Rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake inferred from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data

Rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake inferred from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake inferred from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data Hiroaki Kobayashi, Tetsushi Watanabe, Kazuki Koketsu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6117868/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We performed joint source inversions of strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data to investigate the rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake. A multi-segment fault model was constructed based on the distribution of relocated aftershocks and survey results of submarine active faults. The hypocenter was located on a secondary fault subparallel to the main fault system, where preceding swarm activity had occurred. According to the inversion results, the rupture initially propagated northwestward up-dip along the secondary fault and, after approximately 6 s, migrated onto the main fault system. Moderate slips then occurred around the migration point. Subsequently, the rupture propagated bilaterally, with large slips occurring simultaneously in the northwestern part of the Noto Peninsula and the northeastern offshore region. In the latter region, both southeast- and northwest-dipping faults ruptured. Large slips were primarily obtained at depths shallower than approximately 8.5 km, where relatively few aftershocks occurred. Our results suggested that rupture termination at both the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault was possibly controlled by fault geometry. The intensive swarm activity before the earthquake likely influenced the rupture process. The rupture primarily occurred in segments along known submarine active faults with large slips, highlighting the importance of submarine fault information for assessing future coastal earthquakes. 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake joint source inversion rupture process Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Full Text Supplementary Files additionalfilesv42024Noto.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Earth, Planets and Space → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 07 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6117868","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":427233051,"identity":"51e16fc4-80e5-4726-b035-4d85549c2478","order_by":0,"name":"Hiroaki Kobayashi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIie3QsUrEMBjA8U8K1yVH15SC9woJgeJQ9FUqhXTxAQqCVynEJUdX+yYODi2B3hJ1dexUVzs6CPZ65yD0ircdR/5LCOFH8gXAZDrCMCAo+5U4CGbDHmBm/Z6Gk8SVO4L+QzYRogcCf8ho7sOqUklyyZhWddM9X8CVXUeke4KFA9A2I8RDr2GldeT7LyKmj21/K+LqutBAixRiMkLO8Q2p7oUV+G/I91CJlxLiTM0FhKQEjveTZcDyLQHkfGTqe4J4W6J8Mpc7grmKziaIKzWpUr1mWNf9LBvy3kZ0JTAtsvFZ8FqyLk1uaS6juvks78DOOcNfIlg4tuRjP7a3/kkW4oeIIbs+mJhMJtMp9gObN11aPHvOXgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9249-4217","institution":"Kobori Research Complex Inc.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hiroaki","middleName":"","lastName":"Kobayashi","suffix":""},{"id":427233052,"identity":"5f48e0c8-8b0a-49a8-81e3-0042af144988","order_by":1,"name":"Tetsushi Watanabe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kobori Research Complex Inc.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tetsushi","middleName":"","lastName":"Watanabe","suffix":""},{"id":427233053,"identity":"a1540a04-da1c-471b-abc3-e832b638f0da","order_by":2,"name":"Kazuki Koketsu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SFC Research Institute, Keio University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kazuki","middleName":"","lastName":"Koketsu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-27 06:07:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6117868/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6117868/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02238-1","type":"published","date":"2025-07-01T15:58:02+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78902990,"identity":"a65616e0-7fb6-4006-a1ff-f51d292d0167","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:10:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":531599,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area and station distributions. \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Study area. The black square in the inset map denotes the area shown in Panel \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. The background color represents elevation. Thick blue lines indicate submarine active faults around the source region (HERP, 2024d). The orange star marks the epicenter of the mainshock. Sky-blue triangles and dark-blue squares represent strong motion stations and geodetic stations, respectively. The black broken square outlines the area shown in Panel \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. The focal mechanism of the mainshock from the GCMT project is also depicted. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eEnlarged map of the Noto Peninsula.\u003cstrong\u003e c\u003c/strong\u003e Teleseismic station distribution. Sky-blue triangles denote teleseismic stations, while the orange star represents the epicenter of the mainshock.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure01w01.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/bf927158899f9dc8577b61cb.jpg"},{"id":78904058,"identity":"7b81526b-8b6a-48b0-8589-9fb3ef62d000","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:26:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1071386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Map view of the fault model and relocated 24-hour aftershock distribution. \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003eh\u003c/strong\u003e Cross-sections.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eBlack meshes and lines depict the fault model. The orange star marks the epicenter/hypocenter of the mainshock. Green starts indicate the epicentroids of medium-sized earthquakes. Yellow circles represent relocated 24-hour aftershocks. Viewing directions are shown in the lower right corner of each cross-section. Other elements are consistent with Fig 1.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure02w01.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/f49fc2ed01bb454fc4a95f41.jpg"},{"id":78903182,"identity":"17aa3071-682a-4423-9902-497e2124ca07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:17:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":923796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of the second preliminary inversion. \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003eFault model. The orange star represents the mainshock epicenter. Yellow circles indicate the relocated 24-hour aftershocks. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eSnapshots of the slip distribution. Gray broken lines mark the segment boundaries, while white broken lines outline the rupture front at the end of the corresponding time range. \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eSlip rate function for each subfault. \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003eApparent moment rate function. \u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e Comparisons of observed (black) and synthetic (red) waveforms for the strong motion (0.03–0.3 Hz) and teleseismic (0.01–0.4 Hz) data. The station name, component, and maximum observed amplitude (cm/s for strong motion; μm for teleseismic) are displayed to the left of each waveform.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure03w01.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/ff561953b31a260690143dd0.jpg"},{"id":78903185,"identity":"33ba8afa-946d-4cb4-b232-cc8104d3c26a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:18:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":724263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of the main inversion. \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c/strong\u003eMap view of slip distribution and apparent moment rate function. The orange star marks the mainshock epicenter. The gray square denotes the location of segment N3-sub, with its slip distribution illustrated at the top. \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c/strong\u003eFault view of slip distribution\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ec \u003c/strong\u003eSlip rate function for each subfault. \u003cstrong\u003ed \u003c/strong\u003eSnapshots of the slip distribution. Gray broken lines represent segment boundaries, while white broken lines mark the rupture front at the end of the corresponding time range. The black circle highlights corresponding locations on the fault in Panel \u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure04w01.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/b63bbe70c342eb619a4ca7f8.jpg"},{"id":78902982,"identity":"dc44d64c-b7de-460f-9cf4-ba691b58a7f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:09:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":619839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparisons of the observed (black) and synthetic (red) strong motion waveforms (UD components) in the main inversion result. Stations enclosed by gray lines are located outside the Noto Peninsula. Synthetic waveforms for each segment are displayed below the comparisons. The frequency ranges of the applied bandpass filters are: 0.03–0.3 Hz (ISKH01 to ISK006), 0.03–0.07 Hz (NIG001 to NIG004), and 0.01–0.05 Hz (ADM to YAS). Waveform types include velocity (ISKH01 to NIG004) and displacement (ADM to YAS). The station name, component, and maximum observed amplitude (cm/s or cm) are indicated above each waveform.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure05w01.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/4b94c57dc03f9aab49074732.jpg"},{"id":78902985,"identity":"95e0b6ab-865c-490f-b485-737bdf439dcc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:10:00","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":741225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Enlarged map view of the main inversion slip distribution around segment N3, along with the hypocenter distribution from December 2020 to December 2023, as relocated by Yoshida et al. (2024). \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ei\u003c/strong\u003eCross-sections. The gray square denotes the location of segment N3-sub, with its slip distribution illustrated at the top. The orange star marks the epicenter/hypocenter of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake. Gray circles indicate relocated hypocenters from Yoshida et al. (2024). Viewing directions are shown in the lower right corner of each cross-section. Thick blue lines represent submarine active faults around the source region (HERP, 2024d). Sky-blue triangles and dark-blue squares denote strong motion and geodetic stations, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure06w01.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/298093f0512694b520f783d4.jpg"},{"id":86179086,"identity":"681fdccc-462d-4614-beea-721d4ee18e37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-07 16:15:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5035907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2024Notoepsv5nofig.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1_covered_6fcbbedb-480c-4967-8e38-debffc124b8f.pdf"},{"id":78903013,"identity":"74b273cb-a8ac-41e6-abf1-b38928baf245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-20 14:10:01","extension":"docx","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":9141316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"additionalfilesv42024Noto.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6117868/v1/e3b44089aaa37d4d5faa7e9f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake inferred from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epsp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Earth, Planets and Space](http://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/epsp/default.aspx","title":"Earth, Planets and Space","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake, joint source inversion, rupture process","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6117868/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6117868/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe performed joint source inversions of strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data to investigate the rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake. A multi-segment fault model was constructed based on the distribution of relocated aftershocks and survey results of submarine active faults. The hypocenter was located on a secondary fault subparallel to the main fault system, where preceding swarm activity had occurred. According to the inversion results, the rupture initially propagated northwestward up-dip along the secondary fault and, after approximately 6 s, migrated onto the main fault system. Moderate slips then occurred around the migration point. Subsequently, the rupture propagated bilaterally, with large slips occurring simultaneously in the northwestern part of the Noto Peninsula and the northeastern offshore region. In the latter region, both southeast- and northwest-dipping faults ruptured. Large slips were primarily obtained at depths shallower than approximately 8.5 km, where relatively few aftershocks occurred. Our results suggested that rupture termination at both the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault was possibly controlled by fault geometry. The intensive swarm activity before the earthquake likely influenced the rupture process. The rupture primarily occurred in segments along known submarine active faults with large slips, highlighting the importance of submarine fault information for assessing future coastal earthquakes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Rupture process of the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake inferred from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-20 14:09:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6117868/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2025-04-08T00:00:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-03-12T08:23:36+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-11T12:29:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-04T06:50:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Earth, Planets and Space","date":"2025-02-27T01:07:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epsp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Earth, Planets and Space](http://earth-planets-space.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/epsp/default.aspx","title":"Earth, Planets and Space","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"77e73604-9d90-4be2-8979-8d3f868f9d0e","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-07T16:04:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6117868","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02238-1","journal":{"identity":"earth-planets-and-space","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Earth, Planets and Space"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-01 15:58:02","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-20 14:09:55","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40623-025-02238-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02238-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6117868","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6117868","identity":"rs-6117868","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}