Correlation Between Different Vertical Facial Patterns and Mandibular Incisor Alveolar Bone Loss in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion During Pre-Surgical Orthodontic Decompensation

Correlation Between Different Vertical Facial Patterns and Mandibular Incisor Alveolar Bone Loss in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion During Pre-Surgical Orthodontic Decompensation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Correlation Between Different Vertical Facial Patterns and Mandibular Incisor Alveolar Bone Loss in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion During Pre-Surgical Orthodontic Decompensation Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Can Zheng, Yushi Le, Mingjuan Li, Qilong Wan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6042123/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives Pre-surgical orthodontic decompensation (POD) for patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion may lead to alveolar bone loss. This study investigates the relationship between vertical facial patterns and mandibular incisor alveolar bone loss during POD. Material and Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted with skeletal Class III patients from the Hospital of Stomatology at Wuhan University. Measurements were taken using cephalometric tomography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Based on the Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA), patients were categorized into high angle (FMA > 32°), medium angle (male FMA: 21°-32°, female FMA: 22°-32°), and low angle groups (male FMA < 21°, female FMA < 22°). The primary outcome was the change in average alveolar bone thickness (ABA%), while secondary outcomes included horizontal thickness at apex and midroot levels and vertical bone level. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests. Results The study included 95 patients (43 males and 52 females, aged 20.3 ± 2.8 years, POD duration 25.7 ± 13.7 months). High angle patients had thinnest lingual alveolar bone thickness before POD, experienced greater ABA% loss during POD and had least labial ABA% after POD. Less ABA% before POD was correlated with more ABA% loss during POD. Conclusions In skeletal Class III patients with different vertical patterns, high angle patients had poorer labial alveolar bone conditions and were more susceptible to labial bone loss during POD. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Pre-surgical Orthodontic Decompensation Class III Malocclusion Vertical Facial Patterns Alveolar Bone Figures Figure 1 Background Approximately 4% of the population has a dentofacial deformity that necessitates surgical-orthodontic intervention for correction. 1 The typical treatment process POD, orthognathic surgery, and post-surgical orthodontic treatment. 2 For skeletal Class III malocclusion patients, POD involves retroclining the maxillary teeth lingually and proclining the mandibular teeth labially. However, POD may lead to periodontal bone defects, resulting in tooth mobility, periodontal pockets, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases that may persist throughout treatment. 3 , 4 Class III patients have thinner alveolar bone in the anterior dental region compared to Class II malocclusion patients and those with normal occlusion. 5 – 7 Vertical facial pattern is a crucial skeletal characteristic in orthodontic treatment planning. Previous researches have focused on how vertical facial patterns affect the dental arch and alveolar bone condition. 8 , 9 Among these, high angle patients pose the greatest treatment challenge, typically exhibiting excessive vertical facial development, low bone density, critical alveolar bone conditions, and weak chewing muscle strength. 9 Studies have shown that high angle patients have extremely thin anterior alveolar bone before orthodontic treatment but higher vertical bone height. 10 , 11 Additionally, due to lower bone density, high angle patients are more sensitive to orthodontic force, resulting in shorter treatment durations. 12 In contrast, low angle patients have higher bone density, leading to lower sensitivity to orthodontic force and longer treatment durations. The impact of different vertical facial patterns on alveolar bone condition and bone loss has been noted, but their influence during the POD process is under-researched. This study aims to investigate the influence of different vertical facial patterns on mandibular incisor alveolar bone loss in skeletal Class III patients during POD. Understanding these differences can guide clinical treatment and highlight potential limitations for patients with varying vertical facial patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Design This retrospective cohort study screened patients diagnosed with skeletal Class III malocclusion who underwent POD and orthognathic treatment at the Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, from January 2016 to November 2023. Inclusion criteria were: (1) adult patients with skeletal Class III maxillofacial deformities (ANB < 0°); (2) healthy periodontal conditions before treatment; (3) Intact mandibular dentition, with the maxillary dentition either intact or only bilateral maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes; (4) no previous orthodontic history. Exclusion criteria were: (1) patients with cleft lip or palate; (2) missing, extra, or malformed teeth in the anterior arch; (3) greater than 3mm crowding in the mandibular arch; (4) severe facial asymmetry (horizontal distance between menton and midline greater than 4mm); (5) other craniofacial disorders such as temporomandibular joint disorders and oral tumors. The minimum sample size was calculated as 81 based on average alveolar bone thickness change, with a power of 90%, significance level of 0.05, and effect size of 0.35, using PASS software (Version 24.0.3, NCSS, LLC, Kaysville, Utah, USA). Data collection and quality control CBCT scans were taken using the Newtom 3G, QR Verona (Italy) at 110 kV and 3.64 mA, with a field view of 20 cm × 16 cm, a scanning time of 36 seconds, and a voxel size of 0.4 × 0.4 × 0.4 mm³ before POD (T0) and after POD (before orthognathic surgery) (T1). The data were imported into Dolphin Imaging 12.0 for further analysis. All lateral cephalometric records of the included patients at T0 and T1 were created using CBCT. Data collected from lateral cephalograms taken at T0 and T1 included: SNA (°): Position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base SNB (°): Position of the mandible relative to the cranial base ANB (°): Sagittal intermaxillary relationship Wits (mm): Distance between the projections of points A and B onto the occlusal plane IMPA (°): Inclination of the lower incisors relative to the mandibular plane U1-SN (°): Inclination of the upper incisors relative to the cranial base FMA (°): Angle between the Frankfort horizontal plane and the mandibular plane To illustrate the movement of the incisors during the orthodontic process, we also measured the vertical and horizontal displacement of the root apex and the incisal edge before and after orthodontic treatment. The lateral cephalometric tracings at T0 and T1 were superimposed. The horizontal reference was determined by rotating the SN plane clockwise by 7 degrees, and the vertical direction was set perpendicular to the horizontal reference (Figure S1 ). To ensure the reliability of measurements, all CBCT and lateral cephalogram measurements were independently performed by two experienced examiners, with the intraclass correlation coefficient calculated. An ICC greater than 0.8 was considered reliable, and the average was taken for statistical analysis. Variables The predictor variable was the vertical facial pattern, measured based on the FMA. Patients were categorized into high angle (FMA > 32°) group, medium angle (male FMA: 21°-32°, female FMA: 22°-32°) group, and low angle (male FMA < 21°, female FMA < 22°) group, according to standards reported by Cheung et al. [13] For evaluating the alveolar bone condition of mandibular incisors, the right-side incisors were selected. The criteria for CBCT section measurements were: parallel to the long axis of the tooth and perpendicular to the dental arch direction, with the section showing the longest root length. Primary outcome variables were: Average Alveolar Bone Thickness on the labial side (ABA%) and on the lingual side (ABA%’), which were calculated by dividing the Alveolar Bone Area (ABA) by the Root Length (RL). Secondary outcome variables were: Vertical Alveolar Bone Level on the labial side (VBL) and on the lingual side (VBL’), Horizontal Bone Thickness at Midroot level on the labial side (mHBT) and on the lingual side (mHBT’), Horizontal Bone Thickness at Apex on the labial side (aHBT) and on the lingual side (aHBT’). Illustrations of these measurements are provided in Fig. 1 . These measurement standards were adapted from Lee et al.’s study. 14 Statistical Analysis The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normal distribution of all measurements. Independent T-tests evaluated gender differences. Pearson correlation tests assessed the correlation between orthodontic duration and outcome variables. One-way ANOVA and Brown-Forsythe ANOVA compared alveolar bone measurements between groups at T0, T1, and changes from T0 to T1 based on the distribution and homogeneity of data. The least significant difference t-test (LSD) was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests assessed correlations between FMA and alveolar bone measurements at T0, T1, and changes from T0 to T1, as well as between T0 alveolar bone condition and bone loss from T0 to T1. RESULT Patients Characteristics This study included 95 patients, comprising 52 females and 43 males, with a mean age of 20.3 ± 2.8 years and an average POD treatment duration of 25.7 ± 13.7 months. Demographic information and cephalometric measurements are shown in Table 1 . A statistically significant difference was identified in the ANB angle among groups, with the high angle group having the highest ANB and the low angle group the lowest. Further analysis revealed that the high angle group had the lowest SNA and U1-SN angles, but no significant difference was observed in the SNB and IMPA angles. Thus, the difference in ANB was primarily attributed to maxillary differences, not affecting our research on the mandible. No significant difference in IMPA changes was observed between the groups, effectively eliminating the confounding effect of variations in incisor inclination across groups. No difference in alveolar bone loss was found between genders, nor was there a correlation between orthodontic duration and primary outcome variables. Table 1 Demographic information and cephalometric measurements by groups. Variables High angle group (n = 10) Medium angle group (n = 47) Low angle group (n = 38) p value a Age, y 18.80 ± 1.75 20.11 ± 2.32 20.95 ± 3.38 0.076 Sex, F/M 1/1 17/30 17/21 0.697 POD Duration 32.90 ± 23.57 24.11 ± 12.60 25.90 ± 11.40 0.185 IMPA Change 5.03 ± 2.70 4.04 ± 5.49 5.42 ± 5.66 0.489 T0 T1 p value T0 T1 p value T0 T1 p value SNA, ° 78.75 ± 5.46 83.83 ± 11.20 0.223 82.65 ± 4.55 82.04 ± 6.14 0.444 81.29 ± 4.00 81.09 ± 3.47 0.738 0.036* SNB, ° 81.26 ± 4.51 84.83 ± 7.76 0.252 85.88 ± 4.60 85.11 ± 5.87 0.265 85.03 ± 13.29 86.98 ± 3.76 0.345 0.352 ANB, ° -2.52 ± 2.51 -1.04 ± 5.10 0.249 -3.24 ± 2.71 -3.06 ± 3.62 0.495 -5.79 ± 3.58 -5.98 ± 3.20 0.632 0.000** Wits, mm -14.08 ± 4.18 -12.97 ± 3.02 0.329 -18.05 ± 37.14 -11.34 ± 3.93 0.216 -11.62 ± 7.54 -10.82 ± 4.70 0.486 0.543 FMA, ° 32.45 ± 2.76 31.22 ± 4.80 0.416 25.07 ± 2.78 24.70 ± 3.53 0.25 16.27 ± 3.94 16.62 ± 4.53 0.266 0.000** IMPA, ° 78.46 ± 8.14 83.48 ± 9.05 0.000** 83.75 ± 8.54 87.79 ± 6.89 0.000** 85.77 ± 8.46 91.19 ± 7.25 0.000** 0.055 U1-SN, ° 106.81 ± 6.85 108.40 ± 7.81 0.631 111.80 ± 8.03 109.29 ± 7.93 0.084 115.36 ± 7.77 115.43 ± 7.84 0.954 0.006** Differences between T0 and T1 were assessed using paired-sample T-tests; differences in age and treatment duration between groups were assessed using ANOVA; differences in sex distribution between groups were assessed using the Chi-square test; a, differences between groups were also assessed using ANOVA. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.001. The morphology changes of mandibular incisor during POD can be seen in Table S1 , our results showed that the vertical change of the incisal edge was minimal (Mean = -0.229, SD = 1.578), indicating a small vertical movement during the orthodontic process. The root apex showed some vertical movement (Mean = 1.384, SD = 1.481), which may caused by bone resorption. Furthermore, the horizontal movement of both the apex and root aligns with the inclination typical in orthodontic treatment. Difference of alveolar bone loss on lingual side among vertical facial types Before POD (T0), the high angle group exhibited the poorest alveolar bone condition on the lingual side. The ABA%’ was 1.07 ± 0.39 mm for the central incisor and 1.18 ± 0.47 mm for the lateral incisor. In contrast, the low angle group had the best bone condition, with an ABA% of 1.29 ± 0.67 mm for the central incisor and 1.48 ± 0.73 mm for the lateral incisor (Table 2 ). After POD (T1), this difference between groups disappeared (Table 3 ). Analysis of bone measurement changes from T0 to T1 showed that the high angle group experienced the least bone loss during POD, with an ABA%’ change of -0.54 ± 0.43 mm for the central incisor and − 0.33 ± 0.32 mm for the lateral incisor, whereas the low angle group experienced the most bone loss, with an ABA%’ change of -0.56 ± 0.48 mm for the central incisor and − 0.74 ± 0.60 mm for the lateral incisor (Table 4 ). Table 2 Difference of alveolar bone measurements at T0 between groups. Tooth site Variable Group (Mean ± SD) F p value High angle group (n = 10) Medium angle group (n = 47) Low angle group (n = 38) Mandibular cantral incisor ABA% 0.44 ± 0.23 0.44 ± 0.21 0.48 ± 0.23 0.293 0.747 ABA%’ a 1.07 ± 0.39 1.19 ± 0.35 1.29 ± 0.67 0.900 0.410 VBL 3.11 ± 3.08 3.87 ± 2.72 3.41 ± 2.55 0.495 0.611 VBL’ 2.63 ± 1.52 2.42 ± 1.30 2.44 ± 1.56 0.084 0.919 mHBT 0.29 ± 0.15 0.30 ± 0.26 0.31 ± 0.26 0.02 0.98 mHBT’ 0.64 ± 0.39 0.84 ± 0.46 0.91 ± 0.72 0.898 0.411 aHBT 1.99 ± 0.70 2.17 ± 0.71 2.31 ± 0.82 0.777 0.463 aHBT’ 3.84 ± 1.02 4.04 ± 0.88 4.39 ± 1.40 1.41 0.249 Mandibular lateral incisor ABA% 0.54 ± 0.20 0.50 ± 0.17 0.52 ± 0.22 0.144 0.866 ABA%’ a 1.18 ± 0.47 1.19 ± 0.39 1.48 ± 0.73 3.040 0.053 VBL 2.27 ± 1.12 2.91 ± 2.06 2.82 ± 1.94 0.45 0.639 VBL’ 2.25 ± 1.53 2.29 ± 1.10 2.34 ± 1.29 0.027 0.973 mHBT 0.32 ± 0.11 0.27 ± 0.19 0.31 ± 0.21 0.377 0.687 mHBT’ a 0.89 ± 0.45 0.99 ± 0.47 1.28 ± 0.83 3.28 0.045* aHBT 2.49 ± 0.82 2.60 ± 0.87 2.57 ± 0.88 0.067 0.935 aHBT’ 3.67 ± 1.13 3.84 ± 1.00 4.45 ± 1.35 3.507 0.034* One-way ANOVA was used to calculate differences between groups; a , Brown-Forsythe ANOVA was used instead of One-way ANOVA as the data violates the homogeneity of variance assumption; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 Table 3 Difference of alveolar bone measurements at T1 between groups. Tooth site Variable Group (Mean ± SD) F p value High angle group (n = 10) Medium angle group (n = 47) Low angle group (n = 38) Mandibular central incisor ABA% a 0.38 ± 0.19 0.50 ± 0.30 0.61 ± 0.40 2.198 0.117 ABA%’ a 0.54 ± 0.36 0.59 ± 0.40 0.73 ± 0.72 0.956 0.388 VBL 5.87 ± 3.45 5.10 ± 2.70 4.98 ± 3.01 0.377 0.687 VBL’ 4.33 ± 3.00 4.75 ± 2.79 4.94 ± 3.39 0.163 0.85 mHBT 0.17 ± 0.22 0.26 ± 0.34 0.31 ± 0.38 0.57 0.568 mHBT’ a 0.41 ± 0.40 0.38 ± 0.43 0.57 ± 0.81 1.28 0.286 aHBT a 2.42 ± 0.55 2.81 ± 0.89 3.37 ± 1.35 5.91 0.004** aHBT’ 2.35 ± 0.82 2.80 ± 1.03 2.84 ± 1.51 0.68 0.509 Mandibular lateral incisor ABA% a 0.50 ± 0.15 0.60 ± 0.34 0.80 ± 0.50 3.839 0.025* ABA%’ 0.84 ± 0.58 0.79 ± 0.55 0.74 ± 0.64 0.149 0.862 VBL 4.42 ± 2.86 4.50 ± 2.96 3.67 ± 2.50 0.987 0.377 VBL’ 3.95 ± 3.47 4.46 ± 3.19 5.22 ± 3.47 0.843 0.434 mHBT 0.29 ± 0.25 0.31 ± 0.39 0.48 ± 0.45 2.107 0.127 mHBT’ 0.79 ± 0.68 0.66 ± 0.62 0.64 ± 0.73 0.199 0.82 aHBT a 2.90 ± 0.63 3.23 ± 1.04 3.84 ± 1.63 4.482 0.015* aHBT’ 2.74 ± 1.33 2.95 ± 1.25 2.89 ± 1.42 0.11 0.896 One-way ANOVA was used to calculate differences between groups; a , Brown-Forsythe ANOVA was used instead of One-way ANOVA as the data violates the homogeneity of variance assumption; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 Table 4 Difference of alveolar bone measurements change from T0 to T1 between groups. Tooth site Variable Group (Mean ± SD) F p value High angle group (n = 10) Medium angle group (n = 47) Low angle group (n = 38) Mandibular central incisor ABA%_D -0.06 ± 0.33 0.05 ± 0.26 0.13 ± 0.37 1.630 0.202 ABA%’_D -0.54 ± 0.43 -0.60 ± 0.43 -0.56 ± 0.48 0.154 0.857 VBL_D 2.75 ± 4.16 1.23 ± 3.06 1.56 ± 2.93 0.986 0.377 VBL’_D 1.70 ± 2.69 2.33 ± 2.55 2.50 ± 2.86 0.346 0.709 mHBT_D -0.11 ± 0.28 -0.03 ± 0.29 -0.00 ± 0.37 0.516 0.598 mHBT’_D -0.23 ± 0.31 -0.46 ± 0.51 -0.34 ± 0.54 1.14 0.324 aHBT_D 0.42 ± 0.91 0.63 ± 0.83 1.07 ± 1.20 2.666 0.075 aHBT’_D -1.50 ± 1.16 -1.24 ± 1.04 -1.55 ± 1.04 0.939 0.395 Mandibular lateral incisor ABA%_D a -0.04 ± 0.21 0.09 ± 0.33 0.28 ± 0.46 4.084 0.020* ABA%’_D -0.33 ± 0.32 -0.41 ± 0.44 -0.74 ± 0.60 5.520 0.005** VBL_D 2.15 ± 3.39 1.59 ± 3.07 0.85 ± 3.09 0.971 0.383 VBL’_D 1.69 ± 2.77 2.18 ± 2.94 2.89 ± 3.22 0.884 0.417 mHBT_D -0.03 ± 0.28 0.03 ± 0.36 0.17 ± 0.43 1.947 0.149 mHBT’_D -0.10 ± 0.36 -0.32 ± 0.56 -0.64 ± 0.77 4.023 0.021* aHBT_D 0.40 ± 0.96 0.62 ± 0.99 1.27 ± 1.52 3.661 0.030* aHBT’_D -0.93 ± 0.75 -0.89 ± 1.04 -1.56 ± 1.21 4.292 0.017* One-way ANOVA was used to calculate differences between groups; a , Brown-Forsythe ANOVA was used instead of One-way ANOVA as the data violates the homogeneity of variance assumption; _D, indicating variable change from T0 to T1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01 Difference of alveolar bone loss on labial side among vertical facial types For the labial side, no significant difference was observed among groups at T0 (Table 2 ). However, at T1, the high angle group demonstrated the poorest bone condition, with an ABA% of 0.38 ± 0.19 mm for the central incisor and 0.50 ± 0.15 mm for the lateral incisor. The low angle group exhibited the best condition, with an ABA% of 0.61 ± 0.40 mm for the central incisor and 0.80 ± 0.50 mm for the lateral incisor (Table 3 ). This indicates greater bone loss in the high angle group and less bone loss in the low angle group. The findings align with the analysis of alveolar bone changes from T0 to T1, showing an ABA% change of -0.06 ± 0.33 mm for the central incisor and − 0.04 ± 0.21 mm for the lateral incisor in the high angle group (Table 4 ). Correlation Between FMA and Alveolar Bone Correlation tests (Table 5 ) indicated that a higher FMA was associated with poorer lingual alveolar bone at T0 and worse labial alveolar bone at T1. Additionally, FMA was correlated with greater labial bone loss and less lingual bone loss from T0 to T1, supporting the aforementioned findings. Table 5 Correlation test results between patient alveolar bone measurements and FMA. Correlation was analyzed using Pearson correlation tests (if the data followed a normal distribution) and Spearman correlation tests (if the data did not follow a normal distribution); * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001 STAGE Mandibular central incisors FMA correlation coefficient p value Mandibular lateral incisor FMA correlation coefficient p value T0 ABA% -0.124 0.230 ABA% -0.033 0.747 ABA%’ -0.230* 0.025* ABA%’ -0.370*** 0.001*** VBL 0.039 0.708 VBL -0.032 0.759 VBL’ 0.069 0.506 VBL’ -0.002 0.984 mHBT -0.083 0.424 mHBT -0.016 0.88 mHBT’ -0.205* 0.046* mHBT’ -0.379*** 0*** aHBT -0.101 0.33 aHBT 0.011 0.918 aHBT’ -0.248* 0.015* aHBT’ -0.343*** 0.001*** T1 ABA% -0.309** 0.002** ABA% -0.304** 0.003** ABA%’ -0.125 0.227 ABA%’ 0.009 0.935 VBL 0.159 0.124 VBL 0.164 0.113 VBL’ -0.018 0.864 VBL’ -0.082 0.432 mHBT -0.222* 0.031* mHBT -0.232* 0.024* mHBT’ -0.106 0.308 mHBT’ 0.021 0.843 aHBT -0.326*** 0.001*** aHBT -0.262* 0.01* aHBT’ -0.111 0.286 aHBT’ -0.043 0.677 Change From T0 to T1 ABA% -0.249* 0.015* ABA% -0.301** 0.003** ABA%’ 0.107 0.302 ABA%’ 0.412*** 0.001*** VBL 0.113 0.275 VBL 0.166 0.108 VBL’ -0.057 0.584 VBL’ -0.109 0.293 mHBT -0.177 0.087 mHBT -0.241* 0.019* mHBT’ 0.105 0.311 mHBT’ 0.394*** 0*** aHBT -0.280** 0.006** aHBT -0.279** 0.006** aHBT’ 0.139 0.178 aHBT’ 0.314** 0.002** Correlation Between T0 bone condition and bone loss As high angle patients exhibited poorer T0 bone conditions and greater bone loss during POD, correlation tests between T0 bone condition and alveolar bone loss among all patients were conducted (Table 6 ). The results showed that poorer alveolar bone condition is correlated with greater bone loss during POD. Table 6 Correlation tests between T0 alveolar bone condition and alveolar bone loss. Tooth Site Variables correlation coefficient p value Mandibular central incisors ABA% and ABA%_D -0.218* 0.034 ABA%' and ABA%'_D -0.339*** < 0.001 Mandibular lateral incisor ABA% and ABA%_D -0.152 0.141 ABA%' and ABA%'_D -0.437*** < 0.001 Correlation was analyzed using Pearson correlation tests; _D, indicating variable change from T0 to T1; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001 DISCUSSION This study investigated the influence of vertical facial patterns on bone loss during POD for Class III malocclusion patients. We found that high angle patients not only have poorer alveolar bone conditions but are also more susceptible to bone loss during POD, especially on the labial side, potentially leading to fenestration and dehiscence. A previous study in 2020 4 did not find a significant correlation between vertical facial patterns and alveolar bone loss, but it included only 29 patients and focused on apical alveolar bone thickness and height loss. By expanding the sample size to 95 patients and measuring ABA% as primary outcomes, our study provides a more robust and comprehensive assessment. High angle patients, having initially poorer alveolar bone conditions, experienced more bone loss during POD. We found that thinner alveolar bone correlates with greater bone loss during orthodontics. This finding aligns with previous studies 15 , 16 that reported more bone loss in patients with thinner mandibular incisor alveolar bone during orthodontics. One explanation for this is that thinner alveolar bone is primarily due to thinner cortical bone, and vertical facial dimensions affect cortical bone mineralization. 17 , 18 High angle patients typically have thinner alveolar and cortical bone, 19 – 22 although their alveolar bone height is greater in the symphyseal region. 19 This adaptation might be due to varying masticatory demands among different vertical facial types. 23 – 25 However, thinner alveolar and cortical bone often have lower bone density, making them more prone to microfractures from tooth movement, which increases bone loss. 26 , 27 Gender might influence alveolar bone loss. However, our study found no difference between males and females. Although mandibular cortical bone mineralization patterns differ between genders, 18 there is no difference in cortical bone thickness after maturation except in specific areas. 19 Therefore, the microfracture mechanism may explain the lack of gender differences in alveolar bone loss. However, gender could influence bone loss through other pathways, such as the effects of endogenous sex steroid hormones on periodontal tissues and oral microbiota. 28 , 29 Our primary outcomes were labial and lingual average alveolar bone thickness, while vertical alveolar bone level and horizontal thickness at midroot and apex levels were secondary indicators. Average alveolar bone thickness provides a more comprehensive measure of bone loss, while secondary indicators have limitations. Changes in tooth position and root resorption can complicate midroot and apex level identification, affecting measurements. Additionally, vertical bone loss assessment did not account for bone fenestration cases, though secondary indicators remain clinically significant. However, our study also has some limitations. Factors such as overbite or overjet, gingival types, and patient oral habits, which may influence bone loss, were not excluded from this experiment. 30 Additionally, our study included relatively few cases with clear aligners. The unique advantages of clear aligners in recent years suggest that their effectiveness in POD merits further research. The results of this study could guide clinical treatment for skeletal Class III patients during POD. High angle patients, in particular, may benefit from additional treatments such as periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics and bone grafting to mitigate bone loss. CONCLUSION Among skeletal Class III patients with different vertical patterns, high angle patients are more susceptible to labial bone loss and less to lingual bone loss during POD, resulting in poorer labial bone conditions post-treatment. Low angle patients maintained the best labial alveolar bone condition before and after POD. Abbreviations POD Pre-surgical orthodontic decompensation CBCT Cone-beam computed tomography FMA Frankfort mandibular plane angle ABA% Average alveolar bone thickness on the labial side ABA%’ Average alveolar bone thickness on the lingual side ABA Alveolar bone area RL Root Length VBL Vertical alveolar bone level on the labial side VBL’ Vertical alveolar bone level on the lingual side mHBT Horizontal bone thickness at midroot level on the labial side mHBT’ Horizontal bone thickness at midroot level on the lingual side aHBT Horizontal bone thickness at apex on the labial side aHBT’ Horizontal bone thickness at apex on the lingual side least significant difference t-test (LSD) Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University (HGGC-205).The consent to participate declaration was obtained from each paticipant. Availability of Data and Materials To protect patient privacy, the data from this study is not publicly available. However, you can request access by emailing the corresponding author, Qilong Wan, at [email protected] . Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Funding This research was supported by grants from National Key R&D Project of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China [No. 2023YFC2509200]. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University (HGGC-205). Funding This research was supported by grants from National Key R&D Project of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China [No. 2023YFC2509200]. Author Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Writing - original draft preparation: [Yun He]; Writing - review and editing: [Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Yushi Le, Mingjuan Li]; Conceptualization: [Yushi Le, Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Can Zheng, Mingjuan Li]; Methodology: [Yushi Le, Yun He, Siyuan Wang]; Formal analysis and investigation: [Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Can Zheng]; Supervision: [Qilong Wan], All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Johnston C, et al. Class III surgical-orthodontic treatment: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130(3):300–9. Zamboni R et al. Impacts of Orthognathic Surgery on Patient Satisfaction, Overall Quality of Life, and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Dent, 2019. 2019: p. 2864216. Ma H, et al. Morphometric evaluation of the alveolar bone around central incisors during surgical orthodontic treatment of high-angle skeletal class III malocclusion. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24(1):87–95. Yao CJ, et al. Architectural changes in alveolar bone for dental decompensation before surgery in Class III patients with differing facial divergence: a CBCT study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14379. Beckmann SH, et al. Alveolar and skeletal dimensions associated with lower face height. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998;113(5):498–506. Beckmann SH, et al. Alveolar and skeletal dimensions associated with overbite. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998;113(4):443–52. Chung CJ, Jung S, Baik HS. Morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region in adult skeletal Class III crossbite and openbite malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(1):38–43. Ocak I, et al. Relationship between vertical facial morphology and dental arch measurements in class II malocclusion: a retrospective study. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16031. Ozdemir F, Tozlu M, Germec D, Cakan. Quantitative evaluation of alveolar cortical bone density in adults with different vertical facial types using cone-beam computed tomography. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44(1):36–43. Li B, et al. Relationship between different skeletal facial types and anterior alveolar bone thickness with cone-beam computed tomography in an Asian population. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(18):956. Handelman CS. The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae. Angle Orthod. 1996;66(2):95–109. discussion 109 – 10. Kuo JJ, Lin CH, Ko EW. Relapse patterns of two-jaw surgical correction in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and different vertical facial types. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;51(12):1587–95. Cheung LK, et al. Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Chinese adults in Hong Kong with balanced facial profile. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(2):e56–73. Lee KM, et al. Alveolar bone loss around lower incisors during surgical orthodontic treatment in mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(4):637–44. Garlock DT, et al. Evaluation of marginal alveolar bone in the anterior mandible with pretreatment and posttreatment computed tomography in nonextraction patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2016;149(2):192–201. Mulie RM, Hoeve AT. The limitations of tooth movement within the symphysis, studied with laminagraphy and standardized occlusal films. J Clin Orthod. 1976;10(12):882–93. Maki K, et al. A three-dimensional, quantitative computed tomographic study of changes in distribution of bone mineralization in the developing human mandible. Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46(7):667–78. Maki K, et al. Changes in cortical bone mineralization in the developing mandible: a three-dimensional quantitative computed tomography study. J Bone Min Res. 2000;15(4):700–9. Swasty D, et al. Cross-sectional human mandibular morphology as assessed in vivo by cone-beam computed tomography in patients with different vertical facial dimensions. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139(4 Suppl):e377–89. Kohakura S, et al. Relationship between maxillofacial morphology and morphological characteristics of vertical sections of the mandible obtained by CT scanning. J Nihon Univ Sch Dent. 1997;39(2):71–7. Tsunori M, Mashita M, Kasai K. Relationship between facial types and tooth and bone characteristics of the mandible obtained by CT scanning. Angle Orthod. 1998;68(6):557–62. Masumoto T, et al. Relationships among facial type, buccolingual molar inclination, and cortical bone thickness of the mandible. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(1):15–23. Mavropoulos A, et al. Masticatory demands induce region-specific changes in mandibular bone density in growing rats. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(4):625–30. Dechow PC, Hylander WL. Elastic properties and masticatory bone stress in the macaque mandible. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000;112(4):553–74. Bresin A. Effects of masticatory muscle function and bite-raising on mandibular morphology in the growing rat. Swed Dent J Suppl, 2001(150): pp. 1–49. Bresin A, Kiliaridis S, Strid KG. Effect of masticatory function on the internal bone structure in the mandible of the growing rat. Eur J Oral Sci. 1999;107(1):35–44. Taylor D, Lee TC. Microdamage and mechanical behaviour: predicting failure and remodelling in compact bone. J Anat. 2003;203(2):203–11. Güncü GN, Tözüm TF, Cağlayan F. Effects of endogenous sex hormones on the periodontium–review of literature. Aust Dent J. 2005;50(3):138–45. Cornejo Ulloa P, et al. The effect of sex steroid hormones on the ecology of in vitro oral biofilms. Biofilm. 2023;6:100139. Bollen AM, et al. The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health: a systematic review of controlled evidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(4):413–22. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files TableS1.docx Supplementaryfigure1.tif Figure S1. Superimposed lateral cephalometric tracings. a, horizontal movement of root apex; b, vertical movement of root apex; c, horizontal movement of incisal edge; d, vertical movement of incisal edge. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 16 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6042123","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":421875987,"identity":"cb63b573-18fa-4c21-9927-5cab7de792c9","order_by":0,"name":"Yun He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Oral \u0026 Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School \u0026 Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yun","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":421875988,"identity":"b401f63c-50b0-4717-9bfd-1721cfa931f9","order_by":1,"name":"Siyuan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Oral \u0026 Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School \u0026 Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siyuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":421875989,"identity":"0f344714-caa6-4271-af9e-f4bf18cb1e9d","order_by":2,"name":"Can Zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Oral \u0026 Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School \u0026 Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Can","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""},{"id":421875991,"identity":"298f6146-ef27-4fc8-a1b7-b9369a8d68ce","order_by":3,"name":"Yushi Le","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Oral \u0026 Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School \u0026 Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yushi","middleName":"","lastName":"Le","suffix":""},{"id":421875993,"identity":"937ce572-85de-493e-9182-9da4ba9b5428","order_by":4,"name":"Mingjuan Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Oral \u0026 Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School \u0026 Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mingjuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":421875996,"identity":"b7bae6ea-fdc0-4889-9023-f34eb5c2813b","order_by":5,"name":"Qilong Wan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZuYGGOsAM5g+QFALI0wLWwKRWhjgWngMiNPCd5yx8XHBL4bE/tk936QL2xjk+G4kMH4uwKNF8jBjs/HMPobEGXfObpOe2cZgLHkjgVl6Bh4tBocZ26R5exhyG27kbrvN28aQuOFGAhszDzFa5t/IeQbSUk+cFp4fDLkbbuSwgbQkGBDSAvYLb4NE/cYbaea/ec5JGM4887BZGp8WvvOHDz7m+WNjLHcj+bExT5mNPN/x5IOf8WkBxwJjmwSMC2LAYwqPFoY/+NWMglEwCkbBCAcAtQ9MZMnamPIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"State Key Laboratory of Oral \u0026 Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School \u0026 Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qilong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-16 15:53:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6042123/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6042123/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-08089-w","type":"published","date":"2026-03-20T15:59:47+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78231031,"identity":"bfe2e008-8d53-447c-a10e-be178bec6e7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-11 07:33:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1510198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIllustration of alveolar bone measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA. A CBCT section for alveolar bone measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. Points and lines related to measurements illustrated in figure. 1, Cementoenamel junction at lingual side; 2, Cementoenamel junction at labial side; 3, midpoint of point 1 and 2; 4, alveolar bone crest at lingual side; 5, alveolar bone crest at labial side; 6, root apex; 7, midpoint of point 3 and 6; 8, line perpendicular to line 3,7 and through point 7; 9, line perpendicular to line 3,7 and through point 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. Illustration of linear measurements. VBL, distance between point 2 and 5; VBL’, distance between point 1 and 4; RL, distance between point 3 and 6; mHBT, labial alveolar bone thickness at line 8; mHBT’ lingual alveolar bone thickness at line 8; aHBT, labial alveolar bone thickness at line 9; aHBT’ lingual alveolar bone thickness at line 9;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. Illustration of areal measurements. ABA, alveolar bone area on labial side above line 9; ABA’, alveolar bone area on lingual side above line 9\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6042123/v1/9d0e13a9535634863991e6a3.png"},{"id":105223577,"identity":"411d4d7f-cb91-41b2-accd-ca331c70b32d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-23 16:08:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2505870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6042123/v1/d3fd489d-53eb-482e-bc27-f29e38634496.pdf"},{"id":78231030,"identity":"54b230db-857b-4a6b-b979-f7677559eab3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-11 07:33:38","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"TableS1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6042123/v1/5908146054fbaf8b7820b69a.docx"},{"id":78231044,"identity":"f7d92679-b706-4887-9444-df89875bbe97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-11 07:33:40","extension":"tif","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17828620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure S1. Superimposed lateral cephalometric tracings. a, horizontal movement of root apex; b, vertical movement of root apex; c, horizontal movement of incisal edge; d, vertical movement of incisal edge.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfigure1.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6042123/v1/9844b4f1c2f6e78d7d81e1a2.tif"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Correlation Between Different Vertical Facial Patterns and Mandibular Incisor Alveolar Bone Loss in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion During Pre-Surgical Orthodontic Decompensation","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 4% of the population has a dentofacial deformity that necessitates surgical-orthodontic intervention for correction.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The typical treatment process POD, orthognathic surgery, and post-surgical orthodontic treatment.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e For skeletal Class III malocclusion patients, POD involves retroclining the maxillary teeth lingually and proclining the mandibular teeth labially. However, POD may lead to periodontal bone defects, resulting in tooth mobility, periodontal pockets, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases that may persist throughout treatment.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Class III patients have thinner alveolar bone in the anterior dental region compared to Class II malocclusion patients and those with normal occlusion.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Vertical facial pattern is a crucial skeletal characteristic in orthodontic treatment planning. Previous researches have focused on how vertical facial patterns affect the dental arch and alveolar bone condition.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Among these, high angle patients pose the greatest treatment challenge, typically exhibiting excessive vertical facial development, low bone density, critical alveolar bone conditions, and weak chewing muscle strength.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Studies have shown that high angle patients have extremely thin anterior alveolar bone before orthodontic treatment but higher vertical bone height.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Additionally, due to lower bone density, high angle patients are more sensitive to orthodontic force, resulting in shorter treatment durations.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In contrast, low angle patients have higher bone density, leading to lower sensitivity to orthodontic force and longer treatment durations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of different vertical facial patterns on alveolar bone condition and bone loss has been noted, but their influence during the POD process is under-researched. This study aims to investigate the influence of different vertical facial patterns on mandibular incisor alveolar bone loss in skeletal Class III patients during POD. Understanding these differences can guide clinical treatment and highlight potential limitations for patients with varying vertical facial patterns.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis retrospective cohort study screened patients diagnosed with skeletal Class III malocclusion who underwent POD and orthognathic treatment at the Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, from January 2016 to November 2023. Inclusion criteria were: (1) adult patients with skeletal Class III maxillofacial deformities (ANB\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg;); (2) healthy periodontal conditions before treatment; (3) Intact mandibular dentition, with the maxillary dentition either intact or only bilateral maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes; (4) no previous orthodontic history. Exclusion criteria were: (1) patients with cleft lip or palate; (2) missing, extra, or malformed teeth in the anterior arch; (3) greater than 3mm crowding in the mandibular arch; (4) severe facial asymmetry (horizontal distance between menton and midline greater than 4mm); (5) other craniofacial disorders such as temporomandibular joint disorders and oral tumors. The minimum sample size was calculated as 81 based on average alveolar bone thickness change, with a power of 90%, significance level of 0.05, and effect size of 0.35, using PASS software (Version 24.0.3, NCSS, LLC, Kaysville, Utah, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection and quality control\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCBCT scans were taken using the Newtom 3G, QR Verona (Italy) at 110 kV and 3.64 mA, with a field view of 20 cm \u0026times; 16 cm, a scanning time of 36 seconds, and a voxel size of 0.4 \u0026times; 0.4 \u0026times; 0.4 mm\u0026sup3; before POD (T0) and after POD (before orthognathic surgery) (T1). The data were imported into Dolphin Imaging 12.0 for further analysis. All lateral cephalometric records of the included patients at T0 and T1 were created using CBCT. Data collected from lateral cephalograms taken at T0 and T1 included:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNA (\u0026deg;): Position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNB (\u0026deg;): Position of the mandible relative to the cranial base\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eANB (\u0026deg;): Sagittal intermaxillary relationship\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWits (mm): Distance between the projections of points A and B onto the occlusal plane\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMPA (\u0026deg;): Inclination of the lower incisors relative to the mandibular plane\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eU1-SN (\u0026deg;): Inclination of the upper incisors relative to the cranial base\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFMA (\u0026deg;): Angle between the Frankfort horizontal plane and the mandibular plane\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo illustrate the movement of the incisors during the orthodontic process, we also measured the vertical and horizontal displacement of the root apex and the incisal edge before and after orthodontic treatment. The lateral cephalometric tracings at T0 and T1 were superimposed. The horizontal reference was determined by rotating the SN plane clockwise by 7 degrees, and the vertical direction was set perpendicular to the horizontal reference (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the reliability of measurements, all CBCT and lateral cephalogram measurements were independently performed by two experienced examiners, with the intraclass correlation coefficient calculated. An ICC greater than 0.8 was considered reliable, and the average was taken for statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVariables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe predictor variable was the vertical facial pattern, measured based on the FMA. Patients were categorized into high angle (FMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;32\u0026deg;) group, medium angle (male FMA: 21\u0026deg;-32\u0026deg;, female FMA: 22\u0026deg;-32\u0026deg;) group, and low angle (male FMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;21\u0026deg;, female FMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;22\u0026deg;) group, according to standards reported by Cheung et al. \u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e For evaluating the alveolar bone condition of mandibular incisors, the right-side incisors were selected. The criteria for CBCT section measurements were: parallel to the long axis of the tooth and perpendicular to the dental arch direction, with the section showing the longest root length.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary outcome variables were: Average Alveolar Bone Thickness on the labial side (ABA%) and on the lingual side (ABA%\u0026rsquo;), which were calculated by dividing the Alveolar Bone Area (ABA) by the Root Length (RL). Secondary outcome variables were: Vertical Alveolar Bone Level on the labial side (VBL) and on the lingual side (VBL\u0026rsquo;), Horizontal Bone Thickness at Midroot level on the labial side (mHBT) and on the lingual side (mHBT\u0026rsquo;), Horizontal Bone Thickness at Apex on the labial side (aHBT) and on the lingual side (aHBT\u0026rsquo;). Illustrations of these measurements are provided in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. These measurement standards were adapted from Lee et al.\u0026rsquo;s study.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normal distribution of all measurements. Independent T-tests evaluated gender differences. Pearson correlation tests assessed the correlation between orthodontic duration and outcome variables. One-way ANOVA and Brown-Forsythe ANOVA compared alveolar bone measurements between groups at T0, T1, and changes from T0 to T1 based on the distribution and homogeneity of data. The least significant difference t-test (LSD) was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Pearson and Spearman correlation tests assessed correlations between FMA and alveolar bone measurements at T0, T1, and changes from T0 to T1, as well as between T0 alveolar bone condition and bone loss from T0 to T1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePatients Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study included 95 patients, comprising 52 females and 43 males, with a mean age of 20.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8 years and an average POD treatment duration of 25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.7 months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic information and cephalometric measurements are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. A statistically significant difference was identified in the ANB angle among groups, with the high angle group having the highest ANB and the low angle group the lowest. Further analysis revealed that the high angle group had the lowest SNA and U1-SN angles, but no significant difference was observed in the SNB and IMPA angles. Thus, the difference in ANB was primarily attributed to maxillary differences, not affecting our research on the mandible. No significant difference in IMPA changes was observed between the groups, effectively eliminating the confounding effect of variations in incisor inclination across groups. No difference in alveolar bone loss was found between genders, nor was there a correlation between orthodontic duration and primary outcome variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic information and cephalometric measurements by groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, y\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex, F/M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17/21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMPA Change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNA, \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNB, \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANB, \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWits, mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFMA, \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMPA, \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU1-SN, \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eDifferences between T0 and T1 were assessed using paired-sample T-tests; differences in age and treatment duration between groups were assessed using ANOVA; differences in sex distribution between groups were assessed using the Chi-square test; a, differences between groups were also assessed using ANOVA. *P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; *P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphology changes of mandibular incisor during POD can be seen in Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e, our results showed that the vertical change of the incisal edge was minimal (Mean = -0.229, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.578), indicating a small vertical movement during the orthodontic process. The root apex showed some vertical movement (Mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.384, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.481), which may caused by bone resorption. Furthermore, the horizontal movement of both the apex and root aligns with the inclination typical in orthodontic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDifference of alveolar bone loss on lingual side among vertical facial types\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore POD (T0), the high angle group exhibited the poorest alveolar bone condition on the lingual side. The ABA%\u0026rsquo; was 1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39 mm for the central incisor and 1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47 mm for the lateral incisor. In contrast, the low angle group had the best bone condition, with an ABA% of 1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67 mm for the central incisor and 1.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73 mm for the lateral incisor (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). After POD (T1), this difference between groups disappeared (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Analysis of bone measurement changes from T0 to T1 showed that the high angle group experienced the least bone loss during POD, with an ABA%\u0026rsquo; change of -0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 mm for the central incisor and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32 mm for the lateral incisor, whereas the low angle group experienced the most bone loss, with an ABA%\u0026rsquo; change of -0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48 mm for the central incisor and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60 mm for the lateral incisor (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference of alveolar bone measurements at T0 between groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecantral \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eincisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.611\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elateral \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eincisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eOne-way ANOVA was used to calculate differences between groups; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, Brown-Forsythe ANOVA was used instead of One-way ANOVA as the data violates the homogeneity of variance assumption; * P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference of alveolar bone measurements at T1 between groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecentral \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eincisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA% \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elateral \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eincisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA% \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eOne-way ANOVA was used to calculate differences between groups; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, Brown-Forsythe ANOVA was used instead of One-way ANOVA as the data violates the homogeneity of variance assumption; * P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference of alveolar bone measurements change from T0 to T1 between groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow angle group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecentral \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eincisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elateral \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eincisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%_D \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eOne-way ANOVA was used to calculate differences between groups; \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e, Brown-Forsythe ANOVA was used instead of One-way ANOVA as the data violates the homogeneity of variance assumption; _D, indicating variable change from T0 to T1; * P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDifference of alveolar bone loss on labial side among vertical facial types\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the labial side, no significant difference was observed among groups at T0 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, at T1, the high angle group demonstrated the poorest bone condition, with an ABA% of 0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19 mm for the central incisor and 0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15 mm for the lateral incisor. The low angle group exhibited the best condition, with an ABA% of 0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40 mm for the central incisor and 0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 mm for the lateral incisor (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates greater bone loss in the high angle group and less bone loss in the low angle group. The findings align with the analysis of alveolar bone changes from T0 to T1, showing an ABA% change of -0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 mm for the central incisor and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21 mm for the lateral incisor in the high angle group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation Between FMA and Alveolar Bone\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation tests (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that a higher FMA was associated with poorer lingual alveolar bone at T0 and worse labial alveolar bone at T1. Additionally, FMA was correlated with greater labial bone loss and less lingual bone loss from T0 to T1, supporting the aforementioned findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation test results between patient alveolar bone measurements and FMA. Correlation was analyzed using Pearson correlation tests (if the data followed a normal distribution) and Spearman correlation tests (if the data did not follow a normal distribution); * P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; *** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTAGE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular central incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFMA correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFMA correlation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.230*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.370***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.205*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.379***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.248*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.343***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.309**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.304**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.222*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.232*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.024*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.326***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.262*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange From T0 to T1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.249*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.301**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.412***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.241*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.019*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.394***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.280**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.279**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.314**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation Between T0 bone condition and bone loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs high angle patients exhibited poorer T0 bone conditions and greater bone loss during POD, correlation tests between T0 bone condition and alveolar bone loss among all patients were conducted (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The results showed that poorer alveolar bone condition is correlated with greater bone loss during POD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation tests between T0 alveolar bone condition and alveolar bone loss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth Site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecorrelation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular central incisors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA% and ABA%_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.218*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%' and ABA%'_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.339***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMandibular lateral incisor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA% and ABA%_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eABA%' and ABA%'_D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.437***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eCorrelation was analyzed using Pearson correlation tests; _D, indicating variable change from T0 to T1; * P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; ** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; *** P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the influence of vertical facial patterns on bone loss during POD for Class III malocclusion patients. We found that high angle patients not only have poorer alveolar bone conditions but are also more susceptible to bone loss during POD, especially on the labial side, potentially leading to fenestration and dehiscence. A previous study in 2020\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e did not find a significant correlation between vertical facial patterns and alveolar bone loss, but it included only 29 patients and focused on apical alveolar bone thickness and height loss. By expanding the sample size to 95 patients and measuring ABA% as primary outcomes, our study provides a more robust and comprehensive assessment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh angle patients, having initially poorer alveolar bone conditions, experienced more bone loss during POD. We found that thinner alveolar bone correlates with greater bone loss during orthodontics. This finding aligns with previous studies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e that reported more bone loss in patients with thinner mandibular incisor alveolar bone during orthodontics. One explanation for this is that thinner alveolar bone is primarily due to thinner cortical bone, and vertical facial dimensions affect cortical bone mineralization.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e High angle patients typically have thinner alveolar and cortical bone, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e although their alveolar bone height is greater in the symphyseal region.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e This adaptation might be due to varying masticatory demands among different vertical facial types.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e However, thinner alveolar and cortical bone often have lower bone density, making them more prone to microfractures from tooth movement, which increases bone loss.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender might influence alveolar bone loss. However, our study found no difference between males and females. Although mandibular cortical bone mineralization patterns differ between genders, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e there is no difference in cortical bone thickness after maturation except in specific areas.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Therefore, the microfracture mechanism may explain the lack of gender differences in alveolar bone loss. However, gender could influence bone loss through other pathways, such as the effects of endogenous sex steroid hormones on periodontal tissues and oral microbiota.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur primary outcomes were labial and lingual average alveolar bone thickness, while vertical alveolar bone level and horizontal thickness at midroot and apex levels were secondary indicators. Average alveolar bone thickness provides a more comprehensive measure of bone loss, while secondary indicators have limitations. Changes in tooth position and root resorption can complicate midroot and apex level identification, affecting measurements. Additionally, vertical bone loss assessment did not account for bone fenestration cases, though secondary indicators remain clinically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, our study also has some limitations. Factors such as overbite or overjet, gingival types, and patient oral habits, which may influence bone loss, were not excluded from this experiment. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Additionally, our study included relatively few cases with clear aligners. The unique advantages of clear aligners in recent years suggest that their effectiveness in POD merits further research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study could guide clinical treatment for skeletal Class III patients during POD. High angle patients, in particular, may benefit from additional treatments such as periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics and bone grafting to mitigate bone loss.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong skeletal Class III patients with different vertical patterns, high angle patients are more susceptible to labial bone loss and less to lingual bone loss during POD, resulting in poorer labial bone conditions post-treatment. Low angle patients maintained the best labial alveolar bone condition before and after POD.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePOD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-surgical orthodontic decompensation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCBCT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCone-beam computed tomography\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFMA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrankfort mandibular plane angle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eABA%\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage alveolar bone thickness on the labial side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eABA%\u0026rsquo;\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage alveolar bone thickness on the lingual side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eABA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlveolar bone area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot Length\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVBL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical alveolar bone level on the labial side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVBL\u0026rsquo;\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVertical alveolar bone level on the lingual side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003emHBT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal bone thickness at midroot level on the labial side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003emHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal bone thickness at midroot level on the lingual side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eaHBT\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal bone thickness at apex on the labial side\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eaHBT\u0026rsquo;\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHorizontal bone thickness at apex on the lingual side\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eleast significant difference t-test (LSD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University (HGGC-205).The consent to participate declaration was obtained from each paticipant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo protect patient privacy, the data from this study is not publicly available. However, you can request access by emailing the corresponding author, Qilong Wan, at [email protected].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by grants from National Key R\u0026amp;D Project of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China [No. 2023YFC2509200].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University (HGGC-205).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by grants from National Key R\u0026amp;D Project of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China [No. 2023YFC2509200].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting - original draft preparation: [Yun He];\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting - review and editing: [Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Yushi Le, Mingjuan Li];\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: [Yushi Le, Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Can Zheng, Mingjuan Li];\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethodology: [Yushi Le, Yun He, Siyuan Wang];\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormal analysis and investigation: [Yun He, Siyuan Wang, Can Zheng];\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupervision: [Qilong Wan],\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnston C, et al. Class III surgical-orthodontic treatment: a cephalometric study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130(3):300\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZamboni R et al. \u003cem\u003eImpacts of Orthognathic Surgery on Patient Satisfaction, Overall Quality of Life, and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Literature Review.\u003c/em\u003e Int J Dent, 2019. 2019: p. 2864216.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMa H, et al. Morphometric evaluation of the alveolar bone around central incisors during surgical orthodontic treatment of high-angle skeletal class III malocclusion. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24(1):87\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYao CJ, et al. Architectural changes in alveolar bone for dental decompensation before surgery in Class III patients with differing facial divergence: a CBCT study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14379.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeckmann SH, et al. Alveolar and skeletal dimensions associated with lower face height. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998;113(5):498\u0026ndash;506.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeckmann SH, et al. Alveolar and skeletal dimensions associated with overbite. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1998;113(4):443\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChung CJ, Jung S, Baik HS. Morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region in adult skeletal Class III crossbite and openbite malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(1):38\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOcak I, et al. Relationship between vertical facial morphology and dental arch measurements in class II malocclusion: a retrospective study. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16031.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOzdemir F, Tozlu M, Germec D, Cakan. Quantitative evaluation of alveolar cortical bone density in adults with different vertical facial types using cone-beam computed tomography. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44(1):36\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi B, et al. Relationship between different skeletal facial types and anterior alveolar bone thickness with cone-beam computed tomography in an Asian population. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(18):956.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHandelman CS. The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment and its influence on the occurrence of iatrogenic sequelae. Angle Orthod. 1996;66(2):95\u0026ndash;109. discussion 109\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKuo JJ, Lin CH, Ko EW. Relapse patterns of two-jaw surgical correction in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion and different vertical facial types. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;51(12):1587\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheung LK, et al. Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Chinese adults in Hong Kong with balanced facial profile. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(2):e56\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLee KM, et al. Alveolar bone loss around lower incisors during surgical orthodontic treatment in mandibular prognathism. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(4):637\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarlock DT, et al. Evaluation of marginal alveolar bone in the anterior mandible with pretreatment and posttreatment computed tomography in nonextraction patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2016;149(2):192\u0026ndash;201.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMulie RM, Hoeve AT. The limitations of tooth movement within the symphysis, studied with laminagraphy and standardized occlusal films. J Clin Orthod. 1976;10(12):882\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaki K, et al. A three-dimensional, quantitative computed tomographic study of changes in distribution of bone mineralization in the developing human mandible. Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46(7):667\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaki K, et al. Changes in cortical bone mineralization in the developing mandible: a three-dimensional quantitative computed tomography study. 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J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(4):413\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pre-surgical Orthodontic Decompensation, Class III Malocclusion, Vertical Facial Patterns, Alveolar Bone","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6042123/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6042123/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjectives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-surgical orthodontic decompensation (POD) for patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion may lead to alveolar bone loss. This study investigates the relationship between vertical facial patterns and mandibular incisor alveolar bone loss during POD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterial and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA retrospective cohort study was conducted with skeletal Class III patients from the Hospital of Stomatology at Wuhan University. Measurements were taken using cephalometric tomography and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Based on the Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA), patients were categorized into high angle (FMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;32\u0026deg;), medium angle (male FMA: 21\u0026deg;-32\u0026deg;, female FMA: 22\u0026deg;-32\u0026deg;), and low angle groups (male FMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;21\u0026deg;, female FMA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;22\u0026deg;). The primary outcome was the change in average alveolar bone thickness (ABA%), while secondary outcomes included horizontal thickness at apex and midroot levels and vertical bone level. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included 95 patients (43 males and 52 females, aged 20.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8 years, POD duration 25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.7 months). High angle patients had thinnest lingual alveolar bone thickness before POD, experienced greater ABA% loss during POD and had least labial ABA% after POD. Less ABA% before POD was correlated with more ABA% loss during POD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn skeletal Class III patients with different vertical patterns, high angle patients had poorer labial alveolar bone conditions and were more susceptible to labial bone loss during POD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Correlation Between Different Vertical Facial Patterns and Mandibular Incisor Alveolar Bone Loss in Patients with Skeletal Class III Malocclusion During Pre-Surgical Orthodontic Decompensation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-11 07:33:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6042123/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-27T15:27:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-02-27T11:24:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-02-27T11:24:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2025-02-16T15:45:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8add07a7-98c2-47f9-923c-403cf3193a8a","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-23T16:05:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6042123","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-08089-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-oral-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Oral Health"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-20 15:59:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 20th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-11 07:33:34","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12903-026-08089-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-026-08089-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6042123","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6042123","identity":"rs-6042123","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}