Resuspended sediment exchange between the north and south Yellow Sea in the north of Chengshantou

Resuspended sediment exchange between the north and south Yellow Sea in the north of Chengshantou | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Resuspended sediment exchange between the north and south Yellow Sea in the north of Chengshantou Bowen Li, Jin Liao, Ximeng Ma, Xuejun Xiong, Baichuan Duan, Xuerong Cui This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6398483/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The variations in regional flow and the impact of the winter monsoon can cause fluctuations in the coastal current and the Yellow Sea Warm Current. These relative changes may result in front instability, subsequently initiating lateral sediment transport.. Therefore, investigating sediment exchange between the northern and southern regions of the Yellow Sea has become essential for comprehending the environmental dynamics of the Yellow Sea.. This study involved the observation of current conditions and sediment concentrations in the northern waters off Chengshantou, which serves as a representative region of the Yellow Sea during the winter season. The aim was to examine the sediment exchange processes between the northern and southern Yellow Sea during this season. The results show that in the winter period, when the water depth in the northern waters off Chengshantou exceeds 20 meters, the current velocity remains consistent across different water depths, with variations not exceeding 5 cm/s, and it presents a semi-diurnal tidal pattern. The re-suspension of sediments within the water column is not influenced by current velocity, but sediment transport per unit width is primarily affected by current velocity. Due to the impact of the offshore current in the Shandong Peninsula, suspended sediments are primarily conveyed from the northern Yellow Sea to the southern Yellow Sea. Over a period of approximately one month, the total sediment difference between the southward and northward currents amounts to 442,500 NTU×m², with the maximum transport volume over two days representing 41.2% of the total flux. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Ocean sciences Tide Current Turbidity Suspended sediment flux Yellow Sea Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction The Yellow Sea, located in eastern China, functions as a vital conduit between the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea, highlighting its critical geographical significance (Lin et al., 2011 ). This marine area can be delineated into two distinct regions: the North Yellow Sea and the South Yellow Sea. The North Yellow Sea comprises the northern segment of this body of water, primarily encompassing its eastern boundary and the western side of the Liaodong Peninsula (Liang et al., 2015 ). In contrast, the South Yellow Sea is situated in its southern expanse, predominantly covering the southeastern coastline of Jiangsu Province and Shanghai. These two regions display pronounced differences in their ecological and environmental attributes. Rich in marine resources (Tang et al., 2016 ), the coastal zones adjacent to the Yellow Sea are economically dynamic with bustling ports. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities and land-based processes exert significant pressure on its marine environment, resulting in intricate biogeochemical interactions (Yang et al., 2010 ). Dynamic processes such as sediment resuspension, transport, and deposition are crucial for elucidating carbon cycling dynamics, chemical element exchange mechanisms, and pollutant migration within marine ecosystems (Li et al., 2008). These processes impair water clarity by diminishing light transmittance which inhibits photosynthesis among aquatic flora; thereby adversely affecting overall marine ecosystem health (Kim et al., 2011 ). Elevated concentrations of suspended sediments may blanket seabeds, disrupt benthic habitats, and contribute to ecosystem degradation (Thorne et al., 1993 ; Kim & Yu, 2022 ). Investigating suspended sediments is essential for understanding sediment transport mechanisms and depositional models within aquatic environments—providing foundational data on geomorphological evolution as well as sedimentary conditions across rivers, lakes, and oceans (Shi et al., 2003 ; Tang et al., 2016 ). The source-reservoir relationship constitutes a fundamental aspect of research on marginal sea interactions, sea level fluctuations, and sedimentation processes (Li et al., 2023 ). A defining characteristic of marginal seas is their dual-continental sedimentary system (He, 2011 ). In the North Yellow Sea, suspended sediments primarily originate from the Yellow River, Liaohe River, Jingu River, among others; these sediments are influenced by monsoonal patterns and tidal currents resulting in elevated concentrations (Qiao et al., 2016 ; Zhang et al., 2015 ; Lin et al., 2024 ). Conversely, most sediments in the South Yellow Sea are sourced from major Yangtze River and Old Yellow River (Liu et al., 2012 ; Liu et al., 2013). Research indicates that factors such as wind distribution, the Yellow Sea Warm Current, coastal water flow dynamics, cold water quality variations, and topographic features critically influence suspended sediment distributions (Li et al., 2009 ; Moon et al., 2009 ; Bao et al., 2010 ; Wang et al., 2012 , 2014 ). Waves and tides serve as primary determinants for the horizontal distribution of suspended matter within the Yellow Sea (Jiang et al., 2017 ; Fang et al., 2013 ; Wei et al.,2013), exhibiting high concentrations in southeastern regions while displaying lower concentrations to the west. The resuspension of sediments in the Yellow Sea is modulated by both seasonal and regional factors. The progressive intensification of wind waves during spring transitions to robust wave activity coupled with stable thermoclines in summer. Autumn brings storms along with enhanced water mixing conditions while winter experiences strong winds that promote vertical mixing—collectively influencing sediment resuspension dynamics (Qin et al.,2021). Furthermore ,the distinct characteristics and dynamic differences between coastal areas and inland seas significantly impact both resuspension strength and spatial sediment distribution. Notably ,the macroscopic transport pattern of suspended sediments exhibits seasonal characteristics described as "summer storage" followed by "winter transport" (Lu et al., 2011 ). Winter transport predominantly results from vigorous winter winds which amplify both the Yellow Sea Warm Current and northern Shandong's coastal ocean currents—substantially enhancing transportation capacity for suspended sediments. This model bears critical implications for effective sediment management practices ,ecological monitoring efforts ,and marine engineering design initiatives within the Yellow Sea region. There are significant regional disparities in sediment distribution and dynamics between the North and South Yellow Seas. The findings indicate that the elevated water temperature and reduced salinity in the southern Yellow Sea result in lower water density, facilitating the suspension of fine-grained sediments from major rivers such as the Yangtze River. Additionally, the relatively flat terrain is characterized by a predominance of fine sand and mud deposits (Wang et al., 2009; Jung et al., 2021 ). On this flat topography, sediments are highly susceptible to currents and wind waves, exhibiting a relatively uniform resuspension phenomenon. In contrast, the lower water temperature and higher salinity of the North Yellow Sea contribute to increased water density, which exerts an inhibitory effect on sediment resuspension. Nevertheless, under strong wind wave action and current conditions, sediments can still be resuspended. The North Yellow Sea features more complex topography with shoals and significant variations in water depth. Consequently, sediment resuspension under these topographic conditions is profoundly influenced by changes in terrain morphology, resulting in a more intricate and varied model of sediment resuspension (Lu et al., 2013 ). Research on suspended sediment exchange has been conducted both domestically and internationally; however, studies focusing specifically on the Yellow Sea region remain limited. Notable regional disparities exist between the North and South Yellow Seas. Suspended sediments facilitate the transport of sediments through wind and current (Shi et al., 2019 ), significantly influencing sedimentary characteristics and deposition rates in coastal areas. Investigating sediment exchange enhances our understanding of geological and environmental changes in the Yellow Sea, providing a scientific foundation for marine engineering and coastal development. Consequently, examining sediment exchange between the North and South Yellow Seas is an essential component of research concerning the Yellow Sea environment. Chengshantou represents a significant submarine topographic feature at the confluence of these two regions, offering a unique perspective for study due to its advantageous geographical location. Furthermore, the diverse environmental conditions in Chenshantou's marine area—such as tidal patterns, current dynamics, and sediment characteristics—enable valuable data collection pertinent to sediment exchange research. Therefore, this paper observes existing oil fields and sediment conditions in northern Chengshantou—a representative area of the Yellow Sea during winter—and analyzes the processes governing sediment exchange between its northern and southern parts during this season. This study not only provides critical insights for oilfield management and environmental protection but also contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of dynamic sediment transport processes. It plays a vital role across various domains including marine ecosystem conservation, climate change research, marine engineering, and infrastructure development. Data and Methods 2.1 Observation data In this paper, resuspended sediment and ocean current changes in the northern sea area of Chengshandou area were observed on site for one month from Nov. 9, 2020 to Dec. 8, 2020 using equipment mounted on the float (Table 1 ) (Fig. 1 ). The coordinates of the observation point are (122.32˚E, 37.83˚N), located at the junction of the North and South Yellow Sea, the maximum velocity can reach 2 m/s, and the current flows from northeast to southwest (Wu et al., 2010 ). The turbidimeter and ADCP mounted on the tripod could be used to observe emperature, salinity, pressure, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen redox potential (ORP) and velocity profile. Table 1 Summary table of equipped equipment parameters Equipment Main function Main index Temperature and salt depth turbidimeter Observe parameters such as temperature, salinity, pressure, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen redox potential (ORP) The accuracy of temperature and salt sensor is 0.002 degrees; salinity accuracy 0.003ms/cm. The accuracy of pressure sensor is 0.05% of water depth. The accuracy of optical dissolved oxygen sensor is 5%. The accuracy of ORP sensor accuracy 0.01V; turbidity sensing. The accuracy of the turbidity is 2%. 300K HZ ADCP velocity profile (upward) The distance is 2 m per layer, 17 frequencies are emitted every 10s. 2.2 Resuspended sediment flux We employed measures for decomposing single-wide sediment loads (He, 1996 ; Wu, et al, 2006 ) to analyse the source of the suspended sediment flux. The per-tidal-cycle current velocity, water depth, and suspended sediment content are decomposed into mean and pulsating values. The single-wide load can be expressed as: 1 (Jay et al., 1997 ) where T is the single-wide sediment load (mg/(cm*s)), C is the suspended sediment concentration (g/L), V is the current velocity (cm/s), and H is the water depth (cm) (Li et al., 2020 ). Results During the period from Nov. 9, 2020 to Dec. 7, 2020, the current velocity in the northern part of Chengshantou sea area mainly fluctuates in the range of 0-1.2 m/s, and the water depth is about 80 m (Fig. 2 ). In winter, the current velocity and direction at different depths is basically consistent in vertical direction (Fig. 2 ). Therefore, the vertical velocity and direction profile at a time point during the observation period was selected for analysis (Fig. 3 ). The current velocity profile in Fig. 3 shows that the current velocity fluctuates between 0.15 ± 0.05 m/s on November 10 at the depth more than 20 m. When the water depth is less than 20 m, the surface velocity reaches its maximum and the maximum velocity can reach 0.4 m/s, which may be caused by the wind waves in the surface (Fig. 3 a). Similarly, when the water depth exceeds 20 m, the current direction basically does not change with the water depth. However, in shallow water depths of 10 m, the current direction changes counterclockwise with the increase of water depth, and in 10–20 m, the current direction changes clockwise with the increase of water depth (Fig. 3 b). Since the water depth in the northern part of Chengshantou is generally more than 60 m. And when the water depth is more than 20 m, the current velocity and direction are less affected by wind and waves and do not change with the increase of water depth. Therefore, the average current velocity in the depth more than 20 m is used to represent the current velocity of the near bottom tidal current in the northern part of the Chengshantou sea area (Fig. 4 ). The changes of tidal current velocity, direction and turbidity in winter are shown in Fig. 4 . Except for the process of falling and rising of the observation instrument, the maximum velocity is 0.60 m/s during the tide rises and ebbs. According to the change of current direction from November 10 to 14, 2020 (Fig. 5 ), the northern part of the mountain area is a regular semi-diurnal tide, its slack water is less than 0.10 m/s. Discussion Based on the above tidal current variation characteristics, we accumulated the velocity profile near the bottom to obtain the single width velocity, and combined with the observed turbidity data to calculate the sediment transport per unit width in the north part of Chengshantou (Fig. 6 ). As shown in Fig. 6 , the variation trend of sediment transport per unit width is basically consistent with that of unit width velocity, and the correlation between the velocity and suspended sediment sedimentation (Fig. 7 a) and sediment re-suspension (Fig. 7 b) is poor (Pearson's r < 0.30). This indicates that the resuspension of sediments in the sea area is not controlled by the current velocity, but the sediment transport per unit width is mainly affected by the current velocity. On the basis of the observation and calculation of the current velocity profile, turbidity and sediment transport per unit width, the contribution of sediment transport by current and resuspension to sediment transport per day during the observation period is analyzed with the method in 2.2 as the unit of tidal period (Fig. 8 ). The analysis results show that the sediment transport per unit width is mainly affected by the tidal current and the sediment transport per unit width is mainly negative. Since the northward current velocity is positive, the sediment transport from the north Yellow Sea to the south Yellow Sea is greater than that from the south to the north in winter. During the observation period, the difference of sediment transport per unit width on Nov. 19 and Dec. 7, when turbidity increased significantly, is also the largest, and the maximum of sediment transport in the south direction is 74400 and 108000 NTU×m 2 larger than that in the north direction, respectively. The total difference between southbound and northbound sediment transport during the observation period of about one month is 442500 NTU×m 2 . The resuspended sediment could be transported by Shandong peninsula coastal current (Fig. 1 ). The maximum two-day transport volume accounted for 41.2% of the total transport volume, 16.8% and 24.4%, respectively. This indicates that individual events that lead to the increase of suspended sediment concentration in water bodies, such as re-suspension and submarine landslides, cannot be ignored on the material exchange between the North and South Yellow Sea. Conclusion The results show that in winter, the depth more than 20 m in the north part of Chengshantou sea area does not change with the depth of water, and the range of variation is less than 5 cm/s. The tide is a regular semi-diurnal tide with the maximum ebb and flow current velocity of 0.60 m/s and the slack water current velocity less than 0.10 m/s. When the water depth is less than 10 m, the current direction changes counterclockwise with the increase of the water depth; when the water depth is 10-20 m, the current direction changes clockwise with the increase of the water depth. The resuspension of sediments in the sea area is not controlled by the current velocity, but the sediment transport per unit width is mainly affected by the current velocity. Suspended sediment is mainly transported from the north Yellow Sea to the south Yellow Sea, and the difference between the transport volume on Nov. 19 and Dec. 7 was the largest. Under the Shandong peninsula coastal current effect, the sediment transport volume in the south direction is 74400 and 108000 NTU×m 2 larger than that in the north direction, respectively. The total difference between southbound and northbound sediment transport during the observation period of about one month is 442500 NTU×m 2 . The largest two-day transport volume accounted for 41.2% of the total transport. Declarations Acknowledgments This study was funded jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1906211), the Chengdao Oilfield supported by Shandong Continental Shelf Marine Technology Co. LTD (HX20230616) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 24CX02031A. Part of the data and samples were collected onboard of R/V Xiangyanghong 18 implementing the open research NORC2022-305 supported by NFC Shiptime Sharing Project (Project No. 42149302), Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Data Availability Statement Field measurement data of turbidity, current velocity and direction used in this paper are provided by First Institute of oceanography and China University of Petroleum (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26156446). Author contributions Bowen Li: Funding acquisition, Writing-original draft. Jin Liao: Writing-review & editing Ximeng Ma: Investigation Xuejun Xiong: Project administration Baichuan Duan: Data curation Xuerong Cui: Supervision. References Bao, X., Li, Z., Wang, Y. & Li, N. Sediment distribution features in the North Yellow Sea during summer and winter. Journal of Sediment Research 2, 48-56 (2010). Fang, G. H., Xu, X. Q., Wei, Z. X., Wang, Y. G. & Wang, X. Y. Vertical displacement loading tides and self-attraction and loading tides in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas. Science China-Earth Sciences 56, 63-70 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4518-9 He, Q. X. Sediment source and its bearing on marine sedimentation, Mar. Geol. Front, 27, 8-13 (2011). https://doi.org/10.16028/j.1009-2722.2011.01.008 He, S. L., Sun, J. M. Characteristics of suspended sediment transport in the turbidity maximum of the Changjiang river estuary, Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 27, 60-66 (1996). D. A. Jay, R. J. U., J. Largier, W. R. Geyer, J. Vallino & Boynton, W. R. A Review of Recent Developments in Estuarine Scalar Flux Estimation. Estuaries Vol.20, 262-280 (1997). https://doi.org/10.2307/1352342 Jiang, B. et al. WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENTALONG BOHAI SEA, YELLOW SEAAND EAST CHINA SEA. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 38, 1711-1716 (2017). Jung, H. S. et al. REE fractionation and quantification of sediment source in the Yellow Sea mud deposits, East Asian marginal sea. Continental Shelf Research 217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104374 Kim, J. H., Kang, E. J., Park, M. G., Lee, B. G. & Kim, K. Y. Effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of a green-tide-forming species (Ulva linza) in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 421-432 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9590-y Kim, S. L. & Yu, O. H. Benthic polychaete community structure in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water zone (YSBCW): Species diversity, temporal-spatial distribution, and feeding guilds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 183 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114071 Li, B., Jia, Y., Liu, J. P., Liu, X. & Wang, Z. Effect of Wave, Current, and Lutocline on Sediment Resuspension in Yellow River Delta-Front. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Scien Vol.12, 845 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030845 Li, B., Xiong, X., Duan, B., Wang, D. & Yu, L. The Suspended Sediment Flux in Winter in the South of Chengshantou, between the North and South Yellow Sea. Sensors 23, 7771 (2023). Li, G. et al. Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121, 6204-6222 (2016). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011442 Yun-hai, L., Zuo-sheng, Y., Jian, C. & Xiao-hui, C. Characteristics of the element geochemistry of the suspended matter in the Chinese Contract Area, Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology Vol.28, 45-54 (2008). Li, Z., Bao, X., Wang, Y., Li, N. & Qiao, L. Seasonal distribution and relationship of water mass and suspended load in North Yellow Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 27, 907-918 (2009). Liang, J., Zhang, S., Liu, X. & Zhao, F. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HIGH WIND EVENTS OVER THE YELLOW SEA AND THE BOHAI SEA CONSIDERING TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF LIAODONG PENINSULA AND SHANDONG PENINSULA. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 31, 374-384 (2015). Lin, D., Cui, L., Lei, X. & Yang, N. Characterization of autumn tide of Jingu River Estuary, Qinzhou. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology 46, 118-123 (2024). Lin, X. et al. An asymmetric upwind flow, Yellow Sea Warm Current: 1. New observations in the western Yellow Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116 (2011). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006513 Liu, H., He, Q., Wang, Y. & Chen, J. Processes of Suspended Sediment Mixture in the Yangtze River Estuary. Acta Geographica Sinica 67, 1269-1281 (2012). Liu, H., Kang, H. X. & Yin, B. S. in 3rd International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD 2013). 2388-2391 (Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2014). Lu, J. et al. A numerical study of transport dynamics and seasonal variability of the Yellow River sediment in the Bohai and Yellow seas. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 95, 39-51 (2011). Lu, J. et al. Modeling the Yellow River sediment flux and its deposition patterns under climatological conditions. Ocean Dynamics 63, 709-722 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0626-0 Moon, J.-H., Pang, I.-C. & Yoon, J.-H. Response of the Changjiang diluted water around Jeju Island to external forcings: A modeling study of 2002 and 2006. Continental Shelf Research 29, 1549-1564 (2009). Qiao, L. L. et al. Seasonal transportation and deposition of the suspended sediments in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and the related mechanisms. Ocean Dynamics 66, 751-766 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0950-2 Qin, Y., Gao, F., Su, D., Zhu, X. & Xie, L. Late spring thermocline and chemoclines in the area off the Rizhao -Lianyungang coast, western South Yellow Sea. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology 41, 22-32 (2021). Shi, X. F., Shen, S. X., Yi, H. I., Chen, Z. H. & Meng, Y. Modern sedimentary environments and dynamic depositional systems in the southern Yellow Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin 48, 1-7 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02900933 Shi, Y. et al. Cross‐front sediment transport induced by quick oscillation of the Yellow Sea warm current: Evidence from the sedimentary record. Geophysical Research Letters 46, 226-234 (2019). Tang, C., Li, Y. F., Liu, X., Zhao, Y. & Zhang, H. Risk of Surface Sediment Erosion in the Bohai Sea, North Yellow Sea and Its Indication to Tidal Sand Ridge Occurrence. Journal of Coastal Research, 126-135 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2112/si74-012.1 Tang, Q. S., Ying, Y. P. & Wu, Q. The biomass yields and management challenges for the Yellow sea large marine ecosystem. Environmental Development 17, 175-181 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.06.012 Thorne, P. D., Hardcastle, P. J. & Soulsby, R. L. Analysis of acoustic measurements of suspended sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 98, 899-910 (1993). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01855 Wang, Y., Ju, X., Qiao, L. & Bao, X. Water turbidity in the northern yellow sea in summer and winter. Oceanol. Et Limnol. Sin 45, 928-937 (2014). Wang, Y., Qiao, L., Yang, Z. & Bao, X. Research on suspended sediment transport mechanisms along northeast coast of Shandong Peninsula in summer and in winter. J. Sediment Res 30, 49-57 (2012). Wei, W., An-Chun, L. I., Fang-Jian, X. U., Peng, H. & Yan, L. I. DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT IN THE NORTH YELLOW SEA. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 40, 525-531 (2009). Wei, Q., Wang, H., Ge, R. & Wang, B. Vertical Distribution of Suspended Matter and Implications in the Southern Yellow Sea. Advance in Earth Sciences 28, 374-390 (2013). Wu, D., Zhang, R., Yan, Y. & Li, R. Mechanism of suspended sediment transport in Dongdagang tidal channel of radial sand ridges. Journal of Hohai University 34, 219-222 (2006). Wu, H., Zhao, S., Xu, H. & Zhang, Z. Preliminary assessment of tidal current energy on Chengshantou area. Ocean Technol 29, 98-100 (2010). Yang, J., Zhang, G.-L., Zheng, L.-X., Zhang, F. & Zhao, J. Seasonal variation of fluxes and distributions of dissolved methane in the North Yellow Sea. Continental shelf research 30, 187-192 (2010). Zhang, T., Qu, W., Fan, H. & Yang, G. Inversion and Analysis on Liaohe the River Surface Sediment Concentration by Remote Sensing. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University 46, 596-602 (2015). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6398483","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":445603182,"identity":"51a91239-5563-47c6-a066-fac5ff32f4ea","order_by":0,"name":"Bowen Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIie3QMQrCMBiG4b8E7BLoGlHvECkUoYJXSRB0UXF0EMmUjq45TqTgFPeOnkByABFT6+AgMaND3i2QB74EIBb7wzKEtGaU4Kw7o9+kX0l+tdvJsC9CCTUmHyu7m1IdSqBhxQC7YXmzPlnYlVykF+0ViWKLFymazZyAWXKBN8xLEGHnN1kVkMiaC4Kpl/QIl90w1ZJHAMG4RmPlCCUtEQGEpDK5WkeIuc3dyGUu8cpPZnVmNbsfZlnlfszuy9ExNX7yuRGAta8Lvd+RWCwWi33rCakzP/viaTkpAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"China University of Petroleum, East China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bowen","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":445603183,"identity":"2979ca6c-0228-4911-8a75-d27cc1b6f7e6","order_by":1,"name":"Jin Liao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China University of Petroleum, East China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jin","middleName":"","lastName":"Liao","suffix":""},{"id":445603185,"identity":"89d169ce-8a10-474f-adb4-0f22ffef9dfd","order_by":2,"name":"Ximeng Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ximeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":445603186,"identity":"3f1db36f-43eb-46b3-98a5-663ea2401db9","order_by":3,"name":"Xuejun Xiong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"First Institute of Oceanography","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuejun","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiong","suffix":""},{"id":445603187,"identity":"6814cb86-6ec5-4000-b0f4-35688000d4d5","order_by":4,"name":"Baichuan Duan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"First Institute of Oceanography","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baichuan","middleName":"","lastName":"Duan","suffix":""},{"id":445603188,"identity":"7033b845-5d62-47c8-acea-2447e87eb15f","order_by":5,"name":"Xuerong Cui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China University of Petroleum, East China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xuerong","middleName":"","lastName":"Cui","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-08 02:53:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6398483/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6398483/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81406039,"identity":"9265b9a8-f55a-44f7-b3f2-38b5d65d9656","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 17:56:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":361966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe location of the observation point (122.318˚E, 36.825˚N). The Red Star is the observation point position. SPCC is Shandong peninsula coastal current and YSWC is Yellow Sea warm cur-rent (Li et al., 2016).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/b67784be403891ced5a0c8a0.png"},{"id":81406038,"identity":"564ed215-e8e2-41d9-af05-7b8cde91ee14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 17:56:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":383800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe current velocity and degree profile from Nov. 9, 2020 to Dec. 7, 2020 in the north of Chengshantou.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/a55ed990102b82a5e2bda3e1.png"},{"id":81406200,"identity":"9d6f5253-bcd8-4c7f-afd7-68d50abb2185","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 18:04:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe vertical variation of current velocity and degree at 10:00 at Nov. 10.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/e6bd1531c75ca86183b156fa.png"},{"id":81406063,"identity":"fa453997-ec9b-42a9-b039-4420567c5997","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 17:56:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10007976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe average current velocity and degree from Nov. 8, 2020 to Dec. 7, 2020 in the north of Chengshantou.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/32973caf8687b9752e88c90d.png"},{"id":81406199,"identity":"b5b1c382-54bb-4fba-91ee-a0d16411f3cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 18:04:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe current velocity varies with the current direction from Nov. 10, 2020 to Nov. 14, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/1ff1f6a36d688148b2f3e7c2.png"},{"id":81406051,"identity":"e7bde816-54c4-43db-97df-22e76b9d819a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 17:56:23","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6351157,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe turbidity, unit width current velocity and sediment discharge per unit width from Nov. 8, 2020 to Dec. 7, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/a8bbb8022be542ecf3101b6c.png"},{"id":81406202,"identity":"28e56e42-6619-4a47-88a4-336e876b3135","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 18:04:23","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":145411,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between settling sediment (a), resuspended sediment (b) and current velocity respectivily.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/988429c1708f5017961ffacc.png"},{"id":81406048,"identity":"90c519e2-9b17-4a44-b711-3a75ce0649a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-25 17:56:23","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":304363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe sediment transport composition in different cycle.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/9e6ce410de0d53211da6e3fb.png"},{"id":85541197,"identity":"aa6361f1-2082-4b51-b5d6-8c34334e23f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-27 06:47:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":18074049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6398483/v1/3629c0a1-eea4-44af-987b-7044a5f1596c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Resuspended sediment exchange between the north and south Yellow Sea in the north of Chengshantou","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Yellow Sea, located in eastern China, functions as a vital conduit between the East China Sea and the Bohai Sea, highlighting its critical geographical significance (Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This marine area can be delineated into two distinct regions: the North Yellow Sea and the South Yellow Sea. The North Yellow Sea comprises the northern segment of this body of water, primarily encompassing its eastern boundary and the western side of the Liaodong Peninsula (Liang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the South Yellow Sea is situated in its southern expanse, predominantly covering the southeastern coastline of Jiangsu Province and Shanghai. These two regions display pronounced differences in their ecological and environmental attributes. Rich in marine resources (Tang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), the coastal zones adjacent to the Yellow Sea are economically dynamic with bustling ports. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities and land-based processes exert significant pressure on its marine environment, resulting in intricate biogeochemical interactions (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDynamic processes such as sediment resuspension, transport, and deposition are crucial for elucidating carbon cycling dynamics, chemical element exchange mechanisms, and pollutant migration within marine ecosystems (Li et al., 2008). These processes impair water clarity by diminishing light transmittance which inhibits photosynthesis among aquatic flora; thereby adversely affecting overall marine ecosystem health (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Elevated concentrations of suspended sediments may blanket seabeds, disrupt benthic habitats, and contribute to ecosystem degradation (Thorne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Yu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Investigating suspended sediments is essential for understanding sediment transport mechanisms and depositional models within aquatic environments\u0026mdash;providing foundational data on geomorphological evolution as well as sedimentary conditions across rivers, lakes, and oceans (Shi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Tang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe source-reservoir relationship constitutes a fundamental aspect of research on marginal sea interactions, sea level fluctuations, and sedimentation processes (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A defining characteristic of marginal seas is their dual-continental sedimentary system (He, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In the North Yellow Sea, suspended sediments primarily originate from the Yellow River, Liaohe River, Jingu River, among others; these sediments are influenced by monsoonal patterns and tidal currents resulting in elevated concentrations (Qiao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, most sediments in the South Yellow Sea are sourced from major Yangtze River and Old Yellow River (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., 2013). Research indicates that factors such as wind distribution, the Yellow Sea Warm Current, coastal water flow dynamics, cold water quality variations, and topographic features critically influence suspended sediment distributions (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Moon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Bao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Waves and tides serve as primary determinants for the horizontal distribution of suspended matter within the Yellow Sea (Jiang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Fang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Wei et al.,2013), exhibiting high concentrations in southeastern regions while displaying lower concentrations to the west.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resuspension of sediments in the Yellow Sea is modulated by both seasonal and regional factors. The progressive intensification of wind waves during spring transitions to robust wave activity coupled with stable thermoclines in summer. Autumn brings storms along with enhanced water mixing conditions while winter experiences strong winds that promote vertical mixing\u0026mdash;collectively influencing sediment resuspension dynamics (Qin et al.,2021). Furthermore ,the distinct characteristics and dynamic differences between coastal areas and inland seas significantly impact both resuspension strength and spatial sediment distribution. Notably ,the macroscopic transport pattern of suspended sediments exhibits seasonal characteristics described as \"summer storage\" followed by \"winter transport\" (Lu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Winter transport predominantly results from vigorous winter winds which amplify both the Yellow Sea Warm Current and northern Shandong's coastal ocean currents\u0026mdash;substantially enhancing transportation capacity for suspended sediments. This model bears critical implications for effective sediment management practices ,ecological monitoring efforts ,and marine engineering design initiatives within the Yellow Sea region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are significant regional disparities in sediment distribution and dynamics between the North and South Yellow Seas. The findings indicate that the elevated water temperature and reduced salinity in the southern Yellow Sea result in lower water density, facilitating the suspension of fine-grained sediments from major rivers such as the Yangtze River. Additionally, the relatively flat terrain is characterized by a predominance of fine sand and mud deposits (Wang et al., 2009; Jung et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). On this flat topography, sediments are highly susceptible to currents and wind waves, exhibiting a relatively uniform resuspension phenomenon. In contrast, the lower water temperature and higher salinity of the North Yellow Sea contribute to increased water density, which exerts an inhibitory effect on sediment resuspension. Nevertheless, under strong wind wave action and current conditions, sediments can still be resuspended. The North Yellow Sea features more complex topography with shoals and significant variations in water depth. Consequently, sediment resuspension under these topographic conditions is profoundly influenced by changes in terrain morphology, resulting in a more intricate and varied model of sediment resuspension (Lu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on suspended sediment exchange has been conducted both domestically and internationally; however, studies focusing specifically on the Yellow Sea region remain limited. Notable regional disparities exist between the North and South Yellow Seas. Suspended sediments facilitate the transport of sediments through wind and current (Shi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), significantly influencing sedimentary characteristics and deposition rates in coastal areas. Investigating sediment exchange enhances our understanding of geological and environmental changes in the Yellow Sea, providing a scientific foundation for marine engineering and coastal development. Consequently, examining sediment exchange between the North and South Yellow Seas is an essential component of research concerning the Yellow Sea environment. Chengshantou represents a significant submarine topographic feature at the confluence of these two regions, offering a unique perspective for study due to its advantageous geographical location. Furthermore, the diverse environmental conditions in Chenshantou's marine area\u0026mdash;such as tidal patterns, current dynamics, and sediment characteristics\u0026mdash;enable valuable data collection pertinent to sediment exchange research. Therefore, this paper observes existing oil fields and sediment conditions in northern Chengshantou\u0026mdash;a representative area of the Yellow Sea during winter\u0026mdash;and analyzes the processes governing sediment exchange between its northern and southern parts during this season. This study not only provides critical insights for oilfield management and environmental protection but also contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of dynamic sediment transport processes. It plays a vital role across various domains including marine ecosystem conservation, climate change research, marine engineering, and infrastructure development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Data and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Observation data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this paper, resuspended sediment and ocean current changes in the northern sea area of Chengshandou area were observed on site for one month from Nov. 9, 2020 to Dec. 8, 2020 using equipment mounted on the float (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The coordinates of the observation point are (122.32˚E, 37.83˚N), located at the junction of the North and South Yellow Sea, the maximum velocity can reach 2 m/s, and the current flows from northeast to southwest (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The turbidimeter and ADCP mounted on the tripod could be used to observe emperature, salinity, pressure, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen redox potential (ORP) and velocity profile.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary table of equipped equipment parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain function\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature and salt depth turbidimeter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserve parameters such as temperature, salinity, pressure, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, oxygen redox potential (ORP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe accuracy of temperature and salt sensor is 0.002 degrees; salinity accuracy 0.003ms/cm. The accuracy of pressure sensor is 0.05% of water depth. The accuracy of optical dissolved oxygen sensor is 5%. The accuracy of ORP sensor accuracy 0.01V; turbidity sensing. The accuracy of the turbidity is 2%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300K HZ\u0026nbsp;ADCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evelocity profile (upward)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distance is 2 m per layer, 17 frequencies are emitted every 10s.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Resuspended sediment flux\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe employed measures for decomposing single-wide sediment loads (He, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Wu, et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) to analyse the source of the suspended sediment flux. The per-tidal-cycle current velocity, water depth, and suspended sediment content are decomposed into mean and pulsating values. The single-wide load can be expressed as:\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Jay et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) where T is the single-wide sediment load (mg/(cm*s)), C is the suspended sediment concentration (g/L), V is the current velocity (cm/s), and H is the water depth (cm) (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the period from Nov. 9, 2020 to Dec. 7, 2020, the current velocity in the northern part of Chengshantou sea area mainly fluctuates in the range of 0-1.2 m/s, and the water depth is about 80 m (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In winter, the current velocity and direction at different depths is basically consistent in vertical direction (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the vertical velocity and direction profile at a time point during the observation period was selected for analysis (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The current velocity profile in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that the current velocity fluctuates between 0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 m/s on November 10 at the depth more than 20 m. When the water depth is less than 20 m, the surface velocity reaches its maximum and the maximum velocity can reach 0.4 m/s, which may be caused by the wind waves in the surface (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). Similarly, when the water depth exceeds 20 m, the current direction basically does not change with the water depth. However, in shallow water depths of 10 m, the current direction changes counterclockwise with the increase of water depth, and in 10\u0026ndash;20 m, the current direction changes clockwise with the increase of water depth (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the water depth in the northern part of Chengshantou is generally more than 60 m. And when the water depth is more than 20 m, the current velocity and direction are less affected by wind and waves and do not change with the increase of water depth. Therefore, the average current velocity in the depth more than 20 m is used to represent the current velocity of the near bottom tidal current in the northern part of the Chengshantou sea area (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The changes of tidal current velocity, direction and turbidity in winter are shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Except for the process of falling and rising of the observation instrument, the maximum velocity is 0.60 m/s during the tide rises and ebbs. According to the change of current direction from November 10 to 14, 2020 (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), the northern part of the mountain area is a regular semi-diurnal tide, its slack water is less than 0.10 m/s.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the above tidal current variation characteristics, we accumulated the velocity profile near the bottom to obtain the single width velocity, and combined with the observed turbidity data to calculate the sediment transport per unit width in the north part of Chengshantou (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, the variation trend of sediment transport per unit width is basically consistent with that of unit width velocity, and the correlation between the velocity and suspended sediment sedimentation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003ea) and sediment re-suspension (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eb) is poor (Pearson's r\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.30). This indicates that the resuspension of sediments in the sea area is not controlled by the current velocity, but the sediment transport per unit width is mainly affected by the current velocity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the basis of the observation and calculation of the current velocity profile, turbidity and sediment transport per unit width, the contribution of sediment transport by current and resuspension to sediment transport per day during the observation period is analyzed with the method in 2.2 as the unit of tidal period (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The analysis results show that the sediment transport per unit width is mainly affected by the tidal current and the sediment transport per unit width is mainly negative. Since the northward current velocity is positive, the sediment transport from the north Yellow Sea to the south Yellow Sea is greater than that from the south to the north in winter. During the observation period, the difference of sediment transport per unit width on Nov. 19 and Dec. 7, when turbidity increased significantly, is also the largest, and the maximum of sediment transport in the south direction is 74400 and 108000 NTU\u0026times;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e larger than that in the north direction, respectively. The total difference between southbound and northbound sediment transport during the observation period of about one month is 442500 NTU\u0026times;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The resuspended sediment could be transported by Shandong peninsula coastal current (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum two-day transport volume accounted for 41.2% of the total transport volume, 16.8% and 24.4%, respectively. This indicates that individual events that lead to the increase of suspended sediment concentration in water bodies, such as re-suspension and submarine landslides, cannot be ignored on the material exchange between the North and South Yellow Sea.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The results show that in winter, the depth more than 20 m in the north part of Chengshantou sea area does not change with the depth of water, and the range of variation is less than 5 cm/s. The tide is a regular semi-diurnal tide with the maximum ebb and flow current velocity of 0.60 m/s and the slack water current velocity less than 0.10 m/s. When the water depth is less than 10 m, the current direction changes counterclockwise with the increase of the water depth; when the water depth is 10-20 m, the current direction changes clockwise with the increase of the water depth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The resuspension of sediments in the sea area is not controlled by the current velocity, but the sediment transport per unit width is mainly affected by the current velocity. Suspended sediment is mainly transported from the north Yellow Sea to the south Yellow Sea, and the difference between the transport volume on Nov. 19 and Dec. 7 was the largest. Under the Shandong peninsula coastal current effect, the sediment transport volume in the south direction is 74400 and 108000 NTU\u0026times;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e larger than that in the north direction, respectively. The total difference between southbound and northbound sediment transport during the observation period of about one month is 442500 NTU\u0026times;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The largest two-day transport volume accounted for 41.2% of the total transport.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1906211), the Chengdao Oilfield supported by Shandong Continental Shelf Marine Technology Co. LTD (HX20230616) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 24CX02031A. Part of the data and samples were collected onboard of R/V Xiangyanghong 18 implementing the open research NORC2022-305 supported by NFC Shiptime Sharing Project (Project No. 42149302),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eField measurement data of turbidity, current velocity and direction used in this paper are provided by First Institute of oceanography and China University of Petroleum (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26156446).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBowen Li: Funding acquisition, Writing-original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJin Liao: Writing-review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXimeng Ma: Investigation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXuejun Xiong:\u0026nbsp;Project administration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBaichuan Duan: Data curation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXuerong Cui: Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBao, X., Li, Z., Wang, Y. \u0026amp; Li, N. Sediment distribution features in the North Yellow Sea during summer and winter. Journal of Sediment Research 2, 48-56 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFang, G. H., Xu, X. Q., Wei, Z. X., Wang, Y. G. \u0026amp; Wang, X. Y. Vertical displacement loading tides and self-attraction and loading tides in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas. Science China-Earth Sciences 56, 63-70 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4518-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHe, Q. X. Sediment source and its bearing on marine sedimentation, Mar. Geol. Front, 27, 8-13 (2011). https://doi.org/10.16028/j.1009-2722.2011.01.008\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHe, S. L., Sun, J. M. Characteristics of suspended sediment transport in the turbidity maximum of the Changjiang river estuary, Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 27, 60-66 (1996).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. A. Jay, R. J. U., J. Largier, W. R. Geyer, J. Vallino \u0026amp; Boynton, W. R. A Review of Recent Developments in Estuarine Scalar Flux Estimation. Estuaries Vol.20, 262-280 (1997). https://doi.org/10.2307/1352342\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJiang, B. et al. WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENTALONG BOHAI SEA, YELLOW SEAAND EAST CHINA SEA. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 38, 1711-1716 (2017).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJung, H. S. et al. REE fractionation and quantification of sediment source in the Yellow Sea mud deposits, East Asian marginal sea. Continental Shelf Research 217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104374\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim, J. H., Kang, E. J., Park, M. G., Lee, B. G. \u0026amp; Kim, K. Y. Effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of a green-tide-forming species (\u0026lt;i\u0026gt;Ulva linza\u0026lt;/i\u0026gt;) in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Applied Phycology 23, 421-432 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9590-y\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim, S. L. \u0026amp; Yu, O. H. Benthic polychaete community structure in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water zone (YSBCW): Species diversity, temporal-spatial distribution, and feeding guilds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 183 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114071\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, B., Jia, Y., Liu, J. P., Liu, X. \u0026amp; Wang, Z. Effect of Wave, Current, and Lutocline on Sediment Resuspension in Yellow River Delta-Front. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Scien Vol.12, 845 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030845\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, B., Xiong, X., Duan, B., Wang, D. \u0026amp; Yu, L. The Suspended Sediment Flux in Winter in the South of Chengshantou, between the North and South Yellow Sea. Sensors 23, 7771 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, G. et al. Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121, 6204-6222 (2016). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011442\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYun-hai, L., Zuo-sheng, Y., Jian, C. \u0026amp; Xiao-hui, C. Characteristics of the element geochemistry of the suspended matter in the Chinese Contract Area, Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology \u0026amp; Quaternary Geology Vol.28, 45-54 (2008).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, Z., Bao, X., Wang, Y., Li, N. \u0026amp; Qiao, L. Seasonal distribution and relationship of water mass and suspended load in North Yellow Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 27, 907-918 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiang, J., Zhang, S., Liu, X. \u0026amp; Zhao, F. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HIGH WIND EVENTS OVER THE YELLOW SEA AND THE BOHAI SEA CONSIDERING TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF LIAODONG PENINSULA AND SHANDONG PENINSULA. Journal of Tropical Meteorology 31, 374-384 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLin, D., Cui, L., Lei, X. \u0026amp; Yang, N. Characterization of autumn tide of Jingu River Estuary, Qinzhou. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology 46, 118-123 (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLin, X. et al. An asymmetric upwind flow, Yellow Sea Warm Current: 1. New observations in the western Yellow Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116 (2011). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006513\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, H., He, Q., Wang, Y. \u0026amp; Chen, J. Processes of Suspended Sediment Mixture in the Yangtze River Estuary. Acta Geographica Sinica 67, 1269-1281 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, H., Kang, H. X. \u0026amp; Yin, B. S. in 3rd International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD 2013). 2388-2391 (Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, J. et al. A numerical study of transport dynamics and seasonal variability of the Yellow River sediment in the Bohai and Yellow seas. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 95, 39-51 (2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, J. et al. Modeling the Yellow River sediment flux and its deposition patterns under climatological conditions. Ocean Dynamics 63, 709-722 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0626-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoon, J.-H., Pang, I.-C. \u0026amp; Yoon, J.-H. Response of the Changjiang diluted water around Jeju Island to external forcings: A modeling study of 2002 and 2006. Continental Shelf Research 29, 1549-1564 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQiao, L. L. et al. Seasonal transportation and deposition of the suspended sediments in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea and the related mechanisms. Ocean Dynamics 66, 751-766 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0950-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQin, Y., Gao, F., Su, D., Zhu, X. \u0026amp; Xie, L. Late spring thermocline and chemoclines in the area off the Rizhao -Lianyungang coast, western South Yellow Sea. Marine Geology \u0026amp; Quaternary Geology 41, 22-32 (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi, X. F., Shen, S. X., Yi, H. I., Chen, Z. H. \u0026amp; Meng, Y. Modern sedimentary environments and dynamic depositional systems in the southern Yellow Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin 48, 1-7 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02900933\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi, Y. et al. Cross‐front sediment transport induced by quick oscillation of the Yellow Sea warm current: Evidence from the sedimentary record. Geophysical Research Letters 46, 226-234 (2019).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTang, C., Li, Y. F., Liu, X., Zhao, Y. \u0026amp; Zhang, H. Risk of Surface Sediment Erosion in the Bohai Sea, North Yellow Sea and Its Indication to Tidal Sand Ridge Occurrence. Journal of Coastal Research, 126-135 (2016). https://doi.org/10.2112/si74-012.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTang, Q. S., Ying, Y. P. \u0026amp; Wu, Q. The biomass yields and management challenges for the Yellow sea large marine ecosystem. Environmental Development 17, 175-181 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.06.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThorne, P. D., Hardcastle, P. J. \u0026amp; Soulsby, R. L. Analysis of acoustic measurements of suspended sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 98, 899-910 (1993). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01855\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, Y., Ju, X., Qiao, L. \u0026amp; Bao, X. Water turbidity in the northern yellow sea in summer and winter. Oceanol. Et Limnol. Sin 45, 928-937 (2014).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, Y., Qiao, L., Yang, Z. \u0026amp; Bao, X. Research on suspended sediment transport mechanisms along northeast coast of Shandong Peninsula in summer and in winter. J. Sediment Res 30, 49-57 (2012).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei, W., An-Chun, L. I., Fang-Jian, X. U., Peng, H. \u0026amp; Yan, L. I. DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT IN THE NORTH YELLOW SEA. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 40, 525-531 (2009).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei, Q., Wang, H., Ge, R. \u0026amp; Wang, B. Vertical Distribution of Suspended Matter and Implications in the Southern Yellow Sea. Advance in Earth Sciences 28, 374-390 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, D., Zhang, R., Yan, Y. \u0026amp; Li, R. Mechanism of suspended sediment transport in Dongdagang tidal channel of radial sand ridges. Journal of Hohai University 34, 219-222 (2006).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, H., Zhao, S., Xu, H. \u0026amp; Zhang, Z. Preliminary assessment of tidal current energy on Chengshantou area. Ocean Technol 29, 98-100 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, J., Zhang, G.-L., Zheng, L.-X., Zhang, F. \u0026amp; Zhao, J. Seasonal variation of fluxes and distributions of dissolved methane in the North Yellow Sea. Continental shelf research 30, 187-192 (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, T., Qu, W., Fan, H. \u0026amp; Yang, G. Inversion and Analysis on Liaohe the River Surface Sediment Concentration by Remote Sensing. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University 46, 596-602 (2015).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tide, Current, Turbidity, Suspended sediment flux, Yellow Sea","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6398483/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6398483/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe variations in regional flow and the impact of the winter monsoon can cause fluctuations in the coastal current and the Yellow Sea Warm Current. These relative changes may result in front instability, subsequently initiating lateral sediment transport.. Therefore, investigating sediment exchange between the northern and southern regions of the Yellow Sea has become essential for comprehending the environmental dynamics of the Yellow Sea.. This study involved the observation of current conditions and sediment concentrations in the northern waters off Chengshantou, which serves as a representative region of the Yellow Sea during the winter season. The aim was to examine the sediment exchange processes between the northern and southern Yellow Sea during this season. The results show that in the winter period, when the water depth in the northern waters off Chengshantou exceeds 20 meters, the current velocity remains consistent across different water depths, with variations not exceeding 5 cm/s, and it presents a semi-diurnal tidal pattern. The re-suspension of sediments within the water column is not influenced by current velocity, but sediment transport per unit width is primarily affected by current velocity. Due to the impact of the offshore current in the Shandong Peninsula, suspended sediments are primarily conveyed from the northern Yellow Sea to the southern Yellow Sea. Over a period of approximately one month, the total sediment difference between the southward and northward currents amounts to 442,500 NTU\u0026times;m\u0026sup2;, with the maximum transport volume over two days representing 41.2% of the total flux.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Resuspended sediment exchange between the north and south Yellow Sea in the north of Chengshantou","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-25 17:56:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6398483/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9bfbd60f-db3a-4276-a911-ce7fe497114f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47434091,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":47434092,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ocean sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-27T06:38:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-25 17:56:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6398483","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6398483","identity":"rs-6398483","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}