Intergenerational Eating Behaviors Beyond Genetics: Insights from Cognitive and Normative Influences

Intergenerational Eating Behaviors Beyond Genetics: Insights from Cognitive and Normative Influences | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Intergenerational Eating Behaviors Beyond Genetics: Insights from Cognitive and Normative Influences Mohammad Reza Pakravan-Charvadeh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6666958/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors within Iranian families, emphasizing the role of Cognitive Social Theory (CST) and Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) Theory. By examining how parental eating habits influence the dietary choices of adult children, the research integrates cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. Utilizing a structured questionnaire and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), data were collected from families with adult children aged 18–30 in Iran. The findings reveal significant associations between parental self-efficacy, outcome expectations, food knowledge, and children's eating behaviors. Observational learning and social support emerged as critical components in shaping dietary practices. The results highlight the necessity of addressing familial influences on nutrition in public health interventions, informing strategies aimed at promoting healthier eating patterns and reducing the prevalence of obesity and related chronic diseases. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of dietary behavior transmission across generations. Eating behavior cognitive analysis food habit intergenerational transmission Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction The transfer of parenting behaviors and psychopathological traits occurs across generations. This phenomenon, known as intergenerational transmission, reflects the degree to which traits and behaviors observed in one generation are passed down to the next (Branje et al., 2020 ; Lochner, 2008 ). Research has documented this recurrence in various characteristics, including personality traits, educational achievement, and socioeconomic status (SES) (Branje et al., 2020 ). Among these, the transmission of eating habits is a significant factor that influences various aspects of health, leading to either healthy or unhealthy outcomes. Eating behaviors can be defined as the patterns of food selection, preparation, and consumption that individuals develop over time, often shaped by familial and cultural contexts (Fisberg et al., 2024 ). The intergenerational transmission of eating behavior patterns refers to the process by which eating habits, preferences, and behaviors are passed down from one generation to the next (Fisberg et al., 2024 ; Loth et al., 2019 ). This transmission occurs through various mechanisms, including genetic inheritance, social learning, and cultural practices, influencing dietary choices and attitudes toward food (Fisberg et al., 2024 ). These behaviors are not merely individual choices but are deeply embedded in social and environmental frameworks. The family unit serves as the primary context for nutritional education, where children learn about food through direct experiences, such as shared meals and parental guidance on food choices (Xu et al., 2024 ). Understanding how eating behaviors are transmitted from one generation to the next is crucial for addressing public health issues such as obesity, malnutrition, and chronic diseases. Research indicates that eating habits established in childhood often persist into adulthood, thereby influencing dietary choices and health outcomes across generations (Mahmood et al., 2021 ). The intergenerational transmission of eating habits may lead to a range of illnesses in young people, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Tosi & Rettaroli, 2022 ). Obesity and overweight rates are rising sharply across both developed and developing nations. Projections suggest that by 2030, nearly 57.8% of adults worldwide could be classified as overweight or obese (Pourfarzi et al., 2022 ). Furthermore, poor dietary choices can contribute to psychosocial issues such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression, exacerbated by societal pressures and bullying related to body image (Pakravan-Charvadeh, Vatanparast, et al., 2021 ). Research indicates that the eating habits of young individuals are significantly shaped by the social, relational, and physical contexts in which they grow up (Anderson Steeves et al., 2016 ; Fisberg et al., 2024 ; Patwardhan et al., 2024 ). The dietary choices made by parents play a crucial role in determining their children's food preferences, acceptance, and overall consumption, as well as their openness to trying new foods (Berge et al., 2020 ; Larson et al., 2016 ). Among parents, mothers are particularly influential, with studies showing a strong link between the quality of a mother’s diet and that of her children (Robinson et al., 2015 ; Tosi & Rettaroli, 2022 ). This study introduces a novel approach to understanding the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors by incorporating a comprehensive behavioral analysis of specific parental eating habits and their direct impact on the dietary choices of adult children. Unlike few previous research that primarily examines general associations between parental and child eating patterns (Berge et al., 2020 ; Fisberg et al., 2024 ; Loth et al., 2019 ; Robinson et al., 2015 ; Tosi & Rettaroli, 2022 ), this study aims to dissect the nuanced aspects of parental behaviors—such as behavioral skill and intention toward nutrition—that specifically shape the eating habits of the next generation. Moreover, this research addresses the contextual influences often overlooked in existing literature, including cognitive factors such as food literacy and knowledge, and self-efficacy, along with environmental elements like normative beliefs and community support systems. By integrating these dimensions, the study not only fills a critical gap in the literature but also provides a more holistic understanding of how eating behaviors are transmitted across generations. Additionally, this research emphasizes the role of fathers alongside mothers in shaping children's eating habits, recognizing that paternal influences have been underrepresented in previous studies. This broader perspective aims to present a more inclusive view of family dynamics in dietary behaviors, ultimately contributing to the development of targeted interventions that can effectively promote healthier eating patterns within families. By focusing on these innovative aspects, this study aspires to inform public health strategies and educational programs aimed at fostering better nutritional outcomes for future generations. Therefore, the overarching objective of this study is to identify the various behavioral aspects of parental eating habits that influence the eating behaviors of their adult children. 2. Theoretical framework and hypotheses This study is guided by a hybrid theoretical framework that integrates elements of the Cognitive Social Theory (CST) and the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) Theory, as depicted in Fig. 1. This framework aims to explore the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors and the factors influencing dietary choices among Iranian families. Cognitive Social Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and social influences in shaping behavior (Widodo & Astuti, 2024 ). It suggests that individuals learn and develop behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling, particularly from role models such as parents, peers, and teachers (Ramalepa & Netangaheni, 2024 ; Widodo & Astuti, 2024 ). Key components of CST relevant to this study include cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors. On the other hand, the Value-Belief-Norm Theory, proposed by Stern et al., focuses on the relationship between values, beliefs, and norms in influencing behavior (Batool et al., 2024 ). This theory provides a framework for understanding how personal values and social norms affect dietary choices. In this hybrid theoretical framework, parental eating behavior consist of three main factors, including cognitive, behavioral, and environmental. The cognitive factor is included self-efficacy, outcome expectation, and food knowledge. Parental self-efficacy refers to the belief parents hold in their ability to effectively manage and provide for their family's food needs (Ruiz-Zaldibar et al., 2021 ). When parents have high self-efficacy, they demonstrate greater confidence in making food-related decisions, budgeting, and preparing healthy meals. Outcome expectation encompasses the anticipated consequences of specific behaviors, which in turn influence an individual's motivation to engage in those behaviors (Luc, 2024 ). In the context of food security, parents may believe that providing healthy meals will result in improved health and well-being for their children. Food knowledge pertains to the understanding and information individuals possess regarding food security, nutrition, and meal preparation (Guiné et al., 2023 ). This includes awareness of healthy food choices, budgeting for food, and the importance of maintaining a balanced diet (Chamcham et al., 2024 ). On the other hands, behavioral factors are behavioral skill, intention, and punishment. Behavioral skill involves the practical abilities and competencies necessary to perform specific behaviors related to food security, such as cooking, meal planning, and effective shopping (French et al., 2024 ). These skills are crucial for translating knowledge into everyday actions. Intention reflects a person's motivation or commitment to engage in a specific behavior in the future (Maleknia & ChamCham, 2024 ). In this study, parental intention to enhance food security practices is seen as a predictor of their likelihood to take action in securing food for their family. Punishment denotes a consequence that diminishes the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In food behaviors, punishment may involve negative feedback or adverse outcomes, such as health issues, that deter individuals from making unhealthy food choices. Also, environmental factors include observational learning, normative belief, and social support. Observational learning is the process of acquiring behaviors by watching and imitating others, particularly role models such as parents or peers (Fryling et al., 2011 ). This learning is critical in shaping children's food-related behaviors and attitudes based on parental practices. Normative belief refers to the perception of social norms or expectations concerning behaviors within a community or family context (Fang et al., 2017 ). For instance, children may adopt certain food-related behaviors influenced by what they believe is accepted or expected by their parents or peers. Social support encompasses the assistance and encouragement provided by family, friends, and community members (Acoba, 2024 ), which can help individuals manage food-related challenges. This support can be emotional, practical (such as sharing food resources), or informational (such as sharing knowledge about nutrition). Child self-efficacy refers to the belief that children have in their ability to successfully engage in food-related tasks and make healthy food choices (Zarychta et al., 2021 ). High self-efficacy empowers children to take initiative in meal preparation, express preferences for healthy foods, and contribute to family food security efforts. This belief significantly influences their motivation and persistence in adopting healthy eating behaviors. Child food knowledge encompasses the understanding children possess regarding nutrition, healthy eating practices, and food preparation (Chan et al., 2022 ). This includes awareness of the nutritional value of various foods, the importance of balanced meals, and skills related to meal planning and cooking. Enhanced food knowledge enables children to make informed food choices and grasp the implications of their dietary habits on their health. All constructs and items are shown in Table 1 . By combining CST and VBN, this theoretical framework allows for a comprehensive examination of how parental influences, social contexts, and individual beliefs interact to shape eating behaviors across generations. It posits that parents’ self-efficacy and observational learning are critical in shaping children's eating habits, while the values and beliefs that parents hold about nutrition and health are transmitted to their children, influencing their dietary choices. Additionally, social norms within families and communities reinforce these behaviors, creating a cycle of intergenerational transmission. This integrated framework will guide the study's exploration of how specific parental eating behaviors affect the dietary choices of adult children in Iran, shedding light on the complex interplay of cognitive and social factors in dietary practices. Table 1 All items and construct to investigate the hybrid theoretical framework Constructs Items Question Cognitive Factors Parental Self-Efficacy SE1 I feel confident in my ability to prepare nutritious meals for my family. SE2 I believe I can effectively manage my family's dietary needs. SE3 I am skilled at making healthy food choices for my family. SE4 I can influence my children's eating habits positively. SE5 I feel knowledgeable about nutrition and healthy eating practices. Outcome Expectation OE1 I believe that providing healthy meals will improve my children's health. OE2 I expect that my dietary choices will influence my children's eating habits. OE3 I think that my efforts to promote healthy eating will lead to better family health. OE4 I anticipate positive changes in my family's health from healthy eating. OE5 I believe that making healthy food choices is essential for preventing illness in my family. Knowledge KF1 I have a good understanding of balanced diets and nutrition. KF2 I am aware of the nutritional value of the foods I buy and prepare. KF3 I know how to plan meals that meet my family's dietary needs. KF4 I stay informed about healthy eating practices. KF5 I understand the importance of portion sizes and healthy food choices. Behavioral Factors Behavioral Skill BS1 I am competent in meal planning and preparation. BS2 I can easily cook healthy meals for my family. BS3 I know how to shop for healthy food options effectively. BS4 I can teach my children how to prepare nutritious meals. BS5 I feel capable of managing my family's food budget wisely. Intention IN1 I plan to continue promoting healthy eating habits in my family. IN2 I intend to learn more about nutrition to improve my family's diet. IN3 I am committed to cooking healthy meals for my family regularly. IN4 I aim to involve my children in meal preparation to foster healthy habits. IN5 I will actively seek out healthy food options for my family. Punishment PM1 I believe that negative health outcomes deter my family from unhealthy eating. PM2 I think that experiencing health issues would discourage my family from poor dietary choices. PM3 I believe that my children learn from the consequences of unhealthy eating. PM4 I think that experiencing weight gain motivates my family to eat healthier. PM5 I believe that feedback about unhealthy eating habits influences my family's choices. Environmental Factors Observational Learning OL1 My children learn about healthy eating by watching me. OL2 I model healthy eating behaviors for my family. OL3 I believe that my eating habits influence my children's choices. OL4 I encourage my children to eat healthily by leading by example. OL5 I think that my family discusses and reinforces good dietary practices together. Normative Belief NB1 I believe that my family values healthy eating. NB2 I think that our community supports healthy food choices. NB3 I feel that healthy eating is an expectation within my family. NB4 I believe that my social circle influences our dietary choices positively. NB5 I think that my children feel pressured to eat healthily due to family norms. Social Support SS1 I support my family members in maintaining healthy eating habits. SS2 My friends encourage me to make nutritious food choices. SS3 I think that community resources help my family eat healthily. SS4 I feel that my family supports each other in making better dietary choices. SS5 I believe that sharing meals with others reinforces healthy eating. Child-related Factors Child Self-Efficacy CS1 My child believes they can make healthy food choices. CS2 My child feels confident in their ability to help with meal preparation. CS3 My child can express their preferences for healthy foods. CS4 My child is willing to try new healthy foods. CS5 My child feels capable of participating in family food decisions. Child Food Knowledge CF1 My child understands the importance of a balanced diet. CF2 My child is aware of the nutritional value of different foods. CF3 My child knows how to make healthy food choices. CF4 My child can explain why healthy eating is beneficial. CF5 My child actively seeks out information about nutrition. Therefore, the following hypotheses in Table 2 are proposed to explore the intergenerational transmission between parental and child eating behaviors: Table 2 All hypotheses of the present study Hypothesis Expected sign Cognitive Factors Parental Self-Efficacy Adult children eating behavior Positive Outcome Expectation Positive Knowledge Positive Behavioral Factors Behavioral Skill Positive Intention Positive Punishment Negative Environmental factors Observational Learning Positive Normative Belief Positive Social Support Positive Child-related factors Child Self-Efficacy Positive Child Food Knowledge Positive 3. Material and method 3.1. Study location This study was conducted in Iran, as one of the densely populated countries in the Middle East facing significant public health challenges related to overweight and obesity. Recent research indicated that approximately 35% of the adult population is classified as overweight, while about 21% are considered obese (Abiri et al., 2023 ). This alarming trend mirrored a global epidemic, driven by various factors including urbanization, dietary shifts towards processed foods, and decreased physical activity levels. We chose Iran for this study because of several reasons: first, the Iranian government has recognized the obesity epidemic as a critical public health issue and has initiated various campaigns to promote healthy eating and physical activity (Sayyari et al., 2017 ). Second, in Iranian culture, family plays a pivotal role in shaping dietary behaviors, and parental influence- especially from fathers- may significantly impact children’s food preferences and consumption patterns (Karimi et al., 2023 ). Additionally, Iran is home to a rich tapestry of ethnicities and cultures, each with distinct dietary practices and food traditions (Chamcham et al., 2024 ). This diversity provides a unique opportunity to study how varying cultural influences impact eating behaviors across generations. Finally, rapid urbanization in Iran has transformed traditional lifestyles, leading to increased consumption of processed foods and changes in physical activity levels (Sobhani et al., 2021 ). 3.2. Sampling technique To gather data for our study, we employed a purposive sampling method to distribute an online questionnaire. Initially, we designed the questionnaire on a local platform, ensuring that it was user-friendly and comprehensive. We determined the sample size of 310 participants using G-Power software, which is a recognized tool for conducting power analysis. We chose an effect size of 0.5, representing a medium effect, to ensure our study could detect meaningful differences. The alpha level was set at 0.05, indicating a 5% significance threshold, which is commonly used in research to minimize the risk of Type I errors. Additionally, we aimed for a power level of 0.80, providing an 80% chance of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. This combination of parameters indicated that a sample size of 310 would be sufficient to achieve robust statistical validity while addressing the research objectives effectively. By utilizing G-Power, we supported our decision with empirical evidence, enhancing the reliability of our findings. 3.3. Participants recruitment Participants were Iranian families with at least one adult child aged 18–30, and both parents (or guardians) and at least one adult child must be willing to participate. Families with dietary restrictions that may significantly alter traditional eating patterns, such as severe food allergies or medical dietary restrictions, were excluded to maintain consistency in studying traditional eating behaviors. The recruitment strategy employed purposive sampling to ensure that participants represent a diverse range of socioeconomic backgrounds, urban and rural settings, and various cultural groups within Iran. To initiate recruitment, we collaborated with local community organizations, health clinics, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to disseminate information about the study and its significance. These organizations served as vital partners in reaching potential participants. Additionally, we utilized popular social media platforms, such as WhatsApp and Telegram, to create awareness and engage specific demographics through targeted posts and advertisements. Once participants were recruited, a structured questionnaire was administered to gather information on eating behaviors, dietary habits, and the influence of parental practices using the online platforms. 3.4. Data collection instrument We utilized a structured questionnaire developed based on previous studies to gather data and information (Branje et al., 2020 ; Chamcham et al., 2024 ; Fisberg et al., 2024 ; Joorabchi et al., 2024 ; Karunasena et al., 2021 ; Lochner, 2008 ; Loth et al., 2019 ; Maleknia et al., 2024 ; Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2022 ; Pakravan-Charvadeh, Savari, et al., 2021 ; Pakravan-Charvadeh, Vatanparast, et al., 2021 ; Pakravan-Charvadeh & Flora, 2022 ; Rashidi et al., 2024 ; Tosi & Rettaroli, 2022 ). This questionnaire was organized into several sections. The first section collected information on participants' socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics, including age, gender, education level, and household income. The second section focused on parental eating behavior, specifically examining three categories: cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. Questions in this section were formatted using a Likert scale, enabling parents to express the frequency and importance of various eating behaviors and practices. Additionally, there was a section dedicated to assessing the eating behaviors of adult children, which includes questions related to their self-efficacy regarding food choices, as well as their knowledge of nutrition and healthy eating practices. This structured approach allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the factors influencing dietary behaviors within families. The questionnaire has also been designed using the local platform " www.digisurvey.com" . 3.5. Statistical technique In this study, we applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the intergenerational transmission of eating behavior from parent to adult child within the participated households. The SEM is a powerful statistical technique used to analyze complex relationships among observed and latent variables. It combined elements of factor analysis and multiple regression, allowing researchers to assess direct and indirect effects. In the first stage, we used some descriptive analysis, including mean and average to test the status of all items within each construct. Then, we applied factor loading to test the reliability (values above 0.70 generally indicating strong reliability). Additionally, we used Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to identify potential multicollinearity among constructs (acceptable values typically set below 5) for ensuring this problem doesn't affect the results of the final model (Pakravan-Charvadeh & Flora, 2022 ). To evaluate the reliability of constructs, various statistical measures were employed. Rho-A values above 0.70 indicated sufficient internal consistency (Kalantari et al., 2024 ). Composite Reliability (CR) was also analyzed, with a threshold of 0.70 or higher deemed acceptable for confirming the reliability of the measurement model (Saif-Nijat et al., 2023 ). Convergent validity was assessed through the Average Variance Extracted (AVE), where values greater than 0.50 were considered satisfactory. The Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) was used to assess model fit, with values below 0.08 suggesting a good fit (Sadat et al., 2023 ). Additionally, fit indices like d-ULS and d-G were calculated, with lower values indicating a better alignment of the model with the observed data. The Normed Fit Index (NFI) further supported the evaluation of model fit, where values greater than 0.90 reflected a strong agreement between the hypothesized model and the actual data (Chamcham et al., 2024 ). After confirming the measurement model, path analysis was performed to explore the relationships between the variables (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020 ). Standardized path coefficients were reported to indicate the strength of these associations. To evaluate the significance of the effects, a bootstrapping technique with 5,000 resamples was utilized, enhancing the reliability of the findings (Rashidi et al., 2024 ). A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant for all analyses. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS V.3, which supported both the measurement and structural aspects of the analysis. 4. Results 4.1. Descriptive analysis Table 3 demonstrated the descriptive analysis of the participating parents and children in the study. The average age of fathers was 59 years, with 40% holding a bachelor's degree and 30% possessing a master's degree. Additionally, 30% of fathers had an education level below a diploma. Mothers, on the other hand, had an average age of 52 years; 37% held a bachelor's degree, while 20% obtained a master's degree, and 43% had an education level below a diploma. In terms of the children, the average age of respondents was 25 years, with 65% having completed a bachelor's degree, 13% holding a master's degree, and 22% possessing at least a diploma. Furthermore, 43% of participating children were female, and 28% of the responding adult children were married. This analysis highlighted the educational disparities between parents and their children, as well as the relatively young age of the children, which may have influenced the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors. Table 3 Descriptive analysis of the participated parents and children in the study Factors Fathers Mothers Children Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Education level Under diploma 93 30 133 43 91 22 Bachelor 124 40 114 37 269 65 Master 93 30 62 20 54 13 Gender Male 310 100 - - 236 57 Female - - 310 100 178 43 Marital status Single - - - - 302 73 Married 310 100 310 100 116 28 Mean Mean Mean Age (year) 59 52 25 4.2. Pre-estimation statistical tests To ensure the robustness of the measurement model, several pre-estimation statistical tests were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs utilized in this study (Table 4 ). The results provided strong evidence of the constructs' soundness, which was crucial for the integrity of subsequent analyses. All constructs demonstrated Cronbach's Alpha values greater than 0.7, indicating high internal consistency. This statistic measured the extent to which a set of items was related, assuring that the items within each construct were measuring the same underlying concept. A Cronbach's Alpha above 0.7 was generally accepted as a reliable measure in social science research, suggesting that the items assessing parental and child eating behaviors were cohesively aligned. Additionally, the Rho-A values for all constructs exceeded 0.75. This statistic served as a more advanced measure of reliability, particularly in the context of structural equation modeling (SEM). A Rho-A value above 0.75 indicated strong reliability and reinforced confidence in the constructs used, suggesting they were stable and provided consistent results across different samples. Composite Reliability (CR) values also surpassed the 0.8 threshold, indicative of excellent reliability. CR was a more robust measure than Cronbach's Alpha because it accounted for the individual factor loadings of each item within the construct. High CR values confirmed that the constructs consistently measured the intended concepts, further validating the integrity of the data. Moreover, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all constructs was greater than 0.65, which was considered acceptable for establishing convergent validity. The AVE indicated the proportion of variance captured by a construct relative to the variance due to measurement error. These pre-estimation statistical tests collectively affirmed the reliability and validity of the measurement model employed in this study. By establishing sound measurement properties, the analysis could proceed with confidence that the findings would accurately reflect the relationships between parental and child eating behaviors. This rigorous approach not only enhanced the credibility of the research but also provided a robust foundation for drawing meaningful conclusions regarding the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors. Table 4 Descriptive analysis of all items and constructs in the hybrid theoretical framework Constructs Items Factor loading VIF Reliability and Validity Mean Average SD. Skewness Cognitive Factors Self-Efficacy SE1 0.990 1.20 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.85 Rho-A: 0.82 CR: 0.84 AVE: 0.73 1.91 1.86 1.04 0.29 SE2 0.852 1.99 1.83 1.03 0.14 SE3 0.821 2.06 1.89 1.06 0.13 SE4 0.799 1.33 1.84 0.95 0.25 SE5 0.875 1.41 1.84 1.04 0.35 Outcome Expectation OE1 0.817 1.10 Cronbach's Alpha:0.83 Rho-A: 0.91 CR: 0.93 AVE: 0.75 2.50 2.01 1.22 0.46 OE2 0.983 1.10 1.97 1.10 0.23 OE3 0.851 1.88 1.99 1.06 0.10 OE4 0.844 1.85 1.91 1.03 0.14 OE5 0.896 1.06 1.68 0.88 0.22 Food Knowledge KF1 0.838 1.29 Cronbach's Alpha:0.79 Rho-A: 0.84 CR: 0.88 AVE: 0.75 1.84 1.86 1.01 0.31 KF2 0.912 2.22 1.97 1.08 0.20 KF3 0.937 2.08 1.97 1.12 0.27 KF4 0.848 1.18 1.97 1.10 0.18 KF5 0.848 1.05 1.55 0.90 0.42 Behavioral Factors Behavioral Skill BS1 0.769 1.56 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.87 Rho-A: 0.86 CR: 0.89 AVE: 0.68 1.81 2.07 0.99 0.39 BS2 0.753 1.64 1.76 1.26 0.12 BS3 0.718 2.28 1.51 0.73 0.31 BS4 0.728 1.55 1.58 0.75 0.36 BS5 0.704 1.02 3.70 1.28 0.41 Intention IN1 0.922 2.36 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.79 Rho-A: 0.81 CR: 0.83 AVE: 0.85 1.84 1.97 0.99 0.15 IN2 0.977 1.68 2.00 1.01 0.25 IN3 0.909 2.92 1.96 1.00 0.38 IN4 0.912 1.62 2.20 1.08 0.06 IN5 0.906 1.80 1.86 0.93 0.29 Punishment PM1 0.876 1.33 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.75 Rho-A: 079 CR: 0.81 AVE:0.68 1.99 3.00 1.17 0.07 PM2 .860 1.36 3.01 1.07 0.17 PM3 0.879 2.75 3.98 1.05 0.09 PM4 0.884 1.89 3.04 1.03 0.16 PM5 0.822 2.03 3.01 1.05 0.08 Environmental Factors Observational learning OL1 0.928 2.01 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.75 Rho-A: 0.78 CR: 0.82 AVE:0.71 1.89 1.91 1.00 0.06 OL2 0.953 2.84 1.84 1.05 0.11 OL3 0.859 2.71 1.88 1.08 0.13 OL4 0.801 2.87 1.97 1.07 0.08 OL5 0.767 2.64 1.97 1.06 0.07 Normative belief NB1 0.904 2.12 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.77 Rho-A: 0.84 CR: 0.88 AVE:0.59 1.95 1.91 1.05 0.11 NB2 0.938 2.02 1.96 1.08 0.20 NB3 0.849 1.71 1.93 1.06 0.09 NB4 0.928 2.10 1.86 0.98 0.06 NB5 0.832 1.63 1.83 0.95 0.11 Social support SS1 0.918 2.42 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.78 Rho-A: 0.79 CR: 0.85 AVE: 0.64 1.94 1.83 1.05 0.11 SS2 0.931 2.14 1.80 1.06 0.39 SS3 0.902 1.94 1.81 1.08 0.39 SS4 0.930 2.47 1.80 1.00 0.34 SS5 0.931 1.64 1.82 0.95 0.09 Children self-efficacy CS1 0.907 1.92 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.81 Rho-A: 0.83 CR: 0.86 AVE: 0.59 2.01 1.96 1.08 0.20 CS2 0.916 1.81 2.00 1.12 0.27 CS3 0.818 1.82 1.99 1.10 0.18 CS4 0.829 2.34 1.90 1.03 0.15 CS5 0.901 1.69 1.90 0.98 0.08 Children food knowledge CF1 0.832 1.03 Cronbach's Alpha: 0.78 Rho-A: 0. 79 CR: 0.81 AVE: 0.59 1.82 1.88 0.97 0.36 CF2 0.897 1.97 1.87 1.02 0.24 CF3 0.932 1.90 1.95 1.12 0.27 CF4 0.843 1.09 1.95 1.02 0.05 CF5 0.852 1.03 1.83 0.93 0.36 4.3. Hypotheses tests The results of the estimated Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for the intergenerational transmission of eating behavior were summarized in Table 5 . The analysis revealed several key findings regarding the influence of various independent factors on the eating behavior of adult children. Self-Efficacy exhibited a positive path coefficient of 0.035 (p = 0.007), indicating its significant role in influencing eating behaviors and thereby accepting the hypothesis. Additionally, Outcome Expectation demonstrated a positive coefficient of 0.038 (p = 0.040), indicating a significant relationship with eating behaviors and confirming the hypothesis. Furthermore, Food Knowledge yielded a positive path coefficient of 0.063 (p = 0.002), indicating a significant relationship with adult children's eating behavior, thus accepting the hypothesis. Behavioral Skill demonstrated a positive path coefficient of 0.025 (p = 0.005), indicating a significant effect on adult children's eating behavior, thus supporting the hypothesis. The factor Intention exhibited a path coefficient of 0.059 (p = 0.000), demonstrating a significant positive effect on eating behavior and further supporting the hypothesis. In contrast, Punishment presented a negative path coefficient of -0.014 (p = 0.356), suggesting no significant influence on adult children's eating behavior, which led to the rejection of the hypothesis. Notably, Observational Learning had the highest path coefficient at 0.598 (p = 0.000), underscoring its critical role in shaping the eating behaviors of adult children, thus supporting the hypothesis. Normative Belief showed a positive path coefficient of 0.051 (p = 0.009), indicating that social norms significantly influenced eating behaviors, thereby accepting the hypothesis. Lastly, Social Support showed a strong positive path coefficient of 0.110 (p = 0.001), confirming its significant effect on the eating behaviors of adult children and supporting the hypothesis. Children Self-Efficacy also exhibited a positive path coefficient of 0.044 (p = 0.013), suggesting that higher self-efficacy among children was associated with better eating behaviors, supporting the hypothesis. Similarly, Children Food Knowledge showed a strong positive relationship, with a path coefficient of 0.105 (p = 0.000), confirming its significant influence on eating behaviors and validating the hypothesis. Overall, the results indicated that most independent factors, including Behavioral Skill, Children Food Knowledge, Children Self-Efficacy, Food Knowledge, Intention, Normative Belief, Observational Learning, Outcome Expectation, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support, significantly contributed to the eating behaviors of adult children. In contrast, Punishment did not demonstrate a significant effect. These findings highlighted the importance of cognitive and social factors in the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors, providing valuable insights for public health interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary practices within families. Table 5 The results of the estimated SEM model for intergenerational transmission of eating behavior Independent factors Path coefficient SD t-statistics p-values Hypothesis result Self-Efficacy 0.035 *** 0.013 2.710 0.007 Supported Outcome Expectation 0.038 ** 0.018 2.064 0.040 Supported Food Knowledge 0.063 *** 0.020 3.065 0.002 Supported Behavioral Skill 0.025 *** 0.009 2.839 0.005 Supported Intention 0.059 *** 0.012 4.792 0.000 Supported Punishment -0.014 0.015 0.924 0.356 Not supported Observational learning 0.598 *** 0.064 9.332 0.000 Supported Normative belief 0.051 *** 0.020 2.606 0.009 Supported Social support 0.110 *** 0.032 3.410 0.001 Supported Children self-efficacy 0.044 ** 0.018 2.498 0.013 Supported Children food knowledge 0.105 *** 0.023 4.537 0.000 Supported *, **, ***: significant level at 10, 5, and 1% (df: 1644) Figure 2 illustrates the positive and negative path coefficients between parental eating behavior and the eating behavior of adult children within a structural intergenerational transmission model. The figure indicates that all associations are significant, as evidenced by the notable t-values in the outer loadings. With respect to the inner loadings and path coefficients, all relationships are significant except for the factor of punishment. 5. Discussion The results of this study provide critical insights into the factors influencing eating behaviors among adult children, revealing the significant contributions of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, food knowledge, behavioral skills, intention, observational learning, normative beliefs, social support, as well as children's self-efficacy and food knowledge. Parental self-efficacy showed a notable positive impact on eating behaviors highlighting how an individual’s confidence in their ability to make healthy choices can significantly enhance children's dietary practices. Prior research supports this notion, indicating that self-efficacy is a key determinant in the adoption and maintenance of healthy eating habits (Anderson et al., 2007 ; Buro et al., 2022 ; Morin et al., 2013 ). Parents with high self-efficacy engage in open discussions about nutrition, educating their children on the benefits of healthy eating and involving them in meal planning, which in turn empowers children to make informed dietary choices (Scaglioni et al., 2018 ). High parental self-efficacy also contributes to establishing structured meal routines; confident parents are more likely to organize regular family meals and limit unhealthy snack options, fostering consistency in children's eating habits (Liu et al., 2021 ). Moreover, parents with strong self-efficacy develop effective problem-solving skills to address challenges related to feeding, such as managing picky eaters or food restrictions. They may find creative ways to make healthy foods appealing and involve their children in food preparation, thereby nurturing a positive relationship with food. The influence of parental self-efficacy extends beyond childhood, as the healthy eating habits instilled during this period often persist into adulthood, indicating that parents can shape their children's long-term dietary patterns (Mahmood et al., 2021 ). Finally, parents with high self-efficacy are better equipped to resist external pressures that promote unhealthy eating, such as aggressive marketing of junk food or peer influences. Similarly, parental outcome expectation demonstrated a positive effect, indicating that individuals are more likely to engage in healthy eating when they believe it will lead to favorable health outcomes. Research has consistently shown that when individuals anticipate benefits such as improved health and well-being from their dietary choices, they are more likely to adopt those behaviors (Kelder et al., 2017 ). When parents express confidence that healthy foods will improve their children's well-being, they create an atmosphere that encourages healthy eating (Kahlor et al., 2011 ). This communication can help children understand the importance of nutrition and its direct impact on their health, making them more likely to embrace healthy eating habits (Scaglioni et al., 2018 ). Finally, the social dimension of parental outcome expectations cannot be overlooked (McCoy et al., 2016 ). When parents express positive expectations about healthy eating, they often create a supportive family culture that values nutritious food choices. This shared belief system reinforces healthy eating behaviors among all family members, making it more likely that children will internalize these values and carry them into adulthood. Parental food knowledge significantly influences adult children's eating behaviors through several key mechanisms. When parents possess a strong understanding of nutrition and healthy eating, they are better equipped to guide their children in developing positive dietary habits (Aslan Gonul & Cicek, 2024 ; Mahmood et al., 2021 ). Parents who understand the nutritional value of various foods are more likely to educate their children about these concepts (Chamcham et al., 2024 ). This education helps children recognize the importance of nutrition and how different foods impact their health (Pakravan-Charvadeh, Vatanparast, et al., 2021 ). When parents explain the benefits of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other healthy options, children develop a better understanding of why these foods are essential for their growth and well-being. This knowledge can empower children to make informed choices about their diets (Halicka et al., 2021 ). Additionally, parental food knowledge enhances the ability to create a positive food environment at home (Ravikumar et al., 2022 ). Parents who are knowledgeable about nutrition are more likely to stock their kitchens with healthy foods, plan balanced meals, and limit the availability of unhealthy snacks. A supportive food environment increases the likelihood that children will choose nutritious options, as they are presented with healthy choices consistently (Oliver et al., 2023 ). Moreover, parents with strong food knowledge can address common challenges related to eating, such as picky eating or lack of interest in healthy foods (Jones et al., 2023 ; Scaglioni et al., 2018 ). They are better equipped to implement strategies that encourage children to try new foods, such as involving them in meal preparation or presenting healthy foods in appealing ways. This proactive approach can help overcome barriers to healthy eating and foster a more adventurous attitude toward food. Finally, the impact of parental food knowledge extends beyond childhood. The dietary habits and attitudes formed during early years often persist into adulthood (Mahmood et al., 2021 ; Mitchell et al., 2013 ). By equipping children with food knowledge, parents help establish a foundation for lifelong healthy eating behaviors. Children who grow up understanding nutrition are more likely to prioritize healthy foods as they transmission into adulthood. Parental intention exhibited a strong association with adult children's eating behavior. The intentions of parents can lead to effective communication about nutrition (Dev et al., 2017 ). When parents are motivated to promote healthy eating, they are more likely to engage with their children in discussions about the importance of nutrition and the benefits of various foods (Carnell et al., 2011 ; Savage et al., 2007 ). This open dialogue helps children understand why certain foods are better for their health, fostering a sense of agency in their own eating choices. Parents with clear intentions are more likely to involve their children in food-related activities, such as meal planning and cooking. This engagement not only teaches children valuable skills but also helps them develop a positive relationship with food (Olfert et al., 2019 ). Parents who are committed to healthy eating can better navigate challenges such as peer influence or unhealthy food marketing. By reinforcing their intentions and discussing the importance of making healthy choices, parents empower their children to resist temptations and make informed decisions about their diets. The intentions parents set regarding healthy eating can have a lasting impact on their children's attitudes and behaviors. When children grow up in an environment where healthy eating is a shared family value, they are more likely to internalize these beliefs and carry them into adulthood. This foundational understanding of nutrition and the importance of healthy eating can lead to lifelong positive dietary habits. Parental observational learning significantly influences adult children's eating behaviors. Parents serve as primary role models for their children (Aksoy, 2022 ; Caso et al., 2024 ). When parents consistently prepare and consume nutritious meals, children learn to associate healthy foods with normalcy and acceptability (Mahmood et al., 2021 ). This modeling effect helps establish a foundation for healthy eating habits that children may carry into adulthood. Additionally, the way parents approach food and eating—such as trying new recipes, enjoying a variety of foods, and discussing the benefits of nutrition—teaches children about the importance of a balanced diet (Chamcham et al., 2024 ). Observing their parents' enthusiasm for healthy eating can spark similar attitudes in children, making them more open to exploring new food options (Brindal et al., 2021 ). Also, parental behavior during family meals plays a crucial role. When parents prioritize family meals and demonstrate positive dining etiquette, children learn about the social aspects of eating, including portion control and mindful eating practices. This environment encourages children to develop healthy relationships with food and fosters a sense of community around meals. Furthermore, parents who handle food-related challenges—such as picky eating or cravings—effectively demonstrate problem-solving skills to their children (Trofholz et al., 2017 ). By observing parents navigate these situations positively, children learn strategies for managing their own food preferences and making healthier choices. When parents hold strong beliefs about the importance of healthy eating, they create an environment that encourages similar values in their children (Czarniecka-Skubina et al., 2023 ). Parental normative beliefs can influence the social dynamics within the family. When parents prioritize healthy eating and make it a shared value, children are likely to feel a sense of belonging and responsibility to uphold these norms (Vandeweghe et al., 2016 ). This social reinforcement encourages children to align their food choices with the family’s expectations. Additionally, parents who express normative beliefs about healthy eating often create a supportive food environment (Tartaglia et al., 2021 ). By providing access to healthy foods and limiting unhealthy options, parents reinforce the idea that nutritious eating is the expected behavior. This accessibility increases the likelihood that children will choose healthy options. Moreover, parental normative beliefs can impact how children respond to external influences, such as peer pressure or advertising. When children understand that their family values healthy eating, they are more likely to resist unhealthy food choices and make decisions that align with those values, even in social situations. Lastly, social support demonstrated a strong positive path coefficient, confirming its significant effect on the eating behaviors of adult children. This finding highlights the role of social networks in promoting healthy eating, as support from family and friends can encourage individuals to make better food choices. When parents actively provide emotional and practical support related to healthy eating, it encourages children to adopt and maintain positive dietary habits. parents who offer emotional support contribute to their children's confidence in making healthy food choices. When children feel encouraged and validated by their parents, they are more likely to explore new foods and stick to nutritious options. This supportive atmosphere fosters a positive relationship with food and reduces anxiety around eating. parents who prioritize family meals create opportunities for social interaction around food. Sharing meals together allows for discussions about nutrition, healthy eating habits, and the importance of balanced diets. This communal experience reinforces positive eating behaviors and strengthens family bonds, making healthy eating a shared value. Furthermore, parental social support can help children navigate challenges related to unhealthy food choices, such as peer pressure or cravings. When parents actively discuss strategies for resisting unhealthy options, they equip their children with the skills to make better decisions in social situations. This guidance is crucial for fostering resilience and promoting sustained healthy eating. Finally, the presence of social support from parents can lead to greater accountability. When parents express their commitment to healthy eating and involve their children in the process, it creates a sense of responsibility. Children are more likely to adhere to healthy eating habits when they know their parents are invested in their choices. When children possess a strong sense of self-efficacy, they are more confident in their ability to make healthy food choices, which encourages them to engage in these behaviors consistently. This confidence fosters a sense of agency, making it more likely that they will choose nutritious foods even in challenging situations, such as social gatherings or when faced with tempting unhealthy options. Additionally, children with high self-efficacy are better equipped to handle obstacles related to healthy eating, such as cravings or peer pressure. This resilience enables them to maintain their dietary goals and make informed choices, leading to sustained healthy eating habits as they transmission into adulthood. Furthermore, a strong sense of self-efficacy encourages children to try new foods and recipes, broadening their dietary preferences. When they feel confident in their ability to explore different foods, they are more likely to incorporate a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into their diets. Lastly, children with high self-efficacy are more inclined to set and commit to personal health goals, such as eating more fruits and vegetables, which fosters a proactive approach to their eating habits and can contribute to better long-term dietary patterns. In parallel, children's food knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping their eating behaviors. When children understand nutrition and the benefits of healthy foods, they are more likely to make informed choices about their diets. This knowledge empowers them to prioritize nutritious options over unhealthy ones, leading to healthier eating patterns. Additionally, food knowledge helps cultivate a positive attitude toward nutrition; children who learn about the benefits of various foods are more inclined to appreciate and incorporate nutritious options into their diets. Moreover, knowledge about food preparation and nutrition fosters skill development, enabling children to experiment with cooking and meal planning. As they gain confidence in the kitchen, they become more adept at preparing healthy meals, further encouraging healthier food choices. Children with solid food knowledge are also better equipped to navigate external influences, such as advertising for unhealthy foods. By understanding nutrition, they can critically evaluate food choices and resist temptations that do not align with their health goals. 6. Limitations While this study provides valuable insights into the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors, several limitations must be acknowledged. First, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias, as participants might overestimate or underestimate their eating habits and parental influences. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits causal inferences; longitudinal studies would be beneficial to track changes over time and establish directionality in relationships. Additionally, the sample may not fully represent the diversity of Iranian families, potentially skewing results toward certain socioeconomic or cultural backgrounds. Future research should aim for a more comprehensive sampling strategy to enhance generalizability. Lastly, the focus on familial influences might overlook other critical factors, such as peer influences and media exposure, that also play significant roles in shaping eating behaviors. 7. Theoretical recommendations This study highlights the utility of integrating Cognitive Social Theory and Value-Belief-Norm Theory to understand eating behavior transmission. Future research should explore the application of this hybrid framework in different cultural contexts to assess its generalizability. Additionally, examining the interactions between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors could provide deeper insights into the complexities of dietary behaviors. Further studies could also investigate the roles of siblings and extended family members in shaping eating habits, as well as the influence of digital media and marketing on dietary choices among children and adolescents. Expanding the theoretical framework to include these variables may enrich our understanding of the multifaceted nature of eating behaviors across generations. Also, future research should explicitly examine gender differences in eating behaviors, as understanding these variations could enhance the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary practices across different demographics. 8. Policy and practical implications The findings of this study have important implications for public health policies and interventions aimed at promoting healthy eating behaviors. Given the significant role of parental influences, interventions should focus on increasing parental self-efficacy and food knowledge through community-based educational programs. Workshops that teach practical cooking skills, nutrition education, and meal planning can empower parents to model healthy eating behaviors. Additionally, policies that promote healthy food environments in schools and communities can support families in making better dietary choices. Encouraging family-based activities centered around cooking and nutrition can also strengthen familial bonds while fostering healthier eating habits. Collaborative efforts involving schools, healthcare providers, and community organizations are essential to create a supportive network that enhances family health. Schools and community organizations can create campaigns reinforcing healthy eating as a social norm. Initiatives that celebrate families who practice healthy eating can help shift community perceptions, making nutritious choices more culturally accepted and valued. Developing support systems for parents—such as parenting groups or online platforms—can provide resources and encouragement for promoting healthy eating. These networks can share successful strategies and create a collaborative environment for families to engage in healthy eating practices together. Encouraging parents to set clear intentions regarding their family's eating habits can significantly influence their children's dietary choices. Policies that support family meal planning and regular family meals can promote healthier eating patterns. Initiatives encouraging parents to commit to specific health goals—such as reducing fast food consumption or increasing fruit and vegetable intake—can reinforce intentionality in dietary choices. 9. Conclusion In conclusion, this study underscores the crucial role of parental behaviors in the intergenerational transmission of eating habits. The findings reveal that factors such as parental self-efficacy, food knowledge, and observational learning significantly influence the dietary choices of adult children. By recognizing the importance of these factors, public health initiatives can be better tailored to foster healthier eating practices within families. As the prevalence of obesity and related health issues continues to rise globally, addressing the root causes of unhealthy eating behaviors through targeted interventions is essential. Ultimately, enhancing parental influence on children's eating habits can lead to improved health outcomes for future generations. Abbreviations Abbreviation Definition Abbreviation Definition AVE Average Variance Extracted SD Standard Deviation CR Composite Reliability SEM Structural Equation Modeling CST Cognitive Social Theory SES Socioeconomic status D-G Distance-based Generalized SmartPLS Smart Partial Least Squares D-ULS Distance-based Unweighted Least Squares SRMR Standardized Root Mean Square Residual NGOs Non-governmental organizations VBN Value-Belief-Norm NFI Normed Fit Index VIF Variance Inflation Factor P-value Probability value Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the research. Participants were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses, and they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Lorestan University of Medical Science (Ethic approval code: IR.LUMS.REC.1402.324) , ensuring that the study met all ethical requirements for research involving human participants. All data were collected and managed in compliance with applicable laws and regulations regarding personal data protection. Furthermore, the study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, promoting the welfare and rights of participants throughout the research process. Consent for publication Consent for publication was obtained from all participants involved in the study, ensuring that their contributions are included in the published work only with their explicit permission and that all identifiable information remains confidential Data availability statement This manuscript does not report data generation or analysis. The data and materials generated during this study are confidential and cannot be made publicly available. As a result, the author is unable to share this information outside of the research context. Competing interests No, I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. Funding The author declares that no funding was received for this study. Authors' contributions The author was responsible for all aspects of the research, including the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. He developed the structured questionnaire, conducted the statistical analyses using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and wrote the manuscript. The author ensured the integrity of the research and the accuracy of the results presented in the manuscript. References Abiri B, Ahmadi AR, Amini S, Akbari M, Hosseinpanah F, Madinehzad SA, Hejazi M, Rishehri AP, Naserghandi A, Valizadeh M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Popul Nutr. 2023;42(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00419-w . Acoba EF. (2024). Social support and mental health: the mediating role of perceived stress. Frontiers in Psychology , 15 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720 Aksoy O. Within-family influences on compliance with social-distancing measures during COVID-19 lockdowns in the United Kingdom. Nat Hum Behav. 2022;6(12):1660–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01465-w . Anderson ES, Winett RA, Wojcik JR. Self-regulation, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support: Social cognitive theory and nutrition behavior. Ann Behav Med. 2007;34(3):304–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02874555 . Anderson Steeves ET, Johnson KA, Pollard SL, Jones-Smith J, Pollack K, Lindstrom Johnson S, Hopkins L, Gittelsohn J. Social influences on eating and physical activity behaviours of urban, minority youths. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(18):3406–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016001701 . Aslan Gonul B, Cicek B. The Effect of Parents’ Nutrition Literacy on Children’s Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(9):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091190 . Batool N, Wani MD, Shah SA, Dada ZA. Theory of planned behavior and value-belief norm theory as antecedents of pro-environmental behaviour: Evidence from the local community. J Hum Behav Social Environ. 2024;34(5):693–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2023.2205912 . Berge JM, Fertig AR, Trofholz A, Neumark-Sztainer D, Rogers E, Loth K. Associations between parental stress, parent feeding practices, and child eating behaviors within the context of food insecurity. Prev Med Rep. 2020;19:101146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101146 . Branje S, Geeraerts S, de Zeeuw EL, Oerlemans AM, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Schulz S, Nelemans S, Meeus W, Hartman CA, Hillegers MHJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Boomsma DI. Intergenerational transmission: Theoretical and methodological issues and an introduction to four Dutch cohorts. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2020;45:100835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100835 . Brindal E, James-Martin G, Bowen J. Parental food choices for children when eating out: attitudes and impact of healthy choice menu labelling based on a hypothetical scenario. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(9):2533–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003675 . Buro AW, Gray HL, Kirby RS, Marshall J, Strange M, Hasan S, Holloway J. Pilot Study of a Virtual Nutrition Intervention for Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2022;54(9):853–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.01.008 . Carnell S, Cooke L, Cheng R, Robbins A, Wardle J. Parental feeding behaviours and motivations. A qualitative study in mothers of UK pre-schoolers. Appetite. 2011;57(3):665–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.009 . Caso G, Annunziata A, Vecchio R. Indulgent, Practical or Balanced? Exploring mothers’ food choices for their children in low- and middle-income households. Food Qual Prefer. 2024;113:105080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105080 . Chamcham J, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Maleknia R, Flora C. Media literacy and its role in promoting sustainable food consumption practices. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):18831. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69627-6 . Chan MJ, Tay GWN, Kembhavi G, Lim J, Rebello SA, Ng H, Lin C, Wang MC, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Chong MF-F. Understanding children’s perspectives of the influences on their dietary behaviours. Public Health Nutr. 2022;25(8):2156–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022000404 . Czarniecka-Skubina E, Gutkowska K, Hamulka J. The Family Environment as a Source for Creating the Dietary Attitudes of Primary School Students—A Focus Group Interview: The Junior-Edu-Żywienie (JEŻ) Project. Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4930. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234930 . Dev DA, Byrd-Williams C, Ramsay S, McBride B, Srivastava D, Murriel A, Arcan C, Adachi-Mejia AM. Engaging Parents to Promote Children’s Nutrition and Health. Am J Health Promotion. 2017;31(2):153–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116685426 . Fang W-T, Ng E, Wang C-M, Hsu M-L. Normative Beliefs, Attitudes, and Social Norms: People Reduce Waste as an Index of Social Relationships When Spending Leisure Time. Sustainability. 2017;9(10):1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101696 . Fisberg M, Gioia N, Maximino P. Transgenerational transmission of eating habits. Jornal de Pediatria. 2024;100:S82–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2023.11.007 . French CD, Gomez-Lara A, Hee A, Shankar A, Song N, Campos M, McCoin M, Matias SL. Impact of a Food Skills Course with a Teaching Kitchen on Dietary and Cooking Self-Efficacy and Behaviors among College Students. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050585 . Fryling MJ, Johnston C, Hayes LJ. Understanding Observational Learning: An Interbehavioral Approach. Anal Verbal Behav. 2011;27(1):191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03393102 . Guiné RPF, Florença SG, Aparício MG, Cardoso AP, Ferreira M. Food Knowledge for Better Nutrition and Health: A Study among University Students in Portugal. Healthcare. 2023;11(11):1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111597 . Halicka E, Kaczorowska J, Rejman K, Szczebyło A. Parental Food Choices and Engagement in Raising Children’s Awareness of Sustainable Behaviors in Urban Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063225 . Jones BL, Orton AL, Tindall SW, Christensen JT, Enosakhare O, Russell KA, Robins A-M, Larriviere-McCarl A, Sandres J, Cox B, Thomas C, Reynolds C. Barriers to Healthy Family Dinners and Preventing Child Obesity: Focus Group Discussions with Parents of 5-to-8-Year-Old Children. Children. 2023;10(6):952. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10060952 . Joorabchi TN, Salleh A, Fouladiyan M. The relationship between patterns of using internet, media literacy, alcohol consumption and drug abuse: a case of Malaysian youths. Afr J Alcohol Drug Abuse. 2024;11(1):94–111. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajada.v11i1.7 . Kahlor L, Mackert M, Junker D, Tyler D. Ensuring Children Eat a Healthy Diet: A Theory-Driven Focus Group Study to Inform Communication Aimed at Parents. J Pediatr Nurs. 2011;26(1):13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2009.10.005 . Kalantari R, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Rahimian M. (2024). Multi-level factors influencing climate migration willingness among small-scale farmers. Frontiers in Environmental Science , 12 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1434708 Karimi E, Haghighatdoost F, Mohammadifard N, Najafi F, Farshidi H, Kazemi T, Solati K, Shahdadian F, Arab A, Sarrafzadegan N, Mansourian M. The influential role of parents’ socioeconomic status and diet quality on their children’s dietary behavior: results from the LIPOKAP study among the Iranian population. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04000-6 . Karunasena GG, Ananda J, Pearson D. (2021). Generational differences in food management skills and their impact on food waste in households. Resources, Conservation and Recycling , 175 . https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2021.105890 Kelder SH, Hoelscher DM, Shegog R. Social Cognitive Theory Applied to Health and Risk Messaging. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford University Press; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.259 . Larson NI, Miller JM, Watts AW, Story MT, Neumark-Sztainer DR. Adolescent Snacking Behaviors Are Associated with Dietary Intake and Weight Status. J Nutr. 2016;146(7):1348–55. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.230334 . Liu KSN, Chen JY, Ng MYC, Yeung MHY, Bedford LE, Lam CLK. How Does the Family Influence Adolescent Eating Habits in Terms of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices? A Global Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113717 . Lochner L. (2008). Intergenerational Transmission. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (pp. 1–7). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2786-1 Loth KA, Uy MJA, Winkler MR, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fisher JO, Berge JM. The intergenerational transmission of family meal practices: a mixed-methods study of parents of young children. Public Health Nutr. 2019;1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003920 . Luc PT. The relationship between emotional competence, social, entrepreneurial outcome expectations and social entrepreneurial intention. J Dev Entrepreneurship. 2024;29(03). https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946724500158 . Mahmood L, Flores-Barrantes P, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM. The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors and Practices on Children’s Eating Habits. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041138 . Maleknia R, ChamCham J. (2024). Participatory intention and behavior towards riparian peri-urban forests management; an extended theory of planned behavior application. Frontiers in Psychology , 15 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372354 Maleknia R, Heindorf C, Rahimian M, Saadatmanesh R. Do generational differences determine the conservation intention and behavior towards sacred trees? Trees Forests People. 2024;16:100591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100591 . McCoy S, Maître B, Watson D, Banks J. The role of parental expectations in understanding social and academic well-being among children with disabilities in Ireland. Eur J Special Needs Educ. 2016;31(4):535–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1199607 . Mitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Parental influences on children’s eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite. 2013;60:85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014 . Morin P, Demers K, Turcotte S, Mongeau L. Association between perceived self-efficacy related to meal management and food coping strategies among working parents with preschool children. Appetite. 2013;65:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.012 . Olfert MD, Hagedorn RL, Leary MP, Eck K, Shelnutt KP, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Parent and School-Age Children’s Food Preparation Cognitions and Behaviors Guide Recommendations for Future Interventions. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2019;51(6):684–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.01.022 . Oliver T, Diewald L, McKeever A, Shenkman R. Achieving a healthy home food environment: perspectives on parents’ nutrition education needs when living with food insecurity. Nutrire. 2023;48(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-023-00203-0 . Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Flora C. Sustainable food consumption pattern with emphasis on socioeconomic factors to reduce food waste. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2022;2022:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13762-022-04186-9 . Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Flora C, Khan HA. (2022). Simulating Potential Associated Socio-Economic Determinants with Sustainable Food Security (A Macro-Micro Spatial Quantitative Model) . 10 (July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.923705 Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Gholamrezai S, Vatanparast H, Flora C, Nabavi-Pelesaraei A. The short-term effects of COVID-19 outbreak on dietary diversity and food security status of Iranian households (A case study in Tehran province). J Clean Prod. 2020;281:124537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124537 . Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Savari M, Khan HA, Gholamrezai S, Flora C. Determinants of household vulnerability to food insecurity during COVID-19 lockdown in a mid-term period in Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2021;1:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000318 . Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Vatanparast H, Khakpour M, Flora C. Food Insecurity Status of Afghan Refugees is Linked to Socioeconomic and Resettlement Status, Gender Disparities and Children’s Health Outcomes in Iran. Child Indic Res. 2021;14(5):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09827-y . Patwardhan V, Mallya J, S, K., Kumar D. Influence of social media on young adults’ food consumption behavior: scale development. Cogent Social Sci. 2024;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2391016 . Pourfarzi F, Sadjadi A, Poustchi H, Amani F. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Iranian Population: A Population-Based Study in Northwestern of Iran. J Public Health Res. 2022;11(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2475 . Ramalepa TN, Netangaheni TR. A scoping review of strategies for adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health role modelling. South Afr Family Pract. 2024;66(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v66i1.5859 . Rashidi T, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M. Unveiling the nexus of climate change, adaptation strategies, and food security: Insights from small-scale farmers in zagros mountains in Iran. Environ Res. 2024;118691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118691 . Ravikumar D, Spyreli E, Woodside J, McKinley M, Kelly C. Parental perceptions of the food environment and their influence on food decisions among low-income families: a rapid review of qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z . Robinson LN, Rollo ME, Watson J, Burrows TL, Collins CE. Relationships between dietary intakes of children and their parents: a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of families participating in the Family Diet Quality Study. J Hum Nutr Dietetics. 2015;28(5):443–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12261 . Ruiz-Zaldibar C, Serrano-Monzó I, Lopez-Dicastillo O, Pumar-Méndez MJ, Iriarte A, Bermejo-Martins E, Mujika A. Parental Self-Efficacy to Promote Children’s Healthy Lifestyles: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094794 . Sadat SAA, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M, Lane G, Béland D, Koc M, Clark N, Omidvar N, Sadeghi R, Vatanparast H. Factors associated with Afghan household food security pre- and post-Taliban regime. J Public Health Policy. 2023;1–15. https://doi.org/10.1057/S41271-023-00439-0/METRICS . Saif-Nijat J, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M, Lane G, Béland D, Koc M, Clark N, Omidvar N, Sadeghi R, Vatanparast H. The association of the quality of life with Afghan households’ food insecurity before and after the recent political change in Afghanistan: a comparative analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-023-16967-Z/TABLES/6 . Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Parental Influence on Eating Behavior: Conception to Adolescence. J Law Med Ethics. 2007;35(1):22–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00111.x . Sayyari A-A, Abdollahi Z, Ziaodini H, Olang B, Fallah H, Salehi F, Heidari-Beni M, Imanzadeh F, Abasalti Z, Fozouni F, Jafari S, Lashkarlouki F, Sahebdel M, Siadati A, Aslani H, Hosseini M, Goodarzi A, Yngve A, Kelishadi R. Methodology of the comprehensive program on prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Iranian children and adolescents: The IRAN-Ending childhood obesity (IRAN-ECHO) program. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8(1):107. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_426_17 . Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C. Factors Influencing Children’s Eating Behaviours. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706 . Sobhani SR, Omidvar N, Abdollahi Z, Al Jawaldeh A. (2021). Shifting to a Sustainable Dietary Pattern in Iranian Population: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Frontiers in Nutrition , 8 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.789692 Tartaglia J, McIntosh M, Jancey J, Scott J, Begley A. Exploring Feeding Practices and Food Literacy in Parents with Young Children from Disadvantaged Areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041496 . Tosi F, Rettaroli R. Intergenerational transmission of dietary habits among Italian children and adolescents. Econ Hum Biology. 2022;44:101073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101073 . Trofholz AC, Schulte AK, Berge JM. How parents describe picky eating and its impact on family meals: A qualitative analysis. Appetite. 2017;110:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.027 . Vandeweghe L, Moens E, Braet C, Van Lippevelde W, Vervoort L, Verbeken S. Perceived effective and feasible strategies to promote healthy eating in young children: focus groups with parents, family child care providers and daycare assistants. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1045. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3710-9 . Widodo A, Astuti B. Critical Analysis of Social Cognitive Learning Theory and Its Implementation in Elementary Schools. J Social Sci. 2024;2(1):6–12. https://doi.org/10.56566/mandalika.v2i1.148 . Xu X, Cai H, Zhang J, Xia T. The Effects of Parental Food Education on Children’s Food Literacy: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Relationship and Learning Motivation. Nutrients. 2024;16(15):2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152564 . Zarychta K, Banik A, Kulis E, Lobczowska K. Parental and Child Self-Efficacy Explaining Food Intake through Self‐Regulation: A Dyadic Prospective Study. Appl Psychology: Health Well-Being. 2021;13(1):174–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12225 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6666958","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":461564117,"identity":"b062e540-7cea-4531-ad27-2866603dd550","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Reza Pakravan-Charvadeh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNhiD+eABCE28FrYEkrXwGBwgylnm7MfSPvxss8tjEDvz4TAPg508AzvvA7xaLHvSDs/sbUsuZpDO3QDUkmzYwMxugFeLwYH0ZgaeM8yJDRAtzAkMzGx4dTAYnH/ezPjnTD1QS84DoJZ6IrTcSDvMzFNxGKSFAajlMGEtljOeJTPLVBxPbJNOMzg4x+C4YRshLeb8acaMbwyqE/ulkx8+eFNRLc/Pf4yAw2AMNhiXgB1IWkbBKBgFo2AU4AQA+v462uTanggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Lorestan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Reza","lastName":"Pakravan-Charvadeh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-14 19:38:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6666958/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6666958/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83623502,"identity":"b23b775c-b1a0-4514-aa6e-1702f2eb351d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-29 15:55:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":441516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtended social cognitive and Value-Belief-Norm theories for assessing intergenerational transmission of food security behavior from parent to children\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6666958/v1/b948c950bd15e5e676ca59c0.jpg"},{"id":83623939,"identity":"b3c9f745-5be0-450a-a11b-2e0a757882af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-29 16:03:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructural equation modelling on the intergenerational transmission of paternal eating behavior to adult children (Path model with p-values/ df=1644)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6666958/v1/9e63ba78bb4a3dc455bb051e.jpg"},{"id":83888780,"identity":"9995ff38-cd02-4ec5-9aaa-eb9087bc3dbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 07:24:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2385055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6666958/v1/a14b2c1d-ba59-4dcd-86a9-1e3e455015eb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Intergenerational Eating Behaviors Beyond Genetics: Insights from Cognitive and Normative Influences","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe transfer of parenting behaviors and psychopathological traits occurs across generations. This phenomenon, known as intergenerational transmission, reflects the degree to which traits and behaviors observed in one generation are passed down to the next (Branje et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lochner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Research has documented this recurrence in various characteristics, including personality traits, educational achievement, and socioeconomic status (SES) (Branje et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, the transmission of eating habits is a significant factor that influences various aspects of health, leading to either healthy or unhealthy outcomes. Eating behaviors can be defined as the patterns of food selection, preparation, and consumption that individuals develop over time, often shaped by familial and cultural contexts (Fisberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The intergenerational transmission of eating behavior patterns refers to the process by which eating habits, preferences, and behaviors are passed down from one generation to the next (Fisberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Loth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This transmission occurs through various mechanisms, including genetic inheritance, social learning, and cultural practices, influencing dietary choices and attitudes toward food (Fisberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These behaviors are not merely individual choices but are deeply embedded in social and environmental frameworks. The family unit serves as the primary context for nutritional education, where children learn about food through direct experiences, such as shared meals and parental guidance on food choices (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding how eating behaviors are transmitted from one generation to the next is crucial for addressing public health issues such as obesity, malnutrition, and chronic diseases. Research indicates that eating habits established in childhood often persist into adulthood, thereby influencing dietary choices and health outcomes across generations (Mahmood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The intergenerational transmission of eating habits may lead to a range of illnesses in young people, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Tosi \u0026amp; Rettaroli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Obesity and overweight rates are rising sharply across both developed and developing nations. Projections suggest that by 2030, nearly 57.8% of adults worldwide could be classified as overweight or obese (Pourfarzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, poor dietary choices can contribute to psychosocial issues such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression, exacerbated by societal pressures and bullying related to body image (Pakravan-Charvadeh, Vatanparast, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Research indicates that the eating habits of young individuals are significantly shaped by the social, relational, and physical contexts in which they grow up (Anderson Steeves et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Fisberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Patwardhan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The dietary choices made by parents play a crucial role in determining their children's food preferences, acceptance, and overall consumption, as well as their openness to trying new foods (Berge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Larson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Among parents, mothers are particularly influential, with studies showing a strong link between the quality of a mother\u0026rsquo;s diet and that of her children (Robinson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Tosi \u0026amp; Rettaroli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study introduces a novel approach to understanding the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors by incorporating a comprehensive behavioral analysis of specific parental eating habits and their direct impact on the dietary choices of adult children. Unlike few previous research that primarily examines general associations between parental and child eating patterns (Berge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Fisberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Loth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Robinson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Tosi \u0026amp; Rettaroli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), this study aims to dissect the nuanced aspects of parental behaviors\u0026mdash;such as behavioral skill and intention toward nutrition\u0026mdash;that specifically shape the eating habits of the next generation. Moreover, this research addresses the contextual influences often overlooked in existing literature, including cognitive factors such as food literacy and knowledge, and self-efficacy, along with environmental elements like normative beliefs and community support systems. By integrating these dimensions, the study not only fills a critical gap in the literature but also provides a more holistic understanding of how eating behaviors are transmitted across generations. Additionally, this research emphasizes the role of fathers alongside mothers in shaping children's eating habits, recognizing that paternal influences have been underrepresented in previous studies. This broader perspective aims to present a more inclusive view of family dynamics in dietary behaviors, ultimately contributing to the development of targeted interventions that can effectively promote healthier eating patterns within families. By focusing on these innovative aspects, this study aspires to inform public health strategies and educational programs aimed at fostering better nutritional outcomes for future generations. Therefore, the overarching objective of this study is to identify the various behavioral aspects of parental eating habits that influence the eating behaviors of their adult children.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Theoretical framework and hypotheses","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is guided by a hybrid theoretical framework that integrates elements of the Cognitive Social Theory (CST) and the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) Theory, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. This framework aims to explore the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors and the factors influencing dietary choices among Iranian families. Cognitive Social Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of observational learning, self-efficacy, and social influences in shaping behavior (Widodo \u0026amp; Astuti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It suggests that individuals learn and develop behaviors through observation, imitation, and modeling, particularly from role models such as parents, peers, and teachers (Ramalepa \u0026amp; Netangaheni, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Widodo \u0026amp; Astuti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Key components of CST relevant to this study include cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors. On the other hand, the Value-Belief-Norm Theory, proposed by Stern et al., focuses on the relationship between values, beliefs, and norms in influencing behavior (Batool et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This theory provides a framework for understanding how personal values and social norms affect dietary choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this hybrid theoretical framework, parental eating behavior consist of three main factors, including cognitive, behavioral, and environmental. The cognitive factor is included self-efficacy, outcome expectation, and food knowledge. Parental self-efficacy refers to the belief parents hold in their ability to effectively manage and provide for their family's food needs (Ruiz-Zaldibar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). When parents have high self-efficacy, they demonstrate greater confidence in making food-related decisions, budgeting, and preparing healthy meals. Outcome expectation encompasses the anticipated consequences of specific behaviors, which in turn influence an individual's motivation to engage in those behaviors (Luc, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In the context of food security, parents may believe that providing healthy meals will result in improved health and well-being for their children. Food knowledge pertains to the understanding and information individuals possess regarding food security, nutrition, and meal preparation (Guin\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This includes awareness of healthy food choices, budgeting for food, and the importance of maintaining a balanced diet (Chamcham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hands, behavioral factors are behavioral skill, intention, and punishment. Behavioral skill involves the practical abilities and competencies necessary to perform specific behaviors related to food security, such as cooking, meal planning, and effective shopping (French et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These skills are crucial for translating knowledge into everyday actions. Intention reflects a person's motivation or commitment to engage in a specific behavior in the future (Maleknia \u0026amp; ChamCham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, parental intention to enhance food security practices is seen as a predictor of their likelihood to take action in securing food for their family. Punishment denotes a consequence that diminishes the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In food behaviors, punishment may involve negative feedback or adverse outcomes, such as health issues, that deter individuals from making unhealthy food choices. Also, environmental factors include observational learning, normative belief, and social support. Observational learning is the process of acquiring behaviors by watching and imitating others, particularly role models such as parents or peers (Fryling et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This learning is critical in shaping children's food-related behaviors and attitudes based on parental practices. Normative belief refers to the perception of social norms or expectations concerning behaviors within a community or family context (Fang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, children may adopt certain food-related behaviors influenced by what they believe is accepted or expected by their parents or peers. Social support encompasses the assistance and encouragement provided by family, friends, and community members (Acoba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which can help individuals manage food-related challenges. This support can be emotional, practical (such as sharing food resources), or informational (such as sharing knowledge about nutrition).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild self-efficacy refers to the belief that children have in their ability to successfully engage in food-related tasks and make healthy food choices (Zarychta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). High self-efficacy empowers children to take initiative in meal preparation, express preferences for healthy foods, and contribute to family food security efforts. This belief significantly influences their motivation and persistence in adopting healthy eating behaviors. Child food knowledge encompasses the understanding children possess regarding nutrition, healthy eating practices, and food preparation (Chan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This includes awareness of the nutritional value of various foods, the importance of balanced meals, and skills related to meal planning and cooking. Enhanced food knowledge enables children to make informed food choices and grasp the implications of their dietary habits on their health. All constructs and items are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. By combining CST and VBN, this theoretical framework allows for a comprehensive examination of how parental influences, social contexts, and individual beliefs interact to shape eating behaviors across generations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt posits that parents\u0026rsquo; self-efficacy and observational learning are critical in shaping children's eating habits, while the values and beliefs that parents hold about nutrition and health are transmitted to their children, influencing their dietary choices. Additionally, social norms within families and communities reinforce these behaviors, creating a cycle of intergenerational transmission. This integrated framework will guide the study's exploration of how specific parental eating behaviors affect the dietary choices of adult children in Iran, shedding light on the complex interplay of cognitive and social factors in dietary practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll items and construct to investigate the hybrid theoretical framework\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCognitive Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParental Self-Efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI feel confident in my ability to prepare nutritious meals for my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe I can effectively manage my family's dietary needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI am skilled at making healthy food choices for my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI can influence my children's eating habits positively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI feel knowledgeable about nutrition and healthy eating practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOutcome Expectation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that providing healthy meals will improve my children's health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI expect that my dietary choices will influence my children's eating habits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my efforts to promote healthy eating will lead to better family health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI anticipate positive changes in my family's health from healthy eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that making healthy food choices is essential for preventing illness in my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI have a good understanding of balanced diets and nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI am aware of the nutritional value of the foods I buy and prepare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI know how to plan meals that meet my family's dietary needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI stay informed about healthy eating practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI understand the importance of portion sizes and healthy food choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral Skill\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI am competent in meal planning and preparation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI can easily cook healthy meals for my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI know how to shop for healthy food options effectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI can teach my children how to prepare nutritious meals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI feel capable of managing my family's food budget wisely.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntention\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI plan to continue promoting healthy eating habits in my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI intend to learn more about nutrition to improve my family's diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI am committed to cooking healthy meals for my family regularly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI aim to involve my children in meal preparation to foster healthy habits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI will actively seek out healthy food options for my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePunishment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that negative health outcomes deter my family from unhealthy eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that experiencing health issues would discourage my family from poor dietary choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that my children learn from the consequences of unhealthy eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that experiencing weight gain motivates my family to eat healthier.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that feedback about unhealthy eating habits influences my family's choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnvironmental Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObservational Learning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy children learn about healthy eating by watching me.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI model healthy eating behaviors for my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that my eating habits influence my children's choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI encourage my children to eat healthily by leading by example.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my family discusses and reinforces good dietary practices together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNormative Belief\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that my family values healthy eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that our community supports healthy food choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI feel that healthy eating is an expectation within my family.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that my social circle influences our dietary choices positively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that my children feel pressured to eat healthily due to family norms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial Support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI support my family members in maintaining healthy eating habits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy friends encourage me to make nutritious food choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI think that community resources help my family eat healthily.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI feel that my family supports each other in making better dietary choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI believe that sharing meals with others reinforces healthy eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild-related Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild Self-Efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child believes they can make healthy food choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child feels confident in their ability to help with meal preparation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child can express their preferences for healthy foods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child is willing to try new healthy foods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child feels capable of participating in family food decisions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild Food Knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child understands the importance of a balanced diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child is aware of the nutritional value of different foods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child knows how to make healthy food choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child can explain why healthy eating is beneficial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMy child actively seeks out information about nutrition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the following hypotheses in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e are proposed to explore the intergenerational transmission between parental and child eating behaviors:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll hypotheses of the present study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected sign\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Self-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdult children eating behavior\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome Expectation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral Skill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePunishment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnvironmental factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservational Learning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormative Belief\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild-related factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild Self-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChild Food Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Material and method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Study location\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in Iran, as one of the densely populated countries in the Middle East facing significant public health challenges related to overweight and obesity. Recent research indicated that approximately 35% of the adult population is classified as overweight, while about 21% are considered obese (Abiri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This alarming trend mirrored a global epidemic, driven by various factors including urbanization, dietary shifts towards processed foods, and decreased physical activity levels. We chose Iran for this study because of several reasons: first, the Iranian government has recognized the obesity epidemic as a critical public health issue and has initiated various campaigns to promote healthy eating and physical activity (Sayyari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Second, in Iranian culture, family plays a pivotal role in shaping dietary behaviors, and parental influence- especially from fathers- may significantly impact children\u0026rsquo;s food preferences and consumption patterns (Karimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, Iran is home to a rich tapestry of ethnicities and cultures, each with distinct dietary practices and food traditions (Chamcham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This diversity provides a unique opportunity to study how varying cultural influences impact eating behaviors across generations. Finally, rapid urbanization in Iran has transformed traditional lifestyles, leading to increased consumption of processed foods and changes in physical activity levels (Sobhani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Sampling technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo gather data for our study, we employed a purposive sampling method to distribute an online questionnaire. Initially, we designed the questionnaire on a local platform, ensuring that it was user-friendly and comprehensive. We determined the sample size of 310 participants using G-Power software, which is a recognized tool for conducting power analysis. We chose an effect size of 0.5, representing a medium effect, to ensure our study could detect meaningful differences. The alpha level was set at 0.05, indicating a 5% significance threshold, which is commonly used in research to minimize the risk of Type I errors. Additionally, we aimed for a power level of 0.80, providing an 80% chance of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. This combination of parameters indicated that a sample size of 310 would be sufficient to achieve robust statistical validity while addressing the research objectives effectively. By utilizing G-Power, we supported our decision with empirical evidence, enhancing the reliability of our findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Participants recruitment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were Iranian families with at least one adult child aged 18\u0026ndash;30, and both parents (or guardians) and at least one adult child must be willing to participate. Families with dietary restrictions that may significantly alter traditional eating patterns, such as severe food allergies or medical dietary restrictions, were excluded to maintain consistency in studying traditional eating behaviors. The recruitment strategy employed purposive sampling to ensure that participants represent a diverse range of socioeconomic backgrounds, urban and rural settings, and various cultural groups within Iran. To initiate recruitment, we collaborated with local community organizations, health clinics, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to disseminate information about the study and its significance. These organizations served as vital partners in reaching potential participants. Additionally, we utilized popular social media platforms, such as WhatsApp and Telegram, to create awareness and engage specific demographics through targeted posts and advertisements. Once participants were recruited, a structured questionnaire was administered to gather information on eating behaviors, dietary habits, and the influence of parental practices using the online platforms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Data collection instrument\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe utilized a structured questionnaire developed based on previous studies to gather data and information (Branje et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Chamcham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Fisberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Joorabchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Karunasena et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Lochner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Loth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Maleknia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Pakravan-Charvadeh, Savari, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Pakravan-Charvadeh, Vatanparast, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Pakravan-Charvadeh \u0026amp; Flora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rashidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Tosi \u0026amp; Rettaroli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This questionnaire was organized into several sections. The first section collected information on participants' socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics, including age, gender, education level, and household income. The second section focused on parental eating behavior, specifically examining three categories: cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. Questions in this section were formatted using a Likert scale, enabling parents to express the frequency and importance of various eating behaviors and practices. Additionally, there was a section dedicated to assessing the eating behaviors of adult children, which includes questions related to their self-efficacy regarding food choices, as well as their knowledge of nutrition and healthy eating practices. This structured approach allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the factors influencing dietary behaviors within families. The questionnaire has also been designed using the local platform \"\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.digisurvey.com%22\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewww.digisurvey.com\"\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.digisurvey.com\u0026quot;\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Statistical technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess the intergenerational transmission of eating behavior from parent to adult child within the participated households. The SEM is a powerful statistical technique used to analyze complex relationships among observed and latent variables. It combined elements of factor analysis and multiple regression, allowing researchers to assess direct and indirect effects. In the first stage, we used some descriptive analysis, including mean and average to test the status of all items within each construct. Then, we applied factor loading to test the reliability (values above 0.70 generally indicating strong reliability). Additionally, we used Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to identify potential multicollinearity among constructs (acceptable values typically set below 5) for ensuring this problem doesn't affect the results of the final model (Pakravan-Charvadeh \u0026amp; Flora, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). To evaluate the reliability of constructs, various statistical measures were employed. Rho-A values above 0.70 indicated sufficient internal consistency (Kalantari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Composite Reliability (CR) was also analyzed, with a threshold of 0.70 or higher deemed acceptable for confirming the reliability of the measurement model (Saif-Nijat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Convergent validity was assessed through the Average Variance Extracted (AVE), where values greater than 0.50 were considered satisfactory. The Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) was used to assess model fit, with values below 0.08 suggesting a good fit (Sadat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, fit indices like d-ULS and d-G were calculated, with lower values indicating a better alignment of the model with the observed data. The Normed Fit Index (NFI) further supported the evaluation of model fit, where values greater than 0.90 reflected a strong agreement between the hypothesized model and the actual data (Chamcham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). After confirming the measurement model, path analysis was performed to explore the relationships between the variables (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Standardized path coefficients were reported to indicate the strength of these associations. To evaluate the significance of the effects, a bootstrapping technique with 5,000 resamples was utilized, enhancing the reliability of the findings (Rashidi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant for all analyses. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS V.3, which supported both the measurement and structural aspects of the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Descriptive analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e demonstrated the descriptive analysis of the participating parents and children in the study. The average age of fathers was 59 years, with 40% holding a bachelor's degree and 30% possessing a master's degree. Additionally, 30% of fathers had an education level below a diploma. Mothers, on the other hand, had an average age of 52 years; 37% held a bachelor's degree, while 20% obtained a master's degree, and 43% had an education level below a diploma. In terms of the children, the average age of respondents was 25 years, with 65% having completed a bachelor's degree, 13% holding a master's degree, and 22% possessing at least a diploma. Furthermore, 43% of participating children were female, and 28% of the responding adult children were married. This analysis highlighted the educational disparities between parents and their children, as well as the relatively young age of the children, which may have influenced the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis of the participated parents and children in the study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFathers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder diploma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e (year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Pre-estimation statistical tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the robustness of the measurement model, several pre-estimation statistical tests were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs utilized in this study (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The results provided strong evidence of the constructs' soundness, which was crucial for the integrity of subsequent analyses. All constructs demonstrated Cronbach's Alpha values greater than 0.7, indicating high internal consistency. This statistic measured the extent to which a set of items was related, assuring that the items within each construct were measuring the same underlying concept. A Cronbach's Alpha above 0.7 was generally accepted as a reliable measure in social science research, suggesting that the items assessing parental and child eating behaviors were cohesively aligned. Additionally, the Rho-A values for all constructs exceeded 0.75. This statistic served as a more advanced measure of reliability, particularly in the context of structural equation modeling (SEM). A Rho-A value above 0.75 indicated strong reliability and reinforced confidence in the constructs used, suggesting they were stable and provided consistent results across different samples. Composite Reliability (CR) values also surpassed the 0.8 threshold, indicative of excellent reliability. CR was a more robust measure than Cronbach's Alpha because it accounted for the individual factor loadings of each item within the construct. High CR values confirmed that the constructs consistently measured the intended concepts, further validating the integrity of the data. Moreover, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all constructs was greater than 0.65, which was considered acceptable for establishing convergent validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe AVE indicated the proportion of variance captured by a construct relative to the variance due to measurement error.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese pre-estimation statistical tests collectively affirmed the reliability and validity of the measurement model employed in this study. By establishing sound measurement properties, the analysis could proceed with confidence that the findings would accurately reflect the relationships between parental and child eating behaviors. This rigorous approach not only enhanced the credibility of the research but also provided a robust foundation for drawing meaningful conclusions regarding the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis of all items and constructs in the hybrid theoretical framework\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor loading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliability and Validity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCognitive Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOutcome Expectation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha:0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood Knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha:0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral Skill\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntention\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIN5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePunishment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 079\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE:0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.822\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"14\" rowspan=\"15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnvironmental Factors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObservational learning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE:0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOL5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNormative belief\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE:0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"4\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren self-efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCS5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"4\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren food knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha: 0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRho-A: 0. 79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR: 0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE: 0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Hypotheses tests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the estimated Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for the intergenerational transmission of eating behavior were summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The analysis revealed several key findings regarding the influence of various independent factors on the eating behavior of adult children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Efficacy exhibited a positive path coefficient of 0.035 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), indicating its significant role in influencing eating behaviors and thereby accepting the hypothesis. Additionally, Outcome Expectation demonstrated a positive coefficient of 0.038 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040), indicating a significant relationship with eating behaviors and confirming the hypothesis. Furthermore, Food Knowledge yielded a positive path coefficient of 0.063 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), indicating a significant relationship with adult children's eating behavior, thus accepting the hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral Skill demonstrated a positive path coefficient of 0.025 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), indicating a significant effect on adult children's eating behavior, thus supporting the hypothesis. The factor Intention exhibited a path coefficient of 0.059 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), demonstrating a significant positive effect on eating behavior and further supporting the hypothesis. In contrast, Punishment presented a negative path coefficient of -0.014 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.356), suggesting no significant influence on adult children's eating behavior, which led to the rejection of the hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, Observational Learning had the highest path coefficient at 0.598 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), underscoring its critical role in shaping the eating behaviors of adult children, thus supporting the hypothesis. Normative Belief showed a positive path coefficient of 0.051 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009), indicating that social norms significantly influenced eating behaviors, thereby accepting the hypothesis. Lastly, Social Support showed a strong positive path coefficient of 0.110 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001), confirming its significant effect on the eating behaviors of adult children and supporting the hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren Self-Efficacy also exhibited a positive path coefficient of 0.044 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013), suggesting that higher self-efficacy among children was associated with better eating behaviors, supporting the hypothesis. Similarly, Children Food Knowledge showed a strong positive relationship, with a path coefficient of 0.105 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), confirming its significant influence on eating behaviors and validating the hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the results indicated that most independent factors, including Behavioral Skill, Children Food Knowledge, Children Self-Efficacy, Food Knowledge, Intention, Normative Belief, Observational Learning, Outcome Expectation, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support, significantly contributed to the eating behaviors of adult children. In contrast, Punishment did not demonstrate a significant effect. These findings highlighted the importance of cognitive and social factors in the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors, providing valuable insights for public health interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary practices within families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the estimated SEM model for intergenerational transmission of eating behavior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-statistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOutcome Expectation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.040\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood Knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBehavioral Skill\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.005\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntention\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePunishment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.356\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot supported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObservational learning\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNormative belief\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.606\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial support\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren self-efficacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.013\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren food knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupported\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*, **, ***: significant level at 10, 5, and 1% (df: 1644)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 2 illustrates the positive and negative path coefficients between parental eating behavior and the eating behavior of adult children within a structural intergenerational transmission model. The figure indicates that all associations are significant, as evidenced by the notable t-values in the outer loadings. With respect to the inner loadings and path coefficients, all relationships are significant except for the factor of punishment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study provide critical insights into the factors influencing eating behaviors among adult children, revealing the significant contributions of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, food knowledge, behavioral skills, intention, observational learning, normative beliefs, social support, as well as children's self-efficacy and food knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental self-efficacy showed a notable positive impact on eating behaviors highlighting how an individual\u0026rsquo;s confidence in their ability to make healthy choices can significantly enhance children's dietary practices. Prior research supports this notion, indicating that self-efficacy is a key determinant in the adoption and maintenance of healthy eating habits (Anderson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Buro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Morin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Parents with high self-efficacy engage in open discussions about nutrition, educating their children on the benefits of healthy eating and involving them in meal planning, which in turn empowers children to make informed dietary choices (Scaglioni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). High parental self-efficacy also contributes to establishing structured meal routines; confident parents are more likely to organize regular family meals and limit unhealthy snack options, fostering consistency in children's eating habits (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, parents with strong self-efficacy develop effective problem-solving skills to address challenges related to feeding, such as managing picky eaters or food restrictions. They may find creative ways to make healthy foods appealing and involve their children in food preparation, thereby nurturing a positive relationship with food. The influence of parental self-efficacy extends beyond childhood, as the healthy eating habits instilled during this period often persist into adulthood, indicating that parents can shape their children's long-term dietary patterns (Mahmood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, parents with high self-efficacy are better equipped to resist external pressures that promote unhealthy eating, such as aggressive marketing of junk food or peer influences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, parental outcome expectation demonstrated a positive effect, indicating that individuals are more likely to engage in healthy eating when they believe it will lead to favorable health outcomes. Research has consistently shown that when individuals anticipate benefits such as improved health and well-being from their dietary choices, they are more likely to adopt those behaviors (Kelder et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). When parents express confidence that healthy foods will improve their children's well-being, they create an atmosphere that encourages healthy eating (Kahlor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This communication can help children understand the importance of nutrition and its direct impact on their health, making them more likely to embrace healthy eating habits (Scaglioni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, the social dimension of parental outcome expectations cannot be overlooked (McCoy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). When parents express positive expectations about healthy eating, they often create a supportive family culture that values nutritious food choices. This shared belief system reinforces healthy eating behaviors among all family members, making it more likely that children will internalize these values and carry them into adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental food knowledge significantly influences adult children's eating behaviors through several key mechanisms. When parents possess a strong understanding of nutrition and healthy eating, they are better equipped to guide their children in developing positive dietary habits (Aslan Gonul \u0026amp; Cicek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Mahmood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Parents who understand the nutritional value of various foods are more likely to educate their children about these concepts (Chamcham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This education helps children recognize the importance of nutrition and how different foods impact their health (Pakravan-Charvadeh, Vatanparast, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). When parents explain the benefits of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other healthy options, children develop a better understanding of why these foods are essential for their growth and well-being. This knowledge can empower children to make informed choices about their diets (Halicka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, parental food knowledge enhances the ability to create a positive food environment at home (Ravikumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Parents who are knowledgeable about nutrition are more likely to stock their kitchens with healthy foods, plan balanced meals, and limit the availability of unhealthy snacks. A supportive food environment increases the likelihood that children will choose nutritious options, as they are presented with healthy choices consistently (Oliver et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, parents with strong food knowledge can address common challenges related to eating, such as picky eating or lack of interest in healthy foods (Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Scaglioni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). They are better equipped to implement strategies that encourage children to try new foods, such as involving them in meal preparation or presenting healthy foods in appealing ways. This proactive approach can help overcome barriers to healthy eating and foster a more adventurous attitude toward food. Finally, the impact of parental food knowledge extends beyond childhood. The dietary habits and attitudes formed during early years often persist into adulthood (Mahmood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mitchell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). By equipping children with food knowledge, parents help establish a foundation for lifelong healthy eating behaviors. Children who grow up understanding nutrition are more likely to prioritize healthy foods as they transmission into adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental intention exhibited a strong association with adult children's eating behavior. The intentions of parents can lead to effective communication about nutrition (Dev et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). When parents are motivated to promote healthy eating, they are more likely to engage with their children in discussions about the importance of nutrition and the benefits of various foods (Carnell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Savage et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). This open dialogue helps children understand why certain foods are better for their health, fostering a sense of agency in their own eating choices. Parents with clear intentions are more likely to involve their children in food-related activities, such as meal planning and cooking. This engagement not only teaches children valuable skills but also helps them develop a positive relationship with food (Olfert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Parents who are committed to healthy eating can better navigate challenges such as peer influence or unhealthy food marketing. By reinforcing their intentions and discussing the importance of making healthy choices, parents empower their children to resist temptations and make informed decisions about their diets. The intentions parents set regarding healthy eating can have a lasting impact on their children's attitudes and behaviors. When children grow up in an environment where healthy eating is a shared family value, they are more likely to internalize these beliefs and carry them into adulthood. This foundational understanding of nutrition and the importance of healthy eating can lead to lifelong positive dietary habits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental observational learning significantly influences adult children's eating behaviors. Parents serve as primary role models for their children (Aksoy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Caso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). When parents consistently prepare and consume nutritious meals, children learn to associate healthy foods with normalcy and acceptability (Mahmood et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This modeling effect helps establish a foundation for healthy eating habits that children may carry into adulthood. Additionally, the way parents approach food and eating\u0026mdash;such as trying new recipes, enjoying a variety of foods, and discussing the benefits of nutrition\u0026mdash;teaches children about the importance of a balanced diet (Chamcham et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Observing their parents' enthusiasm for healthy eating can spark similar attitudes in children, making them more open to exploring new food options (Brindal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Also, parental behavior during family meals plays a crucial role. When parents prioritize family meals and demonstrate positive dining etiquette, children learn about the social aspects of eating, including portion control and mindful eating practices. This environment encourages children to develop healthy relationships with food and fosters a sense of community around meals. Furthermore, parents who handle food-related challenges\u0026mdash;such as picky eating or cravings\u0026mdash;effectively demonstrate problem-solving skills to their children (Trofholz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). By observing parents navigate these situations positively, children learn strategies for managing their own food preferences and making healthier choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen parents hold strong beliefs about the importance of healthy eating, they create an environment that encourages similar values in their children (Czarniecka-Skubina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Parental normative beliefs can influence the social dynamics within the family. When parents prioritize healthy eating and make it a shared value, children are likely to feel a sense of belonging and responsibility to uphold these norms (Vandeweghe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This social reinforcement encourages children to align their food choices with the family\u0026rsquo;s expectations. Additionally, parents who express normative beliefs about healthy eating often create a supportive food environment (Tartaglia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). By providing access to healthy foods and limiting unhealthy options, parents reinforce the idea that nutritious eating is the expected behavior. This accessibility increases the likelihood that children will choose healthy options. Moreover, parental normative beliefs can impact how children respond to external influences, such as peer pressure or advertising. When children understand that their family values healthy eating, they are more likely to resist unhealthy food choices and make decisions that align with those values, even in social situations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, social support demonstrated a strong positive path coefficient, confirming its significant effect on the eating behaviors of adult children. This finding highlights the role of social networks in promoting healthy eating, as support from family and friends can encourage individuals to make better food choices. When parents actively provide emotional and practical support related to healthy eating, it encourages children to adopt and maintain positive dietary habits. parents who offer emotional support contribute to their children's confidence in making healthy food choices. When children feel encouraged and validated by their parents, they are more likely to explore new foods and stick to nutritious options. This supportive atmosphere fosters a positive relationship with food and reduces anxiety around eating. parents who prioritize family meals create opportunities for social interaction around food. Sharing meals together allows for discussions about nutrition, healthy eating habits, and the importance of balanced diets. This communal experience reinforces positive eating behaviors and strengthens family bonds, making healthy eating a shared value. Furthermore, parental social support can help children navigate challenges related to unhealthy food choices, such as peer pressure or cravings. When parents actively discuss strategies for resisting unhealthy options, they equip their children with the skills to make better decisions in social situations. This guidance is crucial for fostering resilience and promoting sustained healthy eating. Finally, the presence of social support from parents can lead to greater accountability. When parents express their commitment to healthy eating and involve their children in the process, it creates a sense of responsibility. Children are more likely to adhere to healthy eating habits when they know their parents are invested in their choices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen children possess a strong sense of self-efficacy, they are more confident in their ability to make healthy food choices, which encourages them to engage in these behaviors consistently. This confidence fosters a sense of agency, making it more likely that they will choose nutritious foods even in challenging situations, such as social gatherings or when faced with tempting unhealthy options. Additionally, children with high self-efficacy are better equipped to handle obstacles related to healthy eating, such as cravings or peer pressure. This resilience enables them to maintain their dietary goals and make informed choices, leading to sustained healthy eating habits as they transmission into adulthood. Furthermore, a strong sense of self-efficacy encourages children to try new foods and recipes, broadening their dietary preferences. When they feel confident in their ability to explore different foods, they are more likely to incorporate a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains into their diets. Lastly, children with high self-efficacy are more inclined to set and commit to personal health goals, such as eating more fruits and vegetables, which fosters a proactive approach to their eating habits and can contribute to better long-term dietary patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn parallel, children's food knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping their eating behaviors. When children understand nutrition and the benefits of healthy foods, they are more likely to make informed choices about their diets. This knowledge empowers them to prioritize nutritious options over unhealthy ones, leading to healthier eating patterns. Additionally, food knowledge helps cultivate a positive attitude toward nutrition; children who learn about the benefits of various foods are more inclined to appreciate and incorporate nutritious options into their diets. Moreover, knowledge about food preparation and nutrition fosters skill development, enabling children to experiment with cooking and meal planning. As they gain confidence in the kitchen, they become more adept at preparing healthy meals, further encouraging healthier food choices. Children with solid food knowledge are also better equipped to navigate external influences, such as advertising for unhealthy foods. By understanding nutrition, they can critically evaluate food choices and resist temptations that do not align with their health goals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhile this study provides valuable insights into the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors, several limitations must be acknowledged. First, the reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias, as participants might overestimate or underestimate their eating habits and parental influences. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits causal inferences; longitudinal studies would be beneficial to track changes over time and establish directionality in relationships. Additionally, the sample may not fully represent the diversity of Iranian families, potentially skewing results toward certain socioeconomic or cultural backgrounds. Future research should aim for a more comprehensive sampling strategy to enhance generalizability. Lastly, the focus on familial influences might overlook other critical factors, such as peer influences and media exposure, that also play significant roles in shaping eating behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Theoretical recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the utility of integrating Cognitive Social Theory and Value-Belief-Norm Theory to understand eating behavior transmission. Future research should explore the application of this hybrid framework in different cultural contexts to assess its generalizability. Additionally, examining the interactions between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors could provide deeper insights into the complexities of dietary behaviors. Further studies could also investigate the roles of siblings and extended family members in shaping eating habits, as well as the influence of digital media and marketing on dietary choices among children and adolescents. Expanding the theoretical framework to include these variables may enrich our understanding of the multifaceted nature of eating behaviors across generations. Also, future research should explicitly examine gender differences in eating behaviors, as understanding these variations could enhance the effectiveness of interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary practices across different demographics.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"8. Policy and practical implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study have important implications for public health policies and interventions aimed at promoting healthy eating behaviors. Given the significant role of parental influences, interventions should focus on increasing parental self-efficacy and food knowledge through community-based educational programs. Workshops that teach practical cooking skills, nutrition education, and meal planning can empower parents to model healthy eating behaviors. Additionally, policies that promote healthy food environments in schools and communities can support families in making better dietary choices. Encouraging family-based activities centered around cooking and nutrition can also strengthen familial bonds while fostering healthier eating habits. Collaborative efforts involving schools, healthcare providers, and community organizations are essential to create a supportive network that enhances family health. Schools and community organizations can create campaigns reinforcing healthy eating as a social norm. Initiatives that celebrate families who practice healthy eating can help shift community perceptions, making nutritious choices more culturally accepted and valued. Developing support systems for parents\u0026mdash;such as parenting groups or online platforms\u0026mdash;can provide resources and encouragement for promoting healthy eating. These networks can share successful strategies and create a collaborative environment for families to engage in healthy eating practices together. Encouraging parents to set clear intentions regarding their family's eating habits can significantly influence their children's dietary choices. Policies that support family meal planning and regular family meals can promote healthier eating patterns. Initiatives encouraging parents to commit to specific health goals\u0026mdash;such as reducing fast food consumption or increasing fruit and vegetable intake\u0026mdash;can reinforce intentionality in dietary choices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"9. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study underscores the crucial role of parental behaviors in the intergenerational transmission of eating habits. The findings reveal that factors such as parental self-efficacy, food knowledge, and observational learning significantly influence the dietary choices of adult children. By recognizing the importance of these factors, public health initiatives can be better tailored to foster healthier eating practices within families. As the prevalence of obesity and related health issues continues to rise globally, addressing the root causes of unhealthy eating behaviors through targeted interventions is essential. Ultimately, enhancing parental influence on children's eating habits can lead to improved health outcomes for future generations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefinition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefinition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage Variance Extracted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComposite Reliability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStructural Equation Modeling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCognitive Social Theory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance-based Generalized\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmartPLS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmart Partial Least Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-ULS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistance-based Unweighted Least Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandardized Root Mean Square Residual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNGOs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-governmental organizations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVBN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue-Belief-Norm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormed Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariance Inflation Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProbability value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.2449%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37.7551%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the research. Participants were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses, and they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the \u003cstrong\u003eLorestan University of Medical Science\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(Ethic approval code: IR.LUMS.REC.1402.324)\u003c/strong\u003e, ensuring that the study met all ethical requirements for research involving human participants. All data were collected and managed in compliance with applicable laws and regulations regarding personal data protection. Furthermore, the study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, promoting the welfare and rights of participants throughout the research process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication was obtained from all participants involved in the study, ensuring that their contributions are included in the published work only with their explicit permission and that all identifiable information remains confidential\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript does not report data generation or analysis. The data and materials generated during this study are confidential and cannot be made publicly available. As a result, the author is unable to share this information outside of the research context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo, I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by BMC, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares that no funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author was responsible for all aspects of the research, including the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. He developed the structured questionnaire, conducted the statistical analyses using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and wrote the manuscript. The author ensured the integrity of the research and the accuracy of the results presented in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbiri B, Ahmadi AR, Amini S, Akbari M, Hosseinpanah F, Madinehzad SA, Hejazi M, Rishehri AP, Naserghandi A, Valizadeh M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Popul Nutr. 2023;42(1):70. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00419-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s41043-023-00419-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcoba EF. (2024). Social support and mental health: the mediating role of perceived stress. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAksoy O. Within-family influences on compliance with social-distancing measures during COVID-19 lockdowns in the United Kingdom. Nat Hum Behav. 2022;6(12):1660\u0026ndash;8. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01465-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41562-022-01465-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnderson ES, Winett RA, Wojcik JR. Self-regulation, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support: Social cognitive theory and nutrition behavior. Ann Behav Med. 2007;34(3):304\u0026ndash;12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/BF02874555\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/BF02874555\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnderson Steeves ET, Johnson KA, Pollard SL, Jones-Smith J, Pollack K, Lindstrom Johnson S, Hopkins L, Gittelsohn J. Social influences on eating and physical activity behaviours of urban, minority youths. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(18):3406\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016001701\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1368980016001701\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAslan Gonul B, Cicek B. The Effect of Parents\u0026rsquo; Nutrition Literacy on Children\u0026rsquo;s Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(9):1190. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091190\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph21091190\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBatool N, Wani MD, Shah SA, Dada ZA. Theory of planned behavior and value-belief norm theory as antecedents of pro-environmental behaviour: Evidence from the local community. J Hum Behav Social Environ. 2024;34(5):693\u0026ndash;709. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2023.2205912\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/10911359.2023.2205912\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerge JM, Fertig AR, Trofholz A, Neumark-Sztainer D, Rogers E, Loth K. Associations between parental stress, parent feeding practices, and child eating behaviors within the context of food insecurity. Prev Med Rep. 2020;19:101146. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101146\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101146\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBranje S, Geeraerts S, de Zeeuw EL, Oerlemans AM, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Schulz S, Nelemans S, Meeus W, Hartman CA, Hillegers MHJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Boomsma DI. Intergenerational transmission: Theoretical and methodological issues and an introduction to four Dutch cohorts. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2020;45:100835. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100835\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100835\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrindal E, James-Martin G, Bowen J. Parental food choices for children when eating out: attitudes and impact of healthy choice menu labelling based on a hypothetical scenario. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(9):2533\u0026ndash;41. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003675\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1368980020003675\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBuro AW, Gray HL, Kirby RS, Marshall J, Strange M, Hasan S, Holloway J. Pilot Study of a Virtual Nutrition Intervention for Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2022;54(9):853\u0026ndash;62. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.01.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jneb.2022.01.008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarnell S, Cooke L, Cheng R, Robbins A, Wardle J. Parental feeding behaviours and motivations. A qualitative study in mothers of UK pre-schoolers. Appetite. 2011;57(3):665\u0026ndash;73. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.009\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaso G, Annunziata A, Vecchio R. Indulgent, Practical or Balanced? Exploring mothers\u0026rsquo; food choices for their children in low- and middle-income households. Food Qual Prefer. 2024;113:105080. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105080\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.105080\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChamcham J, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Maleknia R, Flora C. Media literacy and its role in promoting sustainable food consumption practices. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):18831. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69627-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-024-69627-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChan MJ, Tay GWN, Kembhavi G, Lim J, Rebello SA, Ng H, Lin C, Wang MC, M\u0026uuml;ller-Riemenschneider F, Chong MF-F. Understanding children\u0026rsquo;s perspectives of the influences on their dietary behaviours. Public Health Nutr. 2022;25(8):2156\u0026ndash;66. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022000404\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1368980022000404\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCzarniecka-Skubina E, Gutkowska K, Hamulka J. The Family Environment as a Source for Creating the Dietary Attitudes of Primary School Students\u0026mdash;A Focus Group Interview: The Junior-Edu-Żywienie (JEŻ) Project. Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4930. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234930\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu15234930\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDev DA, Byrd-Williams C, Ramsay S, McBride B, Srivastava D, Murriel A, Arcan C, Adachi-Mejia AM. Engaging Parents to Promote Children\u0026rsquo;s Nutrition and Health. Am J Health Promotion. 2017;31(2):153\u0026ndash;62. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0890117116685426\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/0890117116685426\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFang W-T, Ng E, Wang C-M, Hsu M-L. Normative Beliefs, Attitudes, and Social Norms: People Reduce Waste as an Index of Social Relationships When Spending Leisure Time. Sustainability. 2017;9(10):1696. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/su9101696\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/su9101696\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFisberg M, Gioia N, Maximino P. Transgenerational transmission of eating habits. Jornal de Pediatria. 2024;100:S82\u0026ndash;7. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2023.11.007\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jped.2023.11.007\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrench CD, Gomez-Lara A, Hee A, Shankar A, Song N, Campos M, McCoin M, Matias SL. Impact of a Food Skills Course with a Teaching Kitchen on Dietary and Cooking Self-Efficacy and Behaviors among College Students. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):585. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050585\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu16050585\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFryling MJ, Johnston C, Hayes LJ. Understanding Observational Learning: An Interbehavioral Approach. Anal Verbal Behav. 2011;27(1):191\u0026ndash;203. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/BF03393102\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/BF03393102\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuin\u0026eacute; RPF, Floren\u0026ccedil;a SG, Apar\u0026iacute;cio MG, Cardoso AP, Ferreira M. Food Knowledge for Better Nutrition and Health: A Study among University Students in Portugal. Healthcare. 2023;11(11):1597. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111597\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/healthcare11111597\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHalicka E, Kaczorowska J, Rejman K, Szczebyło A. Parental Food Choices and Engagement in Raising Children\u0026rsquo;s Awareness of Sustainable Behaviors in Urban Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3225. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063225\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph18063225\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJones BL, Orton AL, Tindall SW, Christensen JT, Enosakhare O, Russell KA, Robins A-M, Larriviere-McCarl A, Sandres J, Cox B, Thomas C, Reynolds C. Barriers to Healthy Family Dinners and Preventing Child Obesity: Focus Group Discussions with Parents of 5-to-8-Year-Old Children. Children. 2023;10(6):952. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/children10060952\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/children10060952\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoorabchi TN, Salleh A, Fouladiyan M. The relationship between patterns of using internet, media literacy, alcohol consumption and drug abuse: a case of Malaysian youths. Afr J Alcohol Drug Abuse. 2024;11(1):94\u0026ndash;111. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4314/ajada.v11i1.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4314/ajada.v11i1.7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKahlor L, Mackert M, Junker D, Tyler D. Ensuring Children Eat a Healthy Diet: A Theory-Driven Focus Group Study to Inform Communication Aimed at Parents. J Pediatr Nurs. 2011;26(1):13\u0026ndash;24. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2009.10.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.pedn.2009.10.005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalantari R, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Rahimian M. (2024). Multi-level factors influencing climate migration willingness among small-scale farmers. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1434708\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fenvs.2024.1434708\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarimi E, Haghighatdoost F, Mohammadifard N, Najafi F, Farshidi H, Kazemi T, Solati K, Shahdadian F, Arab A, Sarrafzadegan N, Mansourian M. The influential role of parents\u0026rsquo; socioeconomic status and diet quality on their children\u0026rsquo;s dietary behavior: results from the LIPOKAP study among the Iranian population. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):188. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04000-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12887-023-04000-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarunasena GG, Ananda J, Pearson D. (2021). Generational differences in food management skills and their impact on food waste in households. \u003cem\u003eResources, Conservation and Recycling\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e175\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2021.105890\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2021.105890\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKelder SH, Hoelscher DM, Shegog R. Social Cognitive Theory Applied to Health and Risk Messaging. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Oxford University Press; 2017. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.259\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.259\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLarson NI, Miller JM, Watts AW, Story MT, Neumark-Sztainer DR. Adolescent Snacking Behaviors Are Associated with Dietary Intake and Weight Status. J Nutr. 2016;146(7):1348\u0026ndash;55. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.230334\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3945/jn.116.230334\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu KSN, Chen JY, Ng MYC, Yeung MHY, Bedford LE, Lam CLK. How Does the Family Influence Adolescent Eating Habits in Terms of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices? A Global Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3717. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113717\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu13113717\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLochner L. (2008). Intergenerational Transmission. In \u003cem\u003eThe New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 1\u0026ndash;7). Palgrave Macmillan UK. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2786-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2786-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLoth KA, Uy MJA, Winkler MR, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fisher JO, Berge JM. The intergenerational transmission of family meal practices: a mixed-methods study of parents of young children. Public Health Nutr. 2019;1\u0026ndash;12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003920\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1368980018003920\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLuc PT. The relationship between emotional competence, social, entrepreneurial outcome expectations and social entrepreneurial intention. J Dev Entrepreneurship. 2024;29(03). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946724500158\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1142/S1084946724500158\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahmood L, Flores-Barrantes P, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM. The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors and Practices on Children\u0026rsquo;s Eating Habits. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1138. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041138\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu13041138\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaleknia R, ChamCham J. (2024). Participatory intention and behavior towards riparian peri-urban forests management; an extended theory of planned behavior application. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372354\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372354\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaleknia R, Heindorf C, Rahimian M, Saadatmanesh R. Do generational differences determine the conservation intention and behavior towards sacred trees? Trees Forests People. 2024;16:100591. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100591\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100591\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcCoy S, Ma\u0026icirc;tre B, Watson D, Banks J. The role of parental expectations in understanding social and academic well-being among children with disabilities in Ireland. Eur J Special Needs Educ. 2016;31(4):535\u0026ndash;52. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1199607\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/08856257.2016.1199607\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMitchell GL, Farrow C, Haycraft E, Meyer C. Parental influences on children\u0026rsquo;s eating behaviour and characteristics of successful parent-focussed interventions. Appetite. 2013;60:85\u0026ndash;94. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorin P, Demers K, Turcotte S, Mongeau L. Association between perceived self-efficacy related to meal management and food coping strategies among working parents with preschool children. Appetite. 2013;65:43\u0026ndash;50. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.012\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.012\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOlfert MD, Hagedorn RL, Leary MP, Eck K, Shelnutt KP, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Parent and School-Age Children\u0026rsquo;s Food Preparation Cognitions and Behaviors Guide Recommendations for Future Interventions. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2019;51(6):684\u0026ndash;92. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.01.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jneb.2019.01.022\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOliver T, Diewald L, McKeever A, Shenkman R. Achieving a healthy home food environment: perspectives on parents\u0026rsquo; nutrition education needs when living with food insecurity. Nutrire. 2023;48(1):17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s41110-023-00203-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s41110-023-00203-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePakravan-Charvadeh MR, Flora C. Sustainable food consumption pattern with emphasis on socioeconomic factors to reduce food waste. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2022;2022:1\u0026ndash;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/S13762-022-04186-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/S13762-022-04186-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePakravan-Charvadeh MR, Flora C, Khan HA. (2022). \u003cem\u003eSimulating Potential Associated Socio-Economic Determinants with Sustainable Food Security (A Macro-Micro Spatial Quantitative Model)\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(July). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.923705\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpubh.2022.923705\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePakravan-Charvadeh MR, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Gholamrezai S, Vatanparast H, Flora C, Nabavi-Pelesaraei A. The short-term effects of COVID-19 outbreak on dietary diversity and food security status of Iranian households (A case study in Tehran province). J Clean Prod. 2020;281:124537. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124537\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124537\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePakravan-Charvadeh MR, Savari M, Khan HA, Gholamrezai S, Flora C. Determinants of household vulnerability to food insecurity during COVID-19 lockdown in a mid-term period in Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2021;1:1\u0026ndash;10. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000318\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/S1368980021000318\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePakravan-Charvadeh MR, Vatanparast H, Khakpour M, Flora C. Food Insecurity Status of Afghan Refugees is Linked to Socioeconomic and Resettlement Status, Gender Disparities and Children\u0026rsquo;s Health Outcomes in Iran. Child Indic Res. 2021;14(5):1\u0026ndash;22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09827-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s12187-021-09827-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatwardhan V, Mallya J, S, K., Kumar D. Influence of social media on young adults\u0026rsquo; food consumption behavior: scale development. Cogent Social Sci. 2024;10(1). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2391016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/23311886.2024.2391016\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePourfarzi F, Sadjadi A, Poustchi H, Amani F. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Iranian Population: A Population-Based Study in Northwestern of Iran. J Public Health Res. 2022;11(1). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2475\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4081/jphr.2021.2475\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamalepa TN, Netangaheni TR. A scoping review of strategies for adolescents\u0026rsquo; sexual and reproductive health role modelling. South Afr Family Pract. 2024;66(1). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v66i1.5859\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4102/safp.v66i1.5859\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRashidi T, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M. Unveiling the nexus of climate change, adaptation strategies, and food security: Insights from small-scale farmers in zagros mountains in Iran. Environ Res. 2024;118691. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118691\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.envres.2024.118691\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRavikumar D, Spyreli E, Woodside J, McKinley M, Kelly C. Parental perceptions of the food environment and their influence on food decisions among low-income families: a rapid review of qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRobinson LN, Rollo ME, Watson J, Burrows TL, Collins CE. Relationships between dietary intakes of children and their parents: a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of families participating in the Family Diet Quality Study. J Hum Nutr Dietetics. 2015;28(5):443\u0026ndash;51. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12261\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jhn.12261\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRuiz-Zaldibar C, Serrano-Monz\u0026oacute; I, Lopez-Dicastillo O, Pumar-M\u0026eacute;ndez MJ, Iriarte A, Bermejo-Martins E, Mujika A. Parental Self-Efficacy to Promote Children\u0026rsquo;s Healthy Lifestyles: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4794. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094794\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph18094794\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSadat SAA, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M, Lane G, B\u0026eacute;land D, Koc M, Clark N, Omidvar N, Sadeghi R, Vatanparast H. Factors associated with Afghan household food security pre- and post-Taliban regime. J Public Health Policy. 2023;1\u0026ndash;15. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1057/S41271-023-00439-0/METRICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1057/S41271-023-00439-0/METRICS\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaif-Nijat J, Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Gholamrezai S, Rahimian M, Lane G, B\u0026eacute;land D, Koc M, Clark N, Omidvar N, Sadeghi R, Vatanparast H. The association of the quality of life with Afghan households\u0026rsquo; food insecurity before and after the recent political change in Afghanistan: a comparative analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1\u0026ndash;14. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-023-16967-Z/TABLES/6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/S12889-023-16967-Z/TABLES/6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSavage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Parental Influence on Eating Behavior: Conception to Adolescence. J Law Med Ethics. 2007;35(1):22\u0026ndash;34. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00111.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00111.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSayyari A-A, Abdollahi Z, Ziaodini H, Olang B, Fallah H, Salehi F, Heidari-Beni M, Imanzadeh F, Abasalti Z, Fozouni F, Jafari S, Lashkarlouki F, Sahebdel M, Siadati A, Aslani H, Hosseini M, Goodarzi A, Yngve A, Kelishadi R. Methodology of the comprehensive program on prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Iranian children and adolescents: The IRAN-Ending childhood obesity (IRAN-ECHO) program. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8(1):107. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_426_17\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_426_17\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C. Factors Influencing Children\u0026rsquo;s Eating Behaviours. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):706. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060706\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu10060706\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSobhani SR, Omidvar N, Abdollahi Z, Al Jawaldeh A. (2021). Shifting to a Sustainable Dietary Pattern in Iranian Population: Current Evidence and Future Directions. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.789692\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fnut.2021.789692\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTartaglia J, McIntosh M, Jancey J, Scott J, Begley A. Exploring Feeding Practices and Food Literacy in Parents with Young Children from Disadvantaged Areas. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1496. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041496\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph18041496\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTosi F, Rettaroli R. Intergenerational transmission of dietary habits among Italian children and adolescents. Econ Hum Biology. 2022;44:101073. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101073\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101073\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTrofholz AC, Schulte AK, Berge JM. How parents describe picky eating and its impact on family meals: A qualitative analysis. Appetite. 2017;110:36\u0026ndash;43. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.027\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.027\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVandeweghe L, Moens E, Braet C, Van Lippevelde W, Vervoort L, Verbeken S. Perceived effective and feasible strategies to promote healthy eating in young children: focus groups with parents, family child care providers and daycare assistants. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1045. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3710-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12889-016-3710-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWidodo A, Astuti B. Critical Analysis of Social Cognitive Learning Theory and Its Implementation in Elementary Schools. J Social Sci. 2024;2(1):6\u0026ndash;12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.56566/mandalika.v2i1.148\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.56566/mandalika.v2i1.148\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu X, Cai H, Zhang J, Xia T. The Effects of Parental Food Education on Children\u0026rsquo;s Food Literacy: The Mediating Role of Parent\u0026ndash;Child Relationship and Learning Motivation. Nutrients. 2024;16(15):2564. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152564\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu16152564\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarychta K, Banik A, Kulis E, Lobczowska K. Parental and Child Self-Efficacy Explaining Food Intake through Self‐Regulation: A Dyadic Prospective Study. Appl Psychology: Health Well-Being. 2021;13(1):174\u0026ndash;94. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12225\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/aphw.12225\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Eating behavior, cognitive analysis, food habit, intergenerational transmission","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6666958/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6666958/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the intergenerational transmission of eating behaviors within Iranian families, emphasizing the role of Cognitive Social Theory (CST) and Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) Theory. By examining how parental eating habits influence the dietary choices of adult children, the research integrates cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. Utilizing a structured questionnaire and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), data were collected from families with adult children aged 18\u0026ndash;30 in Iran. The findings reveal significant associations between parental self-efficacy, outcome expectations, food knowledge, and children's eating behaviors. Observational learning and social support emerged as critical components in shaping dietary practices. The results highlight the necessity of addressing familial influences on nutrition in public health interventions, informing strategies aimed at promoting healthier eating patterns and reducing the prevalence of obesity and related chronic diseases. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of dietary behavior transmission across generations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Intergenerational Eating Behaviors Beyond Genetics: Insights from Cognitive and Normative Influences","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-29 15:55:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6666958/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8b542d27-d5c2-4410-92c5-fc8e4915021a","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-04T07:23:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-29 15:55:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6666958","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6666958","identity":"rs-6666958","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}