Land use and oriental pied hornbill occurrence in Singapore

Oriental pied hornbills ( Anthracoceros albirostris) disappeared from Singapore in the 1800s but were reintroduced in the 2000s. Since then, they have multiplied and even thrived in Singapore, spreading throughout much of the country. Because Singapore is extremely urban and densely populated, here we examine where hornbills have been seen as a function of land-use. We combine citizen science data from eBird and iNaturalist with GIS information to model hornbill sightings. We find that the percent Park and Beach cover have strong positive effects on the probability of hornbill sightings, and that percent Park cover has a positive interaction with percent Built-up and Sea cover. Our results are broadly consistent with sightings of oriental pied hornbills in the region.