Effect of fabrication error on the sensitivity of a one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor for cancer detection

Effect of fabrication error on the sensitivity of a one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor for cancer detection | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Effect of fabrication error on the sensitivity of a one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor for cancer detection Ali Mohammadi, Seyed Asghar Mohammadi, Mehdi Hosseini This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract One-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC) biosensors are promising for applications like cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, but their performance is often compromised by unavoidable fabrication errors. This study investigates the impact of such errors on sensor stability and reliability. For a designed 1D-PC biosensor, the transmission spectrum was first calculated using the transfer matrix method (TMM). A statistical simulation was then performed to analyze how random errors in layer thickness affect the sensor's performance at various error levels (δ) and at two incidence angles, 0° and 85°, with 100 iterations per level. The results showed that as fabrication errors increase, the values for the transmission peak position and Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) deviate from their ideal, error-free state. The sensitivity also fluctuates around the ideal value. Interestingly, it was found that some sensor instances could achieve sensitivities higher than the ideal, error-free value. The findings confirm that the 85° incidence angle, previously optimized 1 for high sensitivity , also provides enhanced resistance to fabrication errors compared to normal incidence, making it a robust choice for practical applications and guiding the design of more stable biosensors. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Photonic crystal Biosensor Cancer detection Fabrication error Sensitivity Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 31 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7460517","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":517975643,"identity":"c7e18e2e-e87d-47d5-866c-0a1bec068c21","order_by":0,"name":"Ali Mohammadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shiraz University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammadi","suffix":""},{"id":517975644,"identity":"4d0d58ce-7b96-48fb-90fd-072b600fdb68","order_by":1,"name":"Seyed Asghar Mohammadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shiraz University of 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detection","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Photonic crystal, Biosensor, Cancer detection, Fabrication error, Sensitivity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOne-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC) biosensors are promising for applications like cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, but their performance is often compromised by unavoidable fabrication errors. This study investigates the impact of such errors on sensor stability and reliability. For a designed 1D-PC biosensor, the transmission spectrum was first calculated using the transfer matrix method (TMM). A statistical simulation was then performed to analyze how random errors in layer thickness affect the sensor's performance at various error levels (δ) and at two incidence angles, 0° and 85°, with 100 iterations per level. The results showed that as fabrication errors increase, the values for the transmission peak position and Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) deviate from their ideal, error-free state. The sensitivity also fluctuates around the ideal value. Interestingly, it was found that some sensor instances could achieve sensitivities higher than the ideal, error-free value. The findings confirm that the 85° incidence angle, previously optimized\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e for high sensitivity , also provides enhanced resistance to fabrication errors compared to normal incidence, making it a robust choice for practical applications and guiding the design of more stable biosensors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of fabrication error on the sensitivity of a one-dimensional photonic crystal sensor for cancer detection","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-22 18:25:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7460517/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-31T11:03:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T23:17:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"173499983222304705404315653408579179259","date":"2025-09-17T07:41:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-16T20:10:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"297608944335993536980486354075276882899","date":"2025-09-15T08:35:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59345157232365965825020391439790258359","date":"2025-09-15T08:17:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T07:28:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T07:26:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T12:33:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-07T06:15:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-07T06:11:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9fe54ae1-ba6c-4360-b6c1-ecf62fcb1260","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":55050519,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":55050520,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":55050521,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T16:04:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7460517","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-07 15:57:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 7th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-22 18:25:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38903-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7460517","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7460517","identity":"rs-7460517","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}