Comparative analysis of FWTPET welded austenitic alloy steel samples using transition fit approach: An investigation of mechanical, morphological, and microstructural properties

Comparative analysis of FWTPET welded austenitic alloy steel samples using transition fit approach: An investigation of mechanical, morphological, and microstructural properties | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative analysis of FWTPET welded austenitic alloy steel samples using transition fit approach: An investigation of mechanical, morphological, and microstructural properties Daniel Das A, S. Manivannan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208197/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract FWTPET (Friction Welding of Tube-to-tube plate using an External Tool) is the modified FSW process that has been enhanced and verified mechanical and metallurgical properties in all base metals. To assess the welding strength, samples with and without a hole on the perimeter were compared utilizing a backing block and same experimental is repeated and compared without utilizing a backing block. Maximum tensile strength is employed as the output parameter for determining the optimal combination of rotational tool speed, extrusion of tube (tube projection) and impression on tube plate (depth of cut) for achieving the desired joint strength. Under a Transition fit scenario, the experiment was conducted when heat from the tool pin was transferred to the Tube and tube plate. Taguchi's L 9 Orthogonal Array technique and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are used as optimization approaches for finding the best joint strength (tensile strength). A microstructural study was conducted to determine the grain size in the weld zone. At the study's end, welding strength was found to be exceptionally high, at 831.8 MPa for samples with a hole (WH) and 784.35 MPa for samples without a hole and utilizing backing block (WBB) respectively. The computed tensile strength values for samples with and without a hole (WoH) were 757.2 MPa and 700.8 MPa, for the value without utilizing backing block (WoBB) respectively. Later, special characterization technique is used to evaluate the joint strength at the weld interface (WI). Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 1. INTRODUCTION Friction welding is one of the most prominent solid-state metal joining methods in metallurgical. Welding is essential in many industries, including aerospace, automobiles, electronics, and power plants. On the other hand, previous research on friction welding procedures has mostly focused on uniting comparable metals using solid-state welding methods tube to plate welding. In 2006, a groundbreaking discovery in friction welding was realized by proposing the notion of attaching tubes to tube plates using an external tool known as FWTPET (Friction Welding of Tube to Tube-Plate). After two years of hard work, this revolutionary technology was patented in 2008 [ 1 ]. FWTPET offers several advantages over other fusion welding methods. It utilizes pressure created by tensile forces during welding, enabling the joining of specific weld and non-weld alloys [ 2 ]. Notably, FWTPET creates leak-proof junctions with high metal joining strength while removing solidification fractures and porosity. Improving mechanical and metallurgical qualities in FWTPET is dependent on regulating process parameters efficiently. The statistical significance of FWTPET was thoroughly investigated in this study utilizing ANOVA and Taguchi L27 orthogonal array [ 3 , 4 ]. Further the study extended by analyzing the FEM software to identify the total deformation, von mises stress and lateral-linear strains and average of stress-strain relationships for both presence and absence of backing block [ 5 , 6 ]. The tube projections such as preparation of holes and slots (vertical slots and horizontal slots) on the circumference as per Orthogonal array to identify the metal flow analysis and bond structure. After the analysis of FEM software, the samples were prepared for metallurgical investigations such as OM, SEM and XRD to identify the feasibility of weld interface. It is vital to remember that the heating and cooling frequencies of the Commercial Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys in FWTPET are substantially faster depending on the base metal's energy input and thickness. Therefore, the microstructure of the weld metal is very different from that of the heat-affected zone and the base metal. [ 7 – 9 ]. As of yet, the research has been limited to clearance fit conditions and pure aluminum and its alloys. our is the main result of our research work using steel materials, notably Austenitic Steel material, which is commonly used in heat exchangers. As a result, examining dissimilar welding connections aids researchers in understanding metal behavior under varied loading circumstances. 2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND MATERIALS 2.1 Details of Base metals. This experimental study uses of SA213 - T11 grade Tube and SA387 – GR91 Tube plate, both of which are seamless Ferritic and Austenitic alloy grades [ 10 ]. Tungsten carbide (WC) is an external tool used in FWTPET process, particularly in Low chrome moly steel materials that can endure the high temperatures. The chemical composition of the SA213 tube includes 0.51 wt% of E, 1.5 wt% of Mn, 0.62 wt% of Cr, 0.046 wt% of Mo, 0.044 wt% of Ni, 0.090 wt% of Cop, 0.0.015 wt% of Ti, and 97.1 wt% of Fe. The chemical composition of the SA387 tube plate includes 0.75 wt% of E, 1.55 wt% of Mn, 0.38 wt% of Cr, 0.041 wt% of Mo, 0.087 wt% of Va, 0.4 wt% of Ti, and 96.7 wt% of Fe. The tungsten carbide tool has a chemical composition of 0.072 wt% of E, 0.03 wt% of C, 0.22 wt% of H, 0.21 wt% of Fe, 0.7 wt% of O, 4.31 wt% of Ni, 0.4 wt% of Mo, 4.5 wt% of Ti, 0.2 wt% of Vanadium (V), and remaining of Tungsten (W). 2.2. FWTPET Technique (Modified FSW) The custom-designed FWTPET machine, depicted in Fig. 1 , was developed internally for this research. The external tool used in welding is crafted from WC, primarily due to withstand at higher temperature and rigidity [ 10 ]. The tool design includes a shoulder, tool pin, and other tailored shapes to suit the specific workpiece requirements. Figure 2 provides an overview of the tube dimensions and preparation steps [ 11 ]. Before welding, the Tube underwent a thorough cleaning process involving the use of salt and baking soda, followed by drying with a blower. Conversely, the tube plate was prepared using a power hacksaw, resulting in a square dimension of 50 mm by 50 mm. As the tool dropped down slowly or manually during the FWTPET process, its rotating speed varied as per the level of production of friction between the shoulder of WC tool to the workpiece. The intense heat produced by this collision quickly turned the tool red. As a result, plastic deformation occurred in the weld area, with some metal even flowing along the axis of the welding instrument. The heat is transferred from the pin and the heat dissipated to the neck of the tube and tube plate. Like an ankle cuff, the tool pin helped limit the range of motion of the material. In preparation for the next welding cycle, the tool retreated to its starting position after roughly 180 seconds (~ 3mins) of rotation [ 12 – 14 ]. 2.3. Input parameter - Assembly of tube projections. The tube projections were identified as a crucial parameter significantly influencing joint strength in this research study. A set of tube assembled with tube plate with different projections were prepared to investigate this effect: 0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm. Figure 3 illustrates these tube projections, which were fabricated explicitly for this research. 2.4 Backing block (Supporting block) In this research, the cast-iron supporting block for strengthening the joints by providing external support. The machine places and maintains its position within the custom-built FWTPET apparatus. Figure 4 shows a square supporting block with a hole in the middle. The supporting block's drilling depth is 30 mm, and the whole backing block's height is 40 mm. The bore has a R10.5 radius. Welding joints were created using two different arrangements: one with the backing block and the other without, backing block illustrated in Fig. 4 with skeleton diagram [ 15 ]. 2.5 Transition fit. In this experimental investigation, a Transition fit method was employed. Previously, clearance fits were successfully investigated, and now the research has advanced to utilize the Transition fit method. The minimum clearance between the tool and the workpiece in this procedure is 0.1mm [ 16 ]. The improved Transition fit method allows heat to dissipate directly from the tool pin, engaging with the workpiece's neck. This results in the conversion of the metal into a plastic state, facilitating the tensile welding process. Subsequently, the welded metal is cooled through a quenching process. Figure 5 depicts a schematic representation of this FWTPET process [ 17 ]. Figure 6 depicts samples that had been subjected to the FWTPET process utilizing the Transition fit method for welding. 2.6 Sample preparation After completing the welding process, the weld joint samples are divided into four equal parts. The tube extrusion is then bisected from the tubeplate arrangement in order to examine the interfacial microstructure and identify the metallurgical characteristics. The rough surfaces were smoothened to prepare the samples using a dry belt polisher, eliminating any scratches with an emery sheet of the appropriate grade. Following that, the surfaces underwent polishing using alumina powder and fine diamond paste to attain a polished and exquisite appearance. Nital solution was selected and applied to the metal surface for 10 seconds for the microstructural analysis [ 18 – 20 ]. Afterward, the sample was rinsed with distilled water, dried, and examined to observe its structure. 2.7 NDT Analysis – Radiography Testing. Radiography testing was carried out on the welding samples to identify any potential cracks that may have occurred on FWTPET process. Industrial radiography involves examining samples with portable equipment which employs gamma rays. In this case, gamma rays were employed to test the samples shown in Fig. 6 , with a curie level ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 [ 21 , 22 ]. Due to the solid-state welding technique, the metals were effectively mixed, resembling an air-quenching process. As a result, no cracks or porosity were detected in the samples, as shown in Fig. 7 . 2.8 Tensile testing machine The tensile test (Pull test) is one of the fundamental mechanical tests performed on welding samples, which provides valuable information about the weld interface behavior under tension [ 23 ]. This study utilized a modified UTM to conduct the pull strength tests on nine samples. As depicted in Fig. 8 , the modified UTM featured a rod and hook configuration developed in-house. Tensile tests are straightforward, cost-effective, and adhere to well-established standards. Applying a pulling force to the workpiece makes it possible to assess its response to tensile forces and determine its tensile strength characteristics [ 24 ]. 3. OPTIMIZATION The Taguchi method and statistical analysis (ANOVA) were used in this investigation to determine the most influential parameters. The L 9 orthogonal array, consisting of nine samples and different welding conditions, was analyzed using these methods [ 25 ]. Table 1 illustrates the experimental layout, encompassing nine experiments conducted with varying input parameters. Table 1 L 9 Orthogonal Array Experimental Setup and Factors EX.NO Input Constraints Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) EXP1 600 0 0.5 EXP2 600 0.5 0.75 EXP3 600 1 1 EXP 4 800 0 0.75 EXP 5 800 0.5 1 EXP 6 800 1 0.5 EXP 7 1000 0 1 EXP 8 1000 0.5 0.5 EXP 9 1000 1 0.75 The Genetic algorithm, derived from the theoretical mathematical model, is a non-conventional technique that utilizes iterative methods to predict values. Optimized parameter function values and derivatives are taken into account to determine the optimal route to the local maximum or minimum. At each iteration, the approach produces a new set of points, with the best point in the set tending toward the optimal solution. 4. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The transition fit approach was used to conduct the entire investigation. The findings were evaluated in two scenarios: one with and one without a supporting block arrangement (backing block - WBB). Initially, a comparison was done using the backing block between the tube with a hole (WH) and the tube without a hole (WoH). 4.1 Tube preparations - Without hole, Backing block - Present: The investigation in this study involved the use of a backing block structure. Nine samples were welded using three different sets of input parameters. The welded samples were tested on a modified UTM - ASTM D638 to determine their joining strength. The process parameters were determined using the L 9 orthogonal array, as shown in Table 2 . The criteria for determining the appropriate signal-to-background noise ratio were based on the "Larger is better" approach, which said that larger tensile strength in the welded samples indicated better-joining strength [ 26 ]. Figure 9 shows the S/N ratio and mean graph plots of Tube WoH process. These graphs show the best input settings for achieving the greatest joint strength. The most critical parameters were the tool rotation speed of 1000 rev/min, tube projection of 0.5 mm, and depth of cut of 0.5 mm, which resulted in a maximum tensile strength of 831.8 MPa. According to the ranking process, tool rotational speed is important in making superior welds, as indicated in Table 3 . Table 2 Examination of Input and Output Parameters for Tubes WoH with a Backing Block (WBB) EXNO Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Pull Test (MPa) EXP 1 600 0 0.5 607.35 EXP 2 600 0.5 0.75 575.35 EXP 3 600 1 1 560.65 EXP 4 800 0 0.75 543.35 EXP 5 800 0.5 1 706.45 EXP 6 800 1 0.5 674.45 EXP 7 1000 0 1 786 EXP 8 1000 0.5 0.5 831.8 EXP 9 1000 1 0.75 718 Table 3 S/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WoH Using a Backing Block (WBB) Level Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) 1 55.31 56.09 56.87 2 56.12 56.89 55.67 3 57.82 56.13 56.56 DELTA 2.51 0.76 1.20 RANK 1 3 2 The MINITAB program was used to analyze variance to determine the impact of various process factors on output tensile strength. Factors such as rotational speed of tool, tube extrusion, and impression were considered as they were compared to the graphs depicting the means and the S/N ratio [ 27 , 28 ]. Table 4 displays the relative importance of each parameter. Figure 10 illustrates the interactions between Tool Speed, Extrusion of Tube, and Impression of Tube Plate. It showcases the interaction of Tool Speed with both Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate, as well as the interaction between Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate. Figure 11 presents a graphical representation of the percentages obtained from the statistical analysis of variance for the different process parameters. It provides insights into the significance and contribution of each process parameter in the overall variability observed in the study. According to the findings, the tool rotational speed contributed the most (73.08%), followed by the impression (15.80%) and extrusion of tube (8.7%). Table 4 Utilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WoH Parameters DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS % contribution Tool Rotational Speed (rev/min) 2 61455 61455 30728 73.08 Extrusion of tube (mm) 2 6259 6259 3065 8.7 Impression (mm) 2 14129 14129 7065 15.80 Error 2 2137 2137 1068 2.5 Total 8 84090 100 The GA is a computational optimization method used to search for the best combination of parameter values that maximize or minimize a specific objective function [ 28 ]. The GA projected a value of 837 MPa, which was higher than the mean value of 837.4 MPa. With a tool rotational speed of 1000 rev/min, an extrusion of tube of 0.5 mm, and an impression of 0.5 mm, this ideal result was obtained. Figure 12 depicts the projected value. Table 5 provides a tabular representation for comparing the GA-predicted values to the experimental values. Table 5 Evaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WH using WBB Method Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Tensile Strength Test (MPa) Algorithmic 1001.666 0.51 0.5 837.4 Experimental 1000 0.5 0.5 831.8 4.2. Tube preparations - With hole, Backing block - Present The recent study created a tube with holes all around it. The tube and tube plate were securely fastened together. Tubes and Tube Plates were cleaned by using Acetone chemical earlier. Using the following settings as inputs: The highest tensile strength found in this study was 784.35 MPa, and it was attained at 1000 rev/min, 0.5 mm extrusion of tube, and 0.5 mm impression. Table 6 displays the input and output values. The median and the S/N ratio were calculated to analyze the effect of the input constraints in terms of output. Table 6 Examination of input & output parameters for Tubes WH with a Backing Block (WBB) EXNO Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Pull Test (MPa) EXP 1 600 0 0.5 585.45 EXP 2 600 0.5 0.75 545.35 EXP 3 600 1 1 515.7 EXP 4 800 0 0.75 591.35 EXP 5 800 0.5 1 665.3 EXP 6 800 1 0.5 625.15 EXP 7 1000 0 1 705.2 EXP 8 1000 0.5 0.5 784.35 EXP 9 1000 1 0.75 741.4 The "Larger is better" criterion was chosen for the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) as it was utilized to determine the maximum tensile strength. Table 7 presents the S/N ratios for assessing the values related to superior-quality features. The S/N ratio and the graph representing the data mean are depicted in Fig. 13 . Table 7 S/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WH Using a Backing Block (WBB) Level Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) 1 54.81 55.87 56.32 2 55.89 56.37 55.81 3 57.44 55.87 55.87 DELTA 2.62 0.50 0.53 RANK 1 3 2 From Table 8 , we performed analysis of variance (ANOVA) to calculate the relative importance of each input parameter. Most of the effort in this study came from the tool rotational speed (87.3%), next the plunge depth (7.40%), and finally the tube projection (4.30%). Figure 14 depicts the interactions between Tool Speed, Tube Extrusion, and Tube Plate Impression. It shows how Tool Speed interacts with both Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate, as well as how Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate interact. Figure 15 shows a graphical depiction of the percentages derived from statistical analysis of variance for the various process parameters. It elucidates the importance and contribution of each process parameter to the overall variability found in the study. Table 8 Utilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WH Source DF Seq.SS Adj.SS Adj. MS % contribution Tool Rotational Speed (rev/min) 2 57650 57650 28825 87.3 Extrusion of tube (mm) 2 2920 2920 1207 4.2 Impression (mm) 2 4929 4929 2308 7.3 Error 2 556 556 243 1.2 Total 8 65982 100 A genetic algorithm (GA), a novel technique inspired by natural genetics principles, was employed in this investigation [ 29 ]. The GA method proved to be straightforward and user-friendly. The GA predicted the tensile strength to be 789.95 MPa, and the mean value was subsequently adjusted to 789.96 MPa. Table 9 presents the results obtained by comparing the predicted values with the experimental value through iterative iterations. Additionally, Fig. 16 displays the graph plot depicting the obtained results. Table 9 Evaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WH using WBB Method Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Tensile Strength Test (MPa) Algorithmic 999.9 0.5 0.51 789.96 Experimental 1000 0.5 0.5 784.35 4.3 Tube preparations - Without hole, Backing block – Absent: The FWTPET procedure was performed in this study without a supporting block, with the plain tubes and tube plate fitted perpendicularly. After welding, the samples were tested and the maximum tensile strength was identified as 757.2 MPa. The utilization of specific input parameters, including a tool rotational speed of 1000 rev/min, extrusion of tube of 0.5 mm, and a impression on tube plate of 0.5 mm, allows for the achievement of this high strength on weld interface. The measured tensile strengths are presented in Table 10 . Table 10 Examination of Input and Output Parameters for Tubes WoH without a Backing Block (WoBB) EXNO Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Pull Test (MPa) EXP 1 600 0 0.5 577.5 EXP 2 600 0.5 0.75 520.7 EXP 3 600 1 1 573.9 EXP 4 800 0 0.75 605.7 EXP 5 800 0.5 1 656.1 EXP 6 800 1 0.5 619.3 EXP 7 1000 0 1 646.8 EXP 8 1000 0.5 0.5 757.2 EXP 9 1000 1 0.75 663.6 Figure 17 display the main effect plots illustrating the S/N ratio and means for tubes without holes, specifically when a backing block was not utilized. These plots further highlight the significant input parameters influencing the production of tensile strength. The ranking of input parameters based on the signal-to-noise ratio is presented in Table 11 , indicating that speed ranked first among the input parameters. Table 11 S/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WoH without using a Backing Block (WoBB) Level Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) 1 54.91 55.60 56.19 2 55.97 56.05 55.47 3 56.78 55.81 55.87 DELTA 1.82 0.39 0.74 RANK 1 3 2 Each process parameter's impact was calculated using the statistical analysis method. Figure 18 illustrates the interactions between Tool Speed, Extrusion of Tube, and Impression of Tube Plate. It showcases the interaction of Tool Speed with both Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate, as well as the interaction between Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate. And because the error is almost zero, the tensile strength figure is quite remarkable. Table 12 shows the predicted percentages of variance contribution based on the values of the adjacent sum of squares (SS) for each parameter and the total SS values. Figure 19 is a bar chart representation of the percentage contributions. Table 12 Without utilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WoH Source DF Seq.SS Adj.SS Adj.MS % contribution Tool Rotational Speed (rev/min) 2 26098 26098 13049 71.4 Extrusion of tube (mm) 2 1944 1944 971.9 5.32 Impression (mm) 2 8288 8288 2243.9 22.6 Error 2 228 228 2014.2 0.7 Total 8 36558 100 This study projected the highest output value by adjusting X1-n starting from one or more initial points [ 30 ]. As shown in Fig. 20 , the greatest expected output value obtained in this inquiry was 771.3 MPa, with a corresponding data mean of 774.476 MPa. Table 13 contains a comparison table of experimental and software-predicted results. Table 13 Evaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WoH using WoBB Method Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Tensile Strength Test (MPa) Algorithmic 1000 0.45 0.45 771.3 Experimental 1000 0.5 0.5 757.2 4.4. Tube preparations - With hole, Backing block – Absent: This study highlights the tube preparations with hole and welded without utilizing of a backing block. The holes of the Tube were an intentional design element throughout production. The experiment made use of a L 9 orthogonal array architecture. The examination of input and output for tube WH by without utilizing backing block depicts in Table 14 . Table 14 Examination of Input and Output Parameters for Tubes WH without a Backing Block (WoBB) EXNO Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Pull Test (MPa) EXP 1 600 0 0.5 605.3 EXP 2 600 0.5 0.75 592.63 EXP 3 600 1 1 531.4 EXP 4 800 0 0.75 645.8 EXP 5 800 0.5 1 675.3 EXP 6 800 1 0.5 610 EXP 7 1000 0 1 595.8 EXP 8 1000 0.5 0.5 625.5 EXP 9 1000 1 0.75 640.6 From the nine welded samples the maximum strength observed was 625.5 MPa. The maximum tensile strengh has been determined by the input parameters such as tool rotational speed (1000 rev/min), extrusion of tube (0.5mm) and impression on tube plate (0.5 mm). Figure 21 decipts the graphs that display the computed S/N ratio and data means, respectively. Table 15 shows the results of applying the "larger is better" criterion to the S/N ratio. Table 15 S/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WH without using a Backing Block (WoBB) Level Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) 1 55.23 55.87 56.08 2 56.17 56.30 55.95 3 56.31 55.45 55.70 DELTA 2.11 0.84 0.39 RANK 1 2 3 The input parameter for the tool's rotational speed was set at 1000 rev/min, which resulted in the highest possible tensile strength in the welded samples. The effect of different process parameters on FWTPET's maximum tensile strength was analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test [ 31 , 32 ]. Table 16 displays the summary statistics from the ANOVA test. The tool rotational speed was found to account for 57.10% of the variation in the most important process parameter, followed by the extrusion of tube (29.7%) and the impression (10.9%). Figure 22 shows an interaction graphic showing how the process parameters are related to one another. Figure 23 is a graphical illustration of the heritability percentage. Table 16 Without utilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WH. Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS % contribution Tool Rotational Speed (rev/min) 2 10639 10639 5319.4 57.10 Extrusion of tube (mm) 2 4398 4398 2985 30 Impression (mm) 2 2151 2151 1076 11 Error 2 457 457 209 2.1 Total 8 31129 100 . Maximum tensile strength was estimated to be 702.67 MPa using GA in the current study. As shown in Fig. 24 , this forecast was modified such that it more closely matched the average data value of 703.404 MPa. Input parameters employed by the GA included a rotational speed of 1000 rev/min, a tube extrustion of 0.5 mm, and tube plate impression of 0.5 mm. Theoretical and experimental tensile strengths were measured, and the comparisons are shown in Table 17 . Table 17 Evaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WH using WoBB. Method Input Parameters Output values Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Tensile Strength Test (MPa) Algorithmic 1000 0.45 0.45 702.67 Experimental 1000 0.5 0.5 625.5 4.5 Comparison statements This study compared workpieces using several methods. The first technique evaluated the tensile strength of workpieces of tube preparation by without holes & with holes, welded with and without a supporting block, using both experimental and computational results; the second method compared regression equations developed from empirical data. Third, compare each input parameter's performance %. Finally, the fourth method compared workpiece hardness. The Transition state compared tensile strength for workpieces welded with and without a supporting block. Each method used two tube preparations: one with circumferential holes and one without. Table 18 Performance Comparison: Tubes without Holes vs. Tubes with Holes and Backing Block Condition Tube preparations Analysis Input Constraints Output constraints Rotational speed (rev/min) Extrusion of tube (mm) Impression (mm) Tensile Strength (MPa) Using Backing Block Without hole Algorithmic 1001.7 0.51 0.5 837.4 Experimental 1000 0.5 0.5 831.8 With hole Algorithmic 999.9 0.5 0.51 786.95 Experimental 1000 1000 0.5 784.35 Without using a backing block Without hole Algorithmic 1000 0.45 0.45 771.3 Experimental 1000 0.5 0.51 757.2 With hole Algorithmic 1000 0.45 0.45 702.67 Experimental 1000 0.51 0.5 625.5 Table 18 compares findings. The table shows that the software anticipated value also shows that a backing block with a tube without holes has the highest tensile strength. This shows that Transition fit improves welding zone heat dissipation. A Vickers hardness machine with a 1 kg load capacity and a loading time of about 20 seconds was used to conduct the microhardness test [ 33 , 34 ]. Workpieces welded with and without a backing block arrangement are compared for hardness in Fig. 25 decipts the histogram plot for hardness for all four conditions. Both ferrite and pearlite can be found in the SA 213-T12 tube / SA 387-T22 tube plate joint. Metallography frequently makes use of the NITAL solution to expose the microstructural characteristics of diverse materials. It selectively etches the material to bring out microstructural features like grain boundaries, phases, inclusions, and more for close inspection and analysis.. As can be seen in Fig. 26 , the plate had a thickness of 51 micron, whereas the tube's base metal was 37 micron. A grain size of 20 micron was found at the Weld contact. The coarsening of the grain at the weld interface led to an increase in joint strength and hardness [ 35 – 37 ]. . The bonding structure between the basic metals was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope [ 38 ]. In the present study, three different rotational speeds (600, 800, and 1000 rev/min) for the tool were evaluated. According to Fig. 27 , at 600 rev/min, there is poor metal joint identified and this is because of the poor heat dissipation during the weld interface. From 800 rev/min, the metallic bond is growing better compared with the weld interface at 600 rev/min. From 1000 rev/min, the metallic bond is extremely strong because of sufficient heat dissipation during the weld interface. SEM with EDS has been performed across the weld interface, where the average Fe content present on the sample is ~ 94 wt% whereas remaining ~ 6 wt% has denoted as carbon. Since, it is low chromium moly steel, carbon content should be present across the weld interface confirms once again, that the weld contact does not include any intermetallic phases [ 39 ]. Figure 28 shows SEM and EDS pictures from 1000 rev/min tool rotation. From XRD images, no new intermetallic phases are observed at the weld interface, as depicted in Fig. 29 . The excessive dissipation of heat induces significant plastic deformation, leading to minimal distortion in the crystalline lattice structure [ 40 ]. As a result, there were minor variations in peak height between the base metal and weld contact. 5. CONCLUSIONS The research findings for the FWTPET process, which is a solid-state welding method used to join SA213-T12 tubes and SA387-T22 materials, are as follows: Utilizing taguchi L9 Orthogonal array, tool rotational speed was identified as the most influential process variable on maximal joint strength. Optimum joint strengths of 784.35 MPa and 831.8 MPa were observed when employing a backing block for tubes with and without holes, respectively. Also, optimum strengths were identified as 625.5 MPa and 757.2 MPa for tubes prepared with & without holes, without utilizing supporting block. The most convincing parameters for condition of utilizing backing block and without utilizing backing block are 1000 rev/min rotational speed of the WC tool, 0.5 mm tube extrustion, 0.5 mm impression (-0.5) on the tube plate From statistical variance analysis revealed that the impact of process parameters of the rotational tool speed having the highest contribution in both tube without hole (73.08%) and tube with hole (87.3) preparation by utilizing a backing block. From without utilizing backing block, the highest contribution once again confirms tool rotational speed for both tube without hole (71.4%) and tube with hole (57.1). This analysis once again confirm that the major contributing parameter is tool rotational speed. GA was employed to optimize the process parameters using non traditional technique. From the mathematical model, the most convincing parameters are 999.99 rev/min to 1001.66 rev/min tool rotational speed, and 0.45 mm – 0.51 mm tube extrusion and 0.45 mm − 0.51 mm impression possess optimum join strength in all four conditions. From the hardness plot, the hardness level at the WI was superior compared with BM, HAZ and WI. The maximum hardess occurs in the weld interface is 339.5 Hv for the sample welded at tube without hole preparation by utilizing backing block. From the microstructure, the grain refinement occurs at the weld interface (20 micron) compared with the base metals 51 micron and 37 micron for tube plate and tube respectively. From SEM analysis, the better joint strength achieved at 1000 rev/min tool rotational speed. This occurs due to sufficient heat dissipation on the weld interface. EDS once again confirms that there is absence of inter-metallic phases at WI. From XRD analysis, once again there is absence new inter-metallic phases occurs at the WI. 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19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50227,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContribution Percentage Analysis of Tubes WoH without using a supporting block (WoBB)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/9103dc8b5c8b8579e8689132.png"},{"id":54346088,"identity":"d8c008be-ef91-4fc8-be8f-f4a069720b4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:51","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":180807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical Representation of Mean using GA for Tubes WoH and a without using Backing Block (WoBB)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/3e14d84b7bb7e2bc7aef9c81.png"},{"id":54346899,"identity":"11010b18-8e62-492f-853e-ed8269681e9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:27:52","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69909,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio Comparison for Tube with hole (WH) using WoBB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/949b3c2819e9de8eda53429c.png"},{"id":54346087,"identity":"ae64c8e2-eda7-4b07-8257-2b4308e584b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:51","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"Figure 22","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInteraction Analysis of tube WoH without using supporting block (WoBB).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/62a8c3c643744de662ce32df.png"},{"id":54346100,"identity":"a1976f79-95f4-4c6b-9298-4157b04e48a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"Figure 23","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContribution Percentage Analysis of Tubes WH without using a supporting block (WoBB).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/a0cb5e4a91c6550fabac572f.png"},{"id":54346096,"identity":"a7c2a8f2-4107-45d5-90bb-e6bae21ac8d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:51","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"Figure 24","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":199783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical Representation of Mean using GA for Tubes WH and a without using Backing Block (WoBB).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/0ff6c8036fe5f79c9a14722d.png"},{"id":54346109,"identity":"eaa47af3-808c-4d4d-b862-15dedd618ba4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:53","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"Figure 25","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHardness plot for all tube conditions and supporting block conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/d5979efbe023ca09d9ed34ab.png"},{"id":54346104,"identity":"193babfa-63e0-49e3-afde-77fc52f4679a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"Figure 26","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1704133,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLinear Interpolation grain boundaries of base metal and weld interface\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/98dfc606a33d83dfba5158d5.png"},{"id":54346107,"identity":"e12fcfda-8032-407b-a5d3-9f82d1290fe4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"Figure 27","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1043302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative SEM analysis for rotational speeds: (a) 600 rev/min, (b) 800 rev/min, and (c) 1000 rev/min\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/f11269456a1093a8b1bfcf3f.png"},{"id":54346106,"identity":"850720a5-2599-435b-b60e-16cacdfdc75a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:11:52","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"Figure 28","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM with EDS across WI on the better joint sample (1000 rev/min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/8f12b8bf8e1f5a7c5d6ec3c9.png"},{"id":54346436,"identity":"d663613b-9ea3-4048-8ab1-d6e08d9762eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 07:19:52","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"Figure 29","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX-ray diffraction investigation on WI at a) 600 rev/min (b) 800 rev/min (c) 1000 rev/min\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/16b9de9272b40de9cfd19271.png"},{"id":55264588,"identity":"ad9adf76-39c6-42be-8e9b-417be5929324","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-25 01:45:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":10413302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4208197/v1/083a7760-ed89-4956-8099-dff0999d89ee.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative analysis of FWTPET welded austenitic alloy steel samples using transition fit approach: An investigation of mechanical, morphological, and microstructural properties","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFriction welding is one of the most prominent solid-state metal joining methods in metallurgical. Welding is essential in many industries, including aerospace, automobiles, electronics, and power plants. On the other hand, previous research on friction welding procedures has mostly focused on uniting comparable metals using solid-state welding methods tube to plate welding. In 2006, a groundbreaking discovery in friction welding was realized by proposing the notion of attaching tubes to tube plates using an external tool known as FWTPET (Friction Welding of Tube to Tube-Plate). After two years of hard work, this revolutionary technology was patented in 2008 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. FWTPET offers several advantages over other fusion welding methods. It utilizes pressure created by tensile forces during welding, enabling the joining of specific weld and non-weld alloys [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, FWTPET creates leak-proof junctions with high metal joining strength while removing solidification fractures and porosity. Improving mechanical and metallurgical qualities in FWTPET is dependent on regulating process parameters efficiently. The statistical significance of FWTPET was thoroughly investigated in this study utilizing ANOVA and Taguchi L27 orthogonal array [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Further the study extended by analyzing the FEM software to identify the total deformation, von mises stress and lateral-linear strains and average of stress-strain relationships for both presence and absence of backing block [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The tube projections such as preparation of holes and slots (vertical slots and horizontal slots) on the circumference as per Orthogonal array to identify the metal flow analysis and bond structure. After the analysis of FEM software, the samples were prepared for metallurgical investigations such as OM, SEM and XRD to identify the feasibility of weld interface. It is vital to remember that the heating and cooling frequencies of the Commercial Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys in FWTPET are substantially faster depending on the base metal's energy input and thickness. Therefore, the microstructure of the weld metal is very different from that of the heat-affected zone and the base metal. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. As of yet, the research has been limited to clearance fit conditions and pure aluminum and its alloys. our is the main result of our research work using steel materials, notably Austenitic Steel material, which is commonly used in heat exchangers. As a result, examining dissimilar welding connections aids researchers in understanding metal behavior under varied loading circumstances.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Details of Base metals.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis experimental study uses of SA213 - T11 grade Tube and SA387 \u0026ndash; GR91 Tube plate, both of which are seamless Ferritic and Austenitic alloy grades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Tungsten carbide (WC) is an external tool used in FWTPET process, particularly in Low chrome moly steel materials that can endure the high temperatures. The chemical composition of the SA213 tube includes 0.51 wt% of E, 1.5 wt% of Mn, 0.62 wt% of Cr, 0.046 wt% of Mo, 0.044 wt% of Ni, 0.090 wt% of Cop, 0.0.015 wt% of Ti, and 97.1 wt% of Fe. The chemical composition of the SA387 tube plate includes 0.75 wt% of E, 1.55 wt% of Mn, 0.38 wt% of Cr, 0.041 wt% of Mo, 0.087 wt% of Va, 0.4 wt% of Ti, and 96.7 wt% of Fe. The tungsten carbide tool has a chemical composition of 0.072 wt% of E, 0.03 wt% of C, 0.22 wt% of H, 0.21 wt% of Fe, 0.7 wt% of O, 4.31 wt% of Ni, 0.4 wt% of Mo, 4.5 wt% of Ti, 0.2 wt% of Vanadium (V), and remaining of Tungsten (W).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. FWTPET Technique (Modified FSW)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe custom-designed FWTPET machine, depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, was developed internally for this research. The external tool used in welding is crafted from WC, primarily due to withstand at higher temperature and rigidity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The tool design includes a shoulder, tool pin, and other tailored shapes to suit the specific workpiece requirements. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e provides an overview of the tube dimensions and preparation steps [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Before welding, the Tube underwent a thorough cleaning process involving the use of salt and baking soda, followed by drying with a blower. Conversely, the tube plate was prepared using a power hacksaw, resulting in a square dimension of 50 mm by 50 mm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the tool dropped down slowly or manually during the FWTPET process, its rotating speed varied as per the level of production of friction between the shoulder of WC tool to the workpiece. The intense heat produced by this collision quickly turned the tool red. As a result, plastic deformation occurred in the weld area, with some metal even flowing along the axis of the welding instrument. The heat is transferred from the pin and the heat dissipated to the neck of the tube and tube plate. Like an ankle cuff, the tool pin helped limit the range of motion of the material. In preparation for the next welding cycle, the tool retreated to its starting position after roughly 180 seconds (~\u0026thinsp;3mins) of rotation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Input parameter - Assembly of tube projections.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tube projections were identified as a crucial parameter significantly influencing joint strength in this research study. A set of tube assembled with tube plate with different projections were prepared to investigate this effect: 0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates these tube projections, which were fabricated explicitly for this research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Backing block (Supporting block)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, the cast-iron supporting block for strengthening the joints by providing external support. The machine places and maintains its position within the custom-built FWTPET apparatus. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows a square supporting block with a hole in the middle. The supporting block's drilling depth is 30 mm, and the whole backing block's height is 40 mm. The bore has a R10.5 radius. Welding joints were created using two different arrangements: one with the backing block and the other without, backing block illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e with skeleton diagram [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Transition fit.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this experimental investigation, a Transition fit method was employed. Previously, clearance fits were successfully investigated, and now the research has advanced to utilize the Transition fit method. The minimum clearance between the tool and the workpiece in this procedure is 0.1mm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The improved Transition fit method allows heat to dissipate directly from the tool pin, engaging with the workpiece's neck.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis results in the conversion of the metal into a plastic state, facilitating the tensile welding process. Subsequently, the welded metal is cooled through a quenching process. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e depicts a schematic representation of this FWTPET process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e depicts samples that had been subjected to the FWTPET process utilizing the Transition fit method for welding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Sample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter completing the welding process, the weld joint samples are divided into four equal parts. The tube extrusion is then bisected from the tubeplate arrangement in order to examine the interfacial microstructure and identify the metallurgical characteristics. The rough surfaces were smoothened to prepare the samples using a dry belt polisher, eliminating any scratches with an emery sheet of the appropriate grade. Following that, the surfaces underwent polishing using alumina powder and fine diamond paste to attain a polished and exquisite appearance. Nital solution was selected and applied to the metal surface for 10 seconds for the microstructural analysis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Afterward, the sample was rinsed with distilled water, dried, and examined to observe its structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 NDT Analysis \u0026ndash; Radiography Testing.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiography testing was carried out on the welding samples to identify any potential cracks that may have occurred on FWTPET process. Industrial radiography involves examining samples with portable equipment which employs gamma rays. In this case, gamma rays were employed to test the samples shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, with a curie level ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the solid-state welding technique, the metals were effectively mixed, resembling an air-quenching process. As a result, no cracks or porosity were detected in the samples, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Tensile testing machine\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tensile test (Pull test) is one of the fundamental mechanical tests performed on welding samples, which provides valuable information about the weld interface behavior under tension [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. This study utilized a modified UTM to conduct the pull strength tests on nine samples. As depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, the modified UTM featured a rod and hook configuration developed in-house. Tensile tests are straightforward, cost-effective, and adhere to well-established standards. Applying a pulling force to the workpiece makes it possible to assess its response to tensile forces and determine its tensile strength characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. OPTIMIZATION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Taguchi method and statistical analysis (ANOVA) were used in this investigation to determine the most influential parameters. The L\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e orthogonal array, consisting of nine samples and different welding conditions, was analyzed using these methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the experimental layout, encompassing nine experiments conducted with varying input parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e Orthogonal Array Experimental Setup and Factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEX.NO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Constraints\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Genetic algorithm, derived from the theoretical mathematical model, is a non-conventional technique that utilizes iterative methods to predict values. Optimized parameter function values and derivatives are taken into account to determine the optimal route to the local maximum or minimum. At each iteration, the approach produces a new set of points, with the best point in the set tending toward the optimal solution.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe transition fit approach was used to conduct the entire investigation. The findings were evaluated in two scenarios: one with and one without a supporting block arrangement (backing block - WBB). Initially, a comparison was done using the backing block between the tube with a hole (WH) and the tube without a hole (WoH).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Tube preparations - Without hole, Backing block - Present:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe investigation in this study involved the use of a backing block structure. Nine samples were welded using three different sets of input parameters. The welded samples were tested on a modified UTM - ASTM D638 to determine their joining strength. The process parameters were determined using the L\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e orthogonal array, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The criteria for determining the appropriate signal-to-background noise ratio were based on the \"Larger is better\" approach, which said that larger tensile strength in the welded samples indicated better-joining strength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows the S/N ratio and mean graph plots of Tube WoH process. These graphs show the best input settings for achieving the greatest joint strength. The most critical parameters were the tool rotation speed of 1000 rev/min, tube projection of 0.5 mm, and depth of cut of 0.5 mm, which resulted in a maximum tensile strength of 831.8 MPa. According to the ranking process, tool rotational speed is important in making superior welds, as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination of Input and Output Parameters for Tubes WoH with a Backing Block (WBB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePull Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e607.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e575.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e706.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e674.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEXP 8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e831.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WoH Using a Backing Block (WBB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDELTA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MINITAB program was used to analyze variance to determine the impact of various process factors on output tensile strength. Factors such as rotational speed of tool, tube extrusion, and impression were considered as they were compared to the graphs depicting the means and the S/N ratio [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e displays the relative importance of each parameter. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the interactions between Tool Speed, Extrusion of Tube, and Impression of Tube Plate. It showcases the interaction of Tool Speed with both Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate, as well as the interaction between Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e presents a graphical representation of the percentages obtained from the statistical analysis of variance for the different process parameters. It provides insights into the significance and contribution of each process parameter in the overall variability observed in the study. According to the findings, the tool rotational speed contributed the most (73.08%), followed by the impression (15.80%) and extrusion of tube (8.7%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WoH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeq SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% contribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTool Rotational Speed (rev/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eError\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe GA is a computational optimization method used to search for the best combination of parameter values that maximize or minimize a specific objective function [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The GA projected a value of 837 MPa, which was higher than the mean value of 837.4 MPa. With a tool rotational speed of 1000 rev/min, an extrusion of tube of 0.5 mm, and an impression of 0.5 mm, this ideal result was obtained. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e depicts the projected value. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e provides a tabular representation for comparing the GA-predicted values to the experimental values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WH using WBB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1001.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e837.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e831.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Tube preparations - With hole, Backing block - Present\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recent study created a tube with holes all around it. The tube and tube plate were securely fastened together. Tubes and Tube Plates were cleaned by using Acetone chemical earlier. Using the following settings as inputs: The highest tensile strength found in this study was 784.35 MPa, and it was attained at 1000 rev/min, 0.5 mm extrusion of tube, and 0.5 mm impression. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e displays the input and output values. The median and the S/N ratio were calculated to analyze the effect of the input constraints in terms of output.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExamination of input \u0026amp; output parameters for Tubes WH with a Backing Block (WBB)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePull Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e585.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e545.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e515.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e665.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e625.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e705.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEXP 8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e784.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e741.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \"Larger is better\" criterion was chosen for the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) as it was utilized to determine the maximum tensile strength. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e presents the S/N ratios for assessing the values related to superior-quality features. The S/N ratio and the graph representing the data mean are depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WH Using a Backing Block (WBB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDELTA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, we performed analysis of variance (ANOVA) to calculate the relative importance of each input parameter. Most of the effort in this study came from the tool rotational speed (87.3%), next the plunge depth (7.40%), and finally the tube projection (4.30%). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e depicts the interactions between Tool Speed, Tube Extrusion, and Tube Plate Impression. It shows how Tool Speed interacts with both Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate, as well as how Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate interact. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e shows a graphical depiction of the percentages derived from statistical analysis of variance for the various process parameters. It elucidates the importance and contribution of each process parameter to the overall variability found in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeq.SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj.SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj. MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% contribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTool Rotational Speed (rev/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4929\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2308\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eError\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA genetic algorithm (GA), a novel technique inspired by natural genetics principles, was employed in this investigation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The GA method proved to be straightforward and user-friendly. The GA predicted the tensile strength to be 789.95 MPa, and the mean value was subsequently adjusted to 789.96 MPa. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e presents the results obtained by comparing the predicted values with the experimental value through iterative iterations. Additionally, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e displays the graph plot depicting the obtained results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WH using WBB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e784.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Tube preparations - Without hole, Backing block \u0026ndash; Absent:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe FWTPET procedure was performed in this study without a supporting block, with the plain tubes and tube plate fitted perpendicularly. After welding, the samples were tested and the maximum tensile strength was identified as 757.2 MPa. The utilization of specific input parameters, including a tool rotational speed of 1000 rev/min, extrusion of tube of 0.5 mm, and a impression on tube plate of 0.5 mm, allows for the achievement of this high strength on weld interface. The measured tensile strengths are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamination of Input and Output Parameters for Tubes WoH without a Backing Block (WoBB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePull Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e577.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e573.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e605.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e656.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e619.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e646.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEXP 8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e757.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e663.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e display the main effect plots illustrating the S/N ratio and means for tubes without holes, specifically when a backing block was not utilized. These plots further highlight the significant input parameters influencing the production of tensile strength. The ranking of input parameters based on the signal-to-noise ratio is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, indicating that speed ranked first among the input parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WoH without using a Backing Block (WoBB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDELTA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach process parameter's impact was calculated using the statistical analysis method. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the interactions between Tool Speed, Extrusion of Tube, and Impression of Tube Plate. It showcases the interaction of Tool Speed with both Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate, as well as the interaction between Extrusion of Tube and Impression of Tube Plate. And because the error is almost zero, the tensile strength figure is quite remarkable. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e shows the predicted percentages of variance contribution based on the values of the adjacent sum of squares (SS) for each parameter and the total SS values. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e is a bar chart representation of the percentage contributions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout utilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WoH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeq.SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj.SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj.MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% contribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTool Rotational Speed (rev/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e971.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2243.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eError\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study projected the highest output value by adjusting X1-n starting from one or more initial points [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, the greatest expected output value obtained in this inquiry was 771.3 MPa, with a corresponding data mean of 774.476 MPa. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e contains a comparison table of experimental and software-predicted results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WoH using WoBB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e771.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e757.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Tube preparations - With hole, Backing block \u0026ndash; Absent:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the tube preparations with hole and welded without utilizing of a backing block. The holes of the Tube were an intentional design element throughout production. The experiment made use of a L\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e orthogonal array architecture. The examination of input and output for tube WH by without utilizing backing block depicts in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab14\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExamination of Input and Output Parameters for Tubes WH without a Backing Block (WoBB)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePull Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e605.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e592.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e531.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e645.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e675.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e595.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEXP 8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e625.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEXP 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the nine welded samples the maximum strength observed was 625.5 MPa. The maximum tensile strengh has been determined by the input parameters such as tool rotational speed (1000 rev/min), extrusion of tube (0.5mm) and impression on tube plate (0.5 mm). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig21\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e decipts the graphs that display the computed S/N ratio and data means, respectively. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of applying the \"larger is better\" criterion to the S/N ratio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab15\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/N Ratio Response Table for Tubes WH without using a Backing Block (WoBB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDELTA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRANK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe input parameter for the tool's rotational speed was set at 1000 rev/min, which resulted in the highest possible tensile strength in the welded samples. The effect of different process parameters on FWTPET's maximum tensile strength was analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e displays the summary statistics from the ANOVA test. The tool rotational speed was found to account for 57.10% of the variation in the most important process parameter, followed by the extrusion of tube (29.7%) and the impression (10.9%). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig22\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e shows an interaction graphic showing how the process parameters are related to one another. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig23\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e is a graphical illustration of the heritability percentage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab16\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 16\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout utilizing a Backing Block to Analyze Variance in Tubes WH.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeq SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj SS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdj MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% contribution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTool Rotational Speed (rev/min)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5319.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eError\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum tensile strength was estimated to be 702.67 MPa using GA in the current study. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig24\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, this forecast was modified such that it more closely matched the average data value of 703.404 MPa. Input parameters employed by the GA included a rotational speed of 1000 rev/min, a tube extrustion of 0.5 mm, and tube plate impression of 0.5 mm. Theoretical and experimental tensile strengths were measured, and the comparisons are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab17\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 17\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvaluating the discrepancy b/w Experimental and Software predicted values in Tubes WH using WoBB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e702.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e625.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Comparison statements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study compared workpieces using several methods. The first technique evaluated the tensile strength of workpieces of tube preparation by without holes \u0026amp; with holes, welded with and without a supporting block, using both experimental and computational results; the second method compared regression equations developed from empirical data. Third, compare each input parameter's performance %. Finally, the fourth method compared workpiece hardness. The Transition state compared tensile strength for workpieces welded with and without a supporting block. Each method used two tube preparations: one with circumferential holes and one without.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab18\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Comparison: Tubes without Holes vs. Tubes with Holes and Backing Block\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTube preparations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput Constraints\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutput constraints\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotational speed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(rev/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrusion of tube\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpression (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUsing Backing Block\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWithout hole\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1001.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e837.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e831.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWith hole\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e786.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e784.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWithout using a backing block\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWithout hole\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e771.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e757.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWith hole\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlgorithmic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e702.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e625.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e compares findings. The table shows that the software anticipated value also shows that a backing block with a tube without holes has the highest tensile strength. This shows that Transition fit improves welding zone heat dissipation. A Vickers hardness machine with a 1 kg load capacity and a loading time of about 20 seconds was used to conduct the microhardness test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Workpieces welded with and without a backing block arrangement are compared for hardness in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig25\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e decipts the histogram plot for hardness for all four conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth ferrite and pearlite can be found in the SA 213-T12 tube / SA 387-T22 tube plate joint. Metallography frequently makes use of the NITAL solution to expose the microstructural characteristics of diverse materials. It selectively etches the material to bring out microstructural features like grain boundaries, phases, inclusions, and more for close inspection and analysis.. As can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig26\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, the plate had a thickness of 51 micron, whereas the tube's base metal was 37 micron. A grain size of 20 micron was found at the Weld contact. The coarsening of the grain at the weld interface led to an increase in joint strength and hardness [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e. The bonding structure between the basic metals was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present study, three different rotational speeds (600, 800, and 1000 rev/min) for the tool were evaluated. According to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig27\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, at 600 rev/min, there is poor metal joint identified and this is because of the poor heat dissipation during the weld interface. From 800 rev/min, the metallic bond is growing better compared with the weld interface at 600 rev/min. From 1000 rev/min, the metallic bond is extremely strong because of sufficient heat dissipation during the weld interface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM with EDS has been performed across the weld interface, where the average Fe content present on the sample is ~\u0026thinsp;94 wt% whereas remaining\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6 wt% has denoted as carbon. Since, it is low chromium moly steel, carbon content should be present across the weld interface confirms once again, that the weld contact does not include any intermetallic phases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig28\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e shows SEM and EDS pictures from 1000 rev/min tool rotation. From XRD images, no new intermetallic phases are observed at the weld interface, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig29\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e. The excessive dissipation of heat induces significant plastic deformation, leading to minimal distortion in the crystalline lattice structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, there were minor variations in peak height between the base metal and weld contact.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research findings for the FWTPET process, which is a solid-state welding method used to join SA213-T12 tubes and SA387-T22 materials, are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUtilizing taguchi L9 Orthogonal array, tool rotational speed was identified as the most influential process variable on maximal joint strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimum joint strengths of 784.35 MPa and 831.8 MPa were observed when employing a backing block for tubes with and without holes, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, optimum strengths were identified as 625.5 MPa and 757.2 MPa for tubes prepared with \u0026amp; without holes, without utilizing supporting block.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most convincing parameters for condition of utilizing backing block and without utilizing backing block are 1000 rev/min rotational speed of the WC tool, 0.5 mm tube extrustion, 0.5 mm impression (-0.5) on the tube plate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom statistical variance analysis revealed that the impact of process parameters of the rotational tool speed having the highest contribution in both tube without hole (73.08%) and tube with hole (87.3) preparation by utilizing a backing block.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom without utilizing backing block, the highest contribution once again confirms tool rotational speed for both tube without hole (71.4%) and tube with hole (57.1). This analysis once again confirm that the major contributing parameter is tool rotational speed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA was employed to optimize the process parameters using non traditional technique. From the mathematical model, the most convincing parameters are 999.99 rev/min to 1001.66 rev/min tool rotational speed, and 0.45 mm \u0026ndash; 0.51 mm tube extrusion and 0.45 mm \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.51 mm impression possess optimum join strength in all four conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the hardness plot, the hardness level at the WI was superior compared with BM, HAZ and WI. The maximum hardess occurs in the weld interface is 339.5 Hv for the sample welded at tube without hole preparation by utilizing backing block.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the microstructure, the grain refinement occurs at the weld interface (20 micron) compared with the base metals 51 micron and 37 micron for tube plate and tube respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom SEM analysis, the better joint strength achieved at 1000 rev/min tool rotational speed. This occurs due to sufficient heat dissipation on the weld interface. EDS once again confirms that there is absence of inter-metallic phases at WI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom XRD analysis, once again there is absence new inter-metallic phases occurs at the WI. There is minor variations on the peaks and this is due to excessive dissipation of heat induces significant plastic deformation, leading to minimal distortion in the crystalline lattice structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. Daniel Das, Corresponding Author, has contributes entire research workS. Manivannan, Co Author has supports the Corresponding Author to carry out the research work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Muthukumaran, A process for friction welding tube to a tube sheet or plate by adopting an external tool, Indian patent Application No. 189/KOL/06 filed on 07-03-2006, Patent No. 217446, 2006 (granted on 26-03-2008).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. Senthil Kumaran, S. Muthukumaran and S. 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To assess the welding strength, samples with and without a hole on the perimeter were compared utilizing a backing block and same experimental is repeated and compared without utilizing a backing block. Maximum tensile strength is employed as the output parameter for determining the optimal combination of rotational tool speed, extrusion of tube (tube projection) and impression on tube plate (depth of cut) for achieving the desired joint strength. Under a Transition fit scenario, the experiment was conducted when heat from the tool pin was transferred to the Tube and tube plate. Taguchi's L\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e Orthogonal Array technique and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are used as optimization approaches for finding the best joint strength (tensile strength). A microstructural study was conducted to determine the grain size in the weld zone. At the study's end, welding strength was found to be exceptionally high, at 831.8 MPa for samples with a hole (WH) and 784.35 MPa for samples without a hole and utilizing backing block (WBB) respectively. The computed tensile strength values for samples with and without a hole (WoH) were 757.2 MPa and 700.8 MPa, for the value without utilizing backing block (WoBB) respectively. Later, special characterization technique is used to evaluate the joint strength at the weld interface (WI).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative analysis of FWTPET welded austenitic alloy steel samples using transition fit approach: An investigation of mechanical, morphological, and microstructural properties","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-09 07:11:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4208197/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fe2006a4-ca68-4185-a884-8c48d56a8a66","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-20T21:11:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-09 07:11:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4208197","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4208197","identity":"rs-4208197","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}