, one of the six area councils within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Geographically, Kuje lies approximately 40 km southwest of central Abuja and covers a land area of 1,644 km\u0026sup2;, representing about 22.5% of the FCT\u0026rsquo;s total land mass [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The area comprises both urban and rural settlements and hosts several government ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs). With a reported population of 7,815 public workers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], Kuje was selected as the study location due to its high institutional presence and relevance for public health-related research within the region.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research employed a cross-sectional design. The target population consisted of 7,815 permanent public workers across various MDAs and employment levels. A multi-stage sampling technique was utilized, which involved the purposive selection of Kuje Area Council, followed by a simple random selection of specific institutions and proportional random sampling of participants within them. The sample size was calculated using the standard formula for cross-sectional studies, yielding a minimum of 384 respondents, which was increased to 403 to account for a 5% anticipated attrition rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were collected using a structured questionnaire titled \u0026ldquo;Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AKAAAMR).\u0026rdquo; The questionnaire's validity was established through review by a panel of five experts in relevant fields, and its reliability was confirmed via a pilot study, which produced a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81, indicating high internal consistency. Trained research assistants administered the questionnaires on-site over four weeks, with informed consent obtained from all participants. Ethical approval for the study was secured from the Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee (FCT-HREC), Abuja (Approval Number: FHRE/2025/01/235/11-08-25). Informed consent form was obtained from all participant before enrollment and all ethical principles, including confidentiality, voluntary participation, and anonymity, were strictly adhered to throughout the research process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data collected were analyzed using statistical package SPSS Version 30, employing descriptive and inferential statistics at a 0.05 significance level. Bivariate analysis using Chi-Square test was conducted to assess the relationship between sociodemographic variables (age, gender, education, and work experience) and knowledge, awareness and attitudes towards AMR among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDemographic Characteristics of the Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;403)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOptions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge Range in Years\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Qualification\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSSCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOND/NCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHND/B.Sc/B.Ed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.Sc/M.Ed./MBA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYear of Work Experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe demographic analysis shows that the majority of respondents were aged 26\u0026ndash;35 years (27.8%), with a fairly even spread across other age groups, and a balanced gender distribution (51.1% male, 48.9% female) as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Most participants were well-educated, as over half held bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degrees or higher qualifications (65.6%), with the largest group being HND/B.Sc/B.Ed. Holders (32.5%). In terms of work experience, the highest proportion had 1\u0026ndash;5 years (33.3%), while nearly half (61.1%) had more than 5 years, indicating a relatively experienced workforce.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLevel of Knowledge About Antimicrobial Resistance Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage Level of Knowledge About AMR Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobials are drugs used to treat infections caused by microorganisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259 (64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMR occurs when microbes become resistant to the drugs used to treat them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250 (62.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153 (38.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOveruse of antibiotics can lead to AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206 (51.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197 (48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMR affects the effectiveness of the treatment of infections.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMR can lead to prolonged illness and hospital stays.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219 (54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInappropriate use of antimicrobials contributes to the development of AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214 (53.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189 (46.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAMR is a major global public health issue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e207 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobials should only be taken when prescribed by a qualified professional.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239 (59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164 (40.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI understand the term \u0026ldquo;AMR\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicroorganisms like bacteria can mutate and survive antibiotic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227 (56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176 (43.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e revealed the percentage level of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among public workers in Kuje Area Council. A majority of respondents correctly identified that antimicrobials are used to treat infections (64.3%), that microbes can become resistant to drugs (62.0%), and that misuse of antimicrobials contributes to resistance (53.1%). However, knowledge gaps are evident, as less than two-thirds understood the impact of AMR on treatment effectiveness (57.8%), prolonged illness and hospital stay (54.3%), or its status as a global health issue (51.4%). While 66.7% reported understanding the term \u0026ldquo;AMR,\u0026rdquo; only about half recognised the role of overuse of antibiotics in resistance (51.1%) and microbial mutation (56.3%). Encouragingly, nearly 60% acknowledged the importance of taking antimicrobials only when prescribed. The findings affirmed that while basic knowledge of AMR exists, significant misconceptions and limited understanding persist.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate Analysis: Chi-Square Analysis on Sociodemographic and Knowledge About AMR Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (70.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (84.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140 (68.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (32.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105 (53.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSSCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOND/NCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHND/BSc/Bed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (61.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMSc/MEd/MBA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (84.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork Experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (65.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (44.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (65.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (60.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (39.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFindings from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e indicated that age was significantly associated with knowledge of AMR (χ\u0026sup2; = 47.86, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with knowledge increasing as age advanced. Gender also showed a significant relationship (χ\u0026sup2; = 18.63, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with a higher proportion of males demonstrating good knowledge compared to females. Education level was strongly associated with knowledge (χ\u0026sup2; = 42.08, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), as knowledge progressively improved with higher educational attainment. Similarly, work experience was significantly related to AMR knowledge (χ\u0026sup2; = 25.24, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with knowledge increasing with years of service. These results highlight age, gender, education, and work experience as key predictors of AMR knowledge in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-Sample t-test Analysis on the Knowledge of AMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalculated p\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000, calculated t-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.781 at df 402\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe result of the one-sample t-test statistics in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e revealed that public workers in Kuje Area Council have adequate knowledge of AMR because the calculated p-value of 0.000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance, and the calculated t-value of 26.781 is higher than the 1.972 critical t-value at 402 degrees of freedom (df). This means that public workers in Kuje Area Council have adequate knowledge of AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage Level of Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of AMR among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have heard about AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am aware that self-medication with antibiotics contributes to AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227 (56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176 (43.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI know that using antibiotics for viral infections is inappropriate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223 (55.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180 (44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am aware that not completing antibiotic prescriptions contributes to AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI know that poor infection prevention and control measures promote AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219 (54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have read or heard about AMR in the news/media.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e252 (62.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am aware that AMR can lead to treatment failure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI understand that AMR can spread between people and animals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203 (50.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am aware of any government or health policies related to AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160 (39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243 (60.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI know that AMR can result in higher healthcare costs and increased mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e205 (51.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198 (49.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the percentage awareness of the causes and consequences of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. The table revealed a moderate level of awareness of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. More than half of the respondents had heard about AMR, recognised the role of self-medication, incomplete prescriptions, and inappropriate antibiotic use, and acknowledged the impact of poor infection control measures. Media exposure contributed to the highest awareness (62.5%), while knowledge of AMR consequences, such as treatment failure, spread between humans and animals, and increased healthcare costs, was slightly lower (around 50%). Awareness of government or health policies related to AMR was the lowest (39.8%), indicating a significant institutional knowledge gap.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate Analysis: Chi-Square Analysis on Sociodemographic and Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of AMR among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAwareness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (62.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (49.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (50.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (38.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (70.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (78.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (67.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSSCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOND/NCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (52.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHND/BSc/Bed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82 (62.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (37.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMSc/MEd/MBA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (71.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (28.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork Experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (73.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (61.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (38.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55 (74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (71.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (28.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e presents the association between sociodemographic characteristics and awareness of the causes and consequences of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. The findings show that awareness significantly varied across all sociodemographic variables (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). By age, awareness increased progressively with older groups. Gender differences revealed higher awareness among females compared to males. Educational attainment also influenced awareness. Similarly, work experience showed a positive relationship with awareness. The results indicated that older age, female gender, higher education, and longer work experience were significantly associated with greater awareness of AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-Sample t-test Analysis on the Awareness of the Causes and Consequences of AMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAwareness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalculated p\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000, calculated t-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.351 at df 402\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe result of the one-sample t-test statistics in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e revealed that public workers in Kuje Area Council are aware of the causes and consequences of AMR because the calculated p-value of 0.000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance and the calculated t-value of 23.351 is higher than the 1.972 critical t-value at 402 degrees of freedom (df). This means that public workers in Kuje Area Council are aware of the causes and consequences of AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAttitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage Level of Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI believe antibiotics should only be taken when prescribed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e291 72.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112 27.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am willing to complete the full dose of prescribed antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223 55.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180 44.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI do not support using leftover antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245 60.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158 39.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI support government campaigns against the misuse of antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222 55.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181 45.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am cautious about using antibiotics without professional consultation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222 55.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181 44.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI believe everyone should be educated on AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202 50.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201 49.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI feel that AMR is a serious issue needing urgent attention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198 49.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e205 51.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI encourage colleagues to use antimicrobials responsibly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214 52.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189 47.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI support training programs for public workers on AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215 53.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188 47.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am ready to take personal responsibility in preventing AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235 58.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168 42.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e indicates that public workers in Kuje Area Council generally demonstrated moderately positive attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management. Most respondents believed antibiotics should only be taken when prescribed (72.3%), were against using leftover antibiotics (60.8%), and expressed readiness to take personal responsibility in preventing AMR (58.0%). Slightly above half supported government campaigns (55.0%), training programs (53.0%), and responsible use encouragement among colleagues (52.7%). However, willingness to complete the full dose of antibiotics (55.8%) and caution against self-use without consultation (55.3%) remained moderate, while fewer respondents recognised AMR as a serious issue requiring urgent attention (49.0%) or strongly endorsed universal education on AMR (50.3%), highlighting gaps in awareness and urgency perception.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate Analysis: Chi-Square Analysis on Sociodemographic and Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council Towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (69.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (30.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (58.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93 (47.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSSCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOND/NCE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (53.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (46.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHND/BSc/Bed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89 (67.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMSc/MEd/MBA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (47.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWork Experience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (65.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (67.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (54.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 15 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e revealed significant associations across all variables. Age was significantly related to attitude (χ\u0026sup2; = 14.38, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), with the highest positive attitude observed among respondents aged 26\u0026ndash;35 years. Gender showed a strong association (χ\u0026sup2; = 13.03, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), with males exhibiting more favourable attitudes than females. Education was also significant (χ\u0026sup2; = 18.90, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), as those with HND/BSc/BEd qualifications reported the highest positive attitude. Similarly, work experience was significantly associated with attitude (χ\u0026sup2; = 14.57, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), with respondents having 1\u0026ndash;5 years of experience showing the most favourable attitudes. These results indicated that sociodemographic factors significantly influence public workers\u0026rsquo; attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-Sample t-test Analysis on Attitudes of Public Workers in Kuje Area Council towards Antimicrobial Use and AMR Management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalculated p\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000, calculated t-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31.927 at df 402\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe result of the one-sample t-test statistics in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e revealed that public workers in Kuje Area Council have positive attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management because the calculated p-value of 0.000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance, and the calculated t-value of 31.927 is higher than the 1.972 critical t-value at 402 degrees of freedom (df). This means that public workers in Kuje Area Council have positive attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding AMR Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis on the Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding AMR among Public Workers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCorrelation is significant at the 0.05 (2-tailed) r = 0.879, p = 0.000\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e revealed that a significant relationship exists between knowledge and attitudes. This is because the calculated p-value of 0.000 was found to be lower than the 0.05 alpha level at a correlation index value of 0.879. This implies that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding AMR among public workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMajor Sources of Information on AMR for Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage Major Sources of Information on AMR for Public Workers in Kuje Area Council\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS/N\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreq %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have received information on AMR through health seminars/workshops.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218 54.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185 46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI learn about AMR from healthcare professionals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269 66.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 33.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI get information on AMR from TV/radio programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194 48.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209 51.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial media platforms provide me with AMR-related information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187 46.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e216 53.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have read articles or books on AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179 44.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224 55.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have access to educational materials on AMR in my workplace.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172 42.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231 57.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI have received formal training on AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188 47.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215 53.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI follow health-related websites/blogs discussing AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170 42.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233 57.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMy colleagues share information with me on antimicrobial use and resistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180 44.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223 55.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment campaigns/media have been informative on AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189 47.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214 52.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e presents the percentage of the major sources of information on AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council. The findings show that healthcare professionals (66.8%) and health seminars/workshops (54.0%) are the most common sources of AMR information. Other notable sources include government campaigns/media (47.3%), formal training (47.0%), and television/radio programs (48.8%). Meanwhile, social media platforms (46.8%), articles/books (44.8%), colleagues (44.7%), workplace educational materials (42.5%), and health-related websites/blogs (42.2%) were reported by fewer respondents. The results affirmed that interpersonal and professional channels, particularly healthcare professionals and seminars, serve as the main sources of AMR information, while digital and peer-based sources appear less utilised.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-Sample t-test Analysis on the Sources of Information that Public Workers Rely on Regarding AMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Dev.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource of Information\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTest Mean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalculated p\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e0.000, calculated t-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.013 at df 402\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe result of the one-sample t-test presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e provides evidence on the sources of information that public workers in Kuje Area Council rely upon regarding AMR. The computed t-value of 24.013 at 402 degrees of freedom, with a corresponding p-value of 0.000, indicates a statistically significant difference between the observed mean and the test mean. This implies that public workers in Kuje Area Council significantly rely on credible sources for information about AMR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eKnowledge of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study, which indicate that public workers in Kuje Area Council possess adequate knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), are consistent with several Nigerian studies that have reported moderate to good levels of AMR awareness among various professional groups. For instance, Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] found that 58.4% of healthcare students demonstrated good knowledge of AMR, while Chukwu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] similarly reported that nearly half (49.2%) of healthcare workers had a good understanding of AMR. In contrast, some earlier Nigerian studies identified lower levels of knowledge. Dayyab et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that only 37.2% of nurses at the Federal Medical Centre Nguru possessed good knowledge of AMR, and Adekanye et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] observed significant knowledge gaps among veterinarians, with just 21% correctly defining antimicrobial stewardship. Likewise, Nwafia et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] found that although 58.8% of healthcare workers at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital exhibited moderate knowledge, their practices remained poor. These mixed findings within Nigeria confirmed that AMR knowledge levels may vary by professional group, exposure to health education, and access to awareness campaigns. The comparatively higher knowledge observed among public workers in Kuje Area Council could reflect recent national efforts and sensitization programs aimed at promoting AMR awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross the African continent, the current study\u0026rsquo;s findings are similarly supported by research conducted in other countries. Mudenda et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] in Zambia reported high levels of AMR knowledge among healthcare workers, affirming growing awareness of the issue across the region. This aligns with the general trend of improving AMR literacy observed in several African populations, especially where health education and professional development programs have been intensified. Studies have also shown a gradual improvement in AMR understanding among health-related professionals and students. Huang and Eze [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], for example, reported moderate knowledge levels among medical laboratory scientists, while Simegn and Moges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] and Abubakar and S\u0026aacute;rv\u0026aacute;ry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] found a positive association between higher educational attainment and increased AMR knowledge in their respective populations. These findings reinforce the present study\u0026rsquo;s finding that education plays a critical role in shaping awareness and comprehension of AMR concepts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAwareness of AMR\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study, which revealed a moderate level of awareness of the causes and consequences of AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council, are in agreement with previous studies that have reported similar awareness patterns across different populations. Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and Chukwu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] both found moderate awareness and knowledge of AMR among healthcare students and workers, respectively. Similarly, Ojo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] reported that although most respondents were familiar with the term \u0026ldquo;antibiotic resistance,\u0026rdquo; fewer understood its clinical and public health implications. Comparable results have been recorded internationally. For example, Ghaieth et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] in Libya found that only 54% of healthcare professionals had satisfactory awareness of AMR, while Gebeyehu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] in Ethiopia observed a moderate awareness level among non-healthcare populations. These studies collectively affirmed that although awareness of AMR is spreading, a comprehensive understanding of its causes and preventive measures remains insufficient among the general population and non-medical workers, including public servants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAttitudes Toward Antimicrobial Use and Resistance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe finding that public workers in Kuje Area Council exhibited moderately positive attitudes toward antimicrobial use and AMR management aligns with previous studies that reported similar trends. Davwar et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] found that Nigerian doctors demonstrated fair attitudes (81%) toward antimicrobial resistance despite having good knowledge, affirming a pattern where awareness does not always translate into strong behavioural conviction. Likewise, Adekanye et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] reported moderate attitudes among veterinary practitioners, while Eze et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] found that 62.3% of healthcare students exhibited positive attitudes toward prudent antibiotic use. Internationally, comparable findings were observed by Gebeyehu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] in Ethiopia and Saleem et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] in Pakistan, who reported that despite satisfactory knowledge, participants\u0026rsquo; attitudes toward AMR prevention were not consistently reflected in their antibiotic use behaviours. These similarities indicate that positive attitudes toward AMR control are present but often constrained by knowledge gaps, weak enforcement of antibiotic regulations, and inadequate access to accurate information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRelationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe finding of a significant positive relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding AMR among public workers in Kuje Area Council aligns with several previous studies. Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], Idoko et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], and Jackson et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] similarly reported that higher levels of AMR knowledge were associated with more positive attitudes toward appropriate antibiotic use and resistance prevention. Likewise, Muideen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] found that improved AMR understanding significantly influenced participants\u0026rsquo; willingness to adopt responsible antibiotic practices. This relationship has also been established beyond Nigeria. Studies by Ayukekbong et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] in Cameroon and Saleem et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] in Pakistan demonstrated that individuals with better AMR knowledge were more likely to exhibit responsible attitudes and antibiotic stewardship behaviours. These findings reinforce the notion that educational interventions can enhance both knowledge and attitude domains, thereby strengthening the overall response to AMR at the community level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSources of AMR Information\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study identified health workers, media outlets, and social campaigns as the most common sources of AMR-related information among public workers. This finding is consistent with previous studies in Nigeria and other countries. Akande-Sholabi and Ajamu [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and Chukwu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] both noted that television, radio, and healthcare professionals were the predominant information channels for AMR awareness. Similarly, Ojo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and Idoko et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] found that the internet and social media platforms have become increasingly influential in shaping public understanding of antibiotic resistance. Comparable results were reported by Abubakar and S\u0026aacute;rv\u0026aacute;ry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] and Saleem et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], who found that mass media and healthcare professionals played central roles in AMR communication, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening health communication systems and leveraging both traditional and digital media to ensure that accurate AMR information reaches broader segments of the population, including non-health professionals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the key findings, the study concluded that public workers in Kuje Area Council possess adequate knowledge and awareness of AMR and demonstrate moderately positive attitudes towards its management; however, significant gaps persist in understanding the biological mechanisms of resistance, the broader public health consequences, and government policies. A strong, positive relationship was identified between knowledge and attitudes, and socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and work experience significantly influenced the knowledge, awareness and attitude. Furthermore, healthcare professionals and interpersonal channels were the most credible information sources, while mass media and institutional campaigns were less effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study recommends a multi-faceted approach to intensify AMR awareness, including culturally sensitive government campaigns and regular training workshops for public workers to improve knowledge and practices. Healthcare providers should be empowered as AMR ambassadors, and all workers should be informed of relevant national policies like Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s National Action Plan. Additionally, institutions should supply accessible workplace educational materials, while stakeholders develop more tailored and effective content for TV, radio, and social media to better communicate AMR risks. Further, studies should be conducted to explore AMR knowledge gaps, policy effectiveness, attitude-behaviour links, influencing factors, information sources and sociodemographic roles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAMR Antimicrobial Resistance\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFCT Federal Capital Territory\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e FCT-HREC Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKAC Kuje Area Council\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLMICs Low- and middle-income countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Before the commencement of the study, Ethical approval was obtained from the Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee (FCT-HREC), Abuja (Approval Number: FHRE/2025/01/235/11-08-25). All participants were provided with detailed information about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study in a language they understand. Informed consent was obtained from all participating public workers, with the assurance that participation was entirely voluntary and that they have the right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any negative consequences. The confidentiality and privacy of all data collected was strictly protected. No personally identifiable information will be disclosed, and all data was anonymized and securely stored.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo specific funding was received for this work by any research funding body. All funds and resources used for this research were obtained through research team members\u0026rsquo; personal contributions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.M.M carried out the data Analysis, M.M.M, S.M and J.M wrote the main manuscript text and M.M, H.M and A.D prepared the tables. All authors collaboratively contributed to the design, processes and drafting of this manuscript. All authors reviewed, edited and approved the final draft of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecial thanks to Dr. Ahmadu Ogirima Danjuma of the Department of Public Health for his invaluable guidance, expertise, and support throughout the research. Finally, the authors will like to acknowledge Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Distance Learning Center, for the immerse training and opportunity given to carry out this research successfully.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial resistance. 2020. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. 2019. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019. 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Knowledge, attitude and practices towards antimicrobial stewardship among Master of Public Health (MPH) students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Int J Sci Res Eng Trends. 2025;11(2):1968\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antimicrobial Resistance, Knowledge, Awareness, Attitudes, Public Workers","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8209962/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8209962/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global public health threat which is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals, and agriculture, as well as poor infection prevention and control measures. In Kuje Arae Council (KAC), AMR has silently become a neglected health burden leading to prolonged hospital stays, higher medical costs, and increased mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards AMR among 403 public workers in KAC, FCT Abuja, selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFindings revealed that public workers possessed adequate knowledge (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) and a moderate awareness of AMR's causes and consequences (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Their attitudes towards antimicrobial use and AMR management were moderately positive (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). A significant, strong positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitudes (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.879, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Healthcare professionals were identified as the most credible source of AMR information (66.8%). Sociodemographic factors significantly influenced outcomes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study concludes that while public workers in Kuje have adequate foundational knowledge and positive attitudes, gaps persist in understanding biological mechanisms and policies. The strong knowledge-attitude link highlights the importance of education. Therefore, intensified, targeted awareness campaigns, regular training, and leveraging healthcare professionals as AMR ambassadors are recommended to improve antimicrobial stewardship.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Among Public Workers in Kuje Area Council, FCT Abuja","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-01 10:09:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8209962/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-04T08:08:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-28T07:05:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-28T07:03:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Public Health","date":"2025-11-26T07:27:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Public Health](https://link.springer.com/journal/12982)","snPcode":"12982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12982/3","title":"Discover Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"73120766-9155-4d54-9bf2-deae29c6c839","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-29T19:09:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-01 10:09:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8209962","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8209962","identity":"rs-8209962","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}