Artemisinin-based hybrids produce intracellular proteasome inhibitors that overcome resistance in Plasmodium falciparum

ABSTRACT Artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf ) is spreading despite combination chemotherapy (ACT). Here we report the design of artezomibs, single-molecule hybrids of an artemisinin and a Pf -selective proteasome inhibitor. Artezomibs exert a novel mode of action inside the malaria parasites. The artemisinin component covalently modifies parasite proteins, which become substrates of the Pf proteasome. The proteasomal degradation products that bear the proteasome inhibitor component of the hybrid then inhibit Pf proteasomes, including those with mutations that reduce binding affinity of the proteasome inhibitor component on its own. We demonstrated that artezomibs circumvent both artemisinin resistance conferred by Kelch13 polymorphism and resistance to the proteasome inhibitor associated with mutations in Pf proteasomes. This mode of action may enable the use of a single molecule with one pharmacokinetic profile to prevent the emergence of resistance.